Coats-of-Arms

ABBOT, GEORGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Arg., an archiepiscopal staff, headed with a cross pattée or, surmounted by a pall arg., charged with four crosses pattée fitchée sable, fringed and edged or. The See of Canterbury.

Sinister: Gules, a chevron between three pears pendent or. Abbot.

[Several volumes in the Library at Lambeth Palace.]

George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 29th October 1562, died 4th August 1633), was a native of Guildford, and took orders in 1585, afterwards becoming a tutor at Oxford, where he was also a Fellow of Balliol. He was a strong Puritan and a popular preacher at St. Mary's.

In 1597, Abbot was elected Master of University College, and in 1599 he became Dean of Winchester and also Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He wrote several treatises on the religious questions of his time, and enjoyed the personal esteem of James I., who thought very highly of him as a theologian and as a politician.

The King's favour showed in the rapid promotion of Dr. Abbot. In 1609 he was consecrated Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, and later in the same year he was translated to London. In the next year, on the death of Archbishop Bancroft, Abbot was made Archbishop of Canterbury. Dr. Abbot had no sinecure in his Archbishopric, and his many enemies and the troubled state of theological matters generally left him but little peace. In 1621, when shooting with a crossbow at a buck, he accidentally killed a gamekeeper, and this not only preyed much upon his mind, but it also offered a handle for his detractors, especially those among the clergy, many of whom held that homicide rendered him unfit for his high position.

On the death of James I. Royal favour deserted the Archbishop, as Charles I. never appears to have thought well of him. In 1627, on more or less unjust pretexts, he suffered sequestration of his office, and a commission was appointed to exercise the Archiepiscopal functions, and Abbot retired to his native town, Guildford, where he died in 1633. Many of his books remain in the Library at Lambeth Palace.

ABROL

Arms.—Per pale or and gu., three roundels interchanged, a crescent for difference.

Motto.—Teres atque rotundus.

Probably belonged to the Library of a member of the Worcestershire family of Abrol.

[Tusser. Five hundred pointes of good Husbandrie. 1593.]

ALBERT OF SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA, PRINCE CONSORT OF QUEEN VICTORIA

The initial "A" within the garter and ensigned with the Ducal Crown of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

[Raphael. Works at Windsor Castle, 1876.]

Prince Albert (born 26th August 1819, died 14th December 1861) was the second son of Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He married Queen Victoria at St. James's, 16th February 1840, and was all his life a Patron of the Arts and of Literature, and the International Exhibition of 1851 is said to have been originally thought of by him.

Prince Albert's books were kept at one or other of the Royal Palaces, and few of them are anywhere else.

ANNE (BULLEN), QUEEN CONSORT OF HENRY VIII.

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1 and 4. France All as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

2 and 3. England

Sinister: Quartered.

1. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant or, a label of three points az., each charged with three Fleur-de-lys or. Earls of Lancaster.

2. Az., semée de Fleur-de-lys or, a label of five points gu. Angoulême.

3. Gu., a lion passant guardant or. Guyenne.

4. Quarterly, first and fourth, per fess indented az. and or. Butler. Second and third arg., a lion rampant sa., crowned or. Rochford.

5. Gu., 3 lions passant guardant or, a label of three points arg. Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk.

6. Chequy, or and az. Warren, Earl of Warren and Surrey.

The first three of these coats were granted to Anne Bullen by Henry VIII., when he created her Marchioness of Pembroke. The paternal coat of Bullen, "Arg., a chevron gules, between three bulls' heads sa.," is omitted.

The shield is ensigned with the Royal Crown of England, and supported by two angels.

[Whittington. De octo partibus orationis. Londini [1521], and other Sixteenth-Century Tracts.]

Anne Bullen, or Boleyn (born 1507, died 19th May 1536), was the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire and Ormonde, of Hever Castle in Kent. She was maid of honour to Catherine of Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII., and while acting in this capacity she attracted the attention of the king, who decided that he would marry her if he could get rid of Queen Catherine.

Consequently, after many difficulties, a divorce was arranged, and Henry married Anne Bullen in 1532, and she was crowned Queen in 1533. Queen Elizabeth was her only child.

In 1536 the Queen was indicted of high treason, and on 19th May of the same year she was beheaded. Some of the books bearing Queen Anne Bullen's arms form part of the old Royal library in the British Museum; the stamp is impressed in blind, without gold, and with it is often associated one or other of the panel stamps having the coat-of-arms of Henry VIII.

ANNE OF DENMARK, QUEEN CONSORT OF JAMES I.

Arms.—A cross gu., surmounted of another arg. Frederick II., King of Denmark and Norway.

Dexter canton: Or, semé of hearts ppr., 3 lions passant guardant az., crowned or. Denmark.

Sinister canton: Gu., a lion rampant, crowned or, holding in his paws a battle-axe arg. Norway.

Dexter base: Az., 3 crowns ppr. Sweden.

Sinister base: Or, 9 hearts, 4, 3, and 2, gu., in chief a lion passant guardant az. Gothes.

In base: Gu., a wyvern, wings expanded and tail nowed or. The Vandals.

An escutcheon of Pretence, quarterly;

1. Or, 2 lions passant guardant az. Sleswick.

2. Gu., an inescutcheon having a nail fixed in every point thereof in triangle, between as many holly leaves, all arg. Holstein.

3. Gu., a swan, wings close arg. Stormer.

4. Az., a chevalier armed at all points, brandishing his sword, his helmet plumed, upon a courser arg., trapped or. Ditzmers.

Over the whole an inescutcheon per pale—

Dexter: Az., a cross formée fitchée or. Dalmenhurst.

Sinister: Or, 2 bars gu. Oldenburg.

Motto.—La mia Grandezza viene dal Eccelso.

[Plutarch. Les Œuvres morales de Plutarque. Paris, 1588.]

Anne of Denmark (born 12th December 1574, died 1619), Queen Consort of James I., King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, was the daughter of Frederick II., King of Denmark and Norway. The alliance between the Danish Princess and James VI. of Scotland was not agreeable to Queen Elizabeth, but in spite of her opposition the marriage took place in 1589 at Upslo. In 1590 the king and queen returned to Scotland, and in 1603, on the death of Queen Elizabeth, they came to England.

Queen Anne was a great patron of Progresses, Pageants, and Masques, and is said to have been a beautiful dancer. She was very extravagant, and incurred much censure for running into debt, although her allowances were very liberal. At one period Queen Anne was suspected of leanings towards the Roman Catholic religion. She objected to the marriage, ultimately of the greatest importance, of her daughter Elizabeth to Frederick V., Elector Palatine of the Rhine, on the ground that his position was not high enough, but she attended the marriage in 1612.

Several of her books are among the old Royal collection presented to the British Museum in 1757.

ANNE, QUEEN OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

First Coat-of-Arms

1. Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; quarterly; France and England.

2nd grand quarter; Scotland.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland.

As used by James I. (q.v.).

Used from 8th March 1702 until 6th March 1706.

[Bianchini. De Kalendario et Cyclo Cæsaris. Romae, 1703.]

Second Coat-of-Arms

2. Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters, impaled.

Dexter: England.

Sinister: Scotland.

2nd grand quarter; France.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland.

Colours as used by James I. (q.v.).

Used from 6th March 1706 until 1st August 1714.

Crest.—A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.

Supporters.—Lion and unicorn.

Motto.—Semper eadem.

Badges.—Tudor rose and Thistle.

[England. Laws. 1702.]

The Royal name ensigned with a Royal Crown, and the motto "Vivat Regina" upheld by two cherubs.

[Euclid. Elements. Oxford, 1703.]

The Royal Monogram ensigned with a Royal Crown.

[Overbeck. Reliq. Ant. Romae. Amst., 1708.]

Queen Anne (born 10th May 1655, died 1st August 1714) was the second daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, first Earl of Clarendon. She succeeded her cousin, William III., on the throne of England in 1702. Queen Anne was the last of the Stuart line to occupy the throne of England.

The first coat-of-arms used by Queen Anne was the same as that generally used by her predecessor, but without the arms of Nassau, that is to say, first and fourth grand quarters, France and England quarterly; second grand quarter, Scotland; and third grand quarter, Ireland. In 1702 a notice was published in the London Gazette to the effect that "wheresoever there shall be occasion to embroider, depict, grave, carve, or paint Her Majesty's Royal Arms with a motto, this Motto following, viz. Semper eadem, is to be used" (23rd December). It will be remembered that this motto had been previously used by Queen Elizabeth.

The Legislative Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland took place on Thursday, 6th March 1706, when the royal assent was given to the Act. A change in the Royal coat-of-arms took place in consequence of this Act, and for the remainder of the reign of Queen Anne (1706-1714) the first and fourth grand quarters contained the coats of England and Scotland impaled, in the manner used to denote husband and wife; the second grand quarter, France; and the third grand quarter, Ireland. Besides the coat-of-arms, the crowned initials and name of Queen Anne were frequently stamped upon her books, and some of her book-stamps appear to have been designed by foreigners.

Queen Anne's books came to the British Museum with the rest of the old Royal Library of England in 1757.

ASTLE, THOMAS

Arms.—Az., a cinquefoil erm., a bordure engrailed of the second. Astle.

Crest.—On a chapeau, a plume of five feathers in a case arg. banded gu., and environed with a ducal coronet or.

[Collection of miscellaneous MSS. Stowe, 516.]

Thomas Astle (born 22nd December 1735, died 1st December 1803) was a book collector and antiquary, and a native of Yoxall in Staffordshire. In 1783 he was appointed Keeper of the Records in the Tower of London, where his literary tastes stood him in good stead, and he edited and indexed the treasures which were under his care with energy and success; he was also a Trustee of the British Museum.

Astle wrote several important works; perhaps the most useful of them are the Catalogue of the MSS. in the Cottonian Library, and a treatise on the Origin and Progress of Writing. His printed books now belong to the library of the Royal Institution, and his collection of Manuscripts is kept at the British Museum. This important collection belonged successively to the Marquis of Buckingham at Stowe, and then to the Earl of Ashburnham, who sold it in 1883 to the Trustees of the British Museum.

Mr. Astle was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries.

AYLMER, MATTHEW, 1st BARON AYLMER

Arms.—Arg., a cross sa., between four Cornish Choughs of the second. Aylmer.

Coronet.—That of a Baron.

Motto.—Steady.

[Burnet. History of the Reformation. London, 1681.]

Matthew Aylmer (born 1660 (?), died 18th August 1720) was a sailor who took part in the Battle of La Hogue. He subsequently became Rear-Admiral of Great Britain and Governor of Chelsea Hospital. In 1718 he was created Baron Aylmer of Balrath in Meath.

BACON, FRANCIS, BARON VERULAM AND VISCOUNT ST. ALBANS

Crest.—A boar passant erm., armed and hoofed or, a crescent for difference. Bacon.

[Bacon. Novum Organum. Londini, 1620.]

[University Library, Cambridge.]

Francis Bacon (born 22nd January 1561, died 9th April 1626) was a son of Sir Nicolas Bacon, Lord Keeper of the Seals to Queen Elizabeth. He went to Cambridge at the age of thirteen and studied law.

In 1595 he was elected Member of Parliament for Middlesex, but presently fell upon evil times and, among other troubles, managed to offend the Queen by some of his writings. James I., however, restored him to Royal favour. In 1619 he became Lord Chancellor, and shortly afterwards was created Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans. Bacon's enemies presently prevailed against him again, and his own malpractices with regard to various judicial matters gave them the opportunity of ruining him. In spite of the king's favour and efforts in his behalf, in 1621 Bacon was ordered to pay a fine of £40,000 for his misdeeds; he was adjudged to be incapable of sitting in Parliament or to accept any public office under the Crown, neither was he to be permitted to live in any place where the Royal Court might be. He was, moreover, condemned to be kept a prisoner in the Tower of London during the king's pleasure.

In 1625, when Charles I. came to the throne of England, all these judgments were reversed and Bacon was rehabilitated, but did not live much longer to enjoy his honours.

BAGOT, RT. HON. SIR CHARLES, KNIGHT

Arms.—Erm., two chevrons az. Bagot.

Crest.—Out of an heraldic coronet, a goat's head ar., attired or.

Helmet.—That of a Knight.

Decoration.—The collar and badge of a Knight Grand Cross (civil) of the Order of the Bath, with the motto "Tria juncta in uno."

Legend.—The Right Honourable Sir Charles Bagot.

[Cary. Memoirs. Edinburgh, 1808.]

Sir Charles Bagot (born 23rd September 1781, died 19th May 1843) was the second son of William, first Baron Bagot, who for many years represented Stafford in the House of Commons.

Sir Charles had an important political and diplomatic career; he was a Privy Councillor and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. In 1807 he was Under-Secretary of State for Foreign affairs, and acted as Minister Plenipotentiary both to France and to the United States of America.

In 1841 Sir Charles Bagot was governor of Canada, and at different times he held the posts of Ambassador to Russia, the Netherlands, and to Austria.

BATEMAN, WILLIAM, VISCOUNT BATEMAN

Arms.—On a fess sa., between three muscovy ducks ppr., a rose of the field. Bateman. All within a fillet bearing the legend "Tria juncta in uno," being the motto of the Order of the Bath; dependent from the fillet is the badge of the same Order.

Coronet.—That of a Viscount.

Supporters.—Two lions rampant reguardant ppr., collared and chained or.

Motto.—Nec prece nec pretio.

[Mondonville. Sonates.]

William Bateman (born circ. 1680, died December 1744) was the son of Sir James Bateman, Lord Mayor of London in 1717.

Mr. Bateman was twice Member of Parliament for Leominster, and in 1725 was created Viscount Bateman in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1731 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath.

BAYNTUN, WILLIAM

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Sa., a bend lozengy arg. Bayntun.

Sinister: Gu., a fess dancetty between three cross crosslets fitchée or. Gore.

Crest.—A griffin's head erased sa., beaked or.

Legend.—Sigil gul Bayntun.

[England. Statuta in Parlameto, etc. London, 1504.]

Probably the arms of William Bayntun, who was Consul-General at Algiers in the latter half of the eighteenth century. His son Henry became an Admiral and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1839.

BEATON, JAMES, ARCHBISHOP OF GLASGOW

Arms.—On a Bishop's cross. Quarterly, first and fourth, arg., a fess between three mascles or; second and third arg., a chevron sa., charged with an otter's head erased of the first. Beaton. At the base of the shield, the fish of Glasgow holding a ring in its mouth.

Motto.—Ferendvm vt vincas.

Legend.—Iacobvs a betovn archiepiscopvs glasgvensis 1576.

[Hours of the Diocese of Salisbury. 1526.]

James Beaton (born 1517, died 1603) was a son of John Beaton of Balfour, Fife. He was a man of high character and much esteemed both in Scotland and in France, where circumstances caused him to spend a considerable portion of his life. Beaton acted as Ambassador from Scotland at the French Court, and lived in Paris at the Scots College, an Institution of which he was very proud, and to which he bequeathed the greater part of his fortune.

Beaton also took a leading part in the politics of his time, and was a staunch friend to Mary Queen of Scots. In 1552 he was, in Paris, consecrated Archbishop of Glasgow, and he also held several important ecclesiastical preferments in France.

BENNET, HENRY, EARL OF ARLINGTON

Arms.—Within the Garter. Gu., a bezant between three demi lions rampant arg. Bennet.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

[Hist. del Ministerio del Card. Guilio Mazarino. Colonia, 1669.]

Henry Bennet (born 1618, died 20th July 1685) was the second son of Sir John Bennet of Dawley in Middlesex. He was an excellent scholar and linguist, and a skilled diplomatist, especially in foreign affairs, but his standard of political morality does not appear to have been a very high one.

Bennet was a favourite of Charles II. for a long time, and the king honoured him highly. He was made Keeper of the Privy Purse, and Secretary of State in 1662; next year he was created Baron Arlington. In 1672 he was made a Knight of the Garter and Earl of Arlington, in 1674 Lord Chamberlain of the Household, and in 1675 a Lord of the Admiralty.

Arlington was a member of the Cabal Ministry; in 1674 he was impeached for his promotion of popery, breach of trust, and other misdeeds, but the vote of censure was lost. In 1674 he sold his secretaryship to Sir Joseph Williamson, and retired, more or less in disgrace, to his estate at Euston in Suffolk, where he had built a splendid house. Here he died in 1685.

BERKELEY, ROBERT

Arms.—Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., a chevron between 10 cinquefoils ar. Berkeley.

2nd and 3rd; gu., a lion rampant arg., ducally crowned or. Hayward.

Crest.—A bear's head couped arg., muzzled gu.

Helmet.—That of an Esquire.

[Polano. The Historie of the Council of Trent. London, 1620.]

Robert Berkeley (born 1713, died 20th December 1804) was a son of Thomas Berkeley of Spetchley in Worcestershire. He wrote several anonymous treatises, both political and theological, on questions of his time. He married three times but left no issue. Thomas Phillips wrote his Life of Cardinal Pole while he was chaplain at Spetchley.

BLUNDELL, HENRY

Crest.—A squirrel sejant gu., collared and holding a nut or. Blundell.

Motto.—Age quod agis.

Initials.—H. B. (Henry Blundell).

[Engravings and etchings of the Principal Statues, etc., in the collection of Henry Blundell, Esq., at Nice. 1809.]

Henry Blundell (born 1723, died 1810), of Nice-Blundell in Lancashire, was the son of Robert Blundell of Nice. He was a noted collector of works of art and an antiquary of some repute. His contributions to literature are accounts of his own collections, and are illustrated with fine engravings.

Blundell was a friend of the antiquary and collector Charles Towneley of Towneley Hall, also in Lancashire, and it is probable that his archæological tastes were largely fostered by this friendship. Towneley certainly suggested the production of Blundell's catalogues.

BOOTHBY, SIR BROOKE, BART.

Arms.—Ar., on a canton sa., a lion's gamb erased erect or. Boothby. In the centre of the shield an inescutcheon arg., bearing the Ulster hand gu.

Crest.—A lion's gamb erased erect or.

Helmet.—That of an Esquire.

[Williams. Antichrist. London, 1660.]

Crest.—A lion's gamb erased erect or. On an escutcheon arg., pendent from a branch, the Ulster hand gu., the badge of a Baronet.

[Campanella. A discourse touching the Spanish Monarchy. London.]

Sir Brooke Boothby, 7th Baronet (born 1743, died 1824), was the eldest son of Sir Brooke Boothby, 6th Baronet, of Ashbourne Hall, Derbyshire.

Sir Brooke was the author of several political treatises and miscellaneous works, many of which are in verse. He belonged to the literary circles of his time, and spent some time in France, where he is said to have enjoyed the friendship of Rousseau.

BOSCAWEN, HUGH, VISCOUNT FALMOUTH

Arms.—Erm., a rose gu., barbed and seeded ppr. Boscawen.

[Settle. Rebellion display'd. London, 1715.]

Hugh Boscawen of Tregothnen, Cornwall (born 1680 (?), died 25th October 1734), was a noted whig politician. He represented successively, Tregony, Cornwall, Truro, and Penryn, following in the footsteps of his father, Edward Boscawen, who had also been a member of Parliament for a long time.

In 1720 Boscawen was created Viscount Falmouth, and he held the appointments of Comptroller of the Household, Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, and Warden of the Stanneries, besides others of lesser note. He was also a member of the Privy Council.

BOURCHIER, RACHEL, COUNTESS OF BATH

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Arg., a cross engrailed gu., between four water bougets sa. Bourchier.

Sinister: Arg., three dexter gauntlets, backs affrontées or. Fane.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

Mottoes.—Bon temps viendra.

Ne vile fano. Non est mortale qvod opto. Semper eadem.

Legend.—Ex dono rachael comitissæ bathon dotare an. dom. mdclxx.

[Symbolarum in Matthaeum Tom. I., etc. Tolosae, 1646.]

Rachael Fane (born 1613, died 11th November 1680) was the daughter of Francis Fane, first Earl of Westmorland. In 1638 she married (1) Henry Bourchier, 6th Earl of Bath, and (2) Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex, retaining, however, her precedency as Countess of Bath by Royal Warrant.

The earliest English lady's armorial book-plate belonged to Lady Bath, and was similar to the book-stamp illustrated herewith.

BRIDGMAN, SIR ORLANDO, BART.

Arms.—Sa., ten plates, four, three, two, and one; on a chief arg., a lion passant erm. Bridgman.

Crest.—A demi lion rampant arg., holding between the paws a garland of laurel ppr.

[Lauri. Antiquae urbis Splendor. Romae, 1612.]

Sir Orlando Bridgman (born 1606 (?), died 1674) was a distinguished lawyer and legal author. He was the son of John Bridgman, Bishop of Chester, and a Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge.

In 1640 Bridgman was elected Member of Parliament for Wigan and was Knighted. By submitting to Cromwell he escaped the penalties of being a Royalist, and made himself of much importance as a lawyer during the Commonwealth. At the Restoration Sir Orlando was received into Royal favour in consideration of his former loyalty, and was given a Baronetcy and made Chief Baron of the Exchequer. In 1660 he was made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and in 1667 Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. On occasions he acted as Speaker in the House of Lords. Towards the end of his life he fell into some sort of disfavour, and lived in retirement at Teddington.

BROWNLOW, JOHN, VISCOUNT TYRCONNEL

Arms.—Quarterly.

1st and 4th; or, an inescutcheon within an orle of martlets sa. Brownlow.

2nd and 3rd; arg., a lion rampant az. Mason.

Crest.—On a chapeau gules, turned up with ermine, a greyhound passant or, collared of the first.

Supporters.—Two talbots ppr., collared gu.

Coronet.—That of a Viscount.

Helmet.—That of a Peer.

Motto.—Esse quam videre.

[Savage. The Wanderer. London, 1729.]

[Edward Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]

Sir John Brownlow (born 1692 (?), died 27th February 1754) was the eldest son of Sir William Brownlow of Belton in Lincolnshire. He was Member of Parliament for Grantham and for Lincolnshire, and in 1718 was created Viscount Tyrconnel. In 1725 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath. Lord Tyrconnel died at his country seat of Belton, and left no heir.

BRUDENELL OF STANTON WYVILE

Crest.—A dexter arm embowed, covered with leaves vert, grasping a spiked club, in bend sinister or, slung to the arm with a chain of the last. Brudenell.

[Le Mire. Geographia Ecclesiastica. Lugd., 1620.]

Books bearing this crest probably belonged to a member of the family of Brudenell, of Stanton Wyvile in Leicestershire.

BULLINGHAM

Arms.—Az., an eagle displayed arg., in the beak a sprig vert, on a chief or, a rose between two crosses crosslet gu. Bullingham.

[Hardwick Papers, Vol. 766.]

The book belonged to a member of the Lincolnshire family of Bullingham, in the seventeenth century.

BURRELL, SIR WILLIAM, BART.

Arms.—Vert, 3 shields arg., 2 and 1, each charged with a bordure engrailed or. In the chief point on an escutcheon arg., the Ulster hand gu.

Crest.—A naked arm embowed holding a branch of laurel, all ppr.

Motto.—Svb libertate qvietem.

[Collinson. The History and Antiquities of the County of Summerset. Bath, 1791.]

William Burrell (born 10th October 1732, died 20th January 1796) was the son of Peter Burrell of Beckenham, Kent, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.D.

In 1789 Burrell succeeded, by special remainder, to the Baronetcy of his father-in-law, Sir Charles Raymond. Sir William Burrell was Member of Parliament for Haslemere; a Commissioner of Excise; a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. He was especially interested in the antiquities of Sussex, both architectural and genealogical. He made a large collection of prints, drawings, and manuscripts relating to Sussex, which he bequeathed to the British Museum, and which are now in the Department of Manuscripts. He died at Deepdene in Surrey.

BYNG

Crest.—An heraldic antelope statant erm., armed, crined, and unguled or. Byng.

[Rhodes. Book of Nurture. 1577.]

Mr. Byng's Library, largely composed of Shakespeare literature, was mostly bound in a straight-grain green morocco. He was probably a member of the family of the Earl of Strafford.

CAMPBELL, HUGH, THIRD EARL OF LOUDOUN

Arms.—Gyronny of eight, erm. and gu. Campbell of Auchmannoch.

Crest.—A double-headed eagle, on the dexter side a sun in glory ppr.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

Helmet.—That of a Peer.

Motto.—Nemo me impvne lacessit, being the motto of the Order of the Thistle.

[Settle. Irene Triumphaus. London, 1713.]

Hugh Campbell (born c. 1666, died 20th November 1731) was the eldest son of James, 2nd Earl of Loudoun. He succeeded to the title in 1684. Lord Loudoun held several important official posts in Scotland; he was a Lord of Session, a member of the Scottish Privy Council, and a Commissioner of the Treasury. In 1704 he was a joint Secretary of State for Scotland, and a Commissioner for the Union. In 1707 Lord Loudoun was made a Knight of the Order of the Thistle, and shortly afterwards Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and a member of the English Privy Council.

Lord Loudoun fought at Sheriffmuir in 1715. He was one of the Scottish representative peers in the House of Lords, and Lord Lieutenant of Ayrshire. The Earldom of Loudoun descends through the female line and has consequently belonged to various families; it has been held by representatives, among others, of the families of Rawdon, Campbell, and Hastings.

CAMPBELL, JOHN FREDERICK, EARL CAWDOR

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1. Or, a hart's head caboshed sa., attired gu. Calder.

2. Gyronny of eight, or and sa. Campbell.

3. Arg., a lymphad sa. Lorn.

4. Per fess, az. and gu., a cross or. Lort. Sinister: Quarterly.

1 and 4. Barry of 10, or and sa. Botevile.

2 and 3. Arg., a lion rampant, tail nowed and erected gu. Thynne.

Crest.—A swan ppr., crowned or.

Coronet.—That of a Baron.

Helmet.—That of a Peer.

Supporters.—Dexter, a lion rampant guardant gu. Sinister, a hart ppr.

Motto.—Be mindfull.

[Caxton. Chronicles of England. Westminster, 1482.]

John Frederick Campbell (born 8th November 1790, died 7th November 1860) was the eldest son of John Campbell of Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire, first Baron Cawdor. In 1821 John Frederick succeeded to his father's Barony, and in 1816 he married Elizabeth Thynne, daughter of the Marquis of Bath. In 1827 he was created Earl Cawdor of Castlemartin. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and Lord Lieutenant of Carmarthen.

The coat-of-arms of Calder, which is given the place of honour in Lord Cawdor's coat, is borne by right of Muriel, heiress of John Calder, or Cawdor, of Nairn. She married Sir John Campbell, son of Archibald, Earl of Argyll, about 1510, and was the ancestress of the present family.

CAPELL, WILLIAM, EARL OF ESSEX

Arms.—Gu., a lion rampant between 3 crosses crosslet fitchée or. Capell.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

Supporters.—Two lions rampant arg., ducally crowned gu.

Motto.—Fide et fortitudine.

[Basnage. History of the Jews. London, 1708.]

William Capell (born 1697, died 17th January 1742) was the son of Algernon, Earl of Essex, and succeeded his father in the Earldom in 1710.

Lord Essex held several important offices, among them those of Keeper of Hyde Park, Ambassador to Sardinia in 1735, Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard, Ranger of St. James's Park, and Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire. In 1725 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Thistle, and in 1738 a Knight of the Garter.

CAREW, GEORGE, EARL OF TOTNESS

Arms.—Or, 3 lioncels passant sa. Carew.

[Prateolus. Elenchus Haereticorum. Coloniae, 1605.]

George Carew (born 29th May 1555, died 22nd March 1629) was the son of George Carew, Dean of Windsor, and educated at Oxford. In 1583 he was Sheriff of Carlow in Ireland, and was Knighted in 1585. Sir George Carew held several important military appointments in Ireland, and became Master of the Ordnance and commander of expeditions to Cadiz and other places, and in 1598 he was Ambassador to France. In 1600 he was President of Munster, and shortly afterwards Vice-Chamberlain to Anne, Queen Consort, and Member of Parliament for Hastings.

In 1605 he was created Baron Carew, and he became Master of the Ordnance in England and Governor of Guernsey, and in 1625 he was created Earl of Totness, and afterwards became Treasurer-General to Queen Henrietta Maria.

Lord Totness was an excellent antiquary and a friend of Sir Robert Cotton. He collected manuscripts, especially those concerning Ireland, and his collections are now scattered, but are chiefly to be found in the British Museum, at Lambeth, in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, at Hatfield, or in the State Paper Office.

CARTERET, GEORGE, BARON CARTERET

Arms.—Gu., four fusils in fess arg., with the Ulster hand gu., in an escutcheon arg., in the dexter chief. Carteret.

Crest.—On a mount vert, a squirrel sejant, cracking a nut ppr.

Helmet.—That of a Peer, but wrongly shown, as it should be in three-quarters position.

Supporters.—Two winged stags.

Motto.—Loyal devoir.

[Churchill. Divi Britannici. London, 1675.]

George Carteret (born 1669, died 1695) was the grandson of Sir George Carteret, Governor of Jersey, who had been created a Baronet by Charles I. in 1645. In 1681 Sir George was created Baron Carteret of Hawnes, and married Grace, daughter of John Granville, Earl of Bath, in 1674. In 1714 she was created Countess Granville, and at her death her son John succeeded to the Earldom.

CARTERET, JOHN, SECOND BARON CARTERET—AFTERWARDS SECOND EARL GRANVILLE.

Arms.—Gu., four fusils in fess arg. Carteret.

Crest.—On a mount vert, a squirrel sejant, cracking a nut ppr.

Coronet.—That of a Baron.

Supporters.—Two winged stags.

Motto.—Loyal devoir.

[Thucydides. De Bello Peloponnesiaco. Oxonii, 1696.]

[Sir William Worsley, Bart., Hovingham Hall, York.]

John Carteret (born 12th April 1690, died 2nd January 1763) succeeded his father as second Baron Carteret in 1695, and in 1744 became Earl Granville on the death of his mother, Countess Granville, whose Earldom was created January 1, 1714. Lord Granville was a Lord of the Bedchamber to George I., and in 1716 Lord Lieutenant and Curtos Rotulorum of Devonshire. In 1719 he was Ambassador to Sweden.

In 1721 Lord Granville was Secretary of State, and three years later Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was also a Knight of the Garter. In 1710 he married Frances, daughter of Sir Robert Worsley, Bart., of Appledurcombe, in the Isle of Wight.

CATHERINE OF ARAGON, QUEEN CONSORT OF HENRY VIII.

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, France. 2nd and 3rd, England. All as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

Sinister: Quartered.

1st and 4th grand quarters, quarterly.

1 and 4. Gu., a castle or. Castile.

2 and 3. Arg., a lion rampant gu. Leon.

2nd and 3rd grand quarters, per pale.

Dexter: Or, paly of 4 gu. Aragon.

Sinister: Per saltire arg., 2 eagles displayed sa. and or, paly of 4 gu. Sicily.

In the base point, arg., a pomegranate or. Grenada.

Ensigned with a Royal Crown and supported by two angels.

[Holkot. Opus revera insignissimum in librum Sapietie Salomonis editum. Parisius, 1518.]

Catherine of Aragon (born 15th December 1485, died 6th January 1536) was the youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and in 1501 she married Arthur, Prince of Wales, who died in 1502.

In 1509, Catherine married Henry VIII., and they had several children, of whom only Mary, afterwards Queen, survived her infancy. Henry VIII. divorced Queen Catherine in 1533, on the plea that the marriage was illegal as she was his brother's widow, and in the same year he married Anne Bullen, who was one of the Queen's Maids of Honour.

Queen Catherine died at Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire, in 1536, and was buried at Peterborough. A few of her books came with the old Royal Library to the British Museum in 1757. She was fond of literature and a patron to learning of all sorts, and a friend of Erasmus. She appointed Ludovicus Vives, a well-known Spanish savant and author, to be tutor to her daughter Mary.

CATHERINE OF BRAGANZA, QUEEN CONSORT OF CHARLES II.

Arms.—Arg., 5 shields az., 1, 3, and 1, each charged with 5 plates, 2, 1, and 2; a bordure of Castile, gu., 7 towers or, 3, 2, and 2. Portugal.

Crown.—The Royal Crown of England.

[Jesus Maria Joseph; or, The devout Pilgrim of the Virgin Mary. Amsterdam, 1663.]

[Edward Almack, Esq., F.S.A., Brighton.]

Catherine of Braganza (born 15th November 1638, died 31st December 1705) was the daughter of John, Duke of Braganza, who in 1640 became Juan IV., King of Portugal. In 1662 the Princess Catherine married Charles II., King of England, and as part of her very large dowry, the King received Tangier, commanding the Straits of Gibraltar, and Bombay.

After Charles's death Queen Catherine retired to Portugal, where in 1704-5 she acted ably as Regent for her brother, Pedro II.

CAVENDISH, WILLIAM GEORGE SPENCER, SIXTH DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE

Arms.—Sa., 3 bucks' heads, caboshed arg. Cavendish.

Crest.—A serpent nowed ppr.

Coronet.—That of a Duke.

Supporters.—Two bucks ppr.

Motto.—Cavendo tutus.

[Theodocritus. Δ. Χαλκονδυλου ἐρωτηματα συνοπτικα των ὀκτω του λογου μερων μετα τινων χρησμων κανονων. Milan, 1493.]

William George Spencer Cavendish (born 21st May 1790, died 17th January 1858) was the son of William, fifth Duke of Devonshire, and succeeded to the family honours in 1811.

The Library at Chatsworth was already one of much importance, but the sixth Duke of Devonshire added to it so extensively that he is generally considered as its founder. He purchased rare books at all the great sales of his time, and removed the books which had accumulated at his other residences to Chatsworth. His collection has been further added to by successive owners.

The Duke was a Knight of the Garter, a Member of the Privy Council, Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of Derbyshire, and High Steward of Derby. In 1821 he carried the orb at the Coronation of George IV. In 1826 he was Ambassador Extraordinary to Russia, and twice held the office of Lord Chamberlain of the Household. At the Coronation of Queen Victoria His Grace carried the Sword "Curtana," the square-tipped Sword of Mercy.

CECIL, WILLIAM, FIRST BARON BURGHLEY

Arms.—Quartered.

1 and 6. Barry of 10, arg. and az.; over all six escutcheons sa., 3, 2, and 1, each charged with a lion rampant of the first. Cecil.

2. Per pale, gu. and az. a lion rampant arg., supporting a tree eradicated vert. Wynstone.

3. Sa., a plate between 3 castles arg. Etchington.

4. Gu., on a bend cotised arg., 3 cinquefoils sa. Berondon.

5. Arg., a chevron erm., between 3 chess-rooks. Pinchbeck.

Crest.—Six arrows in saltire or, barbed and feathered arg., girt together with a belt gu., buckled and garnished or, over the arrows a morion cap ppr.

Helmet.—That of a Peer.

Supporters.—Two lions rampant erm.

Motto.—Cor · vnv · via · vna.

[Hebrew Bible. Antverpiae, 1582.]

Variety.—Within the Garter, the crest is shown without the morion cap, and the two Supporters are moved up from the side of the shield, the usual place for Supporters, and used as Supporters for the crest.

[Ariosto. Orlando Furioso in English Heroical Verse, by John Harington. London, 1591.]

William Cecil (born 13th September 1520, died 4th August 1598) was the son of Richard Cecil, Master of the Robes to Henry VIII. He was educated at Cambridge, and soon showed a remarkable ability. After Cambridge Cecil went to Gray's Inn and studied Law, and presently came under the personal notice of Henry VIII., who at once took a strong liking to him. At Court Cecil rapidly gained place and power, and under the Protector Somerset he became Secretary of State. He steered his way with some difficulty through the troubles accruing through the claim of Lady Jane Grey to the throne, but managed to escape serious misfortune, and was elected Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire.

At this time he also made himself useful to the Princess Elizabeth, then holding a difficult political position, and when she became Queen in 1558 she at once made Cecil a member of her Privy Council and Secretary of State. In 1563 he was Speaker of the House of Commons. Although not on friendly terms with the Earl of Leicester, and in a position which gave cause to much envy, Cecil was able to retain the confidence of Queen Elizabeth, who, in 1571, created him Baron Burghley, and shortly afterwards a Knight of the Garter.

Lord Burghley seems to have had a considerable library, and most of his books have upon them one or other of his beautiful stamps, sometimes in gold and sometimes in blind.

CHALLESTON, FAMILY OF

Arms.—Arg., a chevron vairé between 3 eagles displayed vert. Challeston.

Crest.—A demi eagle vert, wings displayed vairé.

Helmet.—That of an Esquire.

[Stow. Survey of London. 1618.]

The family of Challeston does not appear to have distinguished itself in any of the ordinary ways, but the arms are described in Burke's General Armory, and also in Papworth's Dictionary of Coats-of-Arms.

CHARLES I., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; France and England quarterly.

2nd grand quarter; Scotland.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland. All as used by James I. (q.v.).

Crest.—A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.

Helmet.—Royal.

Supporters.—A lion and a unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

Motto.—Diev et mon droit.

[Cespedes y Meneses. Historia de Don Felipe III., Rey de las Españas. Barcelona, 1634.]

Prince Charles (born 29th November 1600, died 30th January 1649) was the second son of James I., and on the death of his brother Henry became heir to the Crown. He was created Prince of Wales on 3rd November 1616, and while holding this rank he often used some of his brother's book-stamps, differentiating them, however, by the addition of his initials "C. P.," and also by the substitution of gold for silver in places where the latter metal had been used by Prince Henry, as, for instance, in the case of the label of the eldest son and the feathers in the Prince of Wales' plumes.

As Prince, Charles had a few small books bound for him in red leather, the first instance of its use for English Royal bindings, and towards the end of his reign again he had several fine bindings made for him in the fine red morocco which was so largely used by Samuel Mearne for Charles II. Whether Charles I.'s red bindings were made by Mearne is doubtful, but it is possible that they were. They are quite plain except for the fine coat-of-arms in the centre, and for delicate gold tooling, of Mearne style, in the panels of the back. Charles I. was a patron of the Arts and a man of cultured and literary tastes. The style of binding that is generally associated with his name is of a better order than the semis and heavy corners which marked the bindings made for James I.

Many of James I.'s stamps were, however, used by King Charles I., and in a majority of cases it is only by the date of the printing of the book that it is possible to say to which king the volume belonged. There is a tendency for the corner-pieces to become less, and also a tendency to substitute a more distinguished manner with regard to small gold toolings than that of the formal symmetrical repetition so prevalent in the previous reign.

CHARLES II., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; France and England quarterly.

2nd grand quarter; Scotland.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland. All as used by James I. (q.v.).

Crest.—A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.

Helmet.—Royal.

Supporters.—A lion and a unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

Motto.—Diev et mon droit.

Initials.—C. R. (Carolus Rex).

[Reynold's Works, 1658.]

Variety.—Without Supporters.

[Common Prayer. London, 1660.]

Variety.—Within the Garter and without Supporters.

[Paraphrasis in Psalmos Davidis. Salmurii, 1662.]

The Royal name and title abbreviated. "Car. Rex" (Carolus Rex) ensigned with a Royal Crown, and with the motto "Diev et mon droit."

[Sanderson. Complete History of the Life and Raigne of King Charles. London, 1658.]

Crowned initials "C.C." adossés, within palm branches, commonly found on books bound for Charles II. by Samuel Mearne, the Royal Bookbinder.

[Cranzius. Vandaliae and Saxoniae Alberti Cranzii Continuatio. Wittebergae, 1586.]

Charles II. (born May 1630, died 6th February 1685) was the elder son of Charles I. In 1660 Charles ascended the throne of England, although his accession is sometimes counted from the date of the death of Charles I., 30th January 1649. In Scotland it is always so dated.

Samuel Mearne was appointed Royal Bookbinder to Charles II. in June 1660, and he bound the greater number of the King's books in a beautiful red morocco. On most of these bindings the King's initials within a palm spray appear, and sometimes the edges of the leaves of the books have designs painted upon them, only showing when the book is open. Charles II. also used several of the book-stamps that had been made for Charles I.

Mearne was one of the greatest bookbinders of any time, and apart from the splendid work he did for Charles II., he executed numbers of other bindings, many of which are inlaid and have the leather stained and painted. He invented what is known as the "Cottage" design, and his style and detail is often copied even at the present time.

CHARLOTTE OF MECKLENBURG, QUEEN CONSORT OF GEORGE III.

Arms.—On two separate shields, side by side.

Dexter shield: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, France and England, quarterly.

2nd, Scotland.

3rd, Ireland. All as used by James I. (q.v.).

Sinister shield, the arms of Charlotte of Mecklenburg. Quartered.

1. Arg., a bull's head in pale sa. (crowned gu.), armed and ringed arg. Mecklenburg.

2. Az., a griffin segreant or. Wenden.

3. Vert, in chief az., a griffin segreant or. Principality of Schwerin.

4. Gu., a cross pattée arg. Ratzeburg.

5. Gu., an arm armoured ppr., holding a ring or, issuing from a cloud. County of Schwerin.

6. Or, a bull's head sa., in bend sinister (crowned gu.), armed and ringed arg. Rostock.

Over all, on an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of Stargard, per fess, gu. and or.

The two shields are ensigned with the Royal Crown of England.

This stamp is probably of foreign design, as it will be noted that the Royal coat-of-arms of England is as that used by Queen Anne before 1706, and not that used by George III., for whom it is intended.

[Ceffalonie. Monument élevé à la gloire de Pierre-le-Grand. Paris, 1777.]

Charlotte Sophia (born 16th May 1744, died 17th November 1818) was the youngest daughter of Charles Louis, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

In 1761 the Princess married George III., King of England, and her married life was uneventful. As Queen she devoted herself entirely to domestic matters.

CHETWYND, WALTER

Arms.—Quartered.

1. Az., a chevron between 3 mullets or. Chetwynd.

2. Arg., 2 chevrons az. Bagot.

3. Quarterly, arg. and az., on a bend gu., 3 fleurs-de-lys or. Garshall.

4. Arg., 3 bars sa. Raymond.

5. Gu., 10 billets or. Salter.

6. Sa., 3 fishes naiant in pale or. Verney.

7. Gu., a lion rampant erm. Meriford.

8. Gu., 5 piles issuing from the sinister. Henderson (?).

9. Sa., 3 pheons arg. Egerton of Shropshire.

10. Paly wavy of 6, arg. and gu. Gurnon.

11. Arg., a chevron between 3 oak leaves vert. Haslerigg.

12. Az., a lion rampant or. Hetherfield.

[Democritus. Anatomy of Melancholy. Oxford, 1628.]

Walter Chetwynd (born circ. 1620, died 1693) was a son of Walter Chetwynd of Ingestre, in Staffordshire. He was Member of Parliament for Stafford, and for Staffordshire, and Sheriff in 1680.

Chetwynd was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and an Antiquary, particularly as concerned the County of Staffordshire. He was a friend of Dr. Robert Plot, who wrote The Natural History of Staffordshire in 1686, and assisted him in many ways. His collections of drawings and manuscripts were nearly all lost in a fire at Ingestre in 1882.

CHITTING, HENRY

Arms.—Quarterly; arg. and az., on a bend gu., 3 quatrefoils of the first. Chitting.

Crest.—A talbot's head erased arg.

Helmet.—That of an Esquire.

Motto.—Fidelitate et sagacitate.

Initials.—H. C. (Henry Chitting).

[Collection of rolls of the reigns of many kings. Stowe, 601.]

Henry Chitting (born 1580 (?), died 1638) was a herald and genealogist. In 1618 he became Chester Herald, and conducted several of the heraldic visitations of English counties. Chitting wrote a valuable work on the Extinct Baronage of England, and others of less general importance.

CHOLMONDELEY, GEORGE, THIRD EARL CHOLMONDELEY

Arms.—Gu., in chief 2 helmets in profile arg., and in base a garb or. Cholmondeley.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

[Faerni. Fabulae. London, 1743.]

George Cholmondeley (born 2nd January 1702, died 10th June 1770) was the son of George, second Earl Cholmondeley, and succeeded his father in the Earldom in 1733. He was Member of Parliament for East Looe, and afterwards for Windsor, and Governor of Chester Castle. In 1725 Viscount Malpas, the courtesy title used by George Cholmondeley, was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath, and he subsequently held the offices of Master of the Robes, Master of the Horse, and was Lord Lieutenant of North Wales and of Montgomery. In 1736 he became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1743 Lord Privy Seal. He held the rank of Lieutenant-General in the army.

CHURCHILL, GEORGE SPENCER, FIFTH DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th sa., a lion rampant arg., on a canton of the last a cross gu. Churchill.

2nd and 3rd quarterly, arg. and gu., in the second and third quarters a fret or; over all on a bend sa., 3 escallops of the first. Spencer.

Sinister: Or, a bend sa.; over all a lion rampant gu. Abernethy (?).

Coronet.—That of a Duke.

Motto.—Fiel pero desdichado.

The whole arms are borne upon an Imperial eagle, the heraldic indication of the rank of a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, a dignity given to John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. The eagle is ensigned with a closed crown, the circlet of which bears the strawberry leaves and pearls of an English Marquis.

[Ferrarotto. Della preeminenza dell' officio di Stradicò della nobile città di Messina. Venetiis, 1593.]

Variety.—Used as Marquis of Blandford before 1817. Spencer.

Arms.—Quarterly.

1st and 4th quarterly, arg. and gu., on the second and third quarters a fret or; over all on a bend sa., 3 escallops of the first. Spencer.

2nd and 3rd sa., a lion rampant arg., on a canton of the last a cross gu. Churchill.

Coronet.—That of a Marquis.

Motto.—Dieu defend le droit.

The whole arms are borne upon an Imperial eagle as before, but in this case the whole is ensigned with a Royal orb between the two horns of a crescent arg., issuing from a Marquis's coronet.

[Colonna. Discours du Songe de Poliphile. Paris, 1654.]

George Spencer, afterwards Spencer-Churchill (born 6th March 1766, died 5th March 1840), was the son of George, fourth Duke of Marlborough. He was educated at Eton and Oxford, and served as Member of Parliament for Oxfordshire and for Tregony, and was a Lord of the Treasury. He married Susan, daughter of the Earl of Galloway.

In 1817, on the death of his father, he succeeded to the Dukedom of Marlborough, and in the same year he assumed by Royal Licence the surname and arms of Churchill in addition to his patronymic of Spencer. This was done in memory of the first Duke of Marlborough, who left no male heir, but whose second daughter Anne had married Charles Spencer, third Earl of Sunderland, and their son Charles, fifth Earl of Sunderland, succeeded his aunt Henrietta, suo jure Duchess of Marlborough, in the Dukedom in 1733. While Marquis of Blandford the Duke collected a magnificent library at his house, White Knights, near Reading, but extravagance in living compelled him to part with it by auction in 1819.

COCHRANE, JOHN, FOURTH EARL OF DUNDONALD

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Arg., a chevron gu., between 3 boars' heads erased arg. Cochrane.

Sinister: Az., 3 mullets arg., within a double tressure flory counterflory or. Murray.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

[Settle. Virtute Sacellum. London, 1720.]

John Cochrane (born 1660 (?), died 5th June 1720) was the second son of John, second Earl of Dundonald, and succeeded his brother William in the Earldom in 1705. In 1706 he married Anne, daughter of Charles Murray, Earl of Dunmore. Lord Dundonald was a Representative Peer of Scotland and Colonel of the 4th Regiment of Horse Guards.

COCKS, JOHN, BARON SOMERS

Crest.—On a mount vert, a stag lodged reguardant arg., attired sa., and gorged with a chaplet of laurel leaves vert. Cocks.

Coronet.—That of a Baron.

[Common Prayer. London, 1669.]

John Somers Cocks (born 6th May 1760, died circ. 1841) was the son of Charles Cocks, Baron Somers, and was educated at Oxford. He was successively Member of Parliament for West Looe, for Grampound, and for Reigate. In 1806 he succeeded to his father's barony, and in 1821 was created Earl Somers. Lord Somers married as his second wife, Jane, daughter of his Uncle James, and widow of the Rev. George Waddington.

COKE, THOMAS, FIRST EARL OF LEICESTER

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Per pale, gu. and az., 3 eagles displayed or. Coke.

Sinister: Sa., an eagle displayed erm. Tufton.

Crest.—On a chapeau az., turned up erm., an ostrich arg., holding in its mouth a horseshoe or.

Helmet.—That of an Esquire.

Motto.—Prudens qui patiens.

[Morgues. Diverses Pièces pour la Defense de la Royne Mère du Roy Louys XIII. Paris, 1637.]

Thomas Coke (born circ. 1699, died 20th April 1759) was the eldest son of Edward Coke of Holkham in Norfolk. In 1725 Mr. Coke was made a Knight of the Order of the Bath, and in 1728 he was created Baron Lovel. In 1733 Lord Lovel was Postmaster-General, and in 1744 he was given a step in the Peerage and created Viscount Coke and Earl of Leicester. In 1718 Lord Leicester married Lady Mary Tufton, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Thanet. He left no heir, but the Earldom of Leicester was revived in 1837 in the person of one of his collateral descendants.

THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND

Arms.—On two separate shields side by side.

Dexter shield: Arg., a cross gu., being the arms of St. George of England.

Sinister shield: Az., a harp or, stringed arg., being the Harp of Ireland.

Motto.—God with vs.

Legend.—The Commonwealth of England.

[Proclamations of the Lord Protector, G. 5194.]

The Commonwealth was established in England in 1649, and Oliver Cromwell made Protector. In 1649 Charles, Prince of Wales, was crowned King at Scone, and in the next year at Carlisle. In 1658, on the death of Cromwell, the people of England felt that the Commonwealth had lasted long enough, and in 1660 Charles II. returned among general rejoicings. From a bookbinding point of view the period of the Commonwealth was one of little interest, but on the Restoration, Samuel Mearne raised the standard of English bookbinding to a very high level.

COOTE, CHARLES

Arms.—Arg., a chevron between 3 coots sa. Coote.

Crest.—A coot ppr.

Motto.—Vincit veritas.

[Boulainvilliers. Parliaments of France. London, 1739.]

Charles Coote (born circ. 1761, died 19th November 1835) was the son of a London bookseller, John Coote, and was educated at St. Paul's School and at Oxford, where he distinguished himself by his diligence and literary tastes. He took his D.C.L. degree in 1789. Dr. Coote wrote several historical works of much importance, and in 1789 he was admitted to the College of Advocates, but he never appears to have taken much to law. His son H. C. Coote was an author of much note and a high authority on the subject of the Romans in Britain.

COTTON, SIR ROBERT, BART.

Arms.—Quartered.

1. Az., an eagle displayed arg. Cotton.

2. Sa., a fess dancetté between 3 mullets arg. Wesenham.

3. Or, a saltire gu., a chief of the first. Bruce.

4. Three piles gu., meeting in point. Wishart; over all on an escutcheon or, a lion rampant sa., within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second. Buchanan.

5. Or, a lion rampant sa., a chief gu. Beauchamp (?).

6. Az., a cross flory between 4 martlets or. King Edward the Confessor.

[Breviary of the Diocese of Salisbury. Parisiis, 1499.]

Variety, with four quarterings only.

[Papeburg. Comment. Basileae, 1551.]

[Sir W. Worsley, Hovingham Hall, York.]

Robert Bruce Cotton (born 22nd January 1570, died 6th May 1631) was the eldest son of Thomas Cotton of Connington, Huntingdon. At an early age he began to collect manuscripts, especially English ones, and the dissolution of the monasteries in the earlier half of the sixteenth century afforded him excellent opportunity of acquiring invaluable examples. So valuable was Cotton's collections, much of it containing official documents, that twice it was sequestrated by the Government; some of it, however, was restored to him. He was made a Baronet in 1611, having previously received the honour of Knighthood. The part of the collection of manuscripts which had been retained by the Government of the day was eventually restored to his son Sir Thomas Cotton.

A grandson of Sir Robert, Sir John Cotton, desired to present the collection to the Nation, together with Cotton House, with various conditions as to name and safe custody, and after tedious negotiations the collection became National property and was deposited in Essex House, Strand; in 1730 it was moved to Ashburnham House, in Little Dean's Yard, Westminster, then the property of the Government, where also the old Royal manuscripts were kept. In 1731 a fire occurred at Ashburnham House, and a large number of manuscripts were burnt and many others badly injured. The remainder were then stored in a dormitory at Westminster School, and here they remained until they were transferred to the British Museum in 1757.

The Cottonian collection of manuscripts is now kept in the Manuscript Department at the British Museum; but there are numbers of printed books as well that are widely distributed. A member of the Cotton Family is always a Family Trustee of the British Museum. Sir Robert Cotton wrote a large number of tracts, mainly political. The Cottonian MSS. are curiously arranged under the names of the Roman Emperors.

COVENTRY, WILLIAM, FIFTH EARL OF COVENTRY

Arms.—Sa., a fess erm., between 3 crescents sa.

Crest.—A garb or, lying fesswise, thereon a cock gu., comb, wattles, and legs of the first.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

Helmet.—That of a Peer.

[Settle. Honori Sacellum. London, 1712.]

William Coventry (born c. 1688, died 18th March 1750) was the son of Walter Coventry of London, the lineal representative of Walter Coventry, brother of the first Earl of Coventry, in which line, by special limitation, the Earldom was allowed to rest. Mr. Coventry was Member of Parliament for Bridport, and succeeded to the Earldom of Coventry in 1719. He was Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the county of Worcester, a Member of the Privy Council, and Clerk Comptroller of the Green Cloth.

COVERT, WILLIAM

Arms.—Quartered.

1. Gu., a fess ermine between 3 martlets or. Covert.

2. Erm., 2 bars and a canton gu. Boyes.

3. Gu., a fess between 3 lions' heads couped or. St. Clair.

4. Arg., a chevron between 3 garbs gu. Sheffield.

5. Or, 2 crescents, 1 and 1, gu., a canton erm. Symonds.

6. Lozengy, arg. and gu., a fess sa. Rockly.

7. Arg., a cross sa., with 2 crosses crosslet fitchée of the last in the upper cantons. Balderstone.

8. Arg., on a chief gu., 3 lions rampant arg. Yonge.

9. Or, a cross gu. Bourke.

10. Arg., 5 fusils in bend, gu. Bradeston.

11. Arg., on a chief gu., 3 crosses pattée fitchée of the first. Dyall.

12. Arg., 3 garbs gu. Comyn.

13. Lozengy, arg. and sa., each lozenge sa., charged with a martlet or. Croft (?).

[Babington's Works. London, 1615.]

William Covert of Kent belonged to an old family, members of which were settled in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex since the sixteenth century.

John Covert, a member of the same family, had a command at the Siege of Boulogne in 1558.

COWPER, WILLIAM, FIRST EARL COWPER

Arms.—Arg., 3 martlets gu., 2 and 1, on a chief engrailed of the last, as many annulets or. Cowper.

Note.—The annulets are wrongly shown on this stamp.

[Settle. Fears and Dangers. London, 1706.]

William Cowper (born c. 1655, died 10th October 1723) was the son of Sir William Cowper, Bart., M.P. for Hertford, and succeeded to his father's Baronetcy in 1706. He was educated at St. Albans, and entered the Middle Temple in 1681, and became a great lawyer and politician. In 1706 he was made Lord Keeper of the Great Seal and created Baron Cowper of Wingham. In 1707 he was Lord High Chancellor, and in 1718 was created Earl Cowper. Lord Cowper was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Governor of the Charterhouse, and Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire.

CRACHERODE, CLAYTON MORDAUNT

Arms.—Or, a saltire erm., between 4 lions' heads erased sa. Cracherode.

Crest.—A demi boar saliant reguardant or, wounded in the shoulder with an arrow ppr., which he holds in his mouth.

Note.—Probably designed and the stamp cut by Roger Payne.

[Suetonius. Opera. Leovardiae, 1715.]

Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode (born 23rd June 1730, died 5th April 1799) was a son of an officer of Marines, Colonel Mordaunt Cracherode.

Clayton Cracherode was educated at Westminster and Christchurch, Oxford, and was a Fellow of the Royal Society, and of the Society of Antiquaries, and a Trustee of the British Museum. He was ordained shortly after leaving Oxford. On the death of his father, Mr. Cracherode became a rich man, and spent his fortune freely in collecting choice books, bindings, drawings, prints, coins, and gems, always getting the finest examples procurable.

Mr. Cracherode was an eccentric and shy recluse; he hardly ever left London, and his life is said to have been embittered by the fact that he was liable to act as King's Cup-bearer at a coronation, his manor at Great Wymondley being held on that Tenure. The collections made by Mr. Cracherode were all bequeathed to the British Museum except two books, a Bible left to the Bishop of Durham, and a Homer to Cyril Jackson, Dean of Christchurch, but both of these eventually were given to the Museum Library. Several of Mr. Cracherode's books were bound for him by Roger Payne, one of the greatest English bookbinders.

DERING, SIR EDWARD, BARONET

Arms.—Or, a saltire sa. Dering.

Crest.—Out of an heraldic coronet a plume of 9 ostrich feathers, 4 and 5, arg.

Legend.—Edoardvs dering miles et baronettvs.

[The Catholike Moderator. London, 1623.]

Edward Dering (born 28th January 1598, died 22nd June 1644) was the son of Sir Anthony Dering of Surrenden. He was educated at Cambridge, and soon became a collector and lover of antiquities.

In 1619 Dering received the honour of Knighthood, and in 1627 became a Baronet. He represented Kent in the House of Commons, and interested himself much in religious matters. He eventually got into trouble with Parliament about some of his writings, and was imprisoned for a time in the Tower. He raised a regiment for the King at the commencement of the Civil War, and in consequence he suffered sequestration of his estates. He does not appear to have succeeded well as a soldier. Dering never recovered from the troubles incident upon his advocacy of the Royalist cause, and he died in comparative poverty. He has left several works and pamphlets, chiefly political or theological.

D'EWES, SIR SYMONDS, BARONET

Arms.—Or, 3 quatrefoils pierced gu. D'Ewes.

Crest.—A wolf's head erased or, about the neck a collar vairé.

[D'Ewes. Journals of Parliaments temp. Eliz. Harl. MS. 73.]

Symonds D'Ewes (born 18th December 1602, died 8th April 1650) was the son of Paul D'Ewes of Milden in Suffolk. He went to Cambridge, and was called to the Bar in 1623. His tastes were always of a literary and antiquarian character, and he was a friend of Sir Robert Cotton. In 1626 he received the honour of Knighthood, and on his father's death in 1631 he inherited considerable property.

D'Ewes was High Sheriff of Suffolk and Member of Parliament for Sudbury, and in 1641 he became a Baronet. He wrote many valuable historical and antiquarian works; his "Diaries" are now in the British Museum, as are several others of his manuscripts, forming part of the Harleian Collection.

DIGBY, SIR KENELM, KNIGHT

Arms.—Quarterly.

1. Az., a fleur-de-lys arg. Digby.

2. Arg., a chevron between 3 crosses crosslet fitchée. Davenport.

3. Erm., on a bend sa., 3 goats' heads erased arg., armed or. Mulsho.

4. Gu., semé of crosses crosslet arg., 3 leopards' heads jessant-de-lys, arg. Neville.

On an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of Venetia Stanley.

Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters arg., on a bend az., 3 bucks' heads cabossed or, a crescent for difference. Stanley.

2nd grand quarter, quarterly.

1st and 4th or, a lion rampant az. The Duke of Brabant.

2nd and 3rd gu., 3 lucies hauriant arg. Lucy.

3rd grand quarter az., 5 fusils conjoined in fess or. Percy.

Crest.—An ostrich arg., with a horseshoe in his mouth ppr.

Helmet.—That of an Esquire.

[Aristotle. Opera. Lut. Parisiorum, 1619.]

Variety.—Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, Digby. Sir Kenelm Digby.

2nd and 3rd, Mulsho.

Sinister: Quarterly.

1st and 4th, Stanley. Venetia Stanley.

2nd and 3rd, The Duke of Brabant.

[Boccalini. Delli Avvisi di Parnaso. Venetia, 1619.]

Variety.—Within a vesica.

Quarterly.

1. Digby. 3. Mulsho. Sir Kenelm Digby.

2. Davenport. 4. Neville.

On an escutcheon of pretence.

Quarterly.

1. Stanley. 3. Lucy. Venetia Stanley.

2. The Duke of Brabant. 4. Percy.

Legend.—Insignia Kenelmi Digby Eqvitis Avrati.

[Plato. Opera. Paris, 1578.]

Initials "K.D." for Kenelm Digby, and "V." for Venetia, his wife.

[Aristotle. Opera. Lut. Parisiorum, 1619.]

Kenelm Digby (born 11th July 1603, died 11th June 1665) was the elder son of Sir Everard Digby, Knight, and Mary Mulsho, his wife. He inherited large estates from his father in spite of the fact that much of Sir Everard's property had been confiscated. Kenelm Digby was educated at Oxford, at Gloucester Hall, near Worcester College. He travelled much on the Continent, particularly in France and in Spain. In 1623 he was Knighted by James I. Quite early in life he had fallen in love with Venetia, daughter of Sir Edward Stanley, and in 1625 he married her.

In 1627 Digby fitted out and commanded a curious privateering expedition, and captured several French, Dutch, Spanish, Flemish, and Venetian ships, but his conduct was disavowed by the English government. Digby was suspected of popish sympathies and suffered various terms of imprisonment in consequence, but in 1643 he was allowed to leave England for France, and for a time he made his home in Paris, a town to which he had always been very partial, and he appears to have been well received by Louis XIV.

Sir Kenelm Digby wrote a large number of books, religious, philosophical, and scientific; he was a man of much imagination, and took delight in inventing quack medicines. He possessed a large library; many of his books were presented to the Bodleian Library at Oxford, others are said to have been given to Louis XIV., and others again were scattered. On some of the volumes the coat-of-arms of Digby alone occurs, but in the majority of cases the coat-of-arms is quartered with various other family coats, and has also the coat-of-arms of Venetia Stanley either impaled or borne as an escutcheon of pretence. Many of Sir Kenelm's books were bound in Paris.

DORMER, ROBERT, EARL OF CARNARVON

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Az., 10 billets or, 4, 3, 2, and 1, on a chief of the second a demi lion rampant issuant sa. Dormer.

Sinister: Per pale, az. and gu., 3 lions rampant arg. Herbert.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

[Common Prayer. Dublin, 1621.]

Robert Dormer (born circ. 1610 (?), died 20th September 1643) was the only son of Sir William Dormer, son of Robert, Baron Dormer of Wyng. In 1616 Robert Dormer succeeded to the Barony of Dormer on the death of his grandfather, his father having predeceased him. In 1628 he was created Earl of Carnarvon, and in 1641 he was Lord Lieutenant of Bucks. Lord Carnarvon was killed at the Battle of Newbury, where he fought as a Royalist. He married in 1625 Anna Sophia Herbert, daughter of Philip, Earl of Pembroke.

DOUGLAS, WILLIAM, DUKE OF QUEENSBERRY

Arms.—Quarterly.

1st and 4th; arg., a human heart gu., imperially crowned ppr., on a chief az., 3 mullets of the field. Douglas.

2nd and 3rd; az., a bend between 6 crosses crosslet fitchée or. Marr.

All within a bordure or, charged with the double tressure (flory counterflory) of Scotland, added by Charles II. to the coat of William Douglas, Earl of Queensberry, when he conferred upon him the Marquisate of Queensberry in 1681.

Coronet.—That of a Duke.

Supporters.—On each side a Pegasus arg., winged, maned, and hoofed or.

Motto.—Fordward.

[Boethius. Scotorum Historiae a prima gentis origine. Paris, 1526.]

Crest.—A man's heart gu., ensigned with an imperial crown ppr., and winged or. Douglas.

Coronet.—That of a Duke.

Initials.—W. D. (William Douglas).

[Pliny. C. Plinii Secundi Historiae Naturalis, Lib. xxxvii. Lugd. Batavorum, 1635.]

William Douglas (born circ. 1637, died 28th March 1695), Viscount Drumlanrig, was the son of James Douglas, second Earl of Queensberry. In 1671 Lord Drumlanrig succeeded to his father's honours, and in 1681 he received a step in the Peerage, being created first Marquis of Queensberry. In 1684 he was created Duke of Queensberry. His Grace was Justice-General of Scotland in 1680 and a Lord of Session, and from 1682 to 1686 he was High Governor of Edinburgh Castle.

DUDLEY, ROBERT, EARL OF LEICESTER

Crest.—A bear arg., muzzled and chained or, grimpant on a staff raguly arg. A crescent for difference. Dudley.

Initials.—R. D. (Robert Dudley).

[Trissino. La Italia Liberata. Venezia, 1547.]

Robert Dudley (born 24th June 1532, died 4th September 1588) was a son of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. In 1549 he married Amy Robsart, who was killed at Cumnor Place in Berks in 1560. It was supposed this was done in order to allow of a marriage between Dudley and Queen Elizabeth.

Lord Robert Dudley was a great favourite both of Edward VI., to whom he had been a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber and Master of the Buckhounds, and of Queen Elizabeth. He was for a time Member of Parliament for Norfolk. With his father, the Duke of Northumberland, Lord Robert conspired to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne of England, and for this he was sentenced to death in 1553, but shortly afterwards he was pardoned and restored in blood. Under Elizabeth Dudley received many honours. He was made Master of the Horse, Lord Steward of the Household, and Knight of the Garter in 1559, and in 1564 Earl of Leicester. In 1564 he was elected Chancellor of Oxford University, and in 1575 he entertained the Queen at his beautiful home at Kenilworth. Leicester was Lord Lieutenant of Warwickshire and of other counties, and his possessions were very great. He married a second time in 1573, but left no heir.

The emblem of the ragged staff, or "Sable a staff raguly in bend arg.," was used as a coat-of-arms by the ancient Earls of Warwick, and it shows, as well as a bear, in the representations of the town of Warwick held in the hands of figures in the "Rows Roll," written and illuminated by John Rows of Warwick in the fifteenth century. The bear seems to have been assumed as a cognizance by Earl Arthgallus, and may either have been taken from the Warwick bear or as an allusion to his name "Arth," in British meaning "Bear." The successive Earls of Warwick used the bear and the ragged staff as a badge, and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, whose father, among other honours, was nineteenth Earl of Warwick, used it as a crest. Lord Leicester used a chained bear as his dexter supporter, and the ragged staff shows on one of his many quarterings.

EDWARD VI., KING OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

Arms.—Quarterly, France and England as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

Crown.—Royal.

Initials.—E. R. (Edvardus Rex).

This coat-of-arms is upon a binding made for Edward VI. by Thomas Berthelet, who had been Royal Bookbinder to Henry VIII. It has been, however, transferred to a volume which belonged to Queen Elizabeth.

[Public Acts. London, 1559.]

Variety.—Quarterly, France and England as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

Crown.—Royal.

Initials.—E. R. (Edvardus Rex).

[Andreasi. De Amplitudine misericordiae Dei oratio. Basileae, 1550.]

Badge.—A daisy ppr., crowned or.

The daisy was used as a badge by Edward VI., in memory of his great-grandmother, Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII.

[Belief in Christ. London, 1550.]

Badge.—The triple ostrich plume arg., of the Prince of Wales, within a princely coronet or.

Motto.—Ihc (sic) dien.

Initials.—E. P. (Edward, Prince.)

[List of Cities, etc., named in Trogus Pompeius and in the epistles of Cicero; addressed by Peter Olivarius to Edward, Prince of Wales. 1546, MS.]

Prince Edward (born 12th October 1537, died 6th July 1553) was the son of Henry VIII. and Queen Jane Seymour, his third wife. He succeeded his father on the throne of England in 1547, and left the crown by will to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, the result of which was that her relatives endeavoured to place her upon the throne and she was beheaded in 1554 by order of Queen Mary. Although the Prince of Wales's plumes were used on the bindings made for Prince Edward, he never was Prince of Wales. The majority of his bindings were made by Thomas Berthelet, and they came to the British Museum with the rest of the old Royal Library in 1757.

The supporters used by Edward VI. were the golden lion and the red dragon, as they were used by Henry VIII. after 1528, but they do not show on any of his bindings as far as is at present known.

EDWARD VII., KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH; EMPEROR OF INDIA.

Arms.—Within the Garter, and surrounded by the Collar of the Order of the Garter, dependent from which is the Great George.

Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., 2 lions passant guardant in pale or, langued and unguled az. England.

2nd; or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory gu. Scotland.

3rd; az., a harp or, stringed arg. Ireland.

Crown.—Royal.

[For illustration see the Frontispiece.]

EGERTON, FRANCIS HENRY, EIGHTH EARL OF BRIDGWATER

Arms.—Quarterly.

1st and 4th grand quarters; arg., a lion rampant gu., between 3 pheons sa. Egerton.

2nd grand quarter; quarterly, France and England. Mary, daughter of Henry VII.

3rd grand quarter; barry of six, arg. and az. Grey.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

Supporters.—Dexter, a horse; sinister, a griffin; each gorged with a ducal coronet.

Motto.—Sic donec.

[Rabani Mauri Tractatus super Librum Regum. Eg. MS. 1783.]

Variety.—The shield alone.

[Beza. Nov. Test. London, 1582.]

Crest.—A lion rampant gu., supporting an arrow erect or, headed and feathered arg.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

[Taylor. An arrant Thiefe. London, 1625.]

Francis Henry Egerton (born 11th November 1756, died 11th February 1829) was a son of John Egerton, Bishop of Durham. He was educated at Eton and All Souls' College, Oxford, and was for a long time Rector of Middle, Shropshire. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the Society of Antiquaries. Mr. Egerton was a scholar and a book lover, and wrote several books, mostly genealogical, a subject of which he was very fond.

In 1823, on the death of his brother, Mr. Egerton became Earl of Bridgwater, but he remained in Paris, where he had lived for some time. With the Peerage Lord Bridgwater inherited a large fortune, and he bequeathed a large portion of this in the endowment of Literature, one result of which was the "Bridgwater Treatises." He also left a very large collection of manuscripts and other treasures to the Trustees of the British Museum, with property to allow of accessions.

ELIZABETH, QUEEN OF ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly, first and fourth, France; second and third, England, as used by Henry VIII. (q.v.).

Crown.—Royal.

[Grant. Graecae Linguae Spicilegium. London, 1577.]

Variety.—Within the Garter.

[Guicciardini. Historie. London, 1599.]

Badge.—Upon a mound or, a falcon arg., royally crowned or, and holding in his dexter claw a Royal sceptre or; growing on the dexter side of the mound a rose-tree ppr., with red and white roses.

Queen Elizabeth used this badge in memory of her mother, Queen Anne, at whose coronation it was shown in a pageant. A falcon was the crest of the Ormond family, and it is shown sculptured on the tomb of the Earl of Wiltshire, father of Anne Bullen.

[Trogi Pompeii historiarum Philippicarum Epitoma. Paris, 1581.]

Badge.—A Tudor rose, arg. and gu., seeded or, and leaved vert. Ensigned with a Royal Crown.

[Caius. De Antiquitate Cantebrigiensis Academiae libri duo. Londini, 1574.]

Badge.—A Tudor rose bearing a scroll upon which is the name "Elizabeth."

[New Testament. London, 1532.]

The Princess Elizabeth (born 7th September 1533, died 24th March 1603) was the daughter of Henry VIII. and his second wife Anne Bullen.

In 1558 Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister Mary as Queen of England. Queen Elizabeth loved magnificence of all kinds, and the bindings made for her show a considerable range of style; several were sumptuously bound in velvet with rich embroideries and pearls, some of these being made by the workmen of Archbishop Parker; other velvet bindings were stamped in gold, and had overlays of coloured satin. As Princess, Elizabeth is supposed to have embroidered a few bindings; two of these are now in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and another is in the British Museum. Others were in carved, engraved, or repoussé gold finely enamelled, and numbers were in leather, both gold tooled and blind tooled; some of the former were very likely bound for the Queen by the printer John Day, who was the first English binder to use inlays of leather coloured differently to the main part of the binding.

Small series of triple dots and small corner-pieces show for the first time on small books bound for Queen Elizabeth towards the end of her reign.

The supporters used by Queen Elizabeth were the golden lion and the red dragon; they show on some of the beautiful painted bindings done for the Queen, but not on any of the stamps. The Queen's portrait is sometimes found stamped on her books.

FINCH, HENEAGE, EARL OF AYLESFORD

Arms.—Quarterly.

1st and 4th; arg., a chevron between 3 griffins passant. Finch.

2nd and 3rd; per pale, az. and gu., 3 lions rampant arg. Herbert.

Coronet.—That of an Earl.

Motto.—Nec elata nec deiecta.

[Sacchi. Platinae hystoria de vitis potificum. Venetiis, 1511.]

Heneage Finch (born c. 1647, died 22nd July 1719) was the second son of the first Earl of Nottingham. Mr. Finch was an eminent lawyer, and in 1678 he became Solicitor-General. He was Member of Parliament for Oxford, and in 1702, shortly after the accession of Queen Anne, he was chosen to receive Her Majesty when she visited that city. On this occasion he was created Baron of Guernsey. On the accession of George I. Lord Guernsey was created Earl of Aylesford, and also made a Member of the Privy Council and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.

FITZ-ALAN, HENRY, EIGHTEENTH EARL OF ARUNDEL

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th; gu., a lion rampant or. Fitz-Alan.

2nd and 3rd; sa., a fret or. Maltravers.

Crest.—Out of an heraldic coronet gu., a demi eagle, wings displayed or.

Helmet.—That of a Peer.

Motto.—Virtvtis lavs actio.

Note.—Coloured. The earliest heraldic book-stamp of an English subject as yet known.

[Aristotle. Venetiis, 1513.]

Badge.—A horse courant arg., bearing in his mouth a sprig of oak ppr.

[Biblia. Venice, 1544.]

Henry Fitz-Alan (born c. 1511, died c. 1580) was the son of William, Earl of Arundel, and succeeded his father in 1544.

Lord Arundel was a soldier of repute, and took part in the siege of Boulogne in 1545. He gave political offence to the Earl of Warwick in the reign of Edward VI. and was committed to the Tower. He acted as Constable at the coronation of Queen Mary, and as Lord High Steward at that of Queen Elizabeth. He was a Knight of the Garter. Fond of books, Lord Arundel made a large collection of them, and profited by the dissolution of the monasteries in the early sixteenth century to add to his library at Nonsuch. Many of his books had belonged to Archbishop Cranmer. He bequeathed his library to his son-in-law, Lord Lumley, and they were nearly all purchased eventually by Henry, Prince of Wales.

FREDERICK, ELECTOR PALATINE OF THE RHINE, AFTERWARDS KING OF BOHEMIA.

Arms.—Impaled.

Dexter: Quarterly.

1st and 4th; sa., a lion rampant or, crowned gu. Pfalz-am-Rhein.

2nd and 3rd; lozengy, az. and arg. Bavaria.

Over all an escutcheon of pretence bearing a Royal orb as an emblem of dominion.

Sinister: The Royal arms of James I. (q.v.).

Crest.—Out of a princely coronet, a lion sejant or, crowned gu., between 2 buffalo horns lozengy, az. and arg.

Supporters.—2 lions rampant or, crowned gu.

[Legrain. Decade contenant la vie et gestes de Henry le Grand Roy de France. Paris, 1614.]

Frederick V., Elector Palatine of the Rhine, married the Princess Elizabeth (born 15th August 1596, died 13th February 1662), daughter of James VI. of Scotland, in 1613. In 1618, Frederick was elected King of Bohemia; his acceptance of this dignity is said to have been largely due to his wife's ambition. As Queen of Bohemia, Elizabeth's life was not easy, and she was never popular at Prague, and in 1622 the Palatinate was taken by the Duke of Bavaria. Her father, now James I. of England, does not appear to have taken much interest in the Queen of Bohemia; neither in turn did Charles I. In 1632 the King of Bohemia died, and the Queen passed the latter part of her life in England.

Queen Elizabeth's youngest daughter, Sophia, Electress of Hanover, was the mother of George I., King of England.

FREDERICK, PRINCE OF WALES

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st; England and Scotland impaled.

2nd; France.

3rd; Ireland.

4th; the arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany.

As used by George I. (q.v.); over all the label arg. of the eldest son of the King; and the whole ensigned with a Princely coronet.

Crest.—A Princely coronet ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, coroneted with a princely coronet ppr.

Helmet.—Royal.

Supporters.—The lion and unicorn of England, differenced with a label of three points arg., and the lion wearing a Prince's coronet.

Motto.—Ich dien.

[Papers relating to Cuba. London, 1744.]

Frederick Louis, Prince of Hanover, and afterwards Prince of Wales (born 6th January 1707, died 20th March 1751), was the eldest son of George, Electoral Prince of Hanover, afterwards George II., King of England. In 1729 Prince Frederick was created Prince of Wales, but all his life there were incessant quarrels between himself and his parents. In 1736 he married the Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha; it proved an unhappy marriage.

The Prince of Wales died in 1751, from the after-effects of an accidental blow from a tennis ball, and nobody appears to have regretted him. He left nine children, the eldest of whom, George, succeeded to the throne of England on the death of his grandfather in 1760. The Prince of Wales' books were generally bound in red morocco, with one or other of his armorial stamps, some of which bear the label of the eldest son, and others do not. But they all have the motto "Ich dien," and occasionally the initials "F. P." at the top on each side of the crest.

GARRICK, DAVID

Arms.—Per pale, or and az., in the dexter compartment a tower gu., and in the sinister, on a mount vert, a sea-horse arg., mane, fins, and tail of the first; on a chief or, 3 mullets of the second.

Crest.—A mullet or.

[Etherege. The Comical Revenge. London, 1690.]

David Garrick (born 19th February 1716, died 20th January 1779) was the son of an officer in the army, and of Huguenot descent from the family of La Garrique of Bordeaux. Garrick took to the stage at an early age, and after having unsuccessfully tried other means of making a livelihood he eventually took to acting as a profession. He acted as an amateur at St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, and he wrote several plays. His family did not approve of his becoming an actor, but his rapid success ultimately reconciled them to it. His life-history is one of unvarying triumphs, which, however, naturally made him many enemies; he left the stage practically in 1762.

Garrick was a collector of treasures of all sorts, but particularly copies of Early English plays, of which he made a very large and valuable collection. These he bequeathed to the British Museum. He left a large fortune, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

GEORGE I., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st grand quarter; England and Scotland impaled. As used by Queen Anne.

2nd grand quarter; France.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland.

4th grand quarter; the arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany. Impaled.

Dexter: Gules, 2 lions passant guardant or. Brunswick.

Sinister: Or, semée of hearts ppr., a lion rampant az. Lunenburg.

In the base point gu., a horse current arg. Saxony.

Over all an escutcheon gu., charged with the Crown of Charlemagne or, as a badge of the office of High Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire. The Crown of Charlemagne is one of the finest Byzantine Crowns in the world, and it is one of the very few heraldic bearings that are in actual existence. It is of gold and richly ornamented with jewels and enamels, and is kept in the Royal Treasury at Vienna.

Crest.—A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.

Helmet.—Royal.

Supporters.—The lion and unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

Motto.—Dieu et mon droit.

Initials.—G. R. (Georgius Rex).

Badges.—A Tudor rose and a thistle.

[The many advantages of a good Language. 1724.]

George Lewis, Electoral Prince of Hanover (born 28th May 1660, died 11th June 1727), was the eldest son of Sophia, youngest daughter of the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I., and Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg. In 1714 Prince George succeeded his cousin, Queen Anne, on the throne of England. He was then fifty-four years of age, and firmly fixed in his German ideas; he never spoke English well, and took every possible opportunity of revisiting his electoral dominions, where he died in 1727.

George I. made an important change in the English coat-of-arms, by including the quartered coat containing the Arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany, Brunswick, Lunenburg, and Saxony. These arms were used in the fourth quarter by George I., George II., and George III. until 1801. After that date they were shown on an escutcheon of pretence by George III., George IV., and William IV., at whose death they were discontinued altogether.

GEORGE II., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st grand quarter; England and Scotland impaled.

2nd grand quarter; France.

3rd grand quarter; Ireland.

4th grand quarter; Brunswick impaling Lunenburg, Saxony in the base point, and the Crown of Charlemagne on an escutcheon of pretence; all as used by George I. (q.v.).

Crest.—A Royal Crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.

Supporters.—The lion and the unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

Motto.—Dieu et mon droit.

Badges.—Roses and a Thistle.

[Boerhave. Methodus Studii Medici. Amst., 1751.]

Variety.—Used as Prince of Wales.

Arms.—Within the Garter. Impaled.

Dexter: The Royal Arms of England, quarterly; first, England and Scotland impaled; second, France; third, Ireland; fourth, the arms of the Dominions of the Crown in Germany; over all the label, with three points arg., of an elder son.

Sinister: The arms of Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Anspach. Quartered.

1. Per fess, gu. and arg. Magdeburg.

2. Arg., an eagle displayed sa. Brandenburg.

3. Arg., an eagle displayed sa. Jägerndorff.

4. Or, a griffin segreant gu. Herz. Wenden.

5. Or, a griffin segreant sa. Fürst Wenden.

6. Arg., a griffin segreant gu. Pommern.

7. Arg., an eagle displayed sa. Crossen.

8. Arg., a griffin segreant gu. Kassuben.

9. Arg., an eagle displayed gu. Prussia.

10. Per pale, arg. and gu. Halberstadt.

11. Or, a lion rampant sa., crowned or, within a bordure gobony, arg. and gu. Nüremberg.

12. Gu., 2 keys in saltire or. Minden.

13. Quarterly, arg. and sa. Hohenzollern.

14. Gu., a cross ar. Ratzeburg.

15. Gu. For right of Regalia.

Crest.—A Prince's coronet ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, coroneted ppr.

Helmet.—Royal.

Supporters.—The lion and unicorn, the Royal Supporters of England, each charged with a Prince of Wales' label. The lion is coroneted with the coronet of a Royal Prince.

Motto.—Ich dien.

[Playford. Wit and Mirth. London, 1714.]

Variety.—Used as Prince of Wales. The Prince of Wales' plumes, within a princely coronet, and flanked by the initials "G. P." for "Georgius Princeps."

Motto.—Ich dien.

[Musgrave. Antiquitates Britanno-Belgicae. Exeter, 1719.]

George, Electoral Prince of Hanover, afterwards Prince of Wales (born 30th October 1683, died 25th October 1760), was the only son of George I., and succeeded his father on the throne of England in 1727.

In 1753 an Act was passed "For the purchase of the Museum or Collection of Sir Hans Sloane and of the Harleian Collection of MSS.; and for providing one General Repository for the better reception and more convenient use of the said Collections, and of the Cottonian Library." In 1757 King George II. added to these "Foundation Libraries" of the British Museum, the old Royal Library of England, which had been largely brought together by Henry, Prince of Wales. The old Royal Library underwent several vicissitudes after the death of Prince Henry. It was kept at St. James's Palace. When it was at length incorporated with the Sloane and Cotton collections it numbered altogether about fifteen thousand volumes, manuscripts, and printed books.

On 2nd September 1705, Prince George, then Electoral Prince of Hanover, married Wilhelmina Caroline (born 1st March 1683, died 20th November 1737), the eldest daughter of John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Anspach. Queen Caroline made herself as important in Court and political affairs as she had already done as Princess, and allied herself strongly with Sir Robert Walpole, then Minister of State, and her power became very great, as the King gave way to her wishes almost invariably. Both George II. and Queen Caroline disliked their eldest son Frederick. During the King's several absences in Hanover, Queen Caroline acted as Regent, to the great annoyance of the Prince of Wales.

GEORGE III., KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND IRELAND, AFTERWARDS KING OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AFTERWARDS KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

First Coat-of-Arms

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st, England and Scotland impaled. 2nd, France. 3rd, Ireland. 4th, The arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany; all as used by George I. (q.v.).

Crest.—A royal crown ppr., thereon a lion statant guardant or, crowned ppr.

Supporters.—The lion and the unicorn, as used by James I. (q.v.).

Motto.—Dieu et mon droit.

Badges.—A rose for England and a thistle for Scotland.

Note.—Used from 24th October 1760 until 1st January 1801.

[Vitruvius Pollio. Architecture. London, 1791.]

First Coat-of-Arms

Variety.—With supporters bearing the standards of St. George and St. Andrew. Probably a foreign design.

[Secondat. Le Temple de Guide. Parisiis, 1772.]

First Coat-of-Arms

Variety.—Within the Garter, with the "George" jewel, and the badges and collars of the Orders of the Thistle and the Bath (Civil), with their respective mottoes, Nemo me impune lacessit and Tria juncta in uno.

[Petavius. De Nithardo breve Syntagma. Parisiis, 1613.]

First Coat-of-Arms

Variety.—Used without supporters.

[Monro. Works. Edinburgh, 1781.]

Second Coat-of-Arms

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly.

1st and 4th, England. 2nd, Scotland. 3rd, Ireland.

Over all, on an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany ensigned with an electoral bonnet gu., turned up with miniver. Used from 1st January 1801 until 8th June 1816. Colours as used by George I. (q.v.).

Crest, Supporters, and Motto as used by James I. (q.v.).

Badges.—Roses and thistles.

[S. Augustinus. De Civitate Dei, etc. 1467.]

Third Coat-of-Arms

Arms.—Within the Garter. Quarterly, as in the preceding case, but with the Royal Hanoverian Crown, instead of the electoral bonnet, over the escutcheon of pretence. Used from 8th June 1816 until 29th January 1820.

Crest, Supporters, Badges, and Motto.—As before, with a Royal helmet, but the shield is additionally enclosed within the collar of the Order of the Garter, dependent from which is the badge of the Great George.

[Inventories of plate belonging to the Crown, etc.]

The Royal Initials ensigned with a Royal Crown.

[Allionius. Tractatio de Miliarium origine et curatione. Aug. Taurinorum, 1758.]

The Irish Harp, crowned.

[Lord's Journals of Ireland. Dublin, 1780.]

George III. (born 4th June 1738, died 29th January 1820) was the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and grandson of George II. He succeeded to the throne in 1760.

The troubles in Ireland ended, for a time, in the Legislative Union in 1801. During the latter part of his reign George III. became insane and the Prince of Wales was appointed Regent. Almost as soon as George III. succeeded to the throne he began collecting books, no doubt to a great extent induced to do so because of the fact that George II. had practically denuded the Royal Libraries of their treasures in 1757, but in many ways he possessed the true collector's instinct. The Royal Librarian was Sir Frederick Barnard, K.C.H., who travelled about the Continent seeking early editions and desirable books generally, under the advice of Dr. Samuel Johnson. Besides the books collected abroad by Sir Frederick, large numbers were acquired in England, among these the entire library of Joseph Smith, British Consul at Venice. Sir Frederick Barnard did not neglect the sale-room, and he acquired especially valuable additions to the Royal Library at the sales of the important libraries of James West, John Ratcliffe, and Richard Farmer, all of which took place about the same time.

The library collected by George III. is now housed in the beautiful room known as the "King's Library" in the British Museum. All the books have one or other of the many book-stamps used by the King impressed upon them, either on the sides or on the back. The estimated number of volumes in the library at the time of its acquisition by the British Museum was about eighty-four thousand, as well as a very large collection of charts, maps, and drawings, and several manuscripts. The books in the King's Library are in splendid condition, and among them are numbers of precious bindings, especially later English, Scottish, and Irish. Several of the Royal books were bound by Charles Kalthoeber, a German binder who copied the style and stamps used by Roger Payne.

The coat-of-arms used by George III. in the early part of his reign was the same as that used by his predecessor, viz. first quarter, England and Scotland impaled; second quarter, France; third quarter, Ireland; and fourth quarter, Brunswick impaling Lunenburg, in the base point Saxony, and an escutcheon of pretence bearing the crown of Charlemagne, as a badge of the office of High Treasurer of the Holy Roman Empire. This coat was used until 1801.

On the 1st of January 1801, a Proclamation was issued by the King regarding the Legislative Union with Ireland, and certain armorial changes are noted. The first is that in future the title of the King is to be "of Great Britain and Ireland King," instead of as heretofore, "King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland." Next the arms "shall be Quarterly: first and fourth England; second Scotland; third Ireland; and it is our Will and Pleasure that there shall be borne therewith on an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of Our Dominions in Germany, ensigned with the electoral Bonnet." So that now the fourth quarter, as used by George I. and George II., is moved up, and shown on the escutcheon of pretence in the centre of the shield.

It will be noticed that the Fleurs-de-lys of France are now left out of the English coat-of-arms, as well as the title of King of France. The arms of France had been used in the English coat-of-arms since their adoption, with the motto "Dieu et mon Droit," by Edward III. in 1341, when he claimed the throne of France by right of his mother Isabella, only surviving child of Philippe IV. From that time until 6th March 1706, when Queen Anne changed the first quarter of the English coat, the French Fleurs-de-lys had held the place of honour. Although the French coat was discarded in 1801, the motto which alluded to the same claim to the French throne has been retained and is still used. The Fleurs-de-lys of France were at first semées, but Charles VI. of France reduced them to three, and a corresponding change was presently made in the English coat.

In 1816 the electorate of Hanover was given the rank of a kingdom, so that the electoral bonnet no longer properly represented the dignity. On 8th June 1816, a notice was given in the London Gazette that his Majesty was in future "King of Hanover," and that a corresponding alteration is to be made in the Royal arms, and it is ordered that, "instead of the arms of His Majesty's Dominions in Germany, ensigned with the electoral bonnet, as directed by His Majesty's Proclamation above mentioned, there shall henceforth be used and borne with the arms or ensigns armorial of His Majesty's said United Kingdom, on an escutcheon of pretence, the arms of His Majesty's Dominions in Germany, ensigned with the Hanoverian Royal Crown."

The Royal title Britanniarum Rex, "King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland," without the Ducal titles of the Royal Dominions in Germany, which had been used by George I. and George II., first appears on the Fifth Great Seal of George III., used from 1st August 1815 to 17th September 1821.

GEORGE IV., KING OF THE BRITAINS

The coat-of-arms of George IV. was the same as the last used by George III., namely 1st and 4th, England; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; with the arms of the Royal Dominions in Germany on an escutcheon of pretence, ensigned with the Royal Crown of Hanover.