PART II
Reading edition
SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY
XIV.—THE CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS.
[Laboratory exercise and recitation], 65.—Basis and significance of classification, 65.—Importance of development in determining classification, 67.—Scientific names, 68.—An example of classification, 68.—Species, 69.—Genus, 70.—Family, 72.—Order, 72.—Class and branch, 73.
XV.—BRANCH PROTOZOA: THE ONE-CELLED ANIMALS.
Example: The bell animalcule (Vorticella sp.) [Laboratory exercise], 75.
Other Protozoa.
Form of body, 78.—Marine Protozoa, 80.
XVI.—BRANCH PORIFERA: THE SPONGES.
Example: The Fresh-water sponge (Spongilla sp.) [Laboratory exercise], 84.
Example: A calcareous ocean-sponge (Grantia sp.) [Laboratory exercise], 85.
Example: A commercial sponge [Laboratory exercise], 86.
Other Sponges.
Form and size, 87.—Skeleton, 88.—Structure of body, 88.—Feeding habits, 88.—Development and life-history, 89.—The sponges of commerce, 90.—Classification, 91.
XVII.—BRANCH CŒLENTERATA: THE POLYPS, SEA-ANEMONES, CORALS, AND JELLYFISHES.
Polyps, sea-anemones, corals, and jellyfishes.
General form and organization of body, 93.—Structure, 94.—Skeleton, 95.—Development and life-history, 95.—Classification, 96.—The polyps, colonial jellyfishes, etc. (Hydrozoa), 97.—The large jellyfishes, etc. (Scyphozoa), 101.—The sea-anemones and corals (Actinozoa), 102.—The Ctenophora, 107.
XVIII.—BRANCH ECHINODERMATA: THE STARFISHES, SEA-URCHINS, SEA CUCUMBERS, ETC.
Example: Starfish (Asterias sp.) [Laboratory exercise].—External structure, 108.—Internal structure, 110.—Life-history and habits, 113.
Example: Sea-urchin (Strongylocentrus sp.) [Laboratory exercise].—External structure, 113.
Other Starfishes, Sea-urchins, Sea cucumbers, etc.
Shape and organization of body, 116.—Structure and organs, 117.—Development and life-history, 119.—Classification, 120.—Starfishes (Asteroidea), 121.—Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), 122.—Sea-urchins (Echinoidea), 123.—Sea-cucumbers (Holothuroidea), 124.—Feather-stars (Crinoidea), 125.
XIX.—BRANCH VERMES: THE WORMS.
Example: The Earthworm (Lumbricus sp.) [Laboratory exercise].—External structure, 127.—Internal structure, 129.—Life-history and habits, 133.
Other Worms.
Classification, 135.—Earthworms and leeches (Oligochætæ), 136.—Flat worms (Platyhelminthes). 137.—Round worms (Nemathelminthes), 140.—Wheel-animalcules (Rotifera), 142.
XX.—BRANCH ARTHROPODA: THE CRUSTACEANS, CENTIPEDS, INSECTS, AND SPIDERS.
Class Crustacea: Crayfishes, crabs, lobsters, etc.
Example: The crayfish (Cambarus sp.). Structure, 146.—Life-history and habits, 146.
Other Crustaceans.
Body form and structure, 147.—Water-fleas (Cyclops), 148.—Wood-lice (Isopoda), 150.—Lobsters, shrimps, and crabs (Decapoda), 151.—Barnacles, 155.
XXI.—BRANCH ARTHROPODA (CONTINUED).
Class Insecta: The Insects.
Example: The red-legged locust (Melanoplus femur-rubrum). [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 157.—Life-history and habits, 161.
Example: The water-scavenger beetle (Hydrophilus sp.) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 163.—Internal structure, 166.—Life-history and habits, 169.
Example: The monarch butterfly (Anosia plexippus) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 171.—Life-history and habits, 175.
Example: Larva of monarch butterfly [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 177.
Other Insects.
Body form and structure, 181.—Development and life-history, 188.—Classification, 191.—Locusts, cockroaches, crickets, etc. (Orthoptera), 192.—The dragon-flies and May-flies (Odonata and Ephemerida), 194.—The sucking-bugs (Hemiptera), 197.—The flies (Diptera), 201.—The butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), 205.—The beetles (Coleoptera), 206.—The ichneumon flies, ants, wasps, and bees (Hymenoptera), 212.
Class Myriapoda: The centipeds and millipeds.
Class Arachnida: The scorpions, spiders, mites, and tics.
XXII.—BRANCH MOLLUSCA: THE MOLLUSCS.
Example: The fresh-water mussel. (Unio sp.) [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 239.—Life-history and habits, 243.
Other Molluscs.
Body form and structure, 245.—Development, 246.—Classification, 246.—Clams, scallops, and oysters (Pelecypoda), 246.—Snails, slugs, nudibranchs, and "sea-shells" (Gastropoda), 252.—Squids, cuttlefishes, and octopi (Cephalopoda), 255.
XXIII.—BRANCH CHORDATA: THE ASCIDIANS, VERTEBRATES, ETC.
Structure of the vertebrates, 259.—Classification of the Chordata, 260.—The ascidians, 261.
XXIV.—BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).
Class Pisces: The Fishes.
Example: The golden sunfish (Eupomotis gibbosus) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 263.—Internal structure, 265.—Life-history and habits, 270.
Other Fishes.
Body form and structure, 271.—Development and life-history, 276.—Classification, 277.—The lancelets (Leptocardii), 277.—The lampreys and hag-fishes (Cyclostomata), 278.—The true fishes (Pisces), 279.—The sharks, skates, etc. (Elasmobranchii), 279.—The bony fishes (Teleostomi), 281.—Habits and adaptations, 285.—Food-fishes and fish-hatcheries, 288.
XXV.—BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).
Class Batrachia: The Batrachians.
Body form and organization, 292.—Structure, 293.—Life-history and habits, 295.—Classification, 297.—Mud-puppies, salamanders, etc. (Urodela), 297.—Frogs and toads (Anura), 299.—Cœcilians (Gymnophiona), 302.
XXVI.—BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).
Class Reptilia: The snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, etc.
Example: The garter snake (Thamnophis sp.) [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 303.—Life-history and habits, 308.
Other Reptiles.
Body form and organization, 310.—Structure, 311.—Life-history and habits, 312.—Classification, 313.—Tortoises and turtles (Chelonia), 314.—Snakes and lizards (Squamata), 317.—Crocodiles and alligators (Crocodilia), 325.
XXVII.—BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).
Class Aves: The Birds.
Example: The English Sparrow (Passer domesticus) [Laboratory exercise]. External structure, 327.—Internal structure [Laboratory exercise], 329.—Life history and habits, 335.
Other Birds.
Body form and structure, 336.—Development and life-history, 339.—Classification, 340.—The ostriches, cassowaries, etc. (Ratitæ), 341.—The loons, grebes, auks, etc. (Pygopodes), 343.—The gulls, terns, petrels, and albatrosses (Longipennes), 345.—The cormorants, pelicans, etc. (Steganopodes), 346.—The ducks, geese, and swans (Anseres), 347.—The ibises, herons, and bitterns (Herodiones), 347.—The cranes, rails, and coots (Paludicolæ), 348.—The snipes, sand-pipers, plovers, etc. (Limicolæ), 349.—The grouse, quail, pheasants, turkeys, etc. (Gallinæ), 358.—The doves and pigeons (Columbæ), 351.—The eagles, hawks, owls, and vultures (Raptores), 351.—The parrots (Psittaci), 353.—The cookoos and kingfishers (Coccyges), 354.—The woodpeckers (Pici), 354.—The whippoorwills, chimney-swifts, and humming-birds (Macrochires), 356.—The perchers (Passeres), 357.—Determining and studying the birds of a locality, 359.—Bills and feet, 362.—Flight and songs, 364.—Nestling and care of the young, 366.—Local distribution and migration, 367.—Feeding habits, economics, and protection of birds, 370.
XXVIII.—BRANCH CHORDATA (CONTINUED).
Class Mammalia: The Mammals.
Example: The Mouse (Mus musculus) [Laboratory exercise]. Structure, 373.—Life-history and habits, 379.
Other Mammals.
Body form and structure, 381.—Development and life-history, 387.—Habits, instincts, and reason, 387.—Classification, 388.—The opossums (Marsupialia), 389.—The rodents or gnawers (Glires), 390.—The shrews and moles (Insectivora), 391.—The bats (Chiroptera), 391.—The dolphins, porpoises, and whales (Cete), 393.—The hoofed mammals (Ungulata), 394.—The carnivores (Feræ), 396.—The man-like mammals (Primates), 398.