INDEX

Absorption and Filtration, 26-39

Angles to be, as far as possible, avoided, 99

Baking of clay soils by evaporation, 30

Barley, 168

Bartlett, Dr., quotation from, 211

Base-line, 145

Boning-rods, (with illustrations), 125-126

Central Park, 74-86

Cess-pools, cause of epidemics, 237

Chadwick, Dr., quotation from, 213

Clay Soils, 75

Clay Soils, Baking of by Evaporation, 30

Clay Soils, Made mellow by draining, 29-30

Clay Soils, Shrinkage of, 28

Clinometer, (illustration), 56

Collars, 84

Connections, 132

Connections (illustrations), 134

Corn, Indian, 162

Cost of draining, 150-153-158

Cotton, 169

Covering and filling, cost of, 157

Covering for the joints of tiles, 132

Covering tiles, 136

Datum-line, 52-104

Denton, J. Bailey, quotation from, 115

Distance between drains, 73

Diseases, malarial, 208

Ditches, cost of digging, 154

Draining, amateur, 47

Draining, indications of the need of, 9

Draining, its effect on farming, 171

Draining, tiles, how made, 174

Draining, tiles, materials for, 174

Draining, tools, (illustration), 114

Draining, what it costs, 150

Draining, will it pay? 161

Draining, when necessary, 7

Drains, Cubic yards of excavation in, 155

Drains, and drained land, care of, 144

Drains, lateral, should be parallel, 99

Drains, how they act, 21

Drains, obstructed, how cleared, 146

Drains, old, how formed, 146

Drains, rate of fall, 90

Drains, their action in the Central Park, 86

Drained Soil, capacity for receiving water of rains, 23

Drainage of dwelling houses, 232

Drought, 37-40

Economy versus cheapness, 152

Engineering and Superintendence, cost of, 153

Engineers, draining, 47

Epidemic at Maplewood Young Ladies' Institute, 232

Epidemics caused by cess-pools, 237

Epidemics caused by ordure beneath houses, 238

Evaporation, 33

Evaporation, amount of, 34

Evaporation, effect on temperature, 33-35

Evaporation, heat lost during, 34

Fall, rate of in drains, 77

Fallacies in draining, 62

Fen-lands of England, 193

Fever and Ague, 208

Fever and Ague, exact cause unknown, 210

Filtration and absorption, 26-39

Filling, illustration of—ditch with, furrows, 141

Filling, maul for ramming, (illustration), 138

Filling, scraper for, (illustration), 140

Filling, the ditches, 136

Finishing tools, (illustration), 123

Finishing scoop, 123

Finishing scoop, how used, 126

Foot-pick, (illustration), 156

Four-foot drains, 70

Germination of seeds, 13

Gisborne, Thos., quotations from, 28-31-35-47-66-78-84-93-127

Grading, 124

Grading, cost of, 156

Grade stakes, 103

Grades, computation for, 109

Grades, how to establish, 107

Gratings in Silt-basins, 148

Hackensack meadows, 203

Hay, 168

Heat, amount of lost during evaporation, 34

House drainage, 220

House drainage, back drain system, 235

House drainage bad, indicated by offensive smells, 239

Indications of the need of draining, 9

Injury from standing water in the subsoil, 15

Impervious soil, 31

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John Johnson, 164

Land requiring draining, 7

Lateral drains, 61-97

Lateral drains, direction of, 75

Lateral drains, shallow, how connected with deep main, 111

La Roche, quotations from, 213

Levels, how to take for drains, 104

Levelling instrument, (illustration), 52

Levelling rod, (illustration), 53

Location of main drains, 58

Madden, Dr., quotation from, 12

Main drain, 96

Main drain, location of, 58

Malaria 211

Malaria borne by winds, 212-214-219

Malaria conclusions of the General Board of Health of England, 220

Malaria facts concerning, 212

Malaria spread of, prevented by hills, 218

Malarial diseases, evidence of the effect of drainage in removing, 216

Malarial diseases, reports to the British Parliament concerning, 216

Malarial diseases, rheumatism and tic-douloureux, 219

Malarious localities, effects of residence in, 214

Maps, amending the, 142

Maps, description of, (illustrations), 49-50-51-54-98

Maps, importance of, 48

Marking the lines, 116

Mechi, Alderman, quotations from, 29-71

Mellowness or Porosity, 41

Measuring staff (illustration), 124

Metcalf, Dr., quotation from, 211

Movement of water in the ground, 32-64-65

Mortality, rate of reduced by improved house drainage, 222

Neuralgia, 208

New York, suggestions for sewer outlets, 227

Oats, 168

Obstructions, 90

Opening ditches, 122

Outlet, 95

Outlet, how made (with illustrations), 118

Outlet, location of, 58

Parkes, Josiah, quotations from, 36-71-88-178

Porosity, 41

Profile of a drain, (illustration), 106

Profit, instances of, 167-170

Production, amount of increase of, necessary to make draining profitable, 162

Puddling, 8-31-148

Pumping, 206

Pumping, London sewage, 226

Rock, sounding for, 55

Rock, how to collect water from, 60

Roots, depth to which they reach, 40-67

Roots, as a cause of obstruction, 93-148

Rye, 168

Salisbury's, Dr., theory concerning malarious fever, 214

Salt marshes, catch water drains, 201

Salt marshes, construction of embankment, 196

Salt marshes, dyke and ditch, (illustration), 197

Salt marshes, exclusion of the sea, 195

Salt marshes, how formed, 194

Salt marshes, inundations from upland , 201

Salt marshes, location and size of embankment, 195

Salt marshes, management of creeks, 198-200

Salt marshes, management of rivers, 201

Salt marshes, muskrats, 199

Salt marshes, outlet for under drainage, 204-205

Salt marshes, pumping, 206

Salt marshes, rain-fall and filtration, 204

Salt marshes, valve-gates and sluices, 204

Scraper for filling ditches, (illustration), 140

Seeds, germination of, 13

Sewage, use of in agriculture, 226

Sewers, defects of large, 228-238

Sewers, description of the London outfall, 225

Sewers, efficacy of glazed earthern pipes, 229-230-238

Sewers, experiments of Hale on pipe sewers, 230

Sewers, imperfect, 224

Sewers, of brick, defective, 228-235-238

Sewerage, conclusions of General Board of Health, 237

Sewerage, of New York, 227

Shrinkage of clay soils, 28

Sides of ditches in soft land, how braced, (illustration), 124

Silt, 90

Silt, basins, (illustrations), 121-135-136

Silt, basins, how made, 120

Silt, basins, 91-96-134

Silt, in tiles, 144

Sources of the water in the soil, 10

Springs, how to collect the water of, 59-60-141

Staking out the lines, 102

Staten Island, 209

Steam pumps, 206

Stone and tile drains, 142

Sub-mains, 59

Teams used in opening ditches, 122

Temperature, 35-66

Temperature, affected by draining, 36

Tile laying, 127

Tile-pick, (illustration), 131

Tiles, and tile laying, cost of, 157

Tiles, capacity for discharging water, 84-86

Tiles, double-style, 80

Tiles, drain—essential characteristics, 22

Tiles, how made, 174

Tiles, horse-shoe, 78

Tiles, kinds and sizes, 77

Tiles, ordering, 82-101

Tiles, objections to large sizes, 147

Tiles, pipes and collars, 81

Tiles, rapidity with which they receive water, 78

Tiles, sizes of, 81

Tiles, sizes required for different areas, 88

Tiles, should be well formed, 83

Tiles, sole, 80

Tiles, trimming and perforating, 131

Tile making, material for, 174

Tile preparation of earths, 176

Tile rolling and drying, 182

Tile washing the clay, 177

Tobacco, 169

Tools required, 113

Town drainage, conclusions of General Board of Health, 237

Undrained land not reliable for cultivation, 18

Vermin as a cause of obstruction, 93

Water, depth of, 66-70

Water, in the sub-soil, injurious effects of, 15

Water, movement of in the ground, 32-64-65

Water, objections to excess of, 11

Water, the best vehicle for removing ordure, 238

Water, when beneficial and when injurious, 24

Water-courses and brooks, how treated during draining operations, 117

Water-table, 22

Wind-mills, 206

Wheat, 164-167