V. THE PART IS DERIVED FROM THE WHOLE, THE IMPERFECT FROM THE PERFECT. (continued 10)

[The fyrste Metur.] RUPIS ACHEMENIE.

TIgris [and] eufrates resoluen and spryngen of a welle in þe kragges of þe roche of þe contre of achemenye þere as þe fleenge [batayle] ficchiþ hire dartes retournid in þe brestes of hem þat folwen hem. ¶ And sone aftre þe same ryueres tigris and eufrates vnioygnen and departen hire watres. and yif þei comen to-gidre and ben assembled and clepid to-gidre in to o cours. þan moten þilke þinges fletyn to-gidre whiche þat þe water of þe entrechaungyng flode bryngeþ þe shippes and þe stokkes araced wiþ þe flood moten assemble. and þe watres ymedlyd wrappiþ or implieþ many fortunel happes or maneres. þe whiche wandryng happes naþeles þilke enclinyng lowenes of þe erþe. and þe flowynge ordre of þe slidyng water gouerniþ. ¶ Ryȝt so fortune þat semeþ as [þat] it fletiþ wiþ slaked or vngouerned[e] bridles. It suffriþ bridles þat is to seyn to ben gouerned and passeþ by þilke lawe. þat is to sein by þe deuyne ordinaunce.

[The .2^de. prose.] ANIMADUERTO INQUAM.

Þis vndirstonde I wel quod I. and accorde wel þat it is ryȝt as þou seist. but I axe yif þer be any liberte or fre wil in þis ordre of causes þat cliuen þus to-gidre in hem self. ¶ or ellys I wolde witen yif þat þe destinal cheine constreiniþ þe moeueuynge of þe corages of men. yis quod she þer is liberte of fre wille. ne þer ne was neuer no nature of resoun þat it ne hadde liberte of fre wille. ¶ For euery þing þat may naturely vsen resoun. it haþ doom by whiche it discerniþ and demiþ euery þing. ¶ þan knoweþ it by it self þinges þat ben to fleen. and þinges þat ben to desiren. and þilk þing þat any wyȝt demeþ to ben desired þat axeþ or desireþ he and fleeþ [thilke] þing þat he troueþ ben to fleen. ¶ wher-fore in alle þinges þat resoun is. in hem also is libertee of willyng and of nillynge. ¶ But I ne ordeyne nat. as who seiþ. I ne graunte nat þat þis libertee be euene like in alle þinges. forwhi in þe souereyns deuynes substaunces. þat is to seyn in spiritȝ ¶ Iugement is more clere and wil nat be corumped. and haþ myȝt redy to speden þinges þat ben desired. ¶ But þe soules of men moten nedes ben more free whan þei loken hem in þe speculacioun or lokynge of þe deuyne þouȝt. and lasse free whan þei sliden in to þe bodies. and ȝit lasse free whan þei ben gadred to-gidre and comprehendid in erþely membris. but þe last[e] seruage is whan þat þei ben ȝeuen to vices. and han yfalle fro þe possessioun of hire propre resoun ¶ For after þat þei han cast aweye hir eyen fro þe lyȝt of þe souereyn soþefastnesse to lowe þinges and dirke ¶ Anon þei dirken by þe cloude of ignoraunce and ben troubled by felonous talentȝ. to þe whiche talentȝ whan þei approchen and assenten. þei hepen and encresen þe seruage whiche þei han ioigned to hem self. and in þis manere þei ben caitifs fro hire propre libertee. þe whiche þinges naþeles þe lokynge of þe deuyne purueaunce seeþ þat alle þinges byholdeþ and seeþ fro eterne. and ordeyneþ hem eueryche in her merites. as þei ben prodestinat. and it is seid in grek. þat alle þinges he seeþ and alle þinges he hereþ.

[The .2^de. Metur.] PURO CLARUM LUMINE.

HOmer wiþ þe hony mouþe. þat is to seyn. homer wiþ þe swete dites syngeþ þat þe sonne is cleer by pure lyȝt. naþeles ȝit ne may it nat by þe inferme lyȝt of hys bemes breken or percen þe inwarde entrailes of þe erþe. or ellys of þe see. ¶ so ne seeþ nat god makere of þe grete worlde to hym þat lokeþ alle þinges from on heye ne wiþstandiþ nat no þinges by heuynesses of erþe. ne þe nyȝt ne wiþstondeþ nat to hym by þe blake cloudes. ¶ þilke god seeþ in o strook of þouȝt alle þinges þat ben or weren or schullen come. ¶ and þilke god for he lokeþ and seeþ alle þinges al oon. þou maist seyn þat he is þe verray sonne.

[The .3^de. prose.] TAMEN EGO EN INQUAM.

ÞAn seide I now am I confounded by a more harde doute þan I was. what doute is þat quod she. ¶ For certys I coniecte now by whiche þinges þou art troubled. It semeþ quod I to repugnen and to contrarien gretly þat god knoweþ byforn alle þinges. and þat þer is any fredom of liberte. for yif so be þat god lokeþ alle þinges byforn. ne god ne may nat ben desseiuid in no manere. þan mot it nedes ben þat alle þinges bytyden þe whiche þat þe purueaunce of god haþ sein byforn to comen. ¶ For whiche yif þat god knoweþ by-forn nat oonly þe werkes of men. but also hir conseils and hir willes. þan ne shal þer be no liberte of arbitre. ne certys þer ne may ben noon oþer dede ne no wille but þilke whiche þe deuyne purueaunce þat ne may nat ben desseiued haþ feled byforn ¶ For yif þat þei myȝten wryþen awey in oþer manere þan þei ben purueyed. þan ne sholde þer ben no stedfast prescience of þinge to comen but raþer an vncerteyn oppinioun. þe whiche þinge to trowen on god I deme it felonie and vnleueful. ¶ Ne I ne proeue nat þilk same resoun. as who seiþ I ne allowe nat. or I ne preise nat þilke same resoun by whiche þat som men wenen þat þei mowen assoilen and vnknytten þe knot of þis questioun. ¶ For certys þei seyn þat þing nis nat to come for þat þe purueaunce of god haþ seyn it byforne. þat is to comen but raþer þe contrarie. ¶ And þat is þis þat for þat þe þing is to comen þat þerfore ne may it nat ben hyd fro þe purueaunce of god. and in þis manere þis necessite slydiþ aȝein in to þe contrarie partie. ne it ne byhoueþ [nat] nedes þat þinges bytiden þat ben ypurueid. [but it by-houeth nedes / þat thinges þat ben to comyn ben yporueyid] but as it were ytrauailed. as who seiþ. þat þilke answere procediþ ryȝt as þouȝ men trauailden or weren bysy to enqueren þe whiche þing is cause of whiche þinges. as wheþer þe prescience is cause of þe necessite of þinges to comen. or ellys þat þe necessite of þinges to comen is cause of þe purueaunce. ¶ But I ne enforce me nat now to shewen it þat þe bytidyng of þinges y-wist byforn is necessarie. how so or in what manere þat þe ordre of causes haþ it self. al þouȝ þat it ne seme nat þat þe prescience brynge in necessite of bytydynge of þinges to comen. ¶ For certys yif þat any wyȝt sitteþ it byhoueþ by necessite þat þe oppinioun be soþe of hym þat coniectiþ þat he sitteþ. and aȝeinward. al so is it of þe contrarie. yif þe oppinioun be soþe of any wyȝt for þat he sitteþ it byhoueþ by necessite þat he sitte ¶ þan is here necessite in þat oon and in þat oþer. for in þat oon is necessite of sittynge. and certys in þat oþer is necessite of soþe but þerfore ne sitteþ nat a wyȝt for þat þe oppinioun of sittyng is soþe. but þe oppinioun is raþer soþe for þat a wyȝt sitteþ by-forn. and þus al þouȝ þat þe cause of soþe comeþ of [þe] syttyng. and nat of þe trewe oppinioun. Algates ȝitte is þer comune necessite in þat oon and in þat oþer. ¶ þus sheweþ it þat I may make semblable skils of þe purueaunce of god and of þinges to come. ¶ For al þouȝ for þat þat þinges ben to comen. þer-fore ben þei purueid. nat certys for þei ben purueid. þer-fore ne bytide þei nat. ȝit naþeles byhoueþ it by necessite þat eiþer þe þinges to comen ben ypurueied of god. or ellys þat þe þinges þat ben purueied of god bitiden [.s.] by necessite. ¶ And þis þing oonly suffiseþ I-nouȝ to distroien þe fredome of oure arbitre. þat is to seyn of oure fre wille ¶ But now [certes] sheweþ it wel how fer fro þe soþe and how vp so doun is þis þing þat we seyn þat þe bytidinge of temporel þinges is þe cause of þe eterne prescience. ¶ But forto wenen þat god purueiþ [the] þinges to comen. for þei ben to comen. what oþer þing is it but forto wene þat þilke þinges þat bitiden som tyme ben causes of þilke souereyne purueaunce þat is in god. ¶ And her-to I adde ȝitte þis þing þat ryȝt as whan þat I woot þat o þing is it byhoueþ by necessite þat þilke self þing be. and eke þat whan I haue knowe þat any þinge shal bitiden so byhoueþ it by necessite þat þilk[e] same þing bytide. so folweþ it þan þat þe bytydynge of þe þinge Iwist by-forn ne may nat ben eschewed. ¶ And at þe last[e] yif þat any wyȝt wene a þing to ben oþer weyes þan it is. it nys nat oonly vnscience. but it is deceiuable oppinioun ful diuerse and fer fro þe soþe of science. ¶ wher-fore yif any þing be so to comen so þat þe bytydynge of it ne be nat certeyne ne necessarie. ¶ who may weten [byforn] þat þilke þing is to come. ¶ For ryȝt as science ne may nat be medelyd wiþ falsnesse. as who seiþ þat yif I woot a þing. it ne may nat be fals þat I ne woot it. ¶ Ryȝt so þilk þing þat is conceyued by science ne may [nat] ben noon oþer weyes þan [as] it is conceiued. For þat is þe cause whi þat science wantiþ lesynge. as who seiþ. whi þat witynge ne receyueþ nat lesynge of þat it woot. ¶ For it byhoueþ by necessite þat euery þinge [be] ryȝt as science comprehendiþ it to be. what shal I þan sein. ¶ In whiche manere knoweþ god byforn þe þinges to comen. ¶ yif þei ne be nat certeyne. ¶ For yif þat he deme þat þei ben to comen vneschewably. and so may be þat it is possible þat þei ne shullen nat comen. god is desseiued. but nat only to trowen þat god is desseiued. but for to speke it wiþ mouþe it is a felonous synne. ¶ But yif þat god woot þat ryȝt so as þinges ben to comen. so shulle þei comen. so þat he wit[e] egaly. as who seiþ indifferently þat þinges mowen ben don or ellys nat don. what is þilke prescience þat ne comprehendiþ no certeyne þinge ne stable. or ellys what difference is þer bytwixe þe prescience. and þilke iape-worþi dyuynynge of Tiresie þe diuinour þat seide. ¶ Al þat I seie quod he eyþer it shal be. or ellys it ne shal nat be. Or ellis how moche is worþe þe diuyne prescience more þan þe oppinioun of mankynde yif so be þat it demeþ þe þinges vncerteyne as men don. of þe whiche domes of men þe bytydynge nis nat certeyne. ¶ But yif so be þat noon vncerteyne þinge may ben in hym þat is ryȝt certeyne welle of alle þinges. þan is þe bytydynge certeyne of þilke þinges whiche he haþ wist byforn fermely to comen. For whiche it folweþ þat þe fredom of þe conseils and of þe werkes of mankynde nis non syn þat þe þouȝt of god seeþ alle þinges with outen errour of falsnesse byndeþ and constreiniþ hem to a bitidynge by necessite. and yif [this] þing be on-is grauntid and receyued. þat is to seyn. þat þer nis no fre wille. þan sheweþ it wel how gret distruccioun and how grete damages þer folwen of þinges of mankynde. ¶ For in ydel ben þer þan purposed and byhyȝt medes of goode folk. and peynes to badde folk. syn þat no moeuynge of free corage uoluntarie ne haþ nat deserued hem. þat is to seyn neiþer mede nor peyne. ¶ And it sholde seme þan þat þilke þinge is alþer worste whiche þat is nowe demed. for alþer moste iuste and moste ryȝtful. þat is to seyn þat shrewes ben punyssed. or ellys þat good[e] folk ben ygerdoned. þe whiche folk syn þat þe propre wille [ne] sent hem nat to þat oon ne to þat oþer. þat is to seyn. neþer to good[e] ne to harme. but constreineþ hem certeyne necessite of þinges to comen. ¶ þanne ne shollen þer neuer ben ne neuer weren vice ne vertue. but it sholde raþer ben confusioun of alle desertes medlid wiþoute discresioun. ¶ And ȝitte þer folweþ an oþer inconuenient of þe whiche þer ne may ben þouȝt ne more felonous ne more wikke. and þat is þis þat so as þe ordre of þinges is yledd and comeþ of þe purueaunce of god. ne þat no þing nis leueful to þe conseils of mankynde. as who seiþ þat men han no power to done no þing. ne wilne no þing. þan folweþ it þat oure vices ben refferred to þe mak[er]e of alle good. as who seiþ þan folweþ it. þat god auȝt[e] han þe blame of oure vices. syn he constreiniþ by necessite to don vices. þan nis þer no resoun to han hopen in god. ne forto preien to god. ¶ For what sholde any wyȝt hopen to god. or whi sholde he preien to god. syn þat þe ordenaunce of destine whiche þat ne may nat ben enclined. knytteþ and streiniþ alle þinges þat men may desiren. ¶ þan sholde þere be don awey þilke oonly alliaunce bytwixen god and men. þat is to seien to hopen and to preien. but by þe preis of ryȝtfulnesse and of veray mekenesse we deserue þe gerdoun of þe deuyne grace whiche þat is inestimable. þat is to sein þat it is so grete þat it ne may nat ben ful ypreised. and þis is oonly þe manere. þat is to seyen hope and prayeres. for whiche it semeþ þat [men] mowen speken wiþ god. and by resoun of supplicacioun ben conioigned to þilk clernesse þat nis nat approched no raþer or þat men byseken it and emprenten it. And yif men ne wene [nat] þat [hope] ne preiers ne han no strengþes. by þe necessite of þinges to comen y-resceiued. what þing is þer þan by whiche we mowen be conioygned and clyuen to þilke souereyne prince of þinges. ¶ For whiche it byhoueþ by necessite þat þe lynage of mankynde as þou songe a litel here byforne ben departed and vnioyned from hys welle and faylen of hys bygynnynge. þat is to seien god.

[The .3^de. Metur.] QUE NAM DISCORS

What discordable cause haþ to-rent and vnioigned þe byndyng or þe alliaunce of þinges. þat is to seyne þe coniunccioun of god and of man. ¶ whiche god haþ establissed so grete bataile bitwixen þise two soþefast or verray þinges. þat is to sein bytwixen þe purueaunce of god and fre wille. þat þei ben synguler and diuided. ne þat þei ne wolen nat ben medeled ne coupled to-gidre. but þer nis no discorde to [tho] verray þinges. but þei cleuen certeyne al wey to hem self. but þe þouȝt of man confounded and ouerþrowen by þe dirke membris of þe body ne may nat by fir of his dirk[ed] lokynge. þat is to seyn by þe vigour of hys insyȝt while þe soule is in þe body knowen þe þinne subtil knyttynges of þinges. ¶ But wherfore eschaufiþ it so by so grete loue to fynden þilke note[s] of soþe y-couered. (glosa) þat is to sein wherfore eschaufiþ þe þouȝt of man by so grete desir to knowen þilke notificaciouns þat ben yhidd vndir þe couertours of soþe. woot it ouȝt þilke þinges þat it anguissous desireþ to knowe. as who seiþ nay. ¶ For no man ne trauaileþ forto witen þinges þat he woot. and þerfore þe texte seiþ þus. ¶ [Glosa] Si enim anima ignorat istas subtiles connexiones. responde. vnde est quod desiderat scire cum nil ignotum possit desiderare. ¶ But who traua[i]leþ to wyten þinges y-knowe. and yif þat he ne knoweþ hem nat. what sekiþ þilke blynde þouȝt. what is he þat desireþ any þinge of whiche he woot ryȝt nat. as who seiþ who so desiriþ any þing nedis som what he knoweþ of it. or ellys he ne couþe nat desire it. or who may folwen þinges þat ne ben nat ywist ¶ and þouȝ [þat] he seke þo þinges where shal he fynden hem. what wyȝt þat is al vnknowynge and ignoraunt may knowe þe forme þat is yfounde. ¶ But whan þe soule byholdeþ and seeþ þe heye þouȝt. þat is to seyn god. þan knoweþ it to-gidre þe somme and þe singularites. þat is to seyn þe principles and eueryche by hym self. ¶ But now while þe soule is hidd in þe cloude and in þe derknesse of þe membris of þe body. it ne haþ nat al forȝeten it selfe. but it wiþholdeþ þe somme of þinges and lesiþ þe singularites. þan who so þat sekeþ soþenesse. he nis in neiþer nouþir habit. for he not nat alle ne he ne haþ nat alle for-ȝeten. ¶ But ȝitte hym remembriþ þe somme of þinges þat he wiþholdeþ and axeþ counseil and tretiþ depelyche þinges ysein byforne. [Glosa] þat is to sein þe grete somme in hys mynde. [textus] so þat he mowe adden þe parties þat he haþ forȝeten. to þilke þat he haþ wiþholden.

[The 4^the prose.] TAMEN ILLA UETUS INQUIT HEC EST.

Þanne seide she. þis is quod she þe olde questioun of þe purueaunce of god. and marcus tulius whan he deuided[e] þe deuinaciouns. þat is to sein in hys booke þat he wroot of deuinaciouns. he moeued[e] gretly þis questioun. and þou þi self hast souȝt it mochel and outerly and long[e]. but ȝit ne haþ it nat ben determined ne yspedd fermely and diligently of any of yow. ¶ And þe cause of þis derkenesse and [of this] difficulte is for þat þe moeuynge of þe resoun of mankynde ne may nat moeuen to. þat is to sein applien or ioygnen to þe simplicite of þe deuyne prescience. ¶ þe whiche symplicite of þe deuyne prescience ȝif þat men [myhten thinken it in any manere / þat is to seyn / þat yif men] myȝte þinken and comprehenden þe þinges as god seeþ hem. þan ne sholde þer dwellen outerly no doute. þe whiche resoun and cause of difficulte I shal assaie at þe laste to shewen and to speden. ¶ whan I haue firste [yspendyd / and] ansewered to þo resouns by whiche þou art ymoeued. ¶ For I axe whi þou wenest þat þilk[e] resouns of hem þat assoilen þis questioun ne ben nat spedeful ynouȝ ne sufficient þe whiche solucioun or þe whiche resoun for þat it demiþ þat þe prescience nis nat cause of necessite to þinges to comen. þan ne weneþ it nat þat fredom of wille be distourbed or ylett by prescience. for ne drawest þou nat argumentes from ellys where of þe necessite of þinges to comen. As who seiþ any oþer wey þan þus. but þat þilke þinge[s] þat þe prescience woot byforn [ne] mowen nat vnbitide. þat is to seyn þat þei moten bitide. ¶ But þan yif þat prescience ne putteþ no necessite to þinges to comen. as þou þi self hast confessed it and byknowen a litel herbyforne. ¶ what cause [or what] is it. as who seiþ þere may no cause be. by whiche þat þe endes (exitus) uoluntarie of þinges myȝten be constreyned to certeyne bitydyng. ¶ For by grace of possessioun. so þat þou mowe þe better vndirstonde þis þat folweþ. ¶ I pose (inpossibile) þat þer ne be no prescience. þan axe I quod she in as moche as apperteniþ to þat. sholde þan þinges þat comen of frewille ben constreined to bytiden by necessite. Boicius. nay quod I. þan aȝeinward quod she. I suppose þat þere be prescience but þat ne putteþ no necessite to þinges. þan trowe I þat þilk self fredom of wille shal dwellen al hool and absolut and vnbounden. but þou wolt sein þat al be it so þat prescience nis nat cause of þe necessite of bitidynge to þinges to comen. ¶ Algates ȝitte it is a signe þat þe þinges ben to bytiden by necessite. by þis manere þan al þouȝ þe prescience ne hadde neuer yben. ȝit algate or at þe lest[e] wey. it is certeyne þing þat þe endys and þe bitydynges of þinges to comen sholde ben necessarie. ¶ For euery sygne sheweþ and signifieþ oonly what þe þing is ¶ but it ne makiþ nat þe þing þat it signifieþ. ¶ For whiche it byhoueþ firste to shewen þat no þing ne bitidiþ [þat it ne bytydith] by necessite. so þat it may apere þat þe prescience is signe of þis necessite ¶ or ellys yif þere nere no necessite. certys þilke prescience ne myȝt[e] nat ben signe of þinge þat nis nat. ¶ But certys it is nowe certeyne þat þe preue of þis susteniþ by stedfast resoun ne shal nat ben ladd ne proued by signes ne by argumentys ytaken fro wiþ oute. but by causes couenable and necessarie ¶ But þou mayst sein how may it be þat þe þinges ne bitiden nat þat ben ypurueyed to comen. but certys ryȝt as we trowen þat þo þinges whiche þat þe purueaunce woot byforn to comen. ne ben nat to bitiden. but [þat] ne sholde we nat demen. but raþer al þouȝ [þat] þei schal bitiden. ȝit ne haue þei no necessite of hire kynde to bitiden. and þis maist þou lyȝtly aperceyuen by þis þat I shal seyn. but we seen many þinges whan þei ben don byforn oure eyen ryȝt as men seen þe karter worken in þe tournynge and in attempryng or in adressyng of hys kartes or chariottes. ¶ and by þis manere as who seiþ mayst þou vnderstonde of alle manere oþir werkemen. ¶ Is þere þanne any necessite as who seiþ in oure lokynge [þat] constreineþ or compelliþ any of þilke þinges to ben don so. b. nay quod I ¶ For in ydel and in veyne were alle þe effect of crafte yif þat alle þinges weren moeued by constreynynge. þat is to seyn by constreynynge of oure eyen or of oure syȝt. P. þise þingus þan quod she þat whan men don hem ne han non necessite þat men don hem. eke þo same þinges first or þei be don. þei ben to comen wiþ out necessite. for whi þer ben somme þinges to bytide of whiche þe endys and þe bitidynges of hem ben absolut and quit of alle necessite. for certys I ne trowe nat þat any man wolde seyn þis. þat þo þinges þat men don now þat þei ne weren to bitiden. first or þei were ydon ¶ and þilk same þinges al þouȝ þat men hadden ywyst hem by-forn. ȝitte þei han fre bitidynges. for ryȝt as science of þinges present ne bryngeþ in no necessite to þinges [þat men doon // Ryht so the prescience of thinges to comen ne bryngeth in no necessite to thinges] to bytiden but þou mayst seyn þat of þilke same it is ydouted. as wheþer þat of þilke þinges þat ne han non endes and bytidynges necessaryes yif þer-of may ben any prescience ¶ For certys þei seme to discorde. for þou wenest þat yif þat þinges ben yseyn byforn þat necessite folweþ hem. and yif (et putas) necessite faileþ hem þei ne myȝten nat ben wist byforn. and þat no þinge ne may ben comprehendid by science but certeyne. and yif þo þinges þat ne han no certeyne bytidynges ben ypurueied as certeyn. it sholde ben dirkenesse of oppinioun nat soþefastnesse of science [and þou weenyst þat it be diuerse fro the hoolnesse of science / þat any man sholde deme a thing to ben oother weys thanne it is it self]. and þe cause of þis errour is. þat of alle þe þinges þat euery wyȝt haþ yknowe. þei wenen þat þo þinges ben y-knowe al oonly by þe strengþe and by þe nature of þe þinges þat ben ywyst or yknowe. and it is al þe contrarie. for alle þat euere is yknowe. it is raþer comprehendid and yknowen nat after his strengeþ and hys nature. but after þe faculte þat is to seyn þe power and [the] nature of hem þat knowen. and for þat þis shal mowe shewen by a short ensample þe same roundenes of a body .O. oþer weyes þe syȝt of þe eye knoweþ it. and oþer weyes þe touching. þe lokynge by castynge of his bemes waiteþ and seeþ fro afer alle þe body to-gider wiþ oute mouynge of it self. but þe touchinge cliuiþ and conioigneþ to þe rounde body (orbi) and moueþ abouten þe environynge. and comprehendiþ by parties þe roundenesse. ¶ and þe man hym self oþer weies wyt byholdiþ hym. and oþerweyes ymaginacioun and oþer weyes resoun. and oþer weyes intelligence. ¶ For þe wit comprehendiþ fro wiþ outen furþe þe figure of þe body of þe man. þat is establissed in þe matere subiect. But þe ymaginacioun [comprehendith only the figure with owte the matere / Resoun surmounteth ymaginacioun] and comprehendeþ by an vniuersel lokynge þe commune spece (speciem) þat is in þe singuler peces. ¶ But þe eye of intelligence is heyȝer for it sourmounteþ þe envirounynge of þe vniuersite and lookeþ ouer þat by pure subtilite of þouȝt. þilk same symple forme of man þat is perdurably in þe deuyne þouȝt. in whiche þis auȝt[e] gretely to ben considered þat þe heyest strengþe to comprehenden þinges enbraceþ and conteyneþ þe lower[e] strengþe [but the lowere strengthe ne arysith nat in no manere to heyere strengthe]. for wit ne may no þinge comprehende oute of matere. ne þe ymagynacioun ne lokeþ nat þe vniuerseles speces. ne resoun ne takeþ nat þe symple forme. so as intelligence takeþ it. but þe intelligence þat lokeþ al abouen whan it haþ comprehendid þe forme it knoweþ and demeþ alle þe þinges þat ben vndir þat forme. but she knoweþ hem vndir þilke manere in þe whiche it comprehendiþ þilke same symple forme þat ne may neuer be knowen to non of þat oþer. þat is to seyn to non of þo þre forseide strengþes of þe soule. for it knoweþ þe vniuersite of resoun and þe figure of þe ymaginacioun. and þe sensible material conseiued. and þou wenest þat it be diuerse fro þe hoolnesse of science. þat any man sholde deme a þing to ben oþerweyes þan it is it self and þe cause of þis errour etc’. vt supra. by wit. ne it ne vseþ nat nor of resoun ne of ymaginacioun ne of wit wiþ oute forþe but it byholdeþ alle þinges so as I shal seye. by a strok of þouȝt formely wiþ oute discours or collacioun ¶ Certys resoun whan it lokeþ any þing vniuersel it ne vseþ nat of ymaginacioun nor of wit and algates ȝit [it] comprendiþ þe þinges ymaginable and sensible. for resoun is she þat diffinisseþ þe vniuersel of hir conseite ryȝt þus. ¶ Man is a resonable t[w]o-footid beest. and how so þat þis knowynge [is] vniuersel. ȝit nys þer no wyȝt þat ne woot wel. þat a man is [a thing] ymaginable and sensible ¶ and þis same considereþ wel resoun. but þat nis nat by ymaginacioun. nor by witte. but it lokiþ it by [a] resonable concepcioun. ¶ Also ymaginacioun al be it so. þat it takeþ of wit þe bygynyngus to seen and to formen þe figures. algates al þouȝ þat wit ne ware not present. ȝit it envirouniþ and comprehendiþ alle þinges sensible. nat by resoun sensible of demynge. but by resoun ymaginatif. ¶ sest þou nat þan þat alle þe þinges in knowynge vsen more of hir faculte or of hir power. þan þei don of [the] faculte or of power of þinges þat ben yknowen. ne þat nis no wronge. for so as euery iugement is þe dede or þe doynge of hym þat demeþ. It byhoueþ þat euery wyȝt performe þe werke and hys entencioun nat of forein power; but of hys propre power.

[The 4^the Metur.] QUONDAM PORTICUS ATTULIT.

ÞE porche þat is to sein a gate of þe toune of athenis þer as philosophres hadde hir congregacioun to dispoyten. and þilke porche brouȝt[e] somtyme olde men ful derke in hire sentences. þat is to sein philosophers þat hyȝten stoiciens. þat wenden þat ymages [and] sensibilites þat is to sein sensible ymaginaciouns. or ellys ymaginacioun of sensible þinges weren inprentid in to soules fro bodies wiþ oute forþe. ¶ As who seiþ þat þilke stoiciens wenden þat þe soule hadde ben naked of it self. as a mirour or a clene parchemyn. so þat alle fygures mosten [fyrst] comen fro þinges fro wiþ oute in to soules. and ben inprentid in to soules. Textus. Ryȝt as we ben wont some tyme by a swift poyntel to ficchen lettres emprentid in þe smoþenesse or in þe plainesse of þe table of wex. or in parchemyn þat ne haþ no figure [ne] note in it. Glosa. But now arguiþ boece aȝeins þat oppinioun and seiþ þus. but yif þe þriuyng soule ne vnplitiþ no þing. þat is to sein ne doþ no þing by hys propre moeuynges. but suffriþ and lieþ subgit to þe figures and to þe notes of bodyes wiþ oute forþe. and ȝeldeþ ymages ydel and veyne in þe manere of a mirour. whennes þriueþ þan or whennes comeþ þan þilke knowyng in oure soule. þat discerniþ and byholdeþ alle þinges. and whennes is þilke strengþe þat byholdeþ þe syngulere þinges. or whennes is þe strengþe þat dyuydeþ þinges yknowe. and þilke strengþe þat gadereþ to-gidre þe þinges deuided. and þe strengþe þat cheseþ hys entrechaunged wey for som tyme it heueþ vp þe heued. þat is to sein þat it heueþ vp þe entencioun to ryȝt heye þinges. and som tyme it discendiþ in to ryȝt lowe þinges. and whan it retourniþ in to hym self. it repreuiþ and destroieþ þe false þinges by þe trewe þinges. ¶ Certys þis strengþe is cause more efficient and mochel more myȝty to seen and to knowe þinges. þan þilke cause þat suffriþ and resceyueþ þe notes and þe figures inpressed in manere of matere algates þe passioun þat is to seyn þe suffraunce or þe wit in þe quik[e] body goþ byforne excitynge and moeuyng þe strengþes of þe þouȝte. ryȝt so as whan þat clerenesse smyteþ þe eyen and moeuiþ hem to seen. or ryȝt so as voys or soune hurtliþ to þe eres and commoeuiþ hem to herkne. þan is þe strengþe of þe þouȝt ymoeuid and excitid and clepeþ furþe þe semblable moeuynges þe speces þat it halt wiþ inne it self. and addiþ þo speces to þe notes and to þe þinges wiþ out forþe. and medeleþ þe ymages of þinges wiþ out forþe to þe forme[s] yhid wiþ inne hym self.

[The .5.^the prose.]QUOD SI IN CORPORIBUS SENCIENDIS.

QUESTIO.

But what [yif] þat in bodies to ben feelid þat is to sein in þe takynge of knowelechinge of bodyly þinges. and al be it so þat þe qualites of bodies þat ben obiect fro wiþ oute forþe moeuen and entalenten þe instrumentes of þe wittes. and al be it so þat þe passioun of þe body þat is to seyn þe witte [or the] suffraunce [goth to-forn the strengthe of the workynge corage / the which passioun or suffraunce] clepiþ furþe þe dede of þe þouȝt in hym self. and moeueþ and exiteþ in þis mene while þe formes þat resten wiþ in forþe. and yif þat in sensible bodies as I haue seid oure corage nis nat ytauȝt or enprentid by passioun to knowe þise þinges. but demiþ and knoweþ of hys owen strengþe þe passioun or suffraunce subiect to þe body. Moche more þan þoo þinges þat ben absolut and quit fram alle talentȝ or affecciouns of bodies. as god or hys aungels ne folwen nat in discernynge þinges obiect from wiþ oute forþe. but þei accomplissen and speden þe dede of hir þouȝt by þis resoun. ¶ þan þere comen many manere knowynges to dyuerse and differyng substaunces. for þe wit of þe body þe whiche witte is naked and despoyled of alle oþer knowynges. þilke witte comeþ to bestes þat ne mowen nat moeuen hem self here ne þere. as oystres and muscles and oþer swiche shelle fysshe of þe see. þat cliuen and ben norissed to roches. but þe ymaginacioun comeþ to remuable bestes þat semen to han talent to fleen or to desiren any þinge. but resoun is al only to þe lynage of mankynde ryȝt as intelligence is oonly þe deuyne nature. of whiche it folweþ þat þilke knowyng is more worþe þan [th]is[e] oþer. syn it knoweþ by hys propre nature nat only hys subiect. as who seiþ it ne knoweþ nat al oonly þat apperteiniþ proprely to hys knowynge. but it knoweþ þe subgitȝ of alle oþer knowynges. but how shal it þan be yif þat wit and ymaginacioun stryuen aȝeins resonynge and sein þat of þilke vniuersel þinges. þat resoun weneþ to seen þat it nis ryȝt nauȝt. for wit and ymaginacioun seyn þat þat. þat is sensible or ymaginable it ne may nat ben vniuersel. þan is eiþer þe iugement of resoun [soth]. ne þat þer nis no þinge sensible. or ellys for þat resoun woot wel þat many þinges ben subiect to wit and to ymaginacioun. þan is þe consepcioun of resoun veyn and fals whiche þat lookeþ and comprehendiþ. þat þat is sensible and synguler as uniuersele. and ȝif þat resoun wolde answeren aȝein to þise two þat is to sein to wit and to ymaginacioun. and sein þat soþely she hir self. þat is to seyn þat resoun lokeþ and comprehendiþ by resoun of vniuersalite. boþe þat þat is sensible and þat þat is ymaginable. and þat þilke two þat is to seyn wit and ymaginacioun ne mowen nat strecchen ne enhaunsen hem self to knowynge of vniuersalite for þat þe knowyng of hem ne may exceden nor sourmounten þe bodyly figure[s] ¶ Certys of þe knowyng of þinges men auȝten raþer ȝeue credence to þe more stedfast and to þe more perfit iugement. In þis manere stryuynge þan we þat han strengþe of resonynge and of ymaginynge and of wit þat is to seyn by resoun and by ymaginacioun and by wit. [and] we sholde raþer preise þe cause of resoun. as who seiþ þan þe cause of wit or ymaginacioun. semblable þinge is it þat þe resoun of mankynde ne weneþ nat þat þe deuyne intelligence byholdeþ or knoweþ þinges to comen. but ryȝt as þe resoun of mankynde knoweþ hem. for þou arguist and seist þus. þat yif it ne seme nat to men þat somme þinges han certeyne and necessarie bytidynges. þei ne mowen nat ben wist byforn certeynely to bytiden. þan nis [ther] no prescience of þilke þinges. and yif we trowen þat prescience ben in þise þinges. þan is þer no þinge þat it ne bitidiþ by necessite. but certys yif we myȝten han þe iugement of þe deuyne þouȝt as we ben parsoners of resoun. ryȝt so as we han demed. it byhoueþ þat ymaginacioun and wit ben byneþe resoun. ryȝt so wolde we demen þat it were ryȝtful þing þat mans resoun auȝt[e] to summitten it self and to ben byneþe þe deuyne þouȝt. for whiche þat yif we mowen. as who seiþ. þat yif þat we mowen I conseil[e] þat we enhanse vs in to þe heyȝt of þilke souereyne intelligence. for þere shal resoun wel seen þat þat it ne may nat by-holden in it self. and certys þat is þis in what manere þe prescience of god seeþ alle þinges certeins and difinissed al þouȝ þei ne han no certein issues or by-tydynges. ne þis is non oppinioun but it is raþer þe simplicite of þe souereyn science þat nis nat enclosed nor yshet wiþinne no boundes.

[The 5^the Metur.] QUAM UARIIS FIGURIS.

ÞE bestes passen by þe erþes by ful dyuerse figures for somme of hem han hir bodies strauȝt and crepen in þe dust and drawen after hem a trais or a forghe contynued. þat is to sein as addres or snakes. and oþer bestes by [the] wandryng lyȝtnesse of hir wenges beten þe wyndes and ouer-swymmen þe spaces of þe longe eyer by moist flee[y]nge. and oþer bestes gladen hem to diggen her traas or her stappes in þe erþe wiþ hir goynge or wiþ her feet. or to gone eyþe[r] by þe grene feldes or [elles] to walken vnder þe wodes. and al be it so þat þou seest þat þei alle discorden by dyuerse formes. algate hire [faces] enclini[n]g heuieþ hire dulle wittes. Onlyche þe lynage of man heueþ heyest hys heyȝe heued and stondeþ lyȝt wiþ hys vpryȝt body and byholdeþ þe erþe vndir hym. [and] but-ȝif þou erþely man wexest yuel oute of þi witte. þis figure amonesteþ þe þat axest þe heuene wiþ þi ryȝt[e] visage. and hast areised þi forhede to beren vp on heye þi corage so þat þi þouȝt ne be nat yheuied ne put lowe vndir foot. sen þat þi body is so heye areised.

PROSA VLTIMA.

[The 6^te prose and the laste.] QUONIAM IGITUR UTI PAULO ANTE.

ÞEr-fore þan as I haue shewed a litel her byforne þat al þinge þat is ywist nis nat knowen by hys nature propre. but by þe nature of hem þat comprehenden it. ¶ Lat vs loke now in as moche as it is leueful to vs. as who seiþ lat vs loken now as we mowen whiche þat þe estat is of þe deuyne substaunce so þat we mowen [ek] knowen what his science is. þe comune iugement of alle creatures resonables þan is þis þat god is eterne. lat vs considere þan what is eternite. For certys þat shal shewen vs to-gidre þe deuyne nature and þe deuyne science ¶ Eternite þan is perfit possessioun and al togidre of lijf interminable and þat sheweþ more clerely by þe comparisoun or collacioun of temporel þinges. for al þing þat lyueþ in tyme it is present and procediþ fro preteritȝ in to futures. þat is to sein. fro tyme passed in to tyme comynge. ne þer nis no þing establissed in tyme þat may enbracen to-gidre al þe space of hys lijf. for certys ȝit ne haþ it nat taken þe tyme of þe morwe. and it haþ lost þat of ȝister-day. and certys in þe lijf of þis day ȝe ne lyuen no more but ryȝt as in þis moeueable and transitorie moment. þan þilke þinge þat suffriþ temporel condicioun. a[l]þoughe þat [it] bygan neuer to be. ne þoughe it neuere cese forto be. as aristotle demde of þe worlde. and al þouȝ þat þe lif of it be strecchid wiþ infinite of tyme. ȝit algates nis it no swiche þing þat men myȝten trowen by ryȝt þat it is eterne. for al þouȝ þat it comprehende and embrace þe space of life infinite. ȝit algates ne [em]braceþ it nat þe space of þe lif alto-gidre. for it ne haþ nat þe futures þat ne ben nat ȝit. ne it ne haþ no lenger þe preteritȝ þat ben ydon or ypassed. but þilke þing þan þat haþ and comprehendiþ to-gidre alle þe plente of þe lif interminable. to whom þere ne failiþ nat of þe future. and to whom þer nis nat of þe preterit escapid nor ypassed. þilk[e] same is ywitnessed or yproued by ryȝt to ben eterne. and it byhoueþ by necessite þat þilke þinge be alwey present to hym self and compotent. as who seiþ alwey present to hym self and so myȝty þat al by ryȝt at hys plesaunce. and þat he haue al present þe infinit of þe moeuable tyme. wherfore som men trowen wrongefully þat whan þei heren þat it semid[e] to plato þat þis worlde ne had[de] neuer bygynnynge of tyme. ne þat it neuere shal haue faylynge. þei wenen in þis manere þat þis worlde ben maked coeterne wiþ his makere. as who seiþ. þei wenen þat þis worlde and god ben maked to-gidre eterne. and it is a wrongful wenynge. for oþer þing is it to ben yladd by lif interminable as plato graunted[e] to þe worlde. and oþer þing is it to embracen to-gidre alle þe presence to þe lif interminable. þe whiche þing it is clere and manifest þat it is propre to þe deuine þouȝt. ne it ne sholde nat semen to vs þat god is elder þan þinges þat ben ymaked by quantite of tyme. but raþer by þe proprete of hys symple nature. for þis ilke infinit[e] moeuyng of temporel þinges folwiþ þis presentarie estat of þe lijf inmoeueable. and so as it ne may nat contrefeten it ne feynen it ne ben euene lyke to it. for þe inmoeueablete. þat is to seyn þat is in þe eternite of god. ¶ it faileþ and falleþ in to moeuynge fro þe simplicite of [the] presence of god. and disencresiþ to þe infinite quantite of future and of preterit. and so as it ne may nat han togidre al þe plente of þe lif. algates ȝitte for as moche as it ne cesiþ neuere forto ben in som manere it semeþ somde[l] to vs þat it folwiþ and resembliþ þilke þing þat it ne may nat attayne to. ne fulfille. and byndeþ it self to som manere presence of þis litel and swifte moment. þe whiche presence of þis lytele and swifte moment. for þat it bereþ a manere ymage or lykenesse of þe ay dwellynge presence of god. it graunteþ to swiche manere þinges as it bitidiþ to þat it semeþ hem þat þise þinges han ben and ben and for [þat] þe presence of swiche litel moment ne may nat dwelle þer-for [it] rauyssid[e] and took þe infinit[e] wey of tyme. þat is to seyn by successioun. and by þis manere it is ydon. for þat it sholde continue þe lif in goynge of þe whiche lif it ne myȝt[e] nat embrace þe plente in dwellynge. and for þi yif we willen putte worþi name[s] to þinges and folwen plato. lat vs seyn þan soþely þat god is eterne. and þat þe worlde is perpetuel. þan syn þat euery iugement knoweþ and comprehendiþ by hys owen nature þinges þat ben subiect vnto hym. þere is soþely al-wey to god an eterne and presentarie estat. and þe science of hym þat ouer-passeþ alle temporel moe[ue]ment dwelliþ in þe symplicite of hys presence and embraceþ and considereþ alle þe infinit spaces of tymes preteritȝ and futures and lokeþ in þis symple knowynge alle þinges of preterit ryȝt as þei weren ydoon presently ryȝt now ¶ yif þou wolt þan þenke and avisen þe prescience by whiche it knoweþ al[le] þinges þou ne shalt nat demen it as prescience of þinges to comen. but þou shalt demen [it] more ryȝtfully þat it is science of presence or of instaunce þat neuer ne fayleþ. for whiche it nis nat ycleped prouidence but it sholde raþer be cleped purueaunce þat is establissed ful fer fro ryȝt lowe þinges. and byholdeþ from a-fer alle þinges ryȝt as it were fro þe heye heyȝte of þinges. whi axest þou þan or why disputest þou þan þat þilke þinges ben don by necessite whiche þat ben yseyen and yknowen by þe deuyne syȝt. syn þat for soþe men ne maken nat þilke þinges necessarie. whiche þat þe[i] seen be ydoon in hire syȝt. for addiþ þi byholdynge any necessite to þilke þinges þat þou byholdest present. ¶ Nay quod I. p. Certys þan yif men myȝte maken any digne comparisoun or collacioun of þe presence diuine. and of þe presence of mankynde. ryȝt so as ȝe seen somme þinges in þis temporel presente. ryȝt so seeþ god alle þinges by hys eterne present. ¶ wherfore þis dyuyne prescience ne chaungeþ nat þe nature ne þe proprete of þinges but byholdeþ swyche þinges present to hym ward. as þei shollen bytiden to ȝow ward in tyme to come. ne it ne confoundeþ nat þe Iugementȝ of þinges but by of syȝt of hys þouȝt he knoweþ þe þinges to comen as wel necessarie as nat necessarie. ryȝt so as whan ȝe seen togidre a man walke on þe erþe and þe sonne arysen in [the] heuene. al be it so þat ȝe seen and byholden þat oon and þat oþer to-gidre. ȝit naþeles ȝe demen and discerne þat þat oon is uoluntarie and þat oþer is necessarie. ¶ Ryȝt so þan [the] deuyne lokynge byholdynge alle þinges vndir hym ne troubleþ nat þe qualite of þinges þat ben certeynely present to hym ward. but as to þe condicioun of tyme for soþe þei ben future. for whiche it folwiþ þat þis nis non oppinioun. but raþer a stedfast knowyng ystrengeþed by soþenes. þat whan þat god knoweþ any þinge to be he ne vnwoot nat þat þilke þinge wanteþ necessite to be. þis is to seyn þat whan þat god knoweþ any þinge to bitide. he woot wel þat it ne haþ no necessite to bitide. and yif þou seist here þat þilke þinge þat god seeþ to bytide it ne may nat vnbytide. as who seiþ it mot bitide. ¶ and þilke þinge þat þat ne may nat vnbytide it mot bitide by necessite. and þat þou streine me to þis name of necessite. certys I wol wel confessen and byknowe a þinge of ful sadde trouþe. but vnneþ shal þere any wyȝt [mowe] seen it or comen þer-to. but yif þat he be byholder of þe deuyne þouȝte. ¶ for I wol answere þe þus. þat þilke þinge þat is future whan it is referred to þe deuyne knowyng þan is it necessarie. but certys whan it is vndirstonden in hys owen kynde men sen it [is] vtterly fre and absolut from alle necessite. for certys þer ben two maneres of necessites. þat oon necessite is symple as þus. þat it byhoueþ by necessite þat alle men be mortal or dedely. an oþer necessite is condicionel as þus. yif þou wost þat a man walkiþ. it byhoueþ by necessite þat he walke. þilke þinge þan þat any wyȝt haþ yknowe to be. it ne may ben non oþer weyes þan he knoweþ it to be. ¶ but þis condicioun ne draweþ nat wiþ hir þilke necessite symple. For certys þis necessite condicionel. þe propre nature of it ne makeþ it nauȝt. but þe adieccioun of þe condicioun makiþ it. for no necessite ne constreyneþ a man to [gon / þat] gooþ by his propre wille. al be it so þat whan he gooþ þat it is necessarie þat he gooþ. þan mot þilke þinge be by necessite. al þouȝ þat it ne haue no necessite of hys owen nature. ¶ Ryȝt on þis same manere þan. yif þat þe purueaunce of god seeþ any þing present. but certys þe futures þat bytyden by fredom of arbitre god seeþ hem alle to-gidre presentȝ. þise þinges þan [yif] þei ben referred to þe deuyne syȝt. þan ben þei maked necessarie to þe condicioun of þe deuyne knowynge. but certys yif þilke þinges ben considred by hem self þei ben absolut of necessite. and ne forleten nat ne cesen nat of þe liberte of hire owen nature. þan certys wiþ outen doute alle þe þingus shollen be doon whiche þat god woot by-forn þat þei ben to comen. but somme of hem comen and bitiden of [free] arbitre or of fre wille. þat al be it so þat þei bytiden. ȝit algates ne lese þei nat hire propre nature ne beynge. by þe whiche first or þat þei were doon þei hadden power nat to han bitidd. Boece. what is þis to seyn þan quod I. þat þinges ne ben nat necessarie by hire propre nature. so as þei comen in alle maneres in þe lykenesse of necessite by þe condicioun of þe deuyne science. Philosophie. þis is þe difference quod she. þat þo þinges þat I purposed[e] þe a litel here byforn. þat is to seyn þe sonne arysynge and þe man walkynge þat þerwhiles þat þilke þinges ben ydon. þei ne myȝten nat ben vndon. naþeles þat oon of hem or it was ydon it byhoued[e] by necessite þat it was ydon. but nat þat oþer. ryȝt so it is here þat þe þinges þat god haþ present. wiþ outen doute þei shulle ben. but somme of hem descendiþ of þe nature of þinges as þe sonne arysynge. and somme descendiþ of þe power of þe doers as þe man walkynge. ¶ þan seide I. no wronge þat yif þat þise þinges ben referred to þe deuyne knowynge þan ben þei necessarie. and yif þei ben considered by hem selfe þan ben þei absolut from þe bonde of necessite. ryȝt so [as] alle þinges þat appiereþ or sheweþ to þe wittes yif þou referre it to resoun it is vniuersel. and yif þou referre it or look[e] it to it self. þan is it synguler. but now yif þou seist þus þat yif it be in my power to chaunge my purpose. þan shal I voide þe purueaunce of god. whan þat perauenture I shal han chaunged þo þinges þat he knoweþ byforn. þan shal I answere þe þus ¶ Certys þou maist wel chaungen þi purpos but for as mochel as þe present soþenesse of þe deuyne purueaunce byholdeþ þat þou mayst chaungen þi purpose. and wheþir þou wolt chaunge it or no. and whider-ward þat þou tourne it. þou maist nat eschewen þe deuyne prescience ryȝt as þou ne mayst nat fleen þe syȝt of þe present eye. al þouȝ þat þou tourne þi self by þi fre wille in to dyuerse accioun. ¶ But þou mayst seyn aȝeyne how shal it þan be. shal nat þe dyuyne science ben chaunged by my disposicioun whan þat I wol o þing now and now an oþer. and þilke prescience ne semeþ it nat to enterchaunge stoundes of knowynges. as who seiþ. ne shal it nat seme to vs þat þe deuyne prescience enterchaungeþ hys dyuers stoundes of knowynge. so þat it knowe somme tyme o þing and somme tyme þe contrarie. ¶ No for soþe. [quod I] for þe deuyne syȝt renneþ to-forne and seeþ alle futures and clepeþ hem aȝein and retourniþ hem to þe presence of hys propre knowynge. ne he ne entrechaungeþ nat [so] as þou wenest þe stoundes of forknowyng [as] now þis now þat. but he ay dwellynge comiþ byforn and enbraceþ at o strook alle þi mutaciouns. and þis presence to comprehenden and to sen alle þinges. god ne haþ nat taken it of þe bitydynge of þinges forto come. but of hys propre symplicite. ¶ and her by is assoiled þilke þing þat þou puttest a litel her byforne. þat is to seyne þat it is vnworþi þinge to seyn þat oure futures ȝeuen cause of þe science of god ¶ For certys þis strengþe of þe deuyne science whiche þat enbraceþ alle þinge by his presentarie knowynge establisseþ manere to alle þingus and it ne awiþ nat to lattere þinges. and syn þat þise þinges ben þus. þat is to seyn syn þat necessite nis nat in þinges by þe deuyne prescience. þan is þer fredom of arbitre. þat dwelleþ hool and vnwemmed to mortal men. ne þe lawes ne purpose nat wikkedly meedes and peynes to þe willynges of men þat ben vnbounde and quit of alle necessite. ¶ And god byholder and forwiter of alle þinges dwelliþ aboue and þe present eternite of hys syȝt renneþ alwey wiþ þe dyuerse qualite of oure dedes dispensyng and ordeynynge medes to good[e] men. and tourmentȝ to wicked men. ne in ydel ne in veyn ne ben þer nat put in god hope and prayeres. þat ne mowen nat ben vnspedful ne wiþ oute effect whan þei ben ryȝtful ¶ wiþstond þan and eschewe þou vices. worshippe and loue þou vertus. areise þi corage to ryȝtful hoopes. ȝelde þou humble preiers an heyȝe. grete necessite of prowesse and vertue is encharged and comaunded to ȝow yif ȝe nil nat dissimulen. ¶ Syn þat ȝe worchen and doon. þat is to seyn ȝoure dedes and ȝoure workes by-fore þe eyen of þe Iuge þat seeþ and demeþ alle þinges. [To whom be goye and worshipe bi Infynyt tymes / AMEN.]

EXPLICIT LIBER QUINTUS. ET VLTIMUS.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Ȝ

Page-and-line references lead to the nearest visible line number, generally a multiple of 4. Linked words lead back to the beginning of this Index. Pages 180-184 are the Appendix and Balades, each with separate line numbering.

Abaist = abyest, sufferest, endurest, 39/1014

Abaist, abashed, 107/3047

Abassen, to be abashed, dismayed, 146/4213

Abesid (= Abaysshed), abashed, 7/92

Abide, to await, 7/93.

‘Abide after’ = look after, expect, 13/250;

p.p. Abiden, waited, 86/2405

Abieþ, suffers, 109/3101

Ablynge, enabling, fitting (aptans), 26/624, 88/2440

Abood, abode, 63/1716

Aboven, above, 6/52

Abreggynge, curtailing; hence gain obtained by curtailment (compendium), 151/4355

Accoie, to soothe, quiet (demulcere), 38/967

Accordaunce, agreement, 143/4134

Accordaunt, agreeing, unanimous, 19/431

Accorde, to agree, 42/1080

Accoumpte, account, 47/1251

Accountyng, calculation, 8/110

Achat, purchase, 15/310

Acheve, to achieve, accomplish, 18/404

Achoken, to choke, 47/1235

Acomplise, Acomplisse, to accomplish, 92/2575, 118/3356

Acordable, agreeing, 62/1694

Acusor, informer, 72/1990

Addre (Nadre), adder, 170/4959

Adoune, down, downward, 7/92

Adounward, downwards, 7/87

Adrad, in fear, afraid, 43/1132

Adresse, to direct, control, 163/4721

Afer, afar, 164/4767

Agast, aghast, frightened, 76/2107

Agaste, to terrify, frighten, 141/4051

Agon, ago, 70/1907

Agreableté, goodwill, 42/1099

Agrisen, to be afraid, dread, 10/178, 31/777

Ajuge, to adjudge, 15/325

Aknowe, acknowledged, 17/367

Aldirmost, most of all, 124/3557

Algates, Algate, yet, nevertheless, 19/439, 68/1849, 81/2242, 162/4696, 4698

Allegge, to alleviate, 124/3529

Alouterly, utterly, entirely, 109/3090

Alþerfairest, fairest of all, 87/2422

Alþerfirst, first of all, 10/180

Alþermoste, most of all, 158/4563

Alþerworste, worst of all, 157/4562

Alyene, to alienate, 27/671

Amenuse, to lessen, diminish, 19/426, 40/1039

Amenusynge, diminution, 46/1192

Ameve, Amoeve, Amove, to move, 6/64, 23/551

Amoneste, to admonish, 171/4971

Amonestyng, admonition, exhortation, 149/4296

Amongus, amongst, 52/1380

Amonicioun, admonition, 13/253

Amynistre, to administer, 135/3891

Ancre, anchor, 41/1050

Angre, grief, misery, 41/1072

Anguisse, Angysse, anguish, 79/2177;

to torment, 80/2198

Anguissous, anxious, sorrowful, 41/1062, 1066

Anoie, to be grieved, be sorry, 41/1058

Anoienge, 22/532

Anoies, hurtful, 47/1238

Anoious, annoying, hurtful, 7/102

An-oone, anon, 42/1086

Anoyously, dangerously, hurtfully, 80/2214

Apaise, to appease, 148/4278

Apasse, to pass away, go, 46/1195

Aperceive, to perceive, 16/344, 134/3845

Apertly, plainly, 17/386, 91/2543

Appaie, to please, satisfy, 47/1235

Appaire, to impair, 25/597

Apparaile, to clothe, adorn, 8/116

Apparaillement, clothing, ornament, 49/1300

Appertiene, to appertain, 73/1996

Applien, bend to, join, 161/4660

Apresse, to oppress, 184/60

Aprochen, to approach, 6/63, 66

Arace, Arase, Arrace, to tear, tear from, separate, 11/196, 27/671, 98/2774, 152/4278

Araise, Areise, Areyse, to raise, 51/1357, 118/3369, 178/5212

Arbitre, will, free will, 156/4500

Ardaunt, ardent, 106/3031

Aresten, to stop, arrest, 32/815

Aretten, to ascribe to, impute to, 40/1016

Arist, arises, 143/4138

Armurers, armours, arms, 51/1342

Armures, armour, 9/131

Arst, first, 95/2675

Arwe, arrow, 148/4262

Arysynge, rising, 22/512

Aryve, to bring to shore, 122/3479

Asayle, to assail, 181/40

Ascape, to escape, 8/129

Asondre, asunder, 64/1740

Aspre, sharp, rough, 32/806, 80/2216

Asprenesse, sharpness, 127/3627

Assaie, to essay, 42/1083

Assemble, to gather together, amass (money), 80/2208

Asseure, to assure, 16/330

Assoilen, to absolve, pay, unloose, dissolve, 149/4303, 154/4459

Astat, estate, state, 30/738

Astoned, astonished, 7/92, 63/1702;

stupidus, 122/3471

Astonynge, Astonyenge, astonishment, 9/134, 132/3780

Ataste, to taste, 30/756

Ataynt, Ateint, attained, knowing, experienced, 31/772, 69/1905

Attayne, to reach, 12/227

Atte, at the, 95/2675

Attemperaunce, tempering, temperament, 138/3973, 144/4145

Attempre, to temper, moderate, 8/115, 111/3154;

control, 163/4721;

(adj.) modest, 29/728, 40/1033

Atteyne, to attain, 118/3358

Atwyne, in two, 98/2769

Avalen, to fall down, 143/4139

Avaunce, to advance, further, 41/1057

Avaunte, to boast, 5/26, 19/426

Auctorité, authority, 7/91

Aventerouse, fortuitous, 28/697, 40/1018

Aventure, event, 21/476

Autour, author, 58/1556

Auȝte, ought, 11/213

Avisen, to consider, 174/5063

Awaite, snare, 80/2214

Awaitour, one who lies in wait, 121/3463

Awiþ = aweþ, oweth (debet), 178/5198

Ay, ever, 184/55

Ay-dwellynge, ever-dwelling, 173/5044

Ayenis, against, 97/2749

Axe, to ask, 17/357, 24/579

Aȝeins, Aȝeynes, Aȝeynest, against, 10/183, 11/194, 12/221, 13/255

Aȝeinewarde, on the contrary, on the other hand, 42/1098

Bacine, basin, 133/3806

Batailen, to war on, do battle against, 18/412

Been, bees, 80/2200

Ber, did bear, 6/61

Bere, Bear, 143/4124

Beren on hond, to accuse falsely, 20/449

Bet, better, 63/1703

Bibled, covered over with blood, 48/1860

Bisien, to trouble, 8/112

Bitake. See Bytake.

Bitidd, happened, 176/5143

Bitwixen. See Bytwixen.

Blaundissinge, flattering, 30/749

Blaundyshing, flattery, blandishment, 34/866

Bleched, bleached, 181/45

Blemisse, to blemish, abuse (lacero), 20/472

Blyssed, blessed, 181/43

Blyþenesse, joyfulness, 37/957

Boch, botch, blain, sore, 72/1977

Bode, to foretell, 143/4130

Bole, bull, 148/4274

Boot, did bite, 53/1400

Bordure, border, hem, 6/50

Bosten, to boast, 79/2171

Botme, bottom, 12/234

Bounté, Bownté, goodness, kindness, 19/444, 46/1202, 183/39

Brenne (pret. Brende), to burn, 19/437, 106/3031

Brid, bird, 68/1867

Bristlede, bristly, 148/4281

Brode, broadly, plainly, 49/1298

Brutel, brittle, fragile, 45/1174

Brutelnesse, brittleness, frailty, 184/63

Burþe, birth, 78/2165

Busshel (corn), 15/312

Bydolven (p.p.), buried, 151/4348

Byen (for abyen), suffer, 125/3578

Byforen, Byforn, Byforne, before, 20/454

Bygunne, didst begin, 37/941

Bygyle, to beguile, 25/615

Byhate, to hate, 75/2051

Byheste, promise, 149/4303

Byhete, to promise, 61/1651, 69/1903

Byhynde, Byhynden, behind, 108/3062, 110/3137

Byhyȝt, promised, 70/1925, 85/2374, 157/4558

Byknowen, Byknowe, to acknowledge, 146/4211, 175/5107;

p.p. Byknowen, 90/2514

Byleve, believe, 28/695

Byname, an additional name, 84/2333

Byneþen, beneath, 49/1295

Bynomen (p.p.), taken from, 124/3527

Bynyme, to deprive of, take away, 43/1117, 70/1930

Byreft, bereft, 33/837

Byseche, to beseech, 86/2408

Bysmoked, besmoked, 5/49

Byspotte, to defile, 73/2009

Bystowe, to bestow, 24/585

Bysynesse, toil, 184/75

Bytake, to entrust, 32/808

Bytide (pret. Bytidde, p.p. Bytid), to befall, happen, 20/474, 151/4360, 155/4467

Bytwene, between, 6/54

Bytwixen, betwixt, 132/3785

Bytynge, biting, sharp, 63/1721

Bywepe, to weep for, 26/644

Byweyle, to bewail, 26/643

Caitif, Caytif, wretched, 21/489, 116/3289

Careyne, carcase, corpse, 116/3307

Cariages, taxes (vectigalia), 15/303

Celebrable, commendable, noted, 84/2320, 147/4257

Certein, certain, 170/4952

Cese, to cease, 36/904, 130/3716

Cesse, to cease, 133/3821

Chalenge, to claim, 52/1380

Chastie, Chastysen, to chastise, 125/3579, 145/4170

Chayere, chair, seat, 21/503

Cheminey, furnace (caminus), 12/236

Cheryce, to cherish, 181/52

Chesen, to choose, 76/2096

Cheyn, chain, 8/122

Chiere, Chere, Choere, face, countenance, 8/123, 12/232, 108/3080

Chirkynge, groaning (stridens), 25/618

Clarré, a kind of wine, 50/1329

Cleer, serene, 45/1168

Clepe, to call, 4/17, 11/188, 17/369

Clifte, fissure, cleft, 130/3721

Cliven, Clive, to stick, cling, adhere to, 41/1050, 101/2858, 159/4600

Cloumben = Clomben, climbed, ascended, 57/1533

Coempcioun, coemption, 15/309

Coeterne, coeternal, 172/5019

Colasioun, collation, 125/3569

Collacioun, comparison, 165/4805

Combred, troubled, 94/2642

Commoeve, to move, 107/3043

Commoevyng, moving (excitans), 12/233

Communalité, commonwealth, 14/271, 142/4108

Comparisoune, to compare, 58/1567

Complyssen, to accomplish, 124/3534

Compotent, having the mastery (compos), 172/5012

Compoune, to compose, form, 87/2419, 93/2598

Comprende, comprehend, 165/4807

Comunableté, commonwealth, 13/268

Comune, common, 9/140, 15/310

Confederacie, conspiracy, 53/1399

Confus, confused, 132/3788

Conjecte, to conjecture, 27/649, 114/3230

Conjoignen, to join, 92/2573

Conjuracioun, conspiracy, 18/394, 53/1399

Consequente, conse­quence, 84/2323

Constreyne, to constrain, contract, 5/38

Consuler (Conseiler), consul, 51/1364, 1366

Consumpt (consumptus), consumed, 60/1632

Contek, contest, strife, 130/3745

Contene, Contienen, to contain, comprehend, 24/573, 116/3302

Contrarien, to be opposed to, adverse to, 154/4440

Contrarious, adverse, opposite, 21/488, 53/1420

Contrefeten, to counterfeit, 173/5031

Convenably, fitly, conveniently, 142/4089

Convict, convicted, 19/440

Cop, top, summit, 44/1159

Corage, mind, spirit, 118/3367, 119/3398

Corige, to correct, 125/3581

Corompe, Corrumpe, to become corrupt, 98/2766, 96/2697

Corone, Coroune, a crown, 119/3385, 91/2555

Corsed, cursed, 181/27

Corsednesse, cursedness, 90/2526

Corumpynge, corruption, 103/2927

Cosyne, cousin, 106/3020

Couche, to lay, set, 35/890

Coupable, guilty, 10/172

Couth, known, 25/592

Coveite, to covet, 51/1365

Covenable, fit, convenient, 97/2731

Covertour, Coverture, covering, 118/3361, 159/4622

Covetise, Coveytyse, covetousness, 20/451, 181/32

Covine, deceit, collusion, 21/493

Coyn, money, 180/20

Creat, created, 99/2796

Crike, creek, 82/2260

Croppe, top, 69/1877

Curacioun, cure (curatio), 26/632

Curage, 30/753. See Corage.

Cure, care, 64/1753

Dalf (pret. of delven), dug, delved, 51/1349

Damoisel, damsel, 30/762

Dampnacioun, condemnation, 16/352

Daunten, Dawnte, to subdue, daunt, 77/2115, 147/4258

Debonairly, mildly, 122/3490

Deboneire, gentle (mitis), 22/519;

good, 88/2450

Deceivable, deceptive, 77/2124

Dede, did, 181/28

Dedid, made dead, 127/3623

Deef, deaf, 4/18

Deere, dear, 37/941

Deeþ, death, 4/15

Defaute, fault, defect, 18/402

Defende, to forbid, 34/859

Deffeted, enfeebled, weakened, 30/735

Defoule, to defile, 21/491, 68/1873

Degrees, steps, 6/54

Delices, delight, delights (deliciæ), 38/968, 41/1062, 66/1787

Delitable, delectable, 30/756

Delitably, delightfully, 108/3078

Delve, should dig, 151/4352

Delver, a digger, 151/4359

Delyé, thin, fine, 5/43. Fr. délié.

Dempne, to condemn, 183/49

Denoye, to deny, 88/2464

Departe, to separate, 29/719

Depelyche, deeply, 160/4647

Depeynte, to depict, 111/3146

Depper, deeper, 27/649

Derke, Derken, to darken, 7/90, 20/448

Derworþe, Derworþi, precious, 31/787, 41/1046

Desarmen, disarm, 13/241

Desceivaunce, deception, 81/2240

Desceive, Desseive, to deceive, 9/141, 38/967

Descryven, to describe, 99/2813

Desmaie, to dismay, 35/896

Desordene, inordinate, 36/912

Despoylynge, spoil, prey, 147/4259

Destempraunce, severity, 97/2749

Destinal, fatal, 135/3884

Destourbe, disturb, 143/4123

Destrat, distracted, 80/2216

Destreine, to constrain, bind, 54/1441

Diffinisse, to define, 88/2459, 165/4808

Digne, worthy, just, 43/1124, 149/4297

Digneliche, worthily, 53/1427

Dirke, dark, 83/2306

Dirke, Dirken, to make dark, darken, 5/48, 49

Dirkenesse, darkness, 23/535

Disceyvable, deceptive, 4/23

Discordable, discordant, 143/4133

Discorde, to disagree, 94/2632, 102/2898

Discordyng, disagreeing, discordant, 68/1849

Discours, judgment, reason, 165/4804

Discressioun, discretion, 93/2594

Discussed, dispersed, scattered, 9/149

Disdaignen, to disdain (indignari), 146/4213

Disencrese, to decrease, 173/5035

Disordinaunce, disorder, 150/4324

Dispenden, to spend, expend, 45/1181

Dispone, to dispose, 135/3864

Disputisoun, disputation, 149/4314

Disseveraunce, separation, 96/2701

Dissimulen, to dissemble, 178/5215

Distempre, intemperate, 121/3466

Distingwed, distinguished, 47/1223

Dité, ditty, 134/3850

Divinour, diviner, 157/4541

Domesman, judge, 55/1467

Doom, judgment, 152/4395

Doumbe, dumb, 9/138

Doutous, Dowtos, doubtful, 5/37

Dowblenesse, duplicity, 182/63

Drede, dread, 21/497

Dredeful, timid, 121/3468

Dredles, fearless, 106/3028

Dreint, Dreynt, drowned, drenched, 4/22, 7/99, 148/4271

Dresse, to direct, order, 137/3954, 142/4104

Drouppe, to drop, 20/455

Drow, drew, 15/300

Duelly, duly, 22/530

Dulle, to become dull, 7/100

Dure, Duren, to last, 98/2755

Duske, to make dusk or dim, 5/48

Dyverses (pl.), divers, 8/120

Dyvynynge, divination, 157/4541

Echid, increased, 77/2134

Echynnys, sea-urchins, 82/2266

Egalité, equality, evenness (of mind), 42/1099

Egaly, equally, evenly, 43/1108, 157/4536

Egge, edge, 180/19

Egre, sharp, 25/610

Egren, to urge, excite, 141/4060

Eir, air, 45/1169

Ek, Eke, also, 40/1040, 181/36

Elde, old age, 5/48

Eldefadir, grandfather, 40/1042

Elder, older, 89/2493

Embelise, to embellish, 47/1223

Emperie, government, 51/1363

Emperisse, empress, 109/3098

Empoysenyng, poisoning, 11/206 (venenum)

Emprente, to imprint, 166/4839

Emprenten, obtain (translates the Latin, impetrent), 159/4596.

Perhaps a mistake for empetren.

Emptid, exhausted, 5/34

Enbaissynge, a debasing, 109/3107

Enbrase, embrace, 142/4092

Enchaufen, to make hot, chafe, 73/2020

Encharge, to impose, 178/5214

Enchaunteresse, enchantress, 123/3504

Endamagen, to damage, 15/316

Endirken, to obscure, 120/3418

Enditen, to indite, 4/4

Enfourme, to inform, instruct, 11/212, 13/263

Enhaunse, Enhawnse, to raise, exalt (enhance), 33/825

Enlace, to bind, entangle, entertwine, perplex, 13/245, 80/2207, 149/4298

Enoynte, to anoint, 36/923

Enpeyren, to impair, 120/3418, 139/4015

Ensample, example, 9/151

Entalenten, to excite, 168/4876

Entecche, defile, pollute, 120/3431

Entendyng, intent, looking stedfastly on, 8/126

Entente, to intend, 150/4345

Ententes, endeavours, labours, 7/79

Ententif, attentive, intent, 12/223, 29/731

Ententifly, attentively, 103/2931

Enterchaunge, to interchange, 65/1785, 131/3753

Entercomunynge, commerce, communication, 57/1528

Entermedle, to intermix, 54/1436

Entré (adytum), 30/751

Entrechaunge, to interchange, 39/1003

Entrelaced, intermingled, entangled, 105/2981

Entremete, intermeddle, 104/2964

Enveneme, to poison, infect, 120/3437

Enviroune, to surround, 34/848, 88/2437

Environynge, circumference, 164/4769

Erþeliche, Erþelyche, earthly, 52/1378, 69/1888

Erye, to plough, ear, 71/1964

Eschapen, to escape, 41/1054

Eschaufe, to become hot, to burn, 22/524

Eschewen, to avoid, escape, 177/5172

Eschuynge, eschewing, 99/2802

Establisse, to establish, 15/311

Eterne, eternal;

fro eterne = from eternity, 153/4422

Eternité, eternity, 171/4986

Evenliche, evenly, 25/599

Everyche, every, 11/190;

each, 181/48

Evesterre, evening star, 22/510

Excussyoun, execution, 184/65

Exercen, to exercise, practise, 52/1389

Exercitacioun, exercise, 140/4034

Exilynge, banishment, 11/205

Exite, to excite, 168/4881

Eyen, eyes, 183/36

Eyer, air, 170/4962

Fader, father, 18/414

Familarité, familiarity, 30/740

Familers, familiars, 18/407

Fantesye, fancy, inclination, 181/51

Fasoun, fashion, 62/1693

Feffe, (?) 38/966

Fel, felle, fierce 44/1160

Felawschipe, to accompany, 111/3141

Felefold, manifold, 30/738

Felliche, fiercely, 39/997

Felnesse, fierceness, 25/618

Felonous, wicked, depraved, 18/405

Felonye, crime, 124/3542

Fer, far, 23/554

Ferm, firm, 78/2148

Fermely, firmly, 157/4550

Ferne, fern, 64/1741

Ferne, distant, 60/1621

Ferþe, fourth, 56/1509

Festivaly, gaily, 59/1581

Festne, to fasten, fix, 10/166

Fette, fetched, 180/22

Fey, faith, truth, 112/3178

Ficchen, to fix, fasten, 45/1164, 88/2446

Fieblesse, feebleness, 81/2240, 112/3176

Fille, abundance, 48/1269

Flaumbe, flame, 98/2761

Fleme, to banish, 29/723

Fles, fleece, 180/18

Flete, Fleten, to float, flow, pass away, abound, 8/118, 28/690, 146/4223, 152/4376

Fletynge, flowing, 71/1961

Fley, flee, 149/4289

Fleyen, to flee, 125/3584

Flies, fleece, 50/1330

Flitte, to remove, 68/1853

Flittyng, changing, fickle, 78/2150

Flityng, flitting, 12/220

Flotere, to float, 99/2817

Floterynge, floating, 87/2420

Flouren, to flourish, 131/3763

Fodre, fodder, 148/4267

Foleyen, Folyen, to act foolishly, 67/1821, 1826

Folyly, foolishly, 12/220

Fooldest, foldest, 105/2984

Forbrek, broke, interrupted, 108/3082

Fordoon, to undo, destroy, 62/1693

Fordryven, driven about, 12/215

Foreyne, foreign, 34/851

Forghe, furrow, 170/4959

Forheved, forehead, 16/346

Forknowyng, foreknowledge, 178/5187

Forleften, left (pret. of forleve, linquo), 9/150

Forlete, to cease, 96/2697;

leave, forsake, 22/525

Forleten (p.p.), neglected, forsaken, 5/47

Forliven, degenerate from (degenero), 78/2163

Forlorn, lost, 34/858, 121/3452

Forme, an error for ferme, to make firm, 23/547

Forpampred, overpampered, 180/5

Fors, force;

‘no fors,’ no matter, 182/13

Forsweryng, perjury, 23/536

Forþenke, to be sorry, grieved, 41/1058

Forþere, to further, promote, 41/1057

Forþest, farthest, 136/3918

Forþi, therefore, 28/689

Fortroden, trodden upon, trampled, 109/3100

Fortunel, fortuitous, 152/4379

Fortunouse, Fortuouse, fortuitous, 26/639, 38/983, 132/3779

Forwes, furrows, 180/12

Forwiter, foreknower, 178/5204

Foryetyn, forgotten, 101/2872

Foundement, foundation, 98/2754

Fowel, bird, 107/3053

Fram, from, 70/1931

Freele, frail, 61/1658

Frete, to eat, devour, 147/4252

Frounce, flounce, 9/147

Fructe, fruit, 180/3

Frutefiyng, fructifying, fruitful, 6/72

Fulfilling, satisfying, 79/2178

Fycche, fix, 108/3073. See Ficchen.

Fyn, end, 69/1892

Gabbe, ‘gabbe I?’ am I deceived? 49/1308

Galentyne, a dish in ancient cookery made of sopped bread and spices (Halliwell), 180/16

Galles, galls, 181/47

Gapen, to desire, be greedy for, 15/324, 36/910

Gapinge, desire, 36/910

Gastnesse, terror, fear, 75/2079

Geaunt, giant, 104/2966

Gentilesse, nobility, 78/2154

Geometrien, geometrician, 91/2552

Gerdoned, rewarded, 120/3410

Gerdoun, reward, 13/265

Gerner, garner, 15/305

Gesse, Gessen, to deem, suppose, estimate, 17/378, 19/416, 65/1782

Gessinge, opinion, 21/475

Gest, guest, 38/979

Gideresse, a female guide, 108/3084

Gise, guise, mode, 71/1943

Giser, gizzard, 107/3054

Glotonus, greedy, 26/620

Gnodded, pounded, 180/11

Gobet, a bit (of gold), 51/1349

Godhed, divinity, 122/3492

Goost, spirit, ghost, 40/1036

Governaile, government (gubernaculum), 27/651

Governaunce, control, 32/813

Goye, joy, 179/5218

Grayþe, to devise, prepare, 19/438

Grobbe up, to grub up, 181/29

Grond, did grind, 180/15

Gynne, snare, trap, 82/2256

Gynner, beginner, 150/4330

Gyse, guise, mode, 134/3860

Habitacle, habitation, 57/1525

Habunde, to abound, 41/1073

Halden, to hold, 41/1053

Hale, to draw, drag, 61/1665

Halt, holds, 56/1504

Hardnesse, hardship, 132/3783

Hardyly, boldly, 34/857

Hastise, to hasten, 131/3746

Haunten, to frequent, 10/168;

to practise, exercise, 52/1389

Heeres, hairs, 4/12

Heet, heat, 28/699

Hef, raised, heaved, 5/41

Hele, health, 93/2623

Henten, to seize, 15/326

Hepen, to heap up, increase, 153/4418

Herburghden, harboured, lodged, 53/1409

Herie, to praise, 109/3112

Hert, hart, 106/3027

Herted, hearted, 55/1466

Heve, to raise, heave, 171/4968

Heved, head, 4/13

Hevenelyche, heavenly, 8/105

Hevie, to make heavy, 171/4967

Hey, high, 22/523

Heyere, higher, 143/4117

Heyȝe, high, 171/4969

Hielde, pour, 35/899

Hiȝte, to adorn, 8/116

Hoke, hook, 16/347

Holily, wholly, entirely, 90/2503

Homelyche, homely, 105/3001

Hond, hand, 20/449

Honter, a hunter, 12/228

Hool, whole, 46/1191

Hoolnesse, wholeness, 164/4754

Hoope, to hope, 17/384

Hore, hoary, 4/13

Humblesse, humility, 80/2213

Hungry tyme, time of famine, 15/314

Hurtlen, to rush against, to oppose, 30/748, 167/4866

Hyene, hyæna, 185/35

Hyȝt, is called, 9/154, 25/619

Hyȝten, are called, 77/2126

Ibouȝt, bought, 157/4540

Ibowed, bent, turned, 137/3949

Icharged, loaded, 71/1962

Igete, gotten, 36/908

Ilorn, lost, 62/1677

Imperial, august (imperiosus), 7/91

Implie, to fold, enclose, 152/4379

Infortune, misfortune, 79/2197

Inmoeveable, immovable, 173/5030

Inmoeveableté, immobility, 173/5032

Inorschid, nourished, nurtured, 8/128

I-nowh, enough, 180/11

Inperfit, imperfect, 83/2291

Inplitable (inexplicabilis), 15/315

Inprente, to imprint, 166/4832

Inpressed, impressed, 167/4861

Inrest, innermost, 136/3913

Instaunce (instantia), presence, 174/5067

Intil, into, 110/3139

Inwiþ, within, 32/801

Issest, issuest, 105/2983

Iwist, known, 156/4513

Jangland, chattering, 68/1867

Jape-worthi, ridiculous, 157/4540

Jolyté, pleasure, 79/2189

Jowes, jaws, 15/323

Joygnen, to join, 54/1455

Joynture, juncture, joining, 46/1207

Juge, a judge, 19/431;

to judge, 53/1427

Jugement, judgment, 114/3253

Karf (pret. of Kerven), cut, 50/1337

Kembd, Kembed, combed, 23/537

Kerve, to cut, 64/1740

Kevere, cover, obscure, 34/861

Keye, helm (clavus), 103/2926

Knowelechinge, knowledge, 168/4874

Knyȝt, soldier, 111/3142

Konnyng, knowledge, 16/351

Korue (p.p.), cut, rent, 6/58

Kuytten, to cut, 147/4246

Kyd, known, 181/46

Kyndeliche, Kyndely, naturally, 101/2850, 114/3228

Kythen, to make known, show, 184/63

Lache, slow, lazy, 122/3471

Lad (p.p.), led, 35/879

Laddre, ladder, 6/55

Lambyssh, lamb-like, 181/50

Languisse, to languish, 30/734, 130/3740

Lappe, flap, 9/146

Largesse, liberality, 45/1183

Lasse, less, 22/508

Leche, Leecher, physician, 13/250, 114/3254, 139/3990

Leef, dear, 37/941

Leesen, Leese, to lose, 22/509, 43/1133

Lene, to give, 139/3993

Lenger, longer, 52/1370

Lesynge, loss, 141/4066

Lesynge, leasing, lie, 156/4525

Leten, to leave, 10/176;

to esteem, 61/1666

Leve, permission, leave, 128/3658

Leveful, allowable, lawful, 10/176

Ligge, to lie, 60/1632, 147/4251

Liifly, lively, lifelike, 5/33

Likerous, lecherous, 72/1989

Litargie, lethargy, 9/140

Litestere, a dyer, 180/17

Lokyng, sight, 10/167

Loos, praise

Looþ, loath, 40/1036

Lorel, a wretch, 21/495

Lorn, lost, 34/859

Lous, loose, free, 136/3926

Lykynge, pleasure, 31/771

Lymes, limbs, 71/1946

Lynage, lineage, 41/1070

Lythnesse, lightness, 98/2761

Lyȝte goodes, temporal goods, 4/21

Lyȝtly, easily, 12/220

Lyȝtne, to enlighten, 128/3655

Lyȝtnesse, light, brightness, 8/106

Maat, weary, dejected, 40/1037

Magistrat, magistracy, 72/1985

Maistresse, mistress, 10/169

Malice, nefas, wickedness, 20/466

Malyfice, maleficium, 20/468

Manace, menace, 12/232

Manase, to menace, 118/3365

Manassynge, threatening, 44/1158

Mareis, Mareys, marsh, 56/1513, 97/2735

Margarits, pearls, 94/2650

Marye, pith, marrow, 97/2744

Maugré, in spite of, 70/1928

Mede, meed, reward, 91/2555

Medle, to mix, Medelyng, mixing, mixture, 20/449, 122/3482, 126/3594

Meenelyche, moderate, 28/706

Meistresse, mistress, 17/363

Melle, mill, 180/6

Mene, the mean or middle path, 146/4228

Meremaydenes, mermaids, 7/83

Merken, to mark, 16/346

Mervaille, Merveile, marvel, 18/403, 132/3787

Merveilen, to marvel, 46/1205

Mervelyng, wondering, 10/161

Mest, most, 42/1081

Mesuren, to measure, 65/1782

Meyné, servants, domestics, 47/1243

Mirie, pleasant, sweet, 4/16

Mirinesse, pleasure, 66/1793

Misericorde, mercy, pity, 107/3057

Mistourne, to misturn, mislead, 69/1894

Mochel, great, 62/1674, 109/3110

Moeveable, mobile, fickle, 133/3817

Moeven, to move, 8/112, 150/4329

Moewyng, moving, motion, 130/3742

Mokere, to hoard up, 45/1182

Mokere, miser, 45/1182. A mistake for mokerere.

Molesté, trouble, grief, 85/2346

Monstre, prodigy, 18/403

More, greater, 129/3697

Morwe, morning, 22/513

Mosten (pl.), must, 166/4836

Mot, must, 40/1038

Mowen, be able, 25/608

Mowynge, ability, power, 124/3548

Myche, much, 21/475

Mychel, much, 46/1215

Myntynge, purposing, endeavouring, 7/101

Myrie, pleasant, 45/1165

Myrily, pleasantly, 59/1582

Myrþes, pleasures, 132/3782

Mys, badly, wrongly, 131/3772

Mysese, grievance, trouble, 15/299

Mysknowynge, ignorant, 61/1659

Mysweys, wrong paths, 149/4309

Naie, to refuse, 4/19

Nake, to make naked, 148/4288

Nameles, unrenowned, 131/3762

Namelyche, Namly, especially, 124/3550

Nare, were not, 10/176

Nart, art not, 23/556

Narwe, narrow, 57/1520

Nas, was not, 180/9

Naþeles, nevertheless, 6/57

Nat, not, 23/556

Necesseden, necessitated, 87/2419

Nedely, of necessity, 84/2334

Negardye, (sb.) misers, 183/53

Nere, were not, 26/646

Neþemaste, lowest, nethermost, 6/56

Neþereste, lowest, 6/50

Newe, to renew, 137/3938

Newliche, recently, 122/3489

Nice, foolish, 148/4287

Nil, will not, 107/3055

Nillynge, being unwilling, 97/2718

Nilt, wilt not, 112/3193

Nis, is not, 12/218

Niste, knew not, 102/2882

Noblesse, nobleness, 37/947

Nobley, nobility, nobleness, 37/945

Nolden, would not, 52/1369

Norice, nurse, 10/167

Norisse, to nourish, 79/2174

Norry, nursling, pupil, 10/173

Norssinge, nourishment, support, 47/1231;

nutriment, 37/932

Not, know not (1st pers.), 27/649

Notful, useful, 7/85

Nounpower, impotence, 75/2074

Nouþir, neither, 160/4644

Noyse, to make a noise (about a thing), to brag, 79/2171

Nurry (see Norry), 86/2386

Nys, is not, 45/1175

O, one, 24/564

Obeisaunt, obedient, 13/266, 32/814

Object, presented, 168/4889

Occupye, to seize, 146/4227

Offence, hurt, damage, 180/19

Offensioun, offence, 20/473

Olifuntȝ, elephants, 80/2223

Onknowyn, unknown, 180/6

Onlyche, only, 171/4968

Onone, Onoon, at once, anon, 23/553, 74/2027

Ony, any, 21/488

Ooned, united, 135/3879

Oor, oar, 50/1338

Oosteresse, hostess, 122/3495

Or, ere, before, 9/143

Ordeinly, orderly, 140/4044

Ordenour, ordainer, 109/3110

Ordeyne, orderly, 109/3109

Ordinat, ordered, settled, 12/229

Ordinee, orderly, 102/2902

Ordure, filth, 29/716

Ostelmentȝ, furniture, goods, 48/1266

Oþerweyes, otherwise (aliter), 164/4772

Outerage, excess, 50/1326

Outerest, extremest, remotest, 55/1469, 89/2476

Outerly, utterly, 108/3081

Outraien, do harm (?), 78/2162

Over-comere, conqueror, 8/109

Overmaste, highest, uppermost, 6/57

Overmyche, overmuch, very much, 79/2191

Overoolde, very old, 11/209

Overþrowen, prostrate, 21/497

Overþrowyng, forward, headstrong, 7/99, 141/4058

Overtymelyche, untimely, 4/13

Owh, an exclamation (papæ), 112/3166

Owtrage, excess, 180/5

Paied, satisfied, 58/1549

Paleis, pale, 24/574

Palude, marsh, 148/4262

Paraventure, peradventure, 18/402

Parchemyn, parchment, 166/4835

Parsoners, sharers, partakers, 170/4942

Partles, without a share, 120/3409

Pas, paces, 19/442

Paysyble, peaceable, peaceful, 180/1

Peisible, quiet, placid, 23/550, 88/2450

Percen, to pierce, 81/2236

Perdurable, lasting, perpetual, 5/44, 21/503

Perdurableté, immortality, 58/1557

Perfitlyche, Perfitly, perfectly, 87/2426, 133/3833

Perfourny, to afford, furnish, 67/1823

Perisse, to perish, 96/2712

Perturbacioun, perturbation, 7/98

Perverte, to destroy, 11/201

Peyne, punishment, 121/3439

Piment, a kind of drink, 50/1329

Plenté, fulness, 173/5037

Plentevous, affluent, 67/1824

Plentivous, yielding abundantly, fertile, 64/1739

Plentivously, abundantly, 25/592

Plete, argue, plead, 33/833

Pletyngus, pleadings, debates (at law), 70/1933

Pleyne, to complain, 31/777

Pleynelyche, plainly, 28/681

Pleynt, complaint, 110/3122

Plonge, Ploungen, to plunge, 7/89, 65/1784

Ploungy, wet, rainy (imbrifer), 64/1745

Polute, polluted, 20/450

Pose, to put a case, cf. put a poser, 162/4686

Pousté, power, 131/3766

Pownage, pasturage, 180/7

Poyntel, style, 166/4838

Preiere, prayer, 107/3044

Preisen, to estimate, judge, 7/379

Preisynge, praising, 77/2131

Preke, to prick, 85/2346

Prenostik, prognostic, 183/54

Presentarie, present, 178/5196

Preterit, preterite, past, 171/4990

Pretorie, the imperial body-guard, 15/317

Prevé, secret, 121/3464

Preven, to prove, 90/2503

Prie, to pray, 25/600

Pris, value;

‘worþi of pris,’ precious, 24/583

Proche, to approach, 145/4182

Proeve, to approve, 154/4456

Punisse, to punish, 22/531

Puplisse, to publish, spread, propagate, 58/1549, 98/2753

Purper, purple, 25/617

Purpose, to propose, 176/5148

Purveaunce, providence, 134/3863

Purveiable, provident, foreseeing, 68/1854

Purveie, to ordain, order, 21/478

Purvyance, providence, 99/2795

Quereles, complaints, 70/1932

Quik, living, 134/3839

Quyene, queen, 183/43

Quyerne, a mill, 180/6

Rafte, bereft, 147/4259

Raþer, earlier, former, 30/735

Raviner, a plunderer, 12/228

Ravische, to snatch, 11/190

Ravyne, plunder, rapine, 15/302, 36/909

Ravynour, plunderer, 121/3460

Ravysse, to carry off, 131/3774

Real, royal, 19/420

Recche, to care, reck, 33/827, 38/987

Recompensacioun, recompense, 130/3724

Recorde, to recount, recall, 92/2580, 101/2871

Reddowr, severity, rigour, 182/13

Redenesse, redness, flushing, 7/88

Redoutable, venerable, 131/3763

Redoute, to fear, 10/178, 57/1535

Redy = rody, red, ruddy, 39/995

Refet, refreshed, 143/4116

Reft (away), carried off, 22/521

Refut, refuge, 94/2644

Regne, kingdom, 67/1843

Regnen, to reign, rule, 29/726

Remewe, to remove, 19/441

Remorde, to vex, trouble, 140/4030

Remuable, able to remove from one place to another, 168/4898

Remuen, to remove, 52/1394

Renomed, renowned, 41/1070, 78/2143

Renovele, to renew, 98/2752

Replenisse, to replenish, 20/469

Reprere, to reprove, 167/4857

Repugnen, to be repugnant to, 154/4440

Requerable, desirable, 52/1377

Requere, to require, 99/2790

Rescowe, to recover, 133/3809

Rescowe, to rescue, 35/881

Resolve, to loosen, melt, 133/3814

Resoune, to resound, 107/3036

Rethoryen, rhetorical, 30/759

Rewlyche, pitiable, sorrowful, 35/878

Risorse = recourse (recursus), course, 8/108

Rody, ruddy, 143/4122

Roos, roes, 82/2258

Rosene, roseat, 8/117

Route, company, 47/1243

Royle, to run, roll, 29/717

Rynnyng, running, 50/1335

Ryȝtwisnesse, righteousness, equity, 16/331

Sachel, satchel, sack, 12/223

Sad, stable, 41/1064

Saddenesse, stability, 110/3123

Sarpuler, a sack made of coarse cloth (Sarcinula), 12/223

Sauuacioun, safety, salvation, 97/2723

Sauȝ, Say, saw, 8/106, 9/137

Saye, sawest, 37/958

Schad, shed, 4/13

Schrew, a wicked person, a wretch, 12/217

Schrewed, wicked, 18/398

Schrewednesse, wickedness, 18/401, 117/3324

Schronk, shrunk, 5/38

Schulden (pl.), should, 9/132

Schullen (pl.), shall, 25/605

Scom, foam, froth, 148/4281

Scripture, writing, 17/382

Sege, seat, 13/258

Seien (pl.), saw, 51/1344

Seien (p.p.), seen, 6/54

Selde, seldom, 133/3818

Seler, cellar, 35/890

Selily, happily, blissfully, 42/1076

Selve, very, 5/42

Semblable, like, 48/1279

Semblaunce, likeness, 142/4106

Semblaunt, appearance, countenance, 5/31

Senglely, singly, 85/2369

Sensibilites, sensations, 166/4830

Servage, servitude, 153/4411

Sewe, to follow, 88/2441

Seye, sawest, 37/955

Seyntuaries, sanctuaries, 16/343

Shad, divided, spread, 136/3922

Sholdres, shoulders, 148/4281

Sich, such, 6/67

Sikerly, certainly, 94/2635

Singler, individual, single, 57/1529

Singlerly, singly, 135/3890

Sittyng, fitting, becoming, 10/176

Skilynge, reason, 137/3931

Slaken, to slake (hunger), 50/1326

Slede, sledge, 110/3131

Sleen, Slen, to slay, 53/1409, 55/1460

Slouȝ, slew, 55/1461

Smaragde, emerald, 94/2650

Smerte, to smart, pain, 39/1011

Smot, smote, 147/4254

Smoþe, smooth, 8/112

Sodeyn, sudden, 10/161

Somedel, somewhat, 25/606

Somer, summer, 22/517

Songen (p.p.), sung, 108/3078

Soory, sorry, grievous, 38/978

Soþe, true, 17/377, 118/3352

Soþefastly, truly, 89/2481

Soþely, truly, 169/4918

Soþenesse, truth, 26/641

Sothfast, true, 61/1652

Soun, sound, 68/1852

Soune, to sound, 37/929

Sounyng, sounding, roaring, 8/111

Sovereyne, supreme, 90/2508

Sovereynely, supremely, 91/2545

Sourmounte, to surpass, 80/2223

Spece, species, 165/4789

Speculacioun, looking, contemplation, 153/4408

Spedeful, Spedful, efficacious, conducive, 125/3570, 161/4671

Speden, to make clear, explain, 161/4667

Spere, sphere, 8/108

Sperkele, spark, 104/2971

Sprad, spread (p.p.), 9/156

Stableté, stability, 137/3950

Stablise, to establish, 134/3860

Stably, firmly, 135/3890

Stappe, step, 170/4963

Staunche, to satisfy, 71/1948, 1961

Stere, to move (agitare), 106/3015

Sterre, star, 36/903

Sterry, starry, 36/904

Sterten, to start, 104/2971

Stidefastnesse, stability, strength, 97/2748

Stidfast, steadfast, 182/17

Stien, to ascend, 88/2444

Stiere, steer, rudder (gubernaculum), 103/2926

Stiern, stern, 60/1628

Stoon, stone, 45/1165

Stormynge, making stormy, 29/712

Stont, stands, 9/154

Stoundes, times, 178/5187

Strauȝt, stretched, extended, 170/4957

Strengere, stronger, 12/221

Strenkeþ, strength, 12/240

Streyhte, stretched, 63/1702

Streyne, to restrain, 150/4325

Strond, strand, 51/1339

Strook, stroke, 153/4433

Strumpet, 6/66

Stye, to ascend, 143/4117

Stynte, to stop, 37/929

Styntynge, stopping, ceasing, 61/1638

Suasioun, persuasion (suadela), 30/759

Subgit, subject, 48/1273

Submytte, to compel, force (summitto), 19/434

Sudeyn, sudden, 30/752

Suffisaunce, sufficiency, 70/1922

Suffisaunt, sufficient, 70/1924

Suffisauntly, sufficiently, 133/3833

Summitte, Summytte, to submit, 49/1288, 136/3924

Superfice, surface, 81/2238

Supplien, to supplicate, 80/2210

Surté, security, 181/46

Sustigne, to sustain, 183/41

Sweighe, whirl, circular motion (turbo), 22/504

Swerd, sword, 19/438

Swety, sweaty, 181/28

Sweyes, whirlings, 32/816

Swich, such, 20/446

Swolwe, to swallow, 98/2777

Syker, secure, safe, 12/224, 16/333

Sykernesse, security, safety, 9/132

Symplesse, simplicity, 136/3914

Syn, since, 31/789

Syþen, since, 32/802

Talent, affection, desire, will, 6/71, 168/4887

Taylage, tollage, 181/54

Þar, need, 38/987

Þerwhiles, whilst, 176/5150

Þilke, the same, that, 99/2814

Þo, Þoo (pl.), the, 11/200, 168/4886

Þondre, thunder, 45/1166

Þoruȝ, through, 11/202

Þreschefolde, threshold, 7/89

Þrest, thirst, 36/914, 71/1945

Þreste, Þresten, thrust, 47/1237, 148/4283

Throf, throve, flourished, 74/2050

Þrust, thirst, 107/3053

Til, to, 69/1891

Tilier, a tiller, 151/4352

To-breke, break in pieces, 88/2447

Todrowen (pl.), drew asunder, 11/193

Toforne, before, 177/5184

Togidres, together, 53/1421

To hepe, together, 140/4029

Tokene, to token, 26/624

Tollen, to draw, 56/1496

Torenten (pl.), rent asunder, 11/194

To-teren, tear in pieces, 68/1865

Traas, Trais, trace, track, 170/4958, 4963

Transporten, throw on (transferre), 19/419

Travaille, labour, toil, 10/174

Travayle, to toil, labour, 64/1754

Travayle, labour, 148/4286

Tregedie, tragedy, 77/2126

Tregedien, tragedian, 77/2125

Trenden, to roll, turn, 100/2835

Troublable, troublesome, 118/3369

Trouble, turbid, stormy, 29/711

Troubly, troubled, cloudy (nubilus), 133/3819

Trowen, to trow, believe, 20/468, 152/4399

Twitre, to twitter, 68/1875

Twynkel, to wink, 38/971

Tylienge, tilling, 151/4347

Tyren, to tear, 107/3055

Umblesse, humility, 181/55

Unagreable, unpleasant, disagreeable, 4/25

Unassaieþ, untried, 42/1082

Unbitide, not to happen, 161/4678

Unbowed, unbent, 148/4284

Uncovenable, unmeet, importunate (importunus), 141/4058

Undefouled, undefiled, 40/1023

Undepartable, inseparable, 120/3422

Underput, put under, subject, 28/696

Understonde, to understand, 30/733, 43/1120

Undigne, unworthy, 54/1444

Undirneþ, underneath, 75/2074

Undiscomfited, not discomfited (invictus), 12/232

Undoutous, indubitable, 149/4315

Uneschewably, unavoidably, 157/4531

Ungentil, ignoble, 41/1070

Ungrobbed, ungrubbed, 180/14

Unhonestee, disreputableness, 24/587

Unhoped, unexpected, 139/4006

Université, whole, 165/4797

Unjoynen, Unjoygnen, to separate, 151/4373

Unknowyng, ignorant, 139/3997

Unknytten, to unloose (dissolvere), 154/4459

Unkonnyng, Unkunnynge, unknowing, ignorant, 7/76, 11/202

Unkorven, uncut, 180/14

Unkouþ, unknown, foreign, 34/870

Unlace, to disentangle, 105/2982

Unleveful, illicit, unlawful, 154/4456

Unmeke, fierce, cruel, 148/4267

Unmoeveable, immovable, 136/3901

Unmoeveableté, immobility, 136/3921

Unmyȝty, weak, impotent, 13/241

Unneþ, scarcely, 27/652

Unparygal, unequal, 63/1708

Unpitouse, cruel, 4/24

Unpleyten, to explain, 61/1647

Unplite, explain, unfold, 167/4843

Unpunissed, unpunished, 21/498

Unpurveyed, unforeseen, 30/743

Unraced, unbroken, whole, 110/3115

Unryȝtful, unjust, 10/185

Unryȝtfully, unrightfully, unjustly, 23/533

Unscience, unreal knowledge, no knowledge, 156/4515

Unsely, wretched, 39/1013

Unselynesse, wretchedness, 124/3544

Unskilfuly, unwisely, improperly, 18/407

Unsolempne, not famous, not celebrated, 11/210

Unsowe, unsown, 180/10

Unspedful, unsuccessful, 178/5210

Unstauncheable, unlimited, infinite, 58/1573

Unstaunched, uncurbed, unrestrained, 54/1439

Unsuffrable, intolerable, 79/2179

Unusage, unfrequency, 57/1528

Untretable, inexorable, implacable, 61/1641

Unwar, unexpected, 35/886

Unwarly, unaware, unexpectedly, 4/10

Unwemmed, inviolate, 40/1023, 178/5201

Unwened, unexpected, 139/4006

Unwoot, knows not, 175/5099

Unworshipful, dishonoured, 75/2054

Uphepyng, heaping up, 37/951

Upsodoun, upside down, 48/1274, 156/4501

Upsprong, upsprung, 180/10

Used, accustomed, wonted, 22/512

Uterreste, extremest, outermost, 7/95

Vanisse, to vanish, 74/2027

Variaunt, varying, 22/518

Vengerisse, a she-avenger, 107/3048

Verray, Verrey, true, 19/429

Vilfully (Wilsfully), wilfully, 116/3295

Voide, having an empty purse (vacuus), 50/1316

Voyded (of), emptied of, free from, 181/50

Wakyng, watchful, 148/4263

Walwe, to toss, 51/1361

Walwyng, tossing, 29/712

Wan, did win, 147/4240

War, be aware, take care, 145/4200

Warne, to refuse, deny, 37/950

Wawe, a wave, 8/115

Wayk, weak, 28/706

Weep (pret.), wept, 35/883

Welde, wild, 180/17. It may mean boiled, since another copy reads wellyd.

Weleful, Welful, prosperous, joyful, 4/15

Welefulnesse, Welfulnesse, prosperity, felicity, 11/188, 21/478

Welken, to wither, fade, 146/4224

Welkne, welkin, 184/62

Welle, well, source, 157/4548

Wende, weened, thought, 53/1397

Wenge, wing, 170/4961

Wenynge, opinion, 172/5022

Wepen (p.p.), wept, 25/596

Wepli, tearful, 5/29

Werdes, fates, destinies, 4/10

Werreye, to make war, 181/25

Weten, to know, 156/4519

Wex, wax, 167/4840

Weyve, to waive, forsake, 29/722

Wham, whom, 89/2482

Whelwe, to toss, roll, 39/1001

Whiderward, whither, 177/5171

Whist, hushed, 51/1341

Wierdes, fates, destinies, 12/231

Wikke, wicked, bad, 64/1743

Willynge, desire, 178/5203

Wilne, to desire, 17/367

Wilnynge, desire, 98/2781

Wirche, to work, 12/235

Wirchyng, working, operation, 95/2677

Wist, known, 170/4937

Witen, to know, learn, 88/2458, 132/3776, 160/4624

Wiþdrow, withdrew, 64/1751

Wiþhalden, to withhold, 142/4105

Wiþoute forþe, outwardly, 165/4803

Wiþseid, denied, 90/2501

Wiþstant, withstand, 29/715

Wiþstonde (p.p.), withstood, 14/290

Witnesfully, attestedly, publicly, 131/3765

Witynge, knowledge, 156/4526

Wod, woad, 180/17

Wod, Wode, mad, raging, 12/225

Wode, wood, 39/995

Wodenesse, rage, madness, 45/1169, 107/3052

Wolen (pl.), will, 94/2645

Woltow, wilt thou, 97/2741

Wone, to dwell, 60/1627

Woode, Wode, furious, mad, 25/600

Woode, to rage, 123/3515

Woodnesse, rage, madness, 107/3052

Woot, knows, 43/1128

Wope, to weep, 36/905

Worchen, to work, 178/5215

Wost, knowest, 19/423

Woxe, to increase, wax, grow, 25/608

Woxen (p.p.), grown, 25/607

Wrekere, avenger, 128/3665

Wrekyng, vengeance, 147/4238

Wroþely, grieved, sad, 7/87

Wryþen, twist, turn, wrest, 154/4452

Wymple, to cover with a veil or wimple, 31/774

Wyt, sense, 164/4771

Wyȝt, wight, person, 19/425

Yave (pl.), gave, 180/4

Yben, been, 162/4698

Ybeyen, to obey, 105/2998

Ycauȝt, caught, captured, 118/3371

Ycleped, called, 150/4346

Ydel, ‘in ydel,’ in vain, 5/43

Ydred, feared, 33/825

Yfelawshiped, associated, united, 53/1421

Yficched, fixed, 136/3910

Yfinissed, finished, 125/3558

Yflit, flitted, removed, 8/108

Ygeten, gotten, 65/1776

Yhardid, hardened, 133/3814

Yheuied, made heavy, 171/4974

Ylad, led, 37/956, 172/5022

Ylete, permitted, 130/3730

Ylett, hindered, 161/4674

Ylorn, lost, 147/4250

Ymaginable, possessing imagination, 166/4812

Ymaked, made, 87/2426

Ymedeled, mixed, 140/4029

Ynouȝ, enough, 71/1947

Yplitid, pleated, folded, 9/147

Yporveyid, Ypurveid, foreseen, 155/4467, 4468

Ysen, seen, 72/1982

Yshad, shed, scattered, 68/1874

Yshet, shut, 170/4955

Ysmyte, smitten, 80/2202

Yspedd, made clear, determined, 161/4657;

despatched, 149/4295

Yspendyd, examined (expediero), 161/4668

Ysprad, spread, 78/2140

Yspranid, sprinkled, mixed, 42/1102.

Read yspraind.

Ystrengeþed, strengthened, 175/5098

Yþewed, behaved, 139/4008

Yþrongen, pressed, squeezed, 57/1521

Ytravailed, laboured, 155/4469

Ytretid, handled, performed, 131/3765

Yvel, evil, 105/2976

Ywened, believed, 145/4178

Ywist, known, 155/4475

Ywoven, woven, 6/51

Ywyst, known, 164/4759

Yȝeven, given, 141/4069

Ȝaf, gave, 8/130

Ȝeelde, Ȝelde, seldom, 39/1002, 52/1372

Ȝeld, yielded, 147/4253

Ȝelden, to yield, 149/4303

Ȝeve, to give, 149/4291

Ȝevyng, giving, 45/1188

Ȝif, if, 9/131

Ȝis, yes, 103/2919

Ȝisterday, yesterday, 171/4994

Ȝitte, yet, 156/4508

Ȝok, Ȝokke, yoke, 32/802, 60/1620

Ȝolde (p.p.), yielded, 25/599

Ȝonge, young, 35/889

Ȝouþe, youth, 10/168