LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. (continued 9)

William and Margaret, a ballad by Mallet. William promised marriage to Margaret, deserted her, and she died “consumed in early prime.” Her ghost reproved the faithless swain, who “quaked in every limb,” and, raving,

He hy’d him to the fatal place,

Where Margaret’s body lay;

And stretch’d him on the grass-green turf

That wrapt her breathless clay.

And thrice he call’d on Margaret’s name,

And thrice he wept full sore;

Then laid his cheek to her cold grave,

And word spake never more.

William, king of Scotland, introduced by Sir W. Scott in The Talisman (1825).

William of Cloudesley (3 syl.), a north country outlaw, associated with Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough (Clement of the Cliff). He lived in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough were single men, but William had a wife named Alyce, and “children three,” living at Carlisle. The three outlaws went to London to ask pardon of the king, and the king, at the queen’s intercession, granted it. He then took them to a field to see them shoot. William first cleft in two a hazel wand at a distance of 200 feet; after this he bound his eldest son to a stake, put an apple on his head, and, at a distance of “six score paces,” cleft the apple in two without touching the boy. The king was so delighted that he made William “a gentlemen of fe,” made his son a royal butler, the queen took Alyce for her “chief gentlewoman,” and the two companions were appointed yeoman of the bed-chamber.--Percy, Reliques (“Adam Bell,” etc.), I. ii. 1.

William of Goldsbrough, one of the companions of Robin Hood, mentioned in Grafton’s Olde and Auncient Pamphlet (sixteenth century).

William of Norwich (Saint), a child said to have been crucified by the Jews in 1137. (See Hugh of Lincoln and Werner.)

Two boys of tender age, those saints ensue,

Of Norwich, William was, of Lincoln, Hugh.

Whom th’ unbelieving Jews (rebellious that abide),

In mockery of our Christ, at Easter crucified.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622).

William-with-the-Long-Sword, the earl of Salisbury. He was the natural brother of Richard Cœur de Lion.--Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

249Williams (Caleb), a lad in the service of Falkland. Falkland, irritated by cruelty and insult, commits a murder, which is attributed to another. Williams, by accident, obtains a clue to the real facts; and Falkland, knowing it, extorts from him an oath of secrecy, and then tells him the whole story. The lad, finding life in Falkland’s house insupportable, from the ceaseless suspicion to which he is exposed, makes his escape, and is pursued by Falkland with relentless persecution. At last Williams is accused by Falkland of robbery, and, the facts of the case being disclosed, Falkland dies of shame and a broken spirit. (See Wilford.)--W. Godwin, Caleb Williams (1794).

⁂ The novel was dramatized by G. Colman, under the title of The Iron Chest (1796). Caleb Williams is called “Wilford,” and Falkland is “Sir Edward Mortimer.”

Williams (Ned), the sweetheart of Cicely Jopson, farmer, near Clifton.

Farmer Williams, Ned’s father.--Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Willie, clerk to Andrew Skurliewhitter, the scrivener.--Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Willieson (William), a brig-owner, one of the Jacobite conspirators under the laird of Ellieslaw.--Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne).

Williewald of Geierstein (Count), father of Count Arnold of Geierstein, alias Arnold Biederman (landamman of Unterwalden).--Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Will-o’-the-Flat, one of the huntsmen near Charlie’s Hope farm.--Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Willoughby (Lord), of Queen Elizabeth’s court.--Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Willy, a shepherd to whom Thomalin tells the tale of his battle with Cupid (Ecl. iii). (See Thomalin.) In Ecl. viii. he is introduced again, contending with Perigot for the prize of poetry, Cuddy being chosen umpire. Cuddy declares himself quite unable to decide the contest, for both deserve the prize.--Spenser, The Shepheardes Calendar (1579).

Wilmot. There are three of the name in Fatal Curiosity (1736), by George Lillo, viz., old Wilmot, his wife, Agnes, and their son, young Wilmot, supposed to have perished at sea. The young man, however, is not drowned, but goes to India, makes his fortune, and returns, unknown to any one of his friends. He goes in disguise to his parents, and deposits with them a casket. Curiosity induces Agnes to open it, and when she sees that it contains jewels, she and her husband resolve to murder the owner and appropriate the contents of the casket. No sooner have they committed the fatal deed than they discover it is their own son whom they have killed; whereupon the old man stabs first his wife and then himself.

The harrowing details of this tragedy are powerfully depicted; and the agonies of old Wilmot constitute one of the most appalling and affecting incidents in the drama.--R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 592.

Old Wilmot’s character, as the needy man who had known better days, exhibits a mind naturally good, but prepared for acting evil.--Sir W. Scott, The Drama.

Wilmot (Miss Arabella), a clergyman’s 250daughter, beloved by George Primrose, eldest son of the vicar of Wakefield, whom ultimately she marries.--Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield (1766).

Wilmot (Lord), earl of Rochester, of the court of Charles II.--Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Wilsa, the mulatto girl of Dame Ursley Suddlechop, the barber’s wife.--Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Wilson (Alison), the old housekeeper of Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood.--Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Wilson (Andrew), smuggler; the comrade of Geordie Robertson. He was hanged.--Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

Wilson (Bob), groom of Sir William Ashton, the lord keeper of Scotland.--Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.).

Wilson (Christie), a character in the introduction of the Black Dwarf, by Sir W. Scott.

Wilson (John), groom of Mr. Godfrey Bertram, laird of Ellangowan.--Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Wilton (Ralph de), the accepted suitor of Lady Clare, daughter of the earl of Gloucester. When Lord Marmion overcame Ralph de Wilton in the ordeal of battle, and left him for dead on the field, Lady Clare took refuge in Whitby Convent. By Marmion’s desire she was removed from the convent to Tantallon Hall, where she met Ralph, who had been cured of his wounds. Ralph, being knighted by Douglas, married the Lady Clare.--Sir W. Scott, Marmion (1808).

Wimble (Will), a character in Addison’s Spectator, simple, good-natured, and officious.

⁂ Will Wimble in the flesh was Thomas Morecroft, of Dublin (*-1741).

Wimbledon (The Philosopher of), John Horne Tooke, who lived at Wimbledon, near London (1736-1812).

Winchester (The bishop of), Lancelot Andrews. The name is not given in the novel, but the date of the novel is 1620, and Dr. Andrews was translated from Ely to Winchester in February, 1618-19; and died in 1626.--Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Wind Sold. At one time the Finlanders and Laplanders drove a profitable trade by the sale of winds. After being paid they knitted three magical knots, and told the buyer that when he untied the first he would have a good gale; when the second, a strong wind; and when the third, a severe tempest.--Olaus Magnus, History of the Goths, etc., 47 (1658).

King Eric of Sweden was quite a potentate of these elements, and could change them at pleasure by merely shifting his cap.

Bessie Millie, of Pomo´na, in the Orkney Islands, helped to eke out her living (even so late as 1814) by selling favorable winds to mariners, for the small sum of sixpence per vessel.

Winds were also at one time sold at Mont St. Michel, in Normandy, by nine druidesses, who likewise sold arrows to charm away storms. These arrows were 251to be shot off by a young man 25 years of age.

⁂ Witches generally were supposed to sell wind.

’Oons! I’ll marry a Lapland witch as soon, and live upon selling contrary winds and wrecked vessels.--W. Congreve, Love for Love, iii. (1695).

In Ireland and in Denmark both,

Witches for gold will sell a man a wind,

Which, in the corner of a napkin wrapped,

Shall blow him safe unto what coast he will.

Summer, Last Will and Test. (1600).

⁂ See note to the Pirate: “Sale of Winds” (Waverley Novels, xxiv. 136).

When Ulysses left the island of Æolus, whom Jupiter had made keeper of the winds, Æolus bound the storm-winds in an ox’s bladder, and tied it in the ship that not even a little breath might escape. Then he sent the west wind to waft the ship onward. While Ulysses was asleep his companions, thinking a treasure was concealed in the bladder, loosed the skin, and all the winds rushed out. The ship was driven back to the island of Æolus, who refused to let them land, believing that they must be hated by the gods.

Winds (The), according to Hesiod, were the sons of Astræus and Aurora.

You nymphs, the winged offspring which of old

Aurora to divine Astræus bore.

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads(1767).

Winds and Tides. Nicholas of Lyn, an Oxford scholar and friar, was a great navigator. He “took the height of mountains with his astrolobe,” and taught that there were four whirlpools like the Maelström of Norway--one in each quarter of the globe, from which the four winds issue, and which are the cause of the tides.

One Nicholas of Lyn

The whirlpools of the seas did come to understand, ...

For such immeasured pools, philosophers agree,

I’ the four parts of the world undoubtedly there be,

From which they have supposed nature the winds doth raise,

And from them too proceed the flowing of the seas.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xix. (1622).

Windmill With a Weather-Cock Atop (The). Goodwyn, a puritan divine, of St. Margaret’s, London, was so called (1593-1651).

Windmills. Don Quixote, seeing some thirty or forty windmills, insisted that they were giants, and, running a tilt at one of them, thrust his spear into the sails; whereupon the sail raised both man and horse into the air, and shivered the knight’s lance into splinters. When Don Quixote was thrown to the ground, he persisted in saying that his enemy, Freston, had transformed the giants into windmills merely to rob him of his honor, but notwithstanding, the windmills were in reality giants in disguise. This is the first adventure of the knight.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 8 (1605).

Windmills. The giant Widenostrils lived on windmills. (See Widenostrils.) Rabelais, Pantagruel, iv. 17 (1545).

Windsor (The Rev. Mr.), a friend of Master George Heriot, the king’s goldsmith.--Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Windsor Beauties (The), Anne Hyde, duchess of York, and her twelve ladies in the court of Charles II., painted by Sir Peter Lely, at the request of Anne Hyde. Conspicuous in her train of Hebês was 252Frances Jennings, eldest daughter of Richard Jennings of Standridge, near St. Alban’s.

Windsor Sentinel (The), who heard St. Paul’s clock strike thirteen, was John Hatfield, who died at his house in Glasshouse Yard, Aldersgate, June 18, 1770, aged 102.

Wingate (Master Jasper), the steward at Avenel Castle.--Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Wingfield, a citizen of Perth, whose trade was feather-dressing.--Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Wingfield (Ambrose), employed at Osbaldistone Hall.

Lancie Wingfield, one of the men employed at Osbaldistone Hall.--Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Wing-the-Wind (Michael), a servant at Holyrood Palace, and the friend of Adam Woodcock.--Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Winifred, heroine of The Last Meeting, by Brander Matthews. In defiance of all innuendoes and arguments, she remains true to her lover throughout the period of his mysterious absence.

Winifrid (St.), patron saint of virgins; beheaded by Caradoc, for refusing to marry him. The tears she shed became the fountain called “St. Winifrid’s Well,” the waters of which not only cure all sorts of diseases, but are so buoyant that nothing sinks to the bottom. St. Winifrid’s blood stained the gravel in the neighborhood red, and her hair became moss. Drayton has given this legend in verse in his Polyolbion x. (1612).

Winkle (Nathaniel), M.P.C., a young cockney sportsman, considered by his companions to be a dead shot, a hunter, skater, etc. All these acquirements are, however, wholly imaginary. He marries Arabella Allen.--C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Winkle (Rip Van), a Dutch colonist of New York, who met a strange man in a ravine of the Catskill Mountains. Rip helped the stranger to carry a keg to a wild retreat among rocks, where he saw a host of strange personages playing skittles in mysterious silence. Rip took the first opportunity of tasting the keg, fell into a stupor, and slept for twenty years. On waking, he found that his wife was dead and buried, his daughter married, his village remodelled, and America had become independent.--Washington Irving, Sketch-Book (1820).

The tales of Epimenidês, of Peter Klaus, of the Sleeping Beauty, the Seven Sleepers, etc., are somewhat similar. (See Sleeper.)

Winklebred or Winklebrand (Louis), lieutenant of Sir Maurice de Bracy, a follower of Prince John.--Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Winnie, (Annie), an old sibyl, who makes her appearance at the death of Alice Gray.--Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.).

Winter, the head servant of General Witherington, alias Richard Tresham.--Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

253Winter. (See Seasons.)

Winterbourne, travelling American who makes a “study” of Daisy Miller.--Henry James, Jr., Daisy Miller (1878).

Winter King (The), Frederick V., the rival of Ferdinand II. of Germany. He married Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, and was king of Bohemia for just one winter, the end of 1619 and the beginning of 1620 (1596-1632). (See Snow King.)

Winter Queen (The), Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, and wife of Frederick V. “The Winter King.” (See Snow Queen.)

Winter’s Tale (The), by Shakespeare (1604). Leontês, king of Sicily, invites his friend Polixenês to visit him. During this visit the king becomes jealous of him, and commands Camillo to poison him; but Camillo only warns Polixenês of the danger, and flees with him to Bohemia. When Leontês hears thereof, his rage is unbounded; and he casts his queen, Hermi´onê, into prison, where she gives birth to a daughter, which Leontês gives direction shall be placed on a desert shore to perish. In the mean time, he is told that Hermionê, the queen, is dead. The vessel containing the infant daughter being storm-driven to Bohemia, the child is left there, and is brought up by a shepherd, who calls it Perdĭta. One day, in a hunt, Prince Florizel sees Perdita and falls in love with her; but Polixenês, his father, tells her that she and the shepherd shall be put to death if she encourages the foolish suit. Florizel and Perdita now flee to Sicily, and being introduced to Leontês, it is soon discovered that Perdita is his lost daughter. Polixenês tracks his son to Sicily, and being told of the discovery, gladly consents to the union he had before forbidden. Pauli´na now invites the royal party to inspect a statue of Hermionê in her house, and the statue turns out to be the living queen.

The plot of this drama is borrowed from the tale of Pandosto, or The Triumph of Time, by Robert Greene (1583).

We should have him back

Who told the Winter’s Tale to do it for us.

Tennyson, Prologue of The Princess.

Winterblossom (Mr. Philip), “the man of taste,” on the managing committee at the Spa.--Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Wintersen (The count), brother of Baron Steinfort, lord of the place, and greatly beloved.

The Countess Wintersen, wife of the above. She is a kind friend to Mrs. Haller, and confidante of her brother, the Baron Steinfort.--Benjamin Thompson, The Stranger (1797).

Winterton (Adam), the garrulous old steward of Sir Edward Mortimer, in whose service he had been for forty-nine years. He was fond of his little jokes, and not less so of his little nips, but he loved his master and almost idolized him.--G. Colman, The Iron Chest (1796).

Win-the-Fight (Joachin), the attorney employed by Major Bridgenorth, the roundhead.--Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Winthrop (Madam). One of the oddest chapters in a bona fide courtship is found in the diary of Judge Samuel Sewall, wherein he sets down in order the several 254stages of his wooing of Madame Winthrop. One extract must suffice.

“I think I repeated again that I would go home and bewail my rashness in making more haste than good speed. I would endeavor to contain myself and not go on to solicit her to do that which she could not consent to. Took leave of her. As came down the steps, she bid me have a care. Treated me courteously. Told her she had entered the fourth year of her widowhood. I had given her the newsletter before. I did not bid her draw off her glove as sometime I had done. Her dress was not so clean as sometime it had been. Jehovah jireh!”--Sewall Papers (173——).

Wisdom (Honor paid to).

Anacharsis went from Scythia to Athens to see Solon.--Ælian, De Varia Historia, v.

Apollonios Tyanæus (Cappadocia) travelled through Scythia and into India as far as the river Phison to see Hierarchus.--Philostrătos, Life of Apollonios.

Ben Jonson, in 1619, travelled on foot from London to Scotland merely to see W. Drummond, the Scotch poet, whose genius he admired.

Livy went from the confines of Spain to Rome to hold converse with the learned men of that city.--Pliny the Younger, Epistle, iii 2.

Plato travelled from Athens to Egypt to see the wise men or magi, and to visit Archytas of Tarentum, inventor of several automatons, as the flying pigeon, and of numerous mechanical instruments, as the screw and crane.

Pythagoras went from Italy to Egypt to visit the vaticinators of Memphis.--Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras.

Sheba (The queen of) went from “the uttermost parts of the earth” to hear and see Solomon, whose wisdom and greatness had reached her ear.

Wisdom Persecuted.

Anaxagoras of Clazomēnæ held opinions in natural science so far in advance of his age that he was accused of impiety, cast into prison, and condemned to death. It was with great difficulty that Perĭclês got the sentence commuted to fine and banishment.

Averrois, the Arabian philosopher, was denounced as a heretic, and degraded, in the twelfth Christian century (died 1226).

Bacon (Friar) was excommunicated and imprisoned for diabolical knowledge, chiefly on account of his chemical researches (1214-1294).

Bruno (Giordano) was burnt alive for maintaining that matter is the mother of all things (1550-1600).

Crosse (Andrew), electrician, was shunned as a profane man, because he asserted that certain minute animals of the genus Acarus had been developed by him out of inorganic elements (1784-1855).

Dee (Dr. John) had his house broken into by a mob, and all his valuable library, museum, and mathematical instruments destroyed, because he was so wise that “he must have been allied with the devil” (1527-1608).

Feargil. (See “Virgilius.”)

Galileo was imprisoned by the Inquisition for daring to believe that the earth moved round the sun and not the sun round the earth. In order to get his liberty, he was obliged to “abjure the heresy;” but as the door closed he muttered, E pur si muove (“But it does move, though”), (1564-1642)(1564-1642).

Gerbert, who introduced algebra into Christendom, was accused of dealing in the black arts, and was shunned as a “son of Belial.”

Grosted or Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln, author of some two hundred works, was accused of dealing in the black arts, and the pope wrote a letter to Henry 255III., enjoining him to disinter the bones of the too-wise bishop, as they polluted the very dust of God’s acre (died 1253).

Faust (Dr.), the German philosopher, was accused of diabolism for his wisdom so far in advance of the age.

Peyrere was imprisoned in Brussels for attempting to prove that man existed before Adam (seventeenth century).

Protagoras, the philosopher, was banished from Athens, for his book On the Gods.

Socratés was condemned to death as an atheist, because his wisdom was not in accordance with that of the age.

Virgilius, bishop of Saltzburg, was compelled by Pope Zachary to retract his assertion that there are other “worlds” besides our earth, and other suns and moons besides those which belong to our system (died 784).

Geologists had the same battle to fight, and so had Colenso, bishop of Natal.

Wise (The).

Albert II., duke of Austria, “The Lame and Wise” (1289, 1330-1358).

Alfonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 1252-1284).

Charles V. of France, Le Sage (1337, 1364-1380).

Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295).

Comte de las Casas, Le Sage (1766-1842).

Frederick, elector of Saxony (1463, 1544-1554).

James I., the “Solomon” of England (1566, 1603-1625).

John V., duke of Brittany, “The Good and Wise” (1389, 1399-1442).

Wise Men (The Seven): (1) Solon of Athens, (2) Chilo of Sparta, (3) Thalês of Milētos, (4) Bias of Priēnê, (5) Cleobūlos of Lindos, (6) Pittăcos of Mitylēnê, (7) Periander of Corinth, or, according to Plato, Myson of Chenæ. All flourished in the sixth century B.C.

First Solon, who made the Athenian laws;

While Chilo, in Sparta, was famed for his saws;

In Milētos did Thales astronomy teach;

Bias used in Priēnê his morals to preach;

Cleobulos, of Lindos, was handsome and wise;

Mitylenê ’gainst thraldom saw Pittacos rise;

Periander is said to have gained, thro’ his court,

The title that Myson, the Chenian, ought.

One of the chapters in Plutarch’s Moralia is entitled, “The Banquet of the Seven Wise Men,” in which Periander is made to give an account of a contest at Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod. The latter won the prize, and caused this inscription to be engraved on the tripod presented to him:

This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine,

In Chalcis won from Homer the divine.

Wise Men of the East. Klopstock, in The Messiah, v., says there were six “Wise Men of the East,” who, guided by the star, brought their gifts to Jesus, “the heavenly babe,” viz., Ha´dad, Selima, Zimri, Mirja, Be´led and Sun´ith. (See Cologne, Three Kings of.)

Wisest Man. So the Delphic oracle pronounced Soc´ratês to be. Socratês modestly made answer, ’Twas because he alone had learnt this first element of truth, that he knew nothing.

Not those seven sages might him parallel;

For he whom Pythian maid did whilome tell

To be the wisest man that then on earth did dwell.

Phin. Fletcher, The Purple Island, vi. (1633).

Wisheart (The Rev. Dr.), chaplain to the earl of Montrose.--Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

256Wishfort (Lady), widow of Sir Jonathan Wishfort; an irritable, impatient, decayed beauty, who painted and enamelled her face to make herself look blooming, and was afraid to frown lest the enamel might crack. She pretended to be coy, and assumed, at the age of 60, the airs of a girl of 16. A trick was played upon her by Edward Mirabell, who induced his lackey, Waitwell, to personate Sir Rowland, and make love to her; but the deceit was discovered before much mischief was done. Her pet expression was, “As I’m a person.”--W. Congreve, The Way of the World (1700).

Wishing-Cap (The), a cap given to Fortunatus. He had only to put the cap on and wish, and whatever he wished he instantly obtained.--Straparola, Fortunatus.

Wishing-Rod (The), a rod of pure gold, belonging to the Nibelungs. Whoever possessed it could have anything he desired to have, and hold the whole world in subjection.--The Nibelungen Lied, 1160 (1210).

Wishing-Sack (The), a sack given by our Lord to a man named “Fourteen,” because he was as strong as fourteen men. Whatever he wished to have he had only to say, “Come into my sack,” and it came in.

⁂ This is a Basque legend. In Gascoigne it is called Le Sac de la Ramée (“Ramée’s Sack”).

Wit--Simplicity. It was said of John Gay that he was

In wit a man, simplicity a child.

⁂ The line is often flung at Oliver Goldsmith, to whom, indeed, it equally applies.

Witch. The last person prosecuted before the lords or justiciary (in Scotland) for witchcraft was Elspeth Rule. She was tried May 3, 1709, before Lord Anstruther, and condemned to be burned on the cheek, and banished from Scotland for life.--Arnot, History of Edinburgh, 366, 367.

Witch-Finder, Matthew Hopkins (seventeenth century). In 1645 he hanged sixty witches in his own county (Essex) alone, and received 20s. a head for every witch he could discover.

Has not the present parliament

Mat Hopkins to the devil sent,

Fully empowered to treat about,

Finding revolted witches out?

And has not he within a year

Hanged three score of them in one shire?

S. Butler, Hudibras, ii. 3 (1664).

Witch of Atlas, the title and heroine of one of Shelley’s poems.

Witch of Balwer´y, Margaret Aikens, a Scotchwoman (sixteenth century).

Witch of Edmonton (The), called “Mother Sawyer.” This is the true traditional witch; no mystic hag, no weird sister, but only a poor, deformed old woman, the terror of villagers, and amenable to justice.

Why should the envious world

Throw all their scandalous malice upon me?

Because I’m poor, deformed, and ignorant,

And, like a bow, buckled and bent together

By some more strong in mischiefs than myself.

The Witch of Edmonton, (by Rowley, Dekker and Ford, 1658).

Witch’s Blood. Whoever was successful in drawing blood from a witch, 257was free from her malignant power. Hence Talbot, when he sees La Pucelle, exclaims, “Blood will I draw from thee; thou art a witch!”--Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 5 (1592).

Witherington (General), alias Richard Tresham, who first appears as Mr. Matthew Middlemas.

Mrs. Witherington, wife of the general, alias Mrs. Middlemas (born Zelia de Monçada). She appears first as Mrs. Middlemas.--Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

Wititterly (Mr. Henry), an important gentleman, 38 years of age; of rather plebeian countenance, and with very light hair. He boasts everlastingly of his grand friends. To shake hands with a lord was a thing to talk of, but to entertain one was to be in the seventh heaven.

Mrs. Wititterly [Julia], wife of Mr. Wititterly, of Cadŏgan Place, Sloane Street, London; a faded lady living in a faded house. She calls her page Alphonse (2 syl.), “although he has the face and figure of Bill.” Mrs. Wititterly toadies the aristocracy, and, like her husband, boasts of her grand connections and friends.--C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838). (See Tibbs).

Witling of Terror, Bertrand Barère; also called “The Anacreon of the Guillotine” (1755-1841).

Wittenbold, a Dutch commandant in the service of Charles II.--Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Witterington (Roger). (See Widdrington.)

Wittol (Sir Joseph), an ignorant, foolish simpleton, who says that Bully Buff “is as brave a fellow as Cannibal.”--Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1693).

Witwould (Sir Wilful), of Shropshire, half-brother of Anthony Witwould, and nephew of Lady Wishfort. A mixture of bashfulness and obstinacy, but when in his cups as loving as the monster in the Tempest. He is “a superannuated old bachelor,” who is willing to marry Millamant; but as the young lady prefers Edward Mirabell, he is equally willing to resign her to him. His favorite phrase is, “Wilful will do it.”

Anthony Witwould, half-brother to Sir Wilful. “He has good nature and does not want wit.” Having a good memory, he has a store of other folks’ wit, which he brings out in conversation with good effect.--W. Congreve, The Way of the World (1700).

Wives as they Were and Maids as they Are, a comedy by Mrs. Inchbald (1797). Lady Priory is the type of the former, and Miss Dorrillon of the latter. Lady Priory is discreet, domestic, and submissive to her husband; but Miss Dorrillon is gay, flighty, and fond of pleasure. Lady Priory, under false pretences, is allured from home by a Mr. Bronzely, a man of no principle and a rake; but her quiet, innocent conduct quite disarms him, and he takes her back to her husband, ashamed of himself, and resolves to amend. Miss Dorrillon is so involved in debt that she is arrested, but her father from the Indies pays her debts. She also repents, and becomes the wife of Sir George Evelyn.

Wives of Literary Men. According to popular rumor the following were unhappy 258in their wives:--Addison, Byron, Dickens, Dryden, Albert Dürer, Hooker, Ben Jonson, W. Lilly, Milton (first wife), Molière, More, Saadi, Scaliger, Shakespeare, Shelley, Socratês, Wycherly, etc. The following were happy in their choice:--Thomas Moore, Sir W. Scott, Wordsworth, William Howitt, Robert Browning, S. C. Hall, Disraeli, Gladstone, etc., in England, and in America a great majority of literary men:--Longfellow, Lowell, Emerson, Hawthorne, to name only a few.

Wizard of the North, Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832).

Wobbler (Mr.), of the Circumlocution Office. When Mr. Clennam, by the direction of Mr. Barnacle, in another department of the office, called on this gentleman, he was telling a brother clerk about a rat-hunt, and kept Clennam waiting a considerable time. When at length Mr. Wobbler chose to attend, he politely said, “Hallo, there! What’s the matter?” Mr. Clennam briefly stated his question; and Mr. Wobbler replied, “Can’t inform you. Never heard of it. Nothing at all to do with it. Try Mr. Clive.” When Clennam left, Mr. Wobbler called out, “Mister! Hallo, there! Shut the door after you. There’s a devil of a draught!”--Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, x. (1857).

Woeful Countenance (Knight of the). Don Quixote was so called by Sancho Panza, but after his adventure with the lions he called himself “The Knight of the Lions.”--Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 5; II. i. 17 (1605-15).

Wolf. The Neuri, according to Herodŏtus, had the power of assuming the shape of wolves once a year.

One of the family of Antæus, according to Pliny, was chosen annually, by lot, to be transformed into a wolf, in which shape he continued for nine years.

Lyca´on, king of Arcādia, was turned into a wolf because he attempted to test the divinity of Jupiter by serving up to him “human flesh at table.”--Ovid.

Veret´icus, king of Wales, was turned by St. Patrick into a wolf.

Wolf. When Dantê, in the first Canto of the Divina Commedia, describes the ascent of the hill (of fame?) he is met, first by a panther (pleasure?) then by a lion (ambition?) then by a she-wolf (avarice?)

A she-wolf, ... who in her leanness seemed

Full of all wants, ... with such fear

O’erwhelmed me ... that of the height all hope I lost.

Dantê, Inferno, i. (1300).

Wolf (To cry), to give a false alarm.

Yöw-wâng, emperor of China, was greatly enamoured of a courtezan named Pao-tse, whom he tried, by sundry expedients, to make laugh. At length he hit upon the following plan:--He caused the tocsins to be rung, the drums to be beaten, and the signal-fires to be lighted, as if some invader was at the gates. Pao-tse was delighted, and laughed immoderately to see the vassals and feudatory princes pouring into the city, and all the people in consternation. The emperor, pleased with the success of his trick, amused his favorite over and over again by repeating it. At length an enemy really did come, but when the alarm was given no one heeded it, and the emperor was slain (B.C. 770).

Wolf duke of Gascony, one of Charlemagne’s paladins. He was the originator of the plan of tying wetted ropes round the temples of his prisoners, to make their 259eye-balls start from their sockets. It was he also who had men sewn up in freshly stripped bulls’ hides, and exposed to the sun till the hides, in shrinking, crushed their bones.--L’Epine, Croquemitaine, iii.

Wolf of France (She-), Isabella la Belle, wife of Edward II. She murdered her royal husband “by tearing out his bowels with her own hands.”

She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs,

Thou tear’st the bowels of thy mangled mate.

Gray, The Bard (1757).

Wol´fort, usurper of the earldom of Flanders.--Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars’ Bush (1622).

Wolfort Webber, Old Knickerbocker, searcher for treasure buried by buccaneers.--Washington Irving, Tales of a Traveller.

Wolsey (Cardinal), introduced by Shakespeare in his historic play of Henry VIII. (1601).

Woman Changed to a Man. Iphis, daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa, of Crete. The story is that the father gave orders if the child about to be born proved to be a girl, it was to be put to death; and that the mother, unwilling to lose her infant, brought it up as a boy. In due time the father betrothed his child to Ianthê, and the mother, in terror, prayed for help, when Isis, on the day of marriage, changed Iphis to a man.--Ovid, Metaph. ix. 12; xiv, 699.

Cæneus [Se.nuce], was born of the female sex, but Neptune changed her into a man. Ænēas, however, found her in the infernal regions restored to her original sex.

Tire´sias, was converted into a woman for killing one of two serpents he met in a wood and was restored to his original sex by killing the other serpent met again after seven years.

D’Eon de Beaumont, the Chevalier, was believed to be a woman.

Hermaphroditos was of both sexes.

Woman killed with Kindness (A), a tragedy by Thos. Heywood (1600). The “woman” was Mrs. Frankford, who was unfaithful to her marriage vow. Her husband sent her to live on one of his estates, and made her a liberal allowance; she died, but on her death-bed her husband came to see her, and forgave her.

Woman made of Flowers. Gwydion, son of Don, “formed a woman out of flowers,” according to the Bard Taliesin. Arianrod had said that Llew Llaw Gyffes (i.e., “The Lion with the Steady Hand”), should never have a wife of the human race. So Math and Gwydion, two enchanters,

Took blossoms of oak, and blossoms of broom, and blossoms of meadow-sweet, and produced therefrom a maiden, the fairest and most graceful ever seen, and baptized her Blodeuwedd, and she became his bride.--The Mabinogion (“Math,” etc., twelfth century).

Woman’s Wit, or Love’s Disguises, a drama by S. Knowles (1838). Hero Sutton loved Sir Valentine de Grey, but offended him by waltzing with Lord Athunree. To win him back she assumed the disguise of a Quakeress, called herself Ruth, and pretended to be Hero’s cousin. Sir Valentine fell in love with Ruth, and then found out that Ruth and Hero were one and the same person. The secondary plot is that of Helen and Walsingham, lovers. Walsingham thought Helen had played the wanton with Lord Athunree, and he abandoned her. Whereupon Helen 260assumed the garb of a young man named Eustace, became friends with Walsingham, said she was Helen’s brother; but in the brother he discovers Helen herself, and learnt that he had been wholly misled by appearances.

Women (The Nine Worthy): (1) Minerva, (2) Semiramis, (3) Tomyris, (4) Jael, (5) Debŏrah, (6) Judith, (7) Britomart, (8) Elizabeth or Isabella of Aragon, (9) Johanna of Naples.

By’r lady, maist story-man, I am well afraid thou hast done with thy talke. I had rather have herd something sayd of gentle and meeke women, for it is euill examples to let them understand of such studye manlye women as those have been which erewhile thou hast tolde of. They are quicke enow, I warrant you, noweadays, to take hart-a-grace, and dare make warre with their husbandes. I would not vor the price o’ my coate, that Jone, my wife had herd this yeare; she would haue carried away your tales of the nine worthy women a dele zoner than our minister’s tales anent Sarah, Rebekah, Ruth, and the ministering women, I warrant you.--John Ferne, Dialogue on Heraldry (“Columel’s reply to Torquatus”).

⁂ “Hart-a-grace,” a hart permitted by royal proclamation to run free and unharmed for ever, because it has been hunted by a king or queen.

Women of Abandoned Morals.

Barbara of Cilley, second wife of the Emperor Sigismund, called “The Messalīna of Germany.”

Berri (Madame de), wife of the Duc de Berri (youngest grandson of Louis XIV.).

Catherine II. of Russia, called “The Modern Messalina” (1729-1796).

Giovanna or Jean of Naples. Her first love was James, count of March, who was beheaded. Her second was Camicioli, whom she put to death. Her next was Alfonso of Aragon. Her fourth was Louis d’Anjou, who died. Her fifth was René, the brother of Louis.

Isabelle of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI., and mistress of the duke of Burgundy.

Isabelle of France, wife of Edward II., and mistress of Mortimer.

Julia, daughter of the Emperor Augustus.

Marozia, the daughter of Theodora, and mother of Pope John XI. The infamous daughter of an infamous mother (ninth century.)century.)

Messali´na, the wife of Claudius, the Roman emperor.

Wonder (The), a comedy by Mrs. Centlivre; the second title being A Woman Keeps a Secret (1714). The woman referred to is Violantê, and the secret she keeps is that Donna Isabella, the sister of Don Felix, has taken refuge under her roof. The danger she undergoes in keeping the secret is this: Her lover, Felix, who knows that Colonel Briton calls at the house, is jealous, and fancies that he calls to see Violantê. The reason why Donna Isabella has sought refuge with Violantê is to escape a marriage with a Dutch gentleman whom she dislikes. After a great deal of trouble and distress, the secret is unravelled, and the comedy ends with a double marriage, that of Violantê with Don Felix, and that of Isabella with Colonel Briton.

Wonder of the World (The).

Gerbert, a man of prodigious learning. When he was made pope, he took the name of Sylvester II. (930, 999-1003).

Otto III. of Germany, a pupil of Gerbert. What he did deserving to be called Mirabilia Mundi nobody knows (980, 983-1002).

Frederick II. of Germany (1194, 1215-1250).

261Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon (1214-1292).

Wood (Babes in the), a baby boy and girl left by a gentleman of Norfolk on his death-bed to the care of his brother. The boy was to have £300 a year on coming of age, and little Jane £500 as a wedding portion. The uncle promised to take care of the children, but scarcely had a year gone by when he hired two ruffians to make away with them. The hirelings took the children on horseback to Wayland Wood, where they were left to die of cold and hunger. The children would have been killed, but one of the fellows relented, expostulated with his companion, and finally slew him. The survivor compromised with his conscience by leaving the babes alive in the wood. Everything went ill with the uncle from that hour; his children died, his cattle died, his barns were set on fire, and he himself died in jail.

⁂ The prettiest version of this story is one set to a Welsh tune; but Percy has a version in his Reliques of Ancient English Poetry.

Woodcock (Adam), falconer of the Lady Mary at Avenel Castle. In the revels he takes the character of the “abbot of Unreason.”--Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Woodcock (Justice), a gouty, rheumatic, crusty, old country gentleman, who invariably differed with his sister, Deb´orah, in everything. He was a bit of a Lothario in his young days, and still retained a somewhat licorous tooth. Justice Woodcock had one child, named Lucinda, a merry girl, full of frolic and fun.

Deborah Woodcock, sister of the justice; a starch, prudish old maid, who kept the house of her brother, and disagreed with him in everything.--Isaac Bickerstaff, Love in a Village (1762).

Woodcocks (The). John Woodcock, a rough, reckless colonist, who seems harsh to his motherless girl while she is a child, but subsequently betrays the depths of fatherly affection when she is persecuted by others.

Mary Woodcock, wild, wayward, passionate girl, in trouble from her youth up. She marries a gentle-hearted fellow, Hugh Parsons; is tried for slandering a neighbor, and, driven insane by ill-treatment, murders her baby, believing it to be a changeling. She is tried for witchcraft, and acquitted; for child-murder, and sentenced to death, but dies before the sentence is carried into execution. Her father says over her lifeless body:

“If I didn’t think the Lord would see just how she’s been abused and knocked round, and would allow for the way she was brung up, and would strike out all He’s got agin her, excepting that that didn’t come from bein’ meddled with and insulted and plagued, I should want to have her an’ me an’ everybody else I care anything about, blown into a thousand flinders, body and soul, and all the pieces lost.”--J. G. Holland, The Bay Path (1857).

Woodcourt (Allan), a medical man, who married Esther Summerson. His mother was a Welsh woman, apt to prose on the subject of Morgan-ap-Kerrig.--C. Dickens, Bleak House (1852).

Wooden Horse (The). Virgil tells us that Ulysses had a monster wooden horse, made by Epēos after the death of Hector, and gave out that it was an offering to the gods to secure a prosperous voyage back to Greece. By the advice of Sinon, the Trojans dragged the horse into Troy for a palladium; but at night the Grecian 262soldiers concealed therein were released by Sinon from their concealment, slew the Trojan guards, opened the city gates, and set fire to Troy. Arctīnos of Milētus, in his poem called The Destruction of Troy, furnished Virgil with the tale of “the Wooden Horse” and “the burning of Troy” (fl. B.C. 776).

A remarkable parallel occurred in Saracenic history. Arrestan, in Syria, was taken in the seventh century by Abu Obeidah by a similar stratagem. He obtained leave of the governor to deposit in the citadel some old lumber which impeded his march. Twenty large boxes filled with men were carried into the castle. Abu marched off; and, while the Christians were returning thanks for the departure of the enemy, the soldiers removed the sliding bottoms of the boxes and made their way out, overpowered the sentries, surprised the great church, opened the city gates, and Abu, entering with his army, took the city without further opposition.--Ockley, History of the Saracens, i. 185 (1718).

The capture of Sark affords another parallel. Sark was in the hands of the French. A Netherlander, with one ship, asked permission to bury one of his crew in the chapel. The French consented, provided the crew came on shore wholly unarmed. This was agreed to, but the coffin was full of arms, and the crew soon equipped themselves, overpowered the French, and took the island.--Percy, Anecdotes, 249.

Swoln with hate and ire, their huge, unwieldy force

Came clustering like the Greeks out of the wooden horse.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613).

Wooden Horse (The), Clavilēno, the wooden horse on which Don Quixote and Sancho Panza got astride to disenchant Antonomas´ia and her husband, who were shut up in the tomb of Queen Maguncia of Candaya.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 4, 5 (1615).

Another wooden horse was the one given by an Indian to the shah of Persia as a New Year’s gift. It had two pegs; by turning one it rose into the air, and by turning the other it descended wherever the rider wished. Prince Firouz mounted the horse, and it carried him instantaneously to Bengal.--Arabian Nights (“The Enchanted Horse”).

Reynard says that King Crampart made for the daughter of King Marcadigês a wooden horse which would go a hundred miles an hour. His son, Clamadês, mounted it, and it flew out of the window of the king’s hall, to the terror of the young prince.--Alkman, Reynard the Fox (1498). (See Cambuscan.)

Wooden Walls, ships made of wood. When Xerxes invaded Greece, the Greeks sent to ask the Delphic oracle for advice, and received the following answer (B.C. 480):--

Pallas hath urged, and Zeus, the sire of all,

Hath safety promised in a wooden wall;

Seed-time and harvest, sires shall, weeping, tell

How thousands fought at Salamis, and fell.

Woodman (The), an opera by Sir H. Bate Dudley (1771). Emily was the companion of Miss Wilford, and made with Miss Wilford’s brother “a mutual vow of inviolable affection;” but Wilford’s uncle and guardian, greatly disapproving of such an alliance, sent the young man to the Continent, and dismissed the young lady from his service. Emily went to live with Goodman Fairlop, the woodman, and there Wilford discovered her in an archery 263match. The engagement was renewed, and terminated in marriage. The woodman’s daughter, Dolly, married Matthew Medley, the factotum of Sir Walter Waring.

Woodstal (Henry), in the guard of Richard Cœur de Lion.--Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Woodstock, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1826). It was hastily put together, but is not unworthy of the name it bears.

Woodville (Harry), the treacherous friend of Penruddock, who ousted him of the wife to whom he was betrothed. He was wealthy, but reduced himself to destitution by gambling.

Mrs. Woodville (whose Christian name was Arabella), wife of Harry Woodville, but previously betrothed to Roderick Penruddock. When reduced to destitution Penruddock restored to her the settlement which her husband had lost in play.

Captain Henry Woodville, son of the above; a noble soldier, brave and high-minded, in love with Emily Tempest, but, in the ruined condition of the family, unable to marry her. Penruddock makes over to him all the deeds, bonds and obligations which his father had lost in gambling.--Cumberland, The Wheel of Fortune (1779).

Woodville (Lord), a friend of General Brown. It was Lord Woodville’s house that was haunted by the “lady in the Sacque.”--Sir W. Scott, The Tapestered Chamber (time, George III.).

Woolen. It was Mrs. Oldfield, the actress, who revolted at the idea of being shrouded in woolen. She insisted on being arrayed in chintz trimmed with Brussels lace, and on being well rouged to hide the pallor of death. Pope calls her “Narcissa.”

“Odious! In woolen! ’Twould a saint provoke!”

Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke.

“No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace

Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face;

One would not, sure, be frightful when one’s dead!

And, Betty, give this cheek a little red.”

Pope, Moral Essays, i. (1731).

Wopsle (Mr.), parish clerk. He had a Roman nose, a large, shining, bald forehead, and a deep voice, of which he was very proud. “If the Church had been thrown open,” i.e., free to competition, Mr. Wopsle would have chosen the pulpit. As it was, he only punished the “Amens” and gave out the psalms; but his face always indicated the inward thought of “Look at this and look at that,” meaning the gent in the reading-desk. He turned actor in a small metropolitan theatre.--C. Dickens, Great Expectations (1860).

Work (Endless), Penelopê’s web; Vortigern’s Tower; washing the blackamoor white; etc.

Work-room (My).

“Yet the world is thy field, thy garden,

On earth art Thou still at home.

When thou bendest hither thy hallowing eye,

My narrow work-room seems vast and high,

Its dingy ceiling, a rainbow dome--

Stand ever thus at my wide swung door,

And toil will be toil no more.”more.”

Lucy Larcom, Poetical Works (1885).

World (End of the). This ought to have occurred, according to Cardinal Nicolas de Cusa, in 1704. He demonstrates it thus: The Deluge happened in the thirty-fourth jubilee of fifty years from the Creation (A.M. 1700), and therefore 264the end of the world should properly occur on the thirty-fourth jubileejubilee of the Christian era, or A.D. 1704. The four grace years are added to compensate for the blunder of chronologists respecting the first year of grace.

The most popular dates of modern times for the end of the world, or what is practically the same thing, the Millennium, are the following:--1757, Swedenborg; 1836, Johann Albrecht Bengel, Erklärte Offenbarung; 1843, William Miller, of America; 1866, Dr. John Cumming; 1881, Mother Shipton.

It was very generally believed in France, Germany, etc., that the end of the world would happen in the thousandth year after Christ; and therefore much of the land was left uncultivated, and a general famine ensued. Luckily, it was not agreed whether the thousand years should date from the birth or the death of Christ, or the desolation would have been much greater. Many charters begin with these words, As the world is now drawing to its close. Kings and nobles gave up their state: Robert of France, son of Hugh Capet, entered the monastery of St. Denis; and at Limoges, princes, nobles, and knights proclaimed “God’s Truce,” and solemnly bound themselves to abstain from feuds, to keep the peace towards each other, and to help the oppressed.--Hallam, The Middle Ages (1818).

Another hypothesis is this: As one day with God equals a thousand years (Psalm xc. 4), and God labored in creation six days, therefore the world is to labor 6000 years, and then to rest. According to this theory, the end of the world ought to occur A.M. 6000, or A.D. 1996 (supposing the world to have been created 4004 years before the birth of Christ). This hypothesis, which is widely accepted, is quite safe for another century at least.

Worldly Wiseman (Mr.), one who tries to persuade Christian that it is very bad policy to continue his journey towards the Celestial City. Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, i. (1678).

Worms (Language of). Melampos the prophet was acquainted with the language of worms, and when thrown into a dungeon, heard the worms communicating to each other that the roof overhead would fall in, for the beams were eaten through. He imparted this intelligence to his jailers, and was removed to another dungeon. At night the roof did fall, and the king, amazed at this foreknowledge, released Melampos, and gave him the oxen of Iphiklos.

Worse than a Crime. Talleyrand said of the murder of the Duc d’Enghien by Napoleon I. “It was worse than a crime, it was a blunder.”

Worthies (The Nine). Three Gentiles: Hector, Alexander, Julius Cæsar; three Jews: Joshua, David, Judas Maccabæus; three Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon.

Worthies of London. (The Nine).

1. Sir William Walworth, fishmonger, who stabbed Wat Tyler, the rebel. For this service King Richard II. gave him the “cap of maintenance” and a “dagger” for the arms of London (Lord Mayor, 1374, 1380).

2. Sir Henry Pritchard or Picard, vintner, who feasted Edward III., the Black Prince, John, king of Austria, the king of Cyprus, and David of Scotland, with 5000 guests, in 1356, the year of his mayoralty.

3. Sir William Sevenoke, grocer. “A foundling, found under seven oaks.” He 265fought with the dauphin, and built twenty almshouses, etc. (Lord Mayor, 1418).

4. Sir Thomas White, merchant tailor, who, during the mayoralty in 1553, kept London faithful to Queen Mary during Wyatt’s rebellion. Sir Thomas White was the son of a poor clothier, and began trade as a tailor with £100. He was the founder of St. John’s College, Oxford, on the spot where two elms grew from one root.

5. Sir John Bonham, mercer, commander of the army which overcame Solyman the Great, who knighted him on the field after the victory, and gave him chains of gold, etc.

6. Sir Christopher Croker, vintner, the first to enter Bordeaux, when it was besieged. Companion and friend of Edward the Black Prince.

7. Sir John Hawkwood, tailor, knighted by the Black Prince. He is immortalized in Italian history as Giovanni Acuti Cavaliero. He died in Padua.

8. Sir Hugh Caverley, silk-weaver, famous for ridding Poland of a monstrous bear. He died in France.

9. Sir Henry Maleverer, grocer, generally called “Henry of Cornhill,” a crusader in the reign of Henry IV., and guardian of “Jacob’s Well.”--R. Johnson, The Nine Worthies of London (1592).

Worthington (Lieutenant), “the poor gentleman;” a disabled officer and a widower, very poor, “but more proud than poor, and more honest than proud.” He was for thirty years in the king’s army, but was discharged on half-pay, being disabled at Gibraltar by a shell which crushed his arm. His wife was shot in his arms when his daughter was but three years old. The lieutenant put his name to a bill for £500; but his friend dying before he had effected his insurance Worthington became responsible for the entire sum, and if Sir Robert Bramble had not most generously paid the bill the poor lieutenant would have been thrown into jail.

Emily Worthington, the lieutenant’s daughter; a lovely, artless, affectionate girl, with sympathy for every one, and a most amiable disposition. Sir Charles Cropland tried to buy her, but she rejected his proposals with scorn, and fell in love with Frederick Bramble, to whom she was given in marriage.--C. Colman, The Poor Gentleman (1802).

Worthy, in love with Melinda, who coquets with him for twelve months, and then marries him.--G. Farquhar, The Recruiting Officer (1705).

Worthy (Lord), the suitor of Lady Reveller, who was fond of play. She became weary of gambling, and was united in marriage to Lord Worthy.--Mrs. Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706).

Wouvermans (The English), Abraham Cooper. One of his best pieces is “The Battle of Bosworth Field.”

Richard Cooper is called “The British Poussin.”

Wrangle (Mr. Caleb), a hen-pecked young husband, of oily tongue and plausible manners, but smarting under the nagging tongue and willful ways of his fashionable wife.

Mrs. Wrangle, his wife, the daughter of Sir Miles Mowbray. She was for ever snubbing her young husband, wrangling with him, morning, noon, and night, and telling him most provokingly “to keep his temper.” This couple lead a cat-and-dog life: he was sullen, she quick tempered; 266he jealous, she open and incautious.--Cumberland, First Love (1796).

Wrath’s Hole (The), Cornwall. Bolster, a gigantic wrath, wanted St. Agnes to be his mistress. She told him she would comply when he filled a small hole, which she pointed out to him, with his blood. The wrath agreed, not knowing that the hole opened into the sea; and thus the saint cunningly bled the wrath to death, and then pushed him over the cliff. The hole is called “The Wrath’s hole” to this day, and the stones about it are colored with blood-red streaks all over.--Polwhele, History of Cornwall, i. 176 (1813).

Wray (Enoch), “the village patriarch,” blind, poor, and 100 years old; but reverenced for his meekness, resignation, wisdom, piety, and experience.--Crabbe, The Village Patriarch (1783).

Wrayburn (Eugene), barrister-at-law; an indolent, idle, moody, whimsical young man, who loves Lizzie Hexam. After he is nearly killed by Bradley Headstone, he reforms, and marries Lizzie, who saved his life.--C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864).

Wren (Jenny), whose real name was Fanny Cleaver, a doll’s dressmaker, and the friend of Lizzie Hexam, who at one time lodged with her. Jenny was a little, deformed girl, with a sharp, shrewd face, and beautiful golden hair. She supported herself and her drunken father, whom she reproved as a mother might reprove a child. “Oh,” she cried to him, pointing her little finger, “you bad, old boy! Oh, you naughty, wicked creature! What do you mean by it?”--C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864).

Wrong (All in the), a comedy by A. Murphy (1761). The principal characters are Sir John and Lady Restless, Sir William Bellmont and his son, George, Beverley and his sister, Clarissa, Blandford and his daughter, Belinda. Sir John and Lady Restless were wrong in suspecting each other of infidelity, but this misunderstanding made their lives wretched. Beverley was deeply in love with Belinda, and was wrong in his jealousy of her, but Belinda was also wrong in not vindicating herself. She knew that she was innocent, and felt that Beverley ought to trust her, but she gave herself and him needless torment by permitting a misconception to remain which she might have most easily removed. The old men were also wrong: Blandford in promising his daughter in marriage to Sir William Bellmont’s son, seeing she loved Beverley; and Sir William, in accepting the promise, seeing his son was plighted to Clarissa. A still further complication of wrong occurs. Sir John wrongs Beverley in believing him to be intriguing with his wife; and Lady Restless wrongs Belinda in supposing that she coquets with her husband; both were pure mistakes, all were in the wrong, but all in the end were set right.

Wronghead (Sir Francis), of Bumper Hall, and M.P. for Guzzledown; a country squire, who comes to town for the season, with his wife, son, and eldest daughter. Sir Francis attends the House, but gives his vote on the wrong side; and he spends his money on the hope of obtaining a place under Government. His wife spends about £100 a day on objects of no use. His son is on the point of marrying the “cast mistress” of a swindler, and his daughter of marrying a forger; but Manly interferes to prevent these fatal steps, and Sir Francis returns home to prevent utter ruin.

267Lady Wronghead, wife of Sir Francis; a country dame, who comes to London, where she squanders money on worthless objects, and expects to get into “society.” Happily, she is persuaded by Manly to return home before the affairs of her husband are wholly desperate.

Squire Richard [Wronghead], eldest son of Sir Francis, a country bumpkin.

Miss Jenny [Wronghead], eldest daughter of Sir Francis; a silly girl, who thinks it would be a fine thing to be called a “countess,” and therefore becomes the dupe of one Basset, a swindler, who calls himself a “count.”--Vanbrugh and Cibber, The Provoked Husband (1726).

Wyat. Henry Wyat was imprisoned by Richard III., and when almost starved a cat appeared at the window-grating and dropped a dove into his hand. This occurred day after day, and Wyat induced the warder to cook for him the doves thus wonderfully obtained.

Elijah, the Tishbite, while he lay hidden at the brook Cherith, was fed by ravens, who brought “bread and flesh” every morning and evening.--1 Kings xvii. 6.

Wylie (Andrew), ex-clerk of bailie Nicol Jarvie.--Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Wylie (Joe), mate of the Proserpine, hired by Arthur Wardlaw to scuttle that vessel, that the insurance-money may be used to conceal the fact of Wardlaw’s defalcations.--Charles Reade, Foul Play.

Wynebgwrthucher, the shield of King Arthur.--The Mabinogion (“Kilhwch and Olwen,” twelfth century).

Wynkyn de Worde, the second printer in London (from 1491-1534). The first was Caxton (from 1476-1491). Wynkyn de Worde assisted Caxton in the new art of printing.

Wynken.

Wynken, Blynken and Nod one night,

Sailed off in a wooden shoe--

Sailed on a river of misty light

Into a sea of dew.

“Where are you going, and what do you wish?”

The old moon asked the three.

“We have come to fish for the herring-fish

That live in this beautiful sea,

Nets of silver and gold have we,”

Said Wynken, Blynken and Nod.

Eugene Field, A Little Book of Western Verse, (1889).

Wyo´ming, in Pennsylvania, purchased by an American company from the Delaware Indians. It was settled by an American colony, but being subject to constant attacks from the savages the colony armed in self-defence. In 1778 most of the able-bodied men were called to join the army of Washington, and in the summer of that year an army of British and Indian allies, led by Colonel Butler, attacked the settlement, massacred the inhabitants, and burnt their houses to the ground.

⁂ Campbell has made this the subject of a poem entitled Gertrude of Wyoming, but he pronounces the name Wy´oming, and makes Brant, instead of Butler, the leader of the attack.

Wyvill (William de), a steward of the field at the tournament.--Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

268

Xan´adu, a city mentioned by Coleridge in his fragment, Kubla Khan. The idea of this poem is borrowed from the Pilgrimage by Purchas (1613), where Xanadu is called “Xaindu.” Coleridge says that he composed the poem in a dream, after reading Purchas’ Pilgrimage.

Xanthos, the horse of Achillês. He spoke with a human voice, like Balaam’s ass, Adrastos’s horse (Arīon), Fortunio’s horse (Comrade), Mahomet’s “horse” (Al Borak), Sâleh’s camel, the dog of the seven sleepers (Katmîr), the black pigeons of Dodona and Ammon, the king of serpents (Temliha), the serpent which was cursed for tempting Eve, the talking-bird called bulbul-hēzar, the little green bird of Princess Fairstar, the White Cat cum quibusdam aliis.

The mournful Xanthus (says the bard of old)

Of Peleus’ warlike son the fortune told.

Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcott], The Lousiad, v. (1809).

Xantippe (3 syl.), wife of Socrătês; proverbial for a scolding, nagging, peevish wife. One day, after storming at the philosopher, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head, whereupon Socratês simply remarked, “Aye, aye, we always look for rain after thunder.”

Xantippe (3 syl.), daughter of Cimo´nos. She preserved the life of her old father in prison by suckling him. The guard marvelled that the old man held out so long, and, watching for the solution, discovered the fact.

Euphra´sia, daughter of Evander, preserved her aged father while in prison in a similar manner. (See Grecian Daughter.)

Xavier (François), Florentine priest, son of a cameo cutter, who finds on the shore of Lake Superior an uncut onyx stone, called by Black Beaver, the Indian owner, “the devil-stone.” Black Beaver will not sell it, but his daughter, Marie, in love with Xavier, persuades him to offer it to the Virgin. Xavier engraves upon it an exquisite representation of Venus rising from the sea. Black Beaver, seeing his daughter pining for love of Xavier, offers her to the chief priest of the mission as Xavier’s wife, and learns that Romish priests cannot marry. He drinks heavily all night, and the next day departs on a journey “for stores.” That evening Marie, kneeling at prayer, sees that the cameo has disappeared from the Virgin’s breast. Next day François Xavier is found dead in the forest, an arrow in his heart. When the shaft is withdrawn, the arrow-head remains in his bosom. A century later, within the skeleton of a man exhumed near Starved Rock, Illinois, is found a rarely beautiful cameo. “The uncanny thing rattled within the white ribs.”--Elizabeth W. Champney, The Heartbreak Cameo.

Xavier de Belsunce (H. François), immortalized by his self-devotion in administering to the plague-stricken at Marseilles (1720-22).

⁂ Other similar examples are Charles Borro´meo, cardinal and archbishop of Milan (1538-1584). St. Roche, who died in 1327 from the plague caught by him in his indefatigable labors in ministering to the plague-stricken at Piacenza. Mompesson was equally devoted to the people of Eyam. Sir John Lawrence, lord mayor of London, is less known, but ought to be held in equal honor, for supporting 40,000 dismissed servants in the great plague.

269Xenoc´rates (4 syl.), a Greek philosopher. The courtezan Laïs made a heavy bet that she would allure him from his philosophy; but after she had tried all her arts on him without success, she exclaimed, “I thought he had been a living man, and not a mere stone.”

Do you think I am Xenocrates, or like the Sultan with marble legs? There you leave me tête-à-tête with Mrs. Haller, as if my heart were a mere flint.--Benjamin Thompson, The Stranger, iv. 2 (1797).

Xerxes denounced.--See Plutarch, Life of Themistoclês, art. “Sea-Fights of Artemisium and Salamis.”

Minerva on the bounding prow

Of Athens stood, and with the thunder’s voice

Denounced her terrors on their impious heads [the Persians].

And shook her burning ægis. Xerxes saw

From Heracle´um on the mountain’s height,

Throned in her golden ear, he knew the sign

Celestial, felt unrighteous hope forsake

His faltering heart, and turned his face with shame.

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767).

Xime´na, daughter of Count de Gormez. The count was slain by the Cid for insulting his father. Four times Ximēna demanded vengeance of the king; but the king, perceiving that the Cid was in love with her, delayed vengeance, and ultimately she married him.

Xit, the royal dwarf of Edward VI.

Xury, a Moresco boy, servant to Robinson Crusoe.--Defoe, Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719).

Ya´hoo, one of the human brutes subject to the Houyhnhnms [Whin.hims], or horses possessed of human intelligence. In this tale the horses and men change places; the horses are the chief and ruling race, and man the subject.--Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726).

Yajûi and Majûj, the Arabian form of Gog and Magog. Gog is a tribe of Turks, and Magog of the Gilân (the Geli or Gelæ of Ptolemy and Strabo). Al Beidâwi says they were man-eaters. Dhu´lkarnein made a rampart of red-hot metal to keep out their incursions.

He said to the workmen, “Bring me iron in large pieces till it fill up the space between these two mountains ... [then] blow with your bellows till it make the iron red hot.” And he said further, “Bring me molten brass that I may pour upon it.” When this wall was finished Gog and Magog could not scale it, neither could they dig through it.--Al Korán, xviii.

Yakutsk, in Siberia, affords an exact parallel to the story about Carthage. Dido, having purchased in Africa as much land as could be covered with a bull’s hide, ordered the hide to be cut into thin slips, and thus enclosed land enough to build Byrsa upon. This Byrsa (“bull’s hide”) was the citadel of Carthage, round which the city grew.

So with Yakutsk. The settlers bought as much land as they could encompass with a cow-hide, but, by cutting the hide into slips, they encompassed enough land to build a city on.

Yama, a Hindû deity, represented by a man with four arms, riding on a bull. He gave the horse to India.

270Whether thou didst first spring from the firmament or from the water, thy great birth, O horse, is to be glorified, inasmuch as thou hast neighed, thou hast the wings of the falcon, thou hast the limbs of the deer. Trita harnessed the horse which was given by Yama; Indra first mounted him; Gandharba seized his reins. Vasus, you fabricated the horse from the sun. Thou, O horse, art Yama; thou art Aditya; thou art Trita; thou art Soma.--The Rig Veda, ii.

Ya´men, lord and potentate of Pandălon (hell).--Hindû Mythology.

What worse than this hath Yamen’s hell in store?

Southey, Curse of Kehama, ii. (1809).

Yar´ico, a young Indian maiden with whom Thomas Inkle fell in love. After living with her as his wife, he despicably sold her in Barbadoes as a slave.

⁂ The story is told by Sir Richard Steele in The Spectator, 11; and has been dramatized by George Colman under the title of Inkle and Yarico (1787).

Yarrow (The Flower of). Mary Scott was so called.

Yathreb, the ancient name of Medīna.

When a party of them said, “O, inhabitants of Yathreb, there is no place of security for you here, wherefore return home;” a part of them asked leave of the prophet to depart.--Al Korân, xxxiii.

Yeardley (Lady), an Englishwoman, living in the American colonies, receives on Christmas Eve as a guest, an Indian, who brings his four-year-old boy “to be made like English children.” The lady takes her dark-skinned visitors to church next day, and a tumult arises that the Indian father is a spy. A rush is made upon him, but Lady Yeardley shields the chief, claiming him as her guest.

“They dropped, at her word, their weapons,

Half-shamed as the lady smiled,

And told them the red man’s story,

And showed them the red man’s child;

And pledged them her broad plantations,

That never would such betray

The trust that a Christian woman

Had shown on a Christmas-Day.”

Margaret Junkin Preston, Lady Yeardley’s Guest (1887).

Yellow Dwarf (The), a malignant, ugly imp, who claimed the Princess Allfair as his bride; and carried her off to Steel Castle on his Spanish cat, the very day she was about to be married to the beautiful king of the Gold-Mines. The king of the Gold-Mines tried to rescue her, and was armed by a good siren with a diamond sword of magic power, by which he made his way through every difficulty to the princess. Delighted at seeing his betrothed, he ran to embrace her, and dropped his sword. Yellow Dwarf, picking it up, demanded that Gold-Mine should resign the lady, and, on his refusing to do so, slew him with the magic sword. The princess, rushing forward to avert the blow, fell dead on the body of her dying lover.

Yellow Dwarf was so called from his complexion and the orange tree he lived in.... He wore wooden shoes, a coarse, yellow stuff jacket, and had no hair to hide his large ears.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“The Yellow Dwarf,” 1682).

Yellowley (Mr. Triptolemus), the factor, an experimental agriculturist of Stourburgh or Harfra.

Mistress Baby or Barbary Yellowley, sister and housekeeper of Triptolemus.

Old Jasper Yellowley, father of Triptolemus and Barbary.--Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.).

Yenadiz´ze, an idler, a gambler; also an Indian fop.

With my nets you never help me;

At the door my nets are hanging.

271Go and wring them, Yenadizze.

Longfellow, Hiawatha, vi. (1855).

Yendys (Sydney), the nom de plume of Sydney Dobell (1824-1874).

⁂ “Yendys” is merely the word Sydney reversed.

Yeru´ti, son of Quiāra and Monnĕma. His father and mother were of the Guarāni race, and the only ones who escaped a small-pox plague which infested that part of Paraguay. Yerūti was born after his parents migrated to the Mondai woods, but his father was killed by a jagŭar just before the birth of Mooma (his sister). When grown to youthful age a Jesuit pastor induced the three to come and live at St. Joăchin, where was a primitive colony of some 2000 souls. Here the mother soon died from the confinement of city life. Mooma followed her ere long to the grave. Yeruti now requested to be baptized, and no sooner was the rite over, than he cried, “Ye are come for me! I am quite ready!” and instantly expired.--Southey, A Tale of Paraguay (1814).

Yezad or Yezdam, called by the Greeks Oroma´zês (4 syl.), the principle of good in Persian mythology, opposed to Ahriman or Arimannis, the principle of evil. Yezad created twenty-four good spirits, and, to keep them from the power of the evil one, enclosed them in an egg; but Ahriman pierced the shell, and hence there is no good without some admixture of evil.

Ygerne [E-gern´], wife of Gorloïs, lord of Tintag´il Castle, in Cornwall. King Uther tried to seduce her, but Ygerne resented the insult; whereupon Uther and Gorloïs fought, and the latter was slain. Uther then besieged Tintagil Castle, took it, and compelled Ygerne to become his wife. Nine months afterwards Uther died, and on the same day was Arthur born.

Then Uther, in his wrath and heat, besieged

Ygerne within Tintagil ... and entered in ...

Enforced she was to wed him in her tears,

And with a shameful swiftness.

Tennyson, Coming of Arthur.

Yguerne. (See Ygerne.)

Yn´iol, an earl of decayed fortune, father of Enid. He was ousted from his earldom by his nephew, Ed´yrn (son of Nudd), called “The Sparrow-Hawk.” When Edyrn was overthrown by Prince Geraint, in single combat, he was compelled to restore the earldom to his uncle. He is described in the Mabinogion as “a hoary-headed man, clad in tattered garments.”--Tennyson, Idylls of the King (“Enid”).

He says to Geraint: “I lost a great earldom as well as a city and castle, and this is how I lost them: I had a nephew, ... and when he came to his strength he demanded of me his property, but I withheld it from him. So he made war upon me, and wrested from me all that I possessed,”--Mabinogion (“Geraint, the Son of Erbin,” twelfth century).

Yoglan (Zacharias), the old Jew chemist, in London.--Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Yohak, the giant guardian of the caves of Babylon.--Southey, Thalaba, the Destroyer, v. (1797).

Yone, bewitching heroine of Edward H. House’s story, “A Child of Japan” (1888).

Yone, diminutive of Giorgione Willoughby, a self-willed, selfish, fascinating woman, who deliberately allures her cousin’s lover away from her, and finds when 272he has married her (Yone) that she has dazzled his fancy, not won his heart.--Harriet Prescott Spofford, The Amber Gods (1863).

Yor´ick, the king of Denmark’s jester; “a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy.”--Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (1596).

Yorick (Mr.) is the name used by the Rev. Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768, in A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768) as that of the author. In his other book, The Life and Opinions of Mr. Tristram Shandy (1759), where the Sentimental Journey appears, as it were, in embryo, Yorick is the name of one of the principal characters, and, as Sir Walter Scott remarks, “Yorick, the lively, witty, sensible and heedless parson is--Sterne himself.” The name was borrowed by Sterne from the Yorick of Shakespeare’s Hamlet.

York (Geoffrey, archbishop of), one of the high justiciaries of England in the absence of Richard Cœur de Lion.--Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time Richard I.).

York (James, duke of), introduced by Sir W. Scott, in Woodstock and in Peveril of the Peak.

Yorke (Oliver), pseudonym of Francis Sylvester Mahony, editor of Fraser’s Magazine. It is still edited under the same name.

Yorkshire Tragedy (The), author unknown (1604), was at one time printed with the name of Shakespeare.

Young America. J. G. Holland says: “What we call Young America is made up of about equal parts of irreverence, conceit, and that popular moral quality familiarly known as brass.”

Young Chevalier (The), Charles Edward Stuart, grandson of James II. He was the second pretender (1720-1788).

Young England, a set of young aristocrats, who tried to revive the courtly manners of the Chesterfield school. They wore white waistcoats, patronized the pet poor, looked down upon shopkeepers, and were imitators of the period of Louis XIV. Disraeli has immortalized their ways and manners.

Young Germany, a literary school, headed by Heinrich Heine [Hi.ny], whose aim was to liberate politics, religion, and manners from the old conventional trammels.

Young Ireland, followers of Daniel O’Connell in politics, but wholly opposed to his abstention from war and insurrection in vindication of “their country’s rights.”

Young Italy, certain Italian refugees, who associated themselves with the French republican party, called the Carbonnerie Democratique. The society was first organized at Marseilles by Mazzini, and its chief object was to diffuse republican principles.

Young Roscius, William Henry West Betty. When only 12 years old he made £34,000 in fifty-six nights. He appeared in 1803, and very wisely retired from the stage in 1807 (1791-1874).

Young-and-Handsome, a beautiful fairy, who fell in love with Alidōrus, “the lovely shepherd.” Mordicant, an ugly fairy, also loved him, and confined him in a dungeon. Zephyrus loved Young-and-Handsome, but when he found no reciprocity 273he asked the fairy how he could best please her. “By liberating the lovely shepherd,” she replied. “Fairies, you know, have no power over fairies, but you, being a god, have full power over the whole race.” Zephyrus complied with this request, and restored Alidorus to the Castle of Flowers, when Young-and-Handsome bestowed on him perpetual youth, and married him.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“Young-and-Handsome,” 1682).

Youwarkee, the name of the gawrey that Peter Wilkins married. She introduced the seaman to Nosmnbdsgrsutt, the land of flying men and women.--R. Pultock, Peter Wilkins (1750).

Ysaie le Triste [E.say´ lĕ Treest], son of Tristram and Ysolde (wife of King Mark of Cornwall). The adventures of this young knight form the subject of a French romance called Isaie le Triste (1522).

I did not think it necessary to contemplate the exploits ... with the gravity of Isaie le Triste.--Dunlop.

Ysolde or Ysonde (2 syl.), surnamed “The Fair,” daughter of the king of Ireland. When Sir Tristram was wounded in fighting for his uncle, Mark, he went to Ireland, and was cured by the Fair Ysolde. On his return to Cornwall he gave his uncle such a glowing account of the young princess that he was sent to propose offers of marriage, and to conduct the lady to Cornwall. The brave young knight and the fair damsel fell in love with each other on their voyage, and, although Ysolde married King Mark, she retained to the end her love for Sir Tristram. King Mark, jealous of his nephew, banished him from Cornwall, and he went to Wales, where he performed prodigies of valor. In time his uncle invited him back to Cornwall, but, the guilty intercourse being renewed, he was banished a second time. Sir Tristram now wandered over Spain, Ermonie, and Brittany, winning golden opinions by his exploits. In Brittany he married the king’s daughter, Ysolde or Ysonde of the White Hand, but neither loved her nor lived with her. The rest of the tale is differently told by different authors. Some say he returned to Cornwall, renewed his love with Ysolde the Fair, and was treacherously stabbed by his uncle Mark. Others say he was severely wounded in Brittany, and sent for his aunt, but died before her arrival. When Ysolde the Fair heard of his death, she died of a broken heart, and King Mark buried them both in one grave, over which he planted a rose bush and a vine.

Ysolde or Ysonde or Ysolt of the White Hand, daughter of the king of Brittany. Sir Tristram married her for her name’s sake, but never loved her nor lived with her, because he loved his aunt, Ysolde the Fair (the young wife of King Mark), and it was a point of chivalry for a knight to love only one woman, whether widow, wife, or maid.

Yuhid´thiton, chief of the Az´tecas, the mightiest in battle and wisest in council. He succeeded Co´anocot´zin (5 syl.), as king of the tribe, and led the people from the south of the Missouri to Mexico.--Southey, Madoc (1805).

Yvetot [Eve.toe], a town in Normandy; the lord of the town was called le roi d’Yvetot. The tale is that Clotaire, son of Clovis, having slain the lord of Yvetot before the high altar of Soissons, made 274atonement to the heirs by conferring on them the title of king. In the sixteenth century the title was exchanged for that of prince souverain, and the whole fiction was dropped not long after. Béranger has a poem called “Le Roi d’Yvetot,” which is understood to be a satirical fling at the great Napoleon. The following is the first stanza:

Il était un roi d’Yvetot

Peu connu dans l’histoire;

Se levant tard, se couchant tôt,

Dormant, fort bien sans gloire,

Et couronné par Jeanneton

D’un simple bonnet de coton.

Dit on:

Oh! oh! oh! oh! Ah! ah! ah! ah!

Quel bon petit roi c’etait; là! là! là!

Béranger.

It was a King of Yvetot

Whom few historians name;

A sleeper sound, a waker slow,

No dreams had he of fame.

By Betty’s hand with nightcap crown’d,

He snored in state the whole clock round

Profound.

Ha! ha! ha! ha! Ho! ho! ho! ho!

A Kingdom match for Yvetot!

Ho! ho!

Ywaine and Gawin, the English version of “Owain and the Lady of the Fountain.” The English version was taken from the French of Chrestien de Troyes (twelfth century), and was published by Ritson. The Welsh tale is in the Mabinogion. There is also a German version by Hartman von der Aue, a minnesinger (beginningbeginning of thirteenth century). There are also Bavarian and Danish versions.

Zabarell, a learned Italian commentator on works connected with the Aristotelian system of philosophy (1523-1589).

And still I held converse with Zabarell ...

Stufft noting-books; and still my spaniel slept.

At length he waked and yawned; and by yon sky

For aught I know, he knew as much as I.

Marston (died 1634).

Zabidius, the name in Martial for which “Dr. Fell” was substituted by Tom Brown, when sent by the dean of Christ Church to translate the lines;

Non amo te, Zabidi, nec possum dicere quare,

Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.

I love thee not, Zabidius--

Yet cannot tell thee why;

But this I may most truly say,

I love thee not, not I.

Imitated thus:

I do not like thee, Dr. Fell--

The reason why, I cannot tell;

But this I know, and know full well,

I do not like thee, Dr. Fell.

Tom Brown (author of Dialogues of the Dead).

Zab´ulon, a Jew, the servant of Hippolyta, a rich lady wantonly in love with Arnoldo. Arnoldo is contracted to the chaste Zeno´cia, who, in turn, is basely pursued by the governor, Count Clo´dio.--Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the Country (1647).

Zab´ulus, same as Diabolus.

Gay sport have we had to-night with Zabulus.

Lord Lytton, Harold, viii. (1850).

Zaccoc´ia, king of Mozambique, who received Vasco da Gama and his crew with great hospitality, believing them to 275be Mahommedans; but when he ascertained that they were Christians he tried to destroy them.--Camoens, Lusiad, i., ii. (1569).

Zacharia, one of the three anabaptists who induced John of Leyden to join the revolt of Westphalia and Holland. On the arrival of the emperor, the anabaptists betrayed their dupe but perished with him in the flames of the burning palace.--Meyerbeer, Le Prophète (1849).

Zadig, the hero and title of a novel by Voltaire. Zadig is a wealthy young Babylonian, and the object of the novel is to show that the events of life are beyond human control.

Zad´kiel (3 syl.), angel of the planet Jupiter.--Jewish Mythology.

Zadkiel, the pseudonym of Lieutenant Richard James Morrison, author of Prophetic Almanac, Handbook of Astrology, etc.

Zadoc, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom and Achitophel, is Sancroft, archbishop of Canterbury.

Zadoc, the priest whom, shunning power and place,

His lowly mind advanced to David’s grace.

Pt. i. (1681).

Zadoc Pine, man who makes a good living by attending to his own business and disregarding the admonitions of “Trades Unions” and officious wiseacres. “Man must earn his bread in the sweat of his brow; but some men sweat inside o’ their heads, an’ some outside. I’m workin’ my brain.”--H. C. Bunner, Zadoc Pine (1891).

Zaïde (2 syl.), a young slave who pretends to have been ill-treated by Adraste (2 syl.), and runs to Don Pèdre for protection. Don Pèdre sends her into the house while he expostulates with Adraste “for his brutality.” Now, Adraste is in love with Isidore, a Greek slave kept by Don Pèdre, and when Zaïde is called forth, Isidore appears, dressed in Zaïde’s clothes. “There,” says Don Pèdre, “take her home and use her well.” “I will,” says Adraste, and leads off Isidore.--Molière, Le Sicilien ou L’Amour Peintre (1667).

Zaira, the mother of Eva Wentworth. She is a brilliant Italian, courted by de Courcy. When deceived by him she meditates suicide, but forbears, and sees Eva die tranquilly, and the faithless de Courcy perish of remorse.--Rev. C. R. Maturin, Women (a novel, 1822).

Zambullo (Don Cleophas Leandro Perez), the person carried through the air by Asmodēus to the steeple of St. Salvādor, and shown, in a moment of time, the interior of every private dwelling around.--Lesage, The Devil on Two Sticks (1707).

Cleaving the air at a greater rate than Don Cleophas Leandro Perez Zambullo and his familiar.--C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (1840).

Zam´ora, youngest of the three daughters of Balthazar. She is in love with Rolando, a young soldier, who fancies himself a woman-hater, and, in order to win him she dresses in boy’s clothes and becomes his page, under the name of Eugenio. In this character Zamōra wins the heart of the young soldier by her fidelity, tenderness and affection. When the proper moment arrives she assumes her female attire, and Rolando, declaring she is no woman, but an angel, marries her.--J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804).

276Zamti, the Chinese mandarin. His wife was Mandănê, and his son Hamet. The emperor of China, when he was about to be put to death by Ti´murkan´, the Tartar, committed to Zamti’s charge his infant son, Zaphimri, and Zamti brought up this “orphan of China” as his own son, under the name of Etan. Twenty years afterwards Zamti was put to the rack by Timurkan, and died soon afterwards.--Murphy, The Orphan of China (1761).

Zanga, the revengeful Moor, the servant of Don Alonzo. The Moor hates Alonzo for two reasons: (1) because he killed his father, and (2) because he struck him on the cheek; and, although Alonzo has used every endeavor to conciliate Zanga, the revengeful Moor nurses his hate and keeps it warm. The revenge he wreaks is: (1) to poison the friendship which existed between Alonzo and Don Carlos by accusations against the don, and (2) to embitter the love of Alonzo for Leonora, his wife. Alonzo, out of jealousy, has his friend killed, and Leonora makes away with herself. Having thus lost his best beloved, Zanga tells his dupe he has been imposed upon, and Alonzo, mad with grief, stabs himself. Zanga, content with the mischief he has done, is taken away to execution.--Edward Young, The Revenge (1721).

⁂ “Zanga” was the great character of Henry Mossop (1729-1773). It was also a favorite part with J. Kemble (1757-1823).

Zanoné, Jepththa’s daughter, doomed by her father’s rash vow, to perpetual celibacy.--Margaret J. Preston, Old Song and New (1870).

Zano´ni, hero and title of a novel by Lord Bulwer Lytton. Zanoni is supposed to possess the power of communicating with spirits, prolonging life, and producing gold, silver, and precious stones (1842).

Zany of Debate. George Canning was so called by Charles Lamb in a sonnet printed in The Champion newspaper. Posterity has not endorsed the judgment or wit of this ill-natured satire (1770-1827).

Zaphimri, the “orphan of China,” brought up by Zamti, under the name of Etan.

Ere yet the foe burst in,

“Zamti,” said he, “preserve my cradled infant;

Save him from ruffians; train his youth to virtue....”

He could no more; the cruel spoiler seized him,

And dragged my king, from yonder altar dragged him,

Here on the blood-stained pavement; while the queen

And her dear fondlings, in one mangled heap,

Died in each other’s arms.

Murphy, The Orphan of China, iii. 1 (1761).

Zaphna, son of Alcānor, chief of Mecca. He and his sister, Palmira, being taken captives in infancy, were brought up by Mahomet, and Zaphna, not knowing Palmira was his sister, fell in love with her, and was in turn beloved. When Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, he employed Zaphna to assassinate Alcanor, and when he had committed the deed discovered that it was his own father he had killed. Zaphna would have revenged the deed on Mahomet, but died of poison.--James Miller, Mahomet the Impostor (1740).

Zara, an African queen, widow of Al-buca´cim, and taken captive by Manuel, king of Grana´da, who fell in love with 277her. Zara, however, was intensely in love with Osmyn (alias Prince Alphonso of Valentia), also a captive. Alphonso, being privately married to Alme´ria, could not return her love. She designs to liberate Osmyn; but, seeing a dead body in the prison, fancies it to be that of Osmyn, and kills herself by poison.--W. Congreve, The Mourning Bride (1697).

⁂ “Zara” was one of the great characters of Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831).

Zara (in French Zaïre), the heroine and title of a tragedy by Voltaire (1733), adapted for the English stage by Aaron Hill (1735). Zara is the daughter of Lusignan d’Outremer (king of Jerusalem) and sister of Nerestan. Twenty years ago Lusignan and his two children had been taken captives. Nerestan was four years old at the time; and Zara, a mere infant, was brought up in the seraglio. Osman the sultan fell in love with her, and promised to make her his sultana; and as Zara loved him for himself, her happiness seemed complete. Nerestan, having been sent to France to obtain ransoms, returned at this crisis, and Osman fancied that he observed a familiarity between Zara and Nerestan, which roused his suspicions. Several things occurred to confirm them, and at last a letter was intercepted, appointing a rendezvous between them in a “secret passage” of the seraglio. Osman met Zara in the passage, and stabbed her to the heart. Nerestan was soon seized, and being brought before the sultan, told him he had slain his sister, and the sole object of his interview was to inform her of her father’s death, and to bring her his dying blessing. Osman now saw his error, commanded all the Christian captives to be set at liberty, and stabbed himself.

Zaramilla, wife of Tinacrio, king of Micomicon, in Egypt. He was told that his daughter would succeed him, that she would be dethroned by the giant Pandafilando, but that she would find in Spain the gallant knight of La Mancha, who would redress her wrongs, and restore her to her throne.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 3 (1605).

Zaraph, the angel who loved Nama. It was Nama’s desire to love intensely and to love holily, but as she fixed her love on an angel and not on God, she was doomed to abide on earth till the day of consummation; then both Nama and Zaraph will be received in the realms of everlasting love.--T. Moore, Loves of the Angels (1822).

Zauberflöte (Die), a magic flute, which had the power of inspiring love. When bestowed by the powers of darkness, the love it inspired was sensual love; but when by the powers of light, it became subservient to the very highest and holiest purposes. It guided Tami´no and Pami´na through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of Isis).--Mozart, Die Zauberflöte (1791).

Zayde, the chief character in a French romance by Mde. Lafayette (seventeenth century).

Zeal (Arabella), in Shadwell’s comedy The Fair Quaker of Deal (1617).

This comedy was altered by E. Thompson in 1720.

Zedekiah, one of General Harrison’s servants.--Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Ze´gris and the Abencerra´ges [A´.ven.ce.rah´.ke], an historical romance, 278professing to be history, and printed at Alca´la in 1604. It was extremely popular, and had a host of imitations.

Zeid, Mahomet’s freedman. “The prophet” adopted him as his son, and gave him Zeinab (or Zenobia) for a wife; but falling in love with her himself, Zeid gave her up to the prophet. She was Mahomet’s cousin, and within the prohibited degrees, according to the Korân.

Zeinab or Zenobia, wife of Zeid, Mahomet’s freedman and adopted son. As Mahomet wished to have her, Zeid resigned her to the prophet. Zeinab was the daughter of Amîma, Mahomet’s aunt.

Zei´nab (2 syl.), wife of Hodei´rah (3 syl.), an Arab. She lost her husband and all her children, except one, a boy named Thal´aba. Weary of life, the angel of death took her, while Thalaba was yet a youth.--Southey, Thalaba, the Destroyer (1797).

Zeleu´cus or Zaleucus, a Locrensian lawgiver, who enacted that adulterers should be deprived of their eyes. His own son being proved guilty, Zeleucus pulled out one of his own eyes, and one of his son’s eyes, that “two eyes might be paid to the law.”--Valerius Maximus, De Factis Dictisque, v. 5, exl. 3.

How many now will tread Zeleucus’ steps?

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577).

Zeli´ca, the betrothed of Azim. When it was rumored that he had been slain in battle, Zelĭca joined the harem of the Veiled Prophet as “one of the elect of paradise.” Azim returned from the wars, discovered her retreat, and advised her to flee with him, but she told him that she was now the prophet’s bride. After the death of the prophet Zelica assumed his veil, and Azim, thinking the veiled figure to be the prophet, rushed on her and killed her.--T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (“The Veiled Prophet,” etc., 1817).

Zelis, the daughter of a Persian officer. She was engaged to a man in the middle age of life, but just prior to the wedding he forsook her for a richer bride. The father of Zelis challenged him, but was killed. Zelis now took lodging with a courtezan, and went with her to Italy; but when she discovered the evil courses of her companion she determined to become a nun, and started by water for Rome. She was taken captive by corsairs, and sold from master to master, till at length Hingpo rescued her, and made her his wife.--Goldsmith, A Citizen of the World (1759).

Zelma´ne (3 syl.), the assumed name of Pyr´oclês, when he put on female attire.--Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia (1590).

Sir Philip has preserved such a matchless decorum that Pyroclês’ manhood suffers no stain for the effeminacy of Zelmanê.--C. Lamb.

Zelu´co, the only son of a noble Sicilian family, accomplished and fascinating, but spoilt by maternal indulgence, and at length rioting in dissipation. In spite of his gayety of manner, he is a standing testimony that misery accompanies vice.--Dr. John Moore, Zeluco (a novel, 1786).

Ze´mia, one of the four who, next in authority to U´riel, preside over our earth.--Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748).

Zemzem, a fountain at Mecca. The Mohammedans say it is the very spring which God made to slake the thirst of 279Ishmael, when Hagar was driven into the wilderness by Abraham. A bottle of this water is considered a very valuable present, even by princes.

There were also a great many bottles of water from the fountain of Zemzem, at Mecca.--Arabian Nights (“The Purveyor’s Story”).

Zenel´ophon, the beggar-girl who married King Cophet´ua of Africa. She is more generally called Penel´ophon.--Tennyson, King Cophetua and the Beggar-maid.

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who claimed the title of “Queen of the East.” She was defeated by Aurelian and taken prisoner in A.D. 273.

Zenobia, brilliantbrilliant and beautiful woman, the most striking figure in the group of remarkable people who compose the Blithedale Farm household. She has a dark history which she would forget in a later love. This fails her and she drowns herself. “Being the woman that she was, could Zenobia have foreseenforeseen all these ugly circumstances of death, how ill it would become her ... she would no more have committed the dreadful act than have exhibited herself to a public assembly in a badly-fitting garment.... She was not quite simple in her death.”--Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Blithedale Romance (1850).

Zeno´cia, daughter of Chari´no, and the chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo. While Arnoldo is wantonly loved by the rich Hippol´yta, Zenocia is dishonorably pursued by the governor, Count Clo´dio.--Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the Country (1647).

Zephalinda, a young lady who has tasted the delights of a London season, but is taken back to her home in the country, to find enjoyment in needlework, dull aunts, and rooks.

She went from opera, park, assembly, play,

To morning walk, and prayers three hours a day;

To part her time ’twixt reading and Bohea,

To muse, and spill her solitary tea,

O’er her cold coffee trifle with her spoon,

Count the slow clock and dine exact at noon.

Pope, Epistle to Miss Blount (1715).

Zeph´on, a cherub who detected Satan squatting in the garden, and brought him before Gabriel, the archangel. The word means “searcher of secrets.” Milton makes him “the guardian angel of paradise.”

Ithuriel and Zephon, with winged speed

Search thro’ this garden, leave unsearched no nook;

But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge,

Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm.

Milton, Paradise Lost (1665).

Zephyr. (See Morgane.)

Zerbinette (3 syl.), the daughter of Argante (2 syl.), stolen from her parents by gypsies when four years old, and brought up by them. Léandre, the son of Seigneur Géronte fell in love with her, and married her; but the gypsies would not give her up without being paid £1500. Scapin wrung this money from Géronte, pretending it was to ransom Léandre, who had been made a prisoner by some Turks who intended to sell him in Algiers for a slave unless his ransom was brought within two hours. The old man gave Scapin the money grudgingly, and Scapin passed it over to the gypsies, when a bracelet led to the discovery that Zerbinette was the daughter of Seigneur Argante, a friend of Léandre’s father, and all parties were delighted at the different revelations.--Molière, Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671).