LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. (continued 6)

Trull (Dolly). Captain Macheath says of her, “She is always so taken up with stealing hearts, that she does not allow herself time to steal anything else” (act ii. 1).--Gay, The Beggar’s Opera (1727).

Trulla, the daughter of James Spenser, a Quaker. She was first dishonored by her father, and then by Simeon Wait (or Magna´no), the tinker.

He Trulla loved, Trulla more bright

Than burnished armor of her knight,

A bold virago, stout and tall

As Joan of France or English Mall.

S. Butler, Hudibras, i. 2 (1663).

Trul´liber (Parson), a fat clergyman; ignorant, selfish, and slothful.--Fielding, The Adventures of Joseph Andrews (1742).

155Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, Sir Wilful Witwould, Sir Francis Wronghead, Squire Western, Squire Sullen; such were the people who composed the main strength of the Tory party for sixty years after the Revolution.--Macaulay.

⁂ “Sir Wilful Witwould,” in The Way of the World, by Congreve; “Sir Francis Wronghead,” in The Provoked Husband, by C. Cibber; “Squire Western,” in Tom Jones, by Fielding; “Squire Sullen,” in The Beaux’ Stratagem, by Farquhar.

Trunnion (Commodore Hawser), a one-eyed naval veteran, who has retired from the service in consequence of injuries received in engagements; but he still keeps garrison in his own house, which is defended with drawbridge and ditch. He sleeps in a hammock, and makes his servants sleep in hammocks, as on board ship, takes his turn on watch, and indulges his naval tastes in various other ways. Lieutenant Jack Hatchway is his companion. When he went to be married, he rode on a hunter which he steered like a ship, according to the compass, tacking about, that he might not “go right in the wind’s eye.”--T. Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1750).

It is vain to criticize the manœuvre of Trunnion, tacking his way to church on his wedding day, in consequence of a head wind.--Encyc. Brit., Art. “Romance.”

⁂ Dickens has imitated this in Wemmick’s house, which had flag and drawbridge, fortress and gun in miniature; but the conceit is more suited to “a naval veteran” than a lawyer’s clerk. (See Wemmick.)

Truscott (Jack), officer in U. S. Army, and, according to his wife, “gallant, noble, gentle, tender, true, faithful--and--um--sweet!” Truscott’s character, said to be drawn from life, is one of the finest in Captain Charles King’s series of military novels. Truscott leads the rescuing party to the cottonwood copse where a handful of U. S. soldiers are penned in by Indians.

“More shots and yells, a trumpet-blare, and then--then, ringing like clarion over the turmoil of the fight, echoing far across the still valley, the sound of a glorious voice shouting the well-known words of command,--Left--front--into line--gallop.” And Dana can hold in no longer. Almost sobbing, he cries aloud--

“Jack Truscott, by all that is glorious! I’d know the voice among a million!” Who in the ----th would not? Who in the old regiment had not leaped at its summons, time and again?--Charles King, Marion’s Faith (1886).

Trusty (Mrs.), landlady of the Queen’s Arms, Romford. Motherly, most kind-hearted, a capital caterer, whose ale was noted. Bess, “the beggar’s daughter,” took refuge with her, and was most kindly treated. Mrs. Trusty wished her son, Ralph, to take Bess to wife, but Bess had given her heart to Wilford, the son of Lord Woodville, her cousin.--S. Knowles, The Beggar of Bethnal Green (1834).

Tryamour (Sir), the hero of an old metrical novel, and the model of all knightly virtues.

Try´anon, daughter of the fairy king who lived on the island of Ole´ron. “She was as white as a lily in May, or snow that snoweth on a winter’s day,” and her “haire shone as goldê wire.” This paragon of beauty married Sir Launfal, King Arthur’s steward, whom she carried off to “Oliroun, her jolif isle.”--Thomas Chestre, Sir Launfal (fifteenth century).

Trygon, a poisonous fish. Ulysses was accidentally killed by his son Telegŏnos with an arrow pointed with trygon-bone.

156The lord of Ithăca,

Struck by the poisonous trygon’s bone expired.

West, Triumphs of the Gout (“Lucian” 1750).

Tryphon, the sea-god’s physician.

They send in haste for Tryphon, to apply

Salves to his wounds, and medicines of might;

For Tryphon of sea-god’s the sovereign leech is hight.

Spenser, Faëry Queen, iii. 4 (1590).

Tubal, a wealthy Jew, the friend of Shylock.--Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice (a drama, 1598).

Tuck, a long, narrow sword (Gaelic tuca, Welsh twca, Italian stocco, French estoc)estoc). In Hamlet the word “tuck” is erroneously printed stuck in Malone’s edition.

If he by chance escape your venomed tuck,

Our purpose may hold there.

Shakespeare, Hamlet, act iv. sc. 7.

Tuck, (Friar), the “curtal friar of Fountain’s Abbey,” was the father confessor of Robin Hood. He is represented as a sleek-headed, pudgy, paunchy, pugnacious clerical Falstaff, very fat and self-indulgent, very humorous, and somewhat coarse. His dress was a russet habit of the Franciscan order, a red corded girdle with gold tassel, red stockings, and a wallet.

Sir Walter Scott, in his Ivanhoe, calls him the holy clerk of Copmanhurst, and describes him as a “large, strong-built man in a sackcloth gown and hood, girt with a rope of rushes.” He had a round, bullet head, and his close-shaven crown was edged with thick, stiff, curly black hair. His countenance was bluff and jovial, eyebrows black and bushy, forehead well-turned, cheeks round and ruddy, beard long, curly and black, form brawny (ch. xv.).

In the May-day morris-dance the friar is introduced in full clerical tonsure, with the chaplet of white and red beads in his right hand, a corded girdle about his waist, and a russet robe of the Franciscan order. His stockings red, his girdle red, ornamented with gold twist and a golden tassel. At his girdle hung a wallet for the reception of provisions, for “Walleteers” had no other food but what they received from begging. Friar Tuck was chaplain to Robin Hood, the May-king. (See Morris-Dance.)

In this our spacious isle, I think there is not one

But he hath heard some talk of Hood and Little John;

Of Tuck, the merry friar, which many a sermon made,

In praise of Robin Hood, his outlaws and their trade.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxvi. (1622).

Tud (Morgan), chief physician of King Arthur.--The Mabinogion (“Geraint,” twelfth century).

Tug (Tom), the waterman, a straightforward, honest young man, who loved Wilhelmi´na, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bundle, and, when he won the waterman’s badge in rowing, he won the consent of “the gardener’s daughter” to become his loving and faithful wife.--C. Dibdin, The Waterman (1774).

Tukely, the lover of Sophia. As Sophia has a partiality for the Hon. Mr. Daffodil, “the male coquette,” Tukely dresses in woman’s clothes, makes an appointment with Daffodil, and gets him to slander Sophia and other ladies, concealed among the trees. They thus hear his slanders, and, presenting themselves before him, laugh him to scorn.--Garrick, The Male Coquette (1758).

Tulk´inghorn (Mr.), attorney-at-law 157and legal adviser of the Dedlocks. Very silent and perfectly self-contained, but, knowing Lady Dedlock’s secret, he is like the sword of Dam´oclês over her head, and she lives in ceaseless dread of him.--C. Dickens, Bleak House (1852).

Tullia, wicked daughter of Servius Tullius, king of Rome. She conspired with her paramour to compass her father’s death, and drove over his dead body on her way to greet her accomplice as king.

Tulliver (Mr.), honest, irascible miller, whose love for “the little wench,” his daughter, is the gentlest feeling of his nature. His pride is hurt by financial disaster; he becomes a hireling of the man he hates; his fortunes are redeemed by his son, but he dies soon afterward.

Tulliver (Mrs.), a weak, garrulous woman, vain of her “Dodson blood.”

Tulliver (Maggie), fine, upright, imaginative, affectionate girl, understood by few, and passionately loved by two men. She resists her love for her cousin’s almost betrothed, and suffers the loss of reputation patiently. Tom Tulliver, her brother, is the sternest of her censors. The two are drowned together in a river-flood.--George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss.

Tully, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the great Roman orator (B.C. 106-43). He was proscribed by Antony, one of the triumvirate, and his head and hands, being cut off, were nailed, by the orders of Antony, to the Rostra of Rome.

Ye fond adorers of departed fame,

Who warm at Scipio’s worth or Tully’s name.

Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799).

The Judas who betrayed Tully to the sicarii was a cobbler. The man who murdered him was named Herennius.

Tungay, the one-legged man at Salem House.

He generally acted, with his strong voice, as Mr. Creakle’s interpreter to the boys.--C. Dickens, David Copperfield, ii. (1849).

Tunstall (Frank), one of the apprentices of David Ramsay, the watchmaker.--Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Tupman (Tracy), M.P.C., a sleek, fat young man, of very amorous disposition. He falls in love with every pretty girl he sees, and is, consequently, always getting into trouble.--C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Turbulent School of Fiction (The), a school of German romance writers, who returned to the feudal ages, and wrote between 1780 and 1800, in the style of Mrs. Radcliffe. The best known are Cramer, Spiers, Schlenkert, and Veit Weber.

Turcaret, a comedy by Lesage (1708), in which the farmers-general of France are gibbeted unmercifully. He is a coarse, illiterate man, who has grown rich by his trade. Any one who has risen from nothing to great wealth, and has no merit beyond money-making, is called a Turcaret.

Turcos, native Algerian infantry, officered by Frenchmen. The cavalry are called Spahis.

Turell (Jane), a fair Puritan, whose early precocity and mature accomplishments are related by her husband. Before she was four years old she “could say the Assembly’s Catechism, many of the 158Psalms, some hundred lines of the best poetry, read distinctly, and make pertinent remarks on many things she read.” In later years she fulfilled the promise thus given of intellectual acquirements, while “her innocence, modesty, ingenuity and devotion charmed all into admiration of her.”--Ebenezer Turell, Memoirs of the Pious and Ingenious Mrs. Jane Turell (1735).

Turk Gregory, Gregory VII. (Hildebrand); so called for his furious raid upon royal prerogatives, especially his contest with the emperor [of Germany] on the subject of investiture. In 1075, he summoned the emperor Henry IV. to Rome; the emperor refused to obey the summons, the pope excommunicated him, and absolved all his subjects from their allegiance; he next declared Henry dethroned, and elected a new kaiser, but Henry, finding resistance in vain, begged to be reconciled to the pope. He was now commanded, in the midst of a severe winter, to present himself, with Bertha, his wife, and their infant son, at the castle of Canossa, in Lombardy; and here they had to stand three days in the piercing cold, before the pope would condescend to see him, but at last the proud prelate removed the excommunication, and Henry was restored to his throne.

Turkish Spy (The). A once popular romance relating the adventures of Mahmut, a Turk who lived forty-five years undiscovered in Paris, unfolding the intrigues of the Christian courts, between 1637 and 1682. The author of this romance is Giovanni Paolo Mara´na, and he makes it the medium of an historical novel of the period (1684).

Turkomans, a corruption of Turk-imâms (“Turks of the true faith”). The first chief of the Turks who embraced Islam, called his people so to distinguish them from the Turks who had not embraced that faith.

Turnbull (Michael), the Douglas’s dark huntsman.--Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.).

Turnbull (Mr. Thomas), also called “Tom Turnpenny,” a canting smuggler and school-master.--Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time(time, George III.).

Turnip-Hoer, George I. So called because, when he first came over to England, he proposed planting St. James’s Park with turnips (1660, 1714-1727).

Turnpenny (Mr.), banker at Marchthorn.--Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Turnpenny (Tom), also called “Thomas Turnbull,” a canting smuggler and school-master.--Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Turntippit (Old lord), one of the privy council in the reign of William III.--Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (1819).

Turon, the son of Brute’s sister, slew 600 Aquitanians with his own hand in one single fight.

Where Turon, ... Brute’s sister’s valiant son ...

Six hundred slew outright thro’ his peculiar strength;

By multitudes of men, yet overpressed at length.

His noble uncle there, to his immortal name

The city Turon [Tours] built, and well endowed the same.

Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612)(1612).

Turpin, a churlish knight, who refuses 159hospitality to Sir Calepine and Serēna, although solicited to do so by his wife, Blanĭda (bk. vi. 3). Serena told Prince Arthur of this discourtesy, and the prince, after chastising Turpin, unknighted him, and prohibited him from bearing arms ever after (bk. vi. 7). The disgraced churl now vowed revenge; so off he starts, and seeing two knights, complains to them of the wrongs done to himself and his dame by “a recreant knight,” whom he points out to them. The two champions instantly challenge the prince “as a foul woman-wronger,” and defy him to combat. One of the two champions is soon slain and the other overthrown, but is spared on craving his life. The survivor now returns to Turpin, to relate his misadventure, and when they reach the dead body see Arthur asleep. Turpin proposes to kill him, but Arthur starts up and hangs the rascal on a tree (bk. vi. 7).--Spenser, Faëry Queen (1596).

Turpin, “archbishop of Rheims,” the hypothetical author of a Chronicle, purporting to be a history of Charlemagne’s Spanish adventures in 777, by a contemporary. This fiction was declared authentic and genuine by Pope Calixtus II. in 1122, but it is now generally attributed to a canon of Barcelona in the eleventh century.

The tale says that Charlemagne went to Spain in 777 to defend one of his allies from the aggressions of a neighboring prince. Having conquered Navarre and Aragon he returned to France. He then crossed the Pyrenees, and invested Pampeluna for three months, but without success. He tried the effect of prayer, and the walls, like those of Jericho, fell down of their own accord. Those Saracens who consented to be baptized he spared, but the rest were put to the sword. Being master of Pampeluna, the hero visited the sarcophagus of James; and Turpin, who accompanied him, baptized most of the neighborhood. Charlemagne then led back his army over the Pyrenees, the rear being under the command of Roland. The main army reached France in safety, but 50,000 Saracens fell on the rear, and none escaped.

Turpin (Dick), a noted highwayman, executed at York (1739).

Ainsworth has introduced into Rookwood Turpin’s famous ride to York on his steed, Black Bess. It is said that Maginn really wrote this powerful description (1834).

Turpin (The French Dick) is Cartouche, an eighteenth century highwayman. W. H. Ainsworth made him the hero of a romance (1841).

Tur´quine (Sir) had sixty-four of King Arthur’s knights in prison, all of whom he had vanquished by his own hand. He hated Sir Launcelot, because he had slain his brother, Sir Car´ados, at the Dolorous Tower. Sir Launcelot challenged Sir Turquine to a trial of strength, and slew him, after which he liberated the captive knights.--Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 108-110 (1470).

Turquoise (2 syl.), a blue material found in Persia, the exact nature of which is not known. Sundry virtues are attached to it: (1) It indicates by its hue the state of the wearer’s health; (2) it indicates by its change of lustre if any peril awaits the wearer; (3) it removes animosity between the giver and the receiver; (4) it is a potent love-charm, and hence Leah gave a turquoise ring to Shylock “when he was a bachelor,” in order to make him propose to her.

160Tur´veydrop (Mr.), a selfish, self-indulgent, conceited dancing-master, who imposes on the world by his majestic appearance and elaborate toilette. He lives on the earnings of his son (named Prince, after the prince regent), who reveres him as a perfect model of “deportment.”--C. Dickens, Bleak House (1852).

Tuscan Poet (The), Ludovico Ariosto, born at Reggio, in Modena (1474-1533). Noted for his poem entitled Orlando Furioso.

The Tuscan poet doth advance

The frantic paladin of France.

Drayton, Nymphidia (1563-1631).

Tutivillus, the demon who collects all the fragments of words omitted, mutilated, or mispronounced by priests in the performance of religious services, and stores them up in that “bottomless” pit which is “paved with good intentions.”--Langland, Visions of Piers Plowman, 547 (1362); and the Townley Mysteries, 310, 319, etc.

Twangdillo, the fiddler, in Somerville’s Hobbinol, a burlesque poem in three cantos. Twangdillo had lost one leg and one eye by a stroke of lightning on the banks of the Ister, but was still merry-hearted.

He tickles every string to every note;

He bends his pliant neck, his single eye

Twinkles with joy, his active stump beats time.

Hobbinol, or The Rural Games, i. (1740).

Tweedledum and Tweedledee. In the time of George III. the musical world was divided between the parties holding by the German Händel and the Italian Bononcini. The prince of Wales supported Händel, the duke of Marlborough stood for Bononcini.

Some say, compared to Bononcini,

That mynherr Handel’s but a ninny;

Others aver that he to Handel

Is scarcely fit to hold a candle;

Strange all this difference should be

’Twixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee.

J. Byrom (1691-1763).

Twelfth Night, a drama by Shakespeare. The story came originally from a novellette by Bandello (who died 1555), reproduced by Belleforest in his Histoires Tragiques, from which Shakespeare obtained his story. The tale is this: Viola and Sebastian were twins, and exactly alike. When grown up, they were ship-wrecked off the coast of Illyria, and both were saved. Viola, being separated from her brother, in order to obtain a livelihood, dressed like her brother, and took the situation of page under the duke Orsino. The duke, at the time, happened to be in love with Olivia, and as the lady looked coldly on his suit, he sent Viola to advance it, but the willful Olivia, instead of melting towards the duke, fell in love with his beautiful page. One day Sebastian, the twin-brother of Viola, being attacked in a street brawl, before Olivia’s house, the lady, thinking him to be the page, invited him in, and they soon grew to such familiar terms that they agreed to become man and wife. About the same time, the duke discovered his page to be a beautiful woman, and as he could not marry his first love, he made Viola his wife, and the duchess of Illyria.

Twelve Apostles of Ireland (The), twelve Irish prelates of the sixth century, disciples of St. Finnian of Clonard.

1. Ciaran or Keiran, bishop and abbot of Saighir (now Seir-Keiran, King’s County).

2. Ciaran or Keiran, abbot of Clomnacnois.

1613. Columcille of Hy (now Iona). This prelate is also called St. Columba.

4. Brendan, bishop and abbot of Clonfort.

5. Brendan, bishop and abbot of Birr (now Parsonstown, King’s County).

6. Columba, abbot of Tirdaglas.

7. Molaise or Laisre, abbot of Damhiris (now Devenish Island, in lough Erne).

8. Cainnech, abbot of Aichadhbo, in Queen’s County.

9. Ruadan or Rodan, abbot of Lorrha, in Tipperary County.

10. Mobi Clairenech (i.e., “the flat-faced”), abbot of Glasnooidhan (now Glasnevin, near Dublin).

11. Senell, abbot of Cluain-inis, in lough Erne.

12. Nannath or Nennith, bishop and abbot of Inismuige-Samh (now Inismac-Saint, in lough Erne).

Twelve Knights of the Round Table. Dryden says there were twelve paladins, and twelve knights of the Round Table. The table was made for 150, but as twelve is the orthodox number, the following names hold the most conspicuous places:--(1) Launcelot, (2) Tristram, and (3) Lamoracke, the three bravest; (4) Tor, the first made; (5) Galahad, the chaste; (6) Gaw´ain, the courteous; (7) Gareth, the big-handed; (8) Palomides, the Saracen, or unbaptized; (9) Kay, the rude and boastful; (10) Mark, the dastard; (11) Mordred, the traitor; and the twelfth, as in the case of the paladins, must be selected from one of the following names, all of which are seated with the prince in the frontispiece attached to the History of Prince Arthur, compiled by Sir T. Malory in 1470;--Sirs Acolon, Ballamore, Beleobus, Belvoure, Bersunt, Bors, Ector de Maris, Ewain, Floll, Graheris, Galohalt, Grislet, Lionell, Marhaus, Paginet, Pelleas, Percival, Sagris, Superabilis, and Turquine.

Or we may take from the Mabinogion the three “battle knights,” Cadwr, Launcelot, and Owain; the three “counselling knights,” Kynon, Aron, and Llywarch Hên; the three “diademed knights,” Kai, Trystan, and Gwevyl; and the three “golden-tongued,” Gwalchmai, Drudwas and Eliwlod, many of which are unknown in modern story.

Sir Walter Scott names sixteen of renown, seated round the king:

There Galahad sat with manly grace,

Yet maiden meekness in his face;

There Morolt of the iron mace;

And lovelorn Tristrem there;

And Dinadam, with lively glance;

And Lanval, with the fairy lance;

And Mordred, with his looks askance;

Brunor and Belvidere.

Why should I tell of numbers more?

Sir Cay, Sir Banier, and Sir Bore,

Sir Caradoc, the keen,

And gentle Gawain’s courteous lore,

Hector de Mares, and Pellinore,

And Lancelot, that evermore

Looked stol’n-wise on the queen.

Bridal of Triermain, ii. 13 (1813).

Twelve Paladins (The), twelve famous warriors in Charlemagne’s court.

1. Astolpho, cousin of Roland, descended from Charles Martel. A great boaster, fool-hardy, and singularly handsome. It was Astolpho who went to the moon to fetch back Orlando’s (Roland’s) brains when mad.

2. Ferumbras or Fierabras, a Saracen, afterwards converted and baptized.

3. Florismart, the fidus Achātês of Roland or Orlando.

4. Ganelon, the traitor, count of Mayence. Placed by Dantê in the Inferno.

5. Maugris, in Italian Malagigi, cousin to Rinaldo, and son of Beuves of Aygremont. He was brought up by Oriande the fairy, and became a great enchanter.

1626. Namo or Nayme de Bavière.

7. Ogier, the Dane, thought to be Holger, the hero of Denmark, but some affirm that “Dane” is a corruption of Damné; so called because he was not baptized.

8. Oliver, son of Regnier, comte de Gennes, the rival of Roland in all feats of arms.

9. Otuel, a Saracen, nephew to Ferragus or Ferracute. He was converted, and married a daughter of King Charlemagne.

10. Rinaldo, son of Duke Aymon, and cousin to Roland. Angelica fell in love with him, but he requited not her affection.

11. Roland, called Orlando in Italian, comte de Cenouta. He was Charlemagne’s nephew, his mother being Berthe, the king’s sister, and his father Millon.

12. One of the following names, all of which are called paladins, and probably supplied vacancies caused by death:--Basin de Genevois, Geoffrey de Frises, Guerin, duc de Lorraine, Guillaume de l’Estoc, Guy de Bourgogne, Hoël comte de Nantes, Lambert, prince of Bruxelles, Richard, duc de Normandy, Riol du Mans, Samson, duc de Bourgogne, and Thiery.

⁂ There is considerable resemblance between the twelve selected paladins and the twelve selected Table knights. In each case there were three pre-eminent for bravery: Oliver, Roland and Rinaldo (paladins); Launcelot, Tristram, and Lamoracke (Table knights). In each case was a Saracen: Ferumbras (the paladin); Palomides (the Table knight). In each was a traitor: Ganelon (the paladin); Mordred (the Table Knight), like Judas Iscariot in the apostolic twelve.

Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur’s reign,

Twelve they, and twelve the peers of Charlemain.

Dryden, The Flower and the Leaf.

Twelve Wise Masters (The), the original corporation of the mastersingers. Hans Sachs, the cobbler of Nürnberg, was the most renowned and the most voluminous of the mastersingers, but he was not one of the original twelve. He lived 1494-1576, and left behind him thirty-four folio vols. of MS., containing 208 plays, 1700 comic tales, and about 450 lyric poems.

Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet, laureate of the gentle craft,

Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge folios sang and danced.

Longfellow, Nuremberg.

⁂ The original corporation consisted of Heinrik von Mueglen, Konrad Harder, Master Altschwert, Master Barthel Regenbogen (blacksmith), Master Muscablüt (tailor), Hans Blotz (barber), Hans Rosenblüt (armorial painter), Sebastian Brandt (jurist), Thomas Murner, Hans Folz (surgeon), Wilhelm Weber, and Hans Sachs (cobbler). This last, though not one of the founders, was so superior to them all that he is always reckoned among the wise mastersingers.

Twemlow (Mr.), first cousin to Lord Snigsworth; “an innocent piece of dinner-furniture,” in frequent requisition by Mr. and Mrs. Veneering. He is described as “grey, dry, polite, and susceptible to east wind;” he wears “first-gentleman-in-Europe collar and cravat;” “his cheeks are drawn in as if he had made a great effort to retire into himself some years ago, and had got so far, but never any further.” His great mystery is who is Mr. Veneering’s oldest friend; is he himself his oldest or his newest acquaintance? He couldn’t tell.--C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864).

163Twenty Bold Mariners.

“Twenty bold mariners went to the wave,

Twenty sweet breezes blew over the main;

All were so hearty, so free and so brave--

But they never came back again.”

* * * * * * * * *

Rose Hawthorne Lathrop, Along the Shore (1888).

Twice-told Tales. Some of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s most charming tales and sketches are collected under this caption (1851).

Twickenham (The Bard of), Alexander Pope, who lived for thirty years at Twickenham (1688-1744).

Twigtythe (The Rev. Mr.), clergyman at Fasthwaite Farm, held by Farmer Williams.--Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Twin Brethren (The Great), Castor and Pollux.

Back comes the chief in triumph

Who, in the hour of fight,

Hath seen the Great Twin Brethren

In harness on his right.

Safe comes the ship to haven,

Thro’ billows and thro’ gales,

If once the great Twin Brethren

Sit shining on the sails.

Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (“Battle of Lake Regillus,” xl. 1842).

Twineall (The Hon. Mr.), a young man who goes to India, intending to work himself into place by flattery; but, wholly mistaking character, he gets thrown into prison for treason. Twineall talks to Sir Luke Tremor (who ran away from the field of battle) of his glorious deeds of fight; to Lady Tremor (a grocer’s daughter) of high birth, supposing her to be a descendant of the kings of Scotland; to Lord Flint (the sultan’s chief minister) of the sultan’s dubious right to the throne, and so on.--Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are (1786).

Twist (Oliver), the son of Mr. Brownlow’s oldest friend and Agnes Fleming; half-brother to “Manks.” He was born and brought up in a workhouse, starved, and ill-treated; but was always gentle, amiable, and pure-minded. His asking for more gruel at the workhouse because he was so hungry, and the astonishment of the officials at such daring impudence, is capitally told.--Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist (1837).

Twitcher (Harry). Henry, Lord Brougham [Broom] was so called, from his habit of twitching his neck (1778-1868).

Don’t you recollect, North, some years ago that Murray’s name was on our title-page; and that, being alarmed for Subscription Jamie [Sir James Mackintosh] and Harry Twitcher, he ... scratched his name out?--Wilson, Noctes Ambrosianæ (1822-36).

Twitcher (Jemmy), a cunning and treacherous highwayman in Macheath’s gang.--Gay, The Beggar’s Opera (1727).

Twitcher (Jemmy), the nickname of John, Lord Sandwich, noted for his liaison with Miss Ray (1718-1792).

When sly Jemmy Twitcher had smugged up his face

With a lick of court whitewash and pious grimace,

Avowing he went where three sisters of old,

In harmless society, guttle and scold.

Gay, (1716-1771).

Two Drovers (The), a tale in two chapters, laid in the reign of George III., written by Sir Walter Scott (1827). It is one of the “Chronicles of the Canongate” supposed to be told by Mr. Croftangry. Robin Oig M’Combich, a Highland drover, 164revengeful and proud, meets with Harry Wakefield, a jovial English drover, and quarrels with him about a pasture-field. They fight in Heskett’s ale-house, but are separated. Oig goes on his way to get a dagger, with which he returns to the ale-house, and stabs Harry who is three parts drunk. Being tried for murder, he is condemned and executed.

Two Gentlemen of Vero´na, a drama by Shakespeare, the story of which is taken from the Diana of Montemayor (sixteenth century). The tale is this: Protheus and Valentine were two friends, and Protheus was in love with a lady of Verōna, named Julia. Valentine went to sojourn in Milan, and there fell in love with Silvia, the duke’s daughter, who was promised in marriage to Thurio. Protheus, being sent by his father to Milan, forgot Julia, fell in love with Silvia, and, in order to carry his point, induced the duke to banish Valentine, who became the captain of banditti, into whose hands Silvia fell. Julia, unable to bear the absence of her lover, dressed in boy’s clothes, and, going to Milan, hired herself as a page to Protheus, and when Silvia was lost, the duke, with Thurio, Protheus and his page, went in quest of her. She was soon discovered, but when Thurio attempted to take possession of her, Valentine said to him, “I dare you to touch her;” and Thurio replied, “None but a fool would fight for a girl.” The duke, disgusted, gave Silvia to Valentine; and Protheus, ashamed of his conduct, begged pardon of Valentine, discovered his page to be Julia, and married her (1595).

Two Kings of Brentford (The). In the duke of Buckingham’s farce called The Rehearsal (1671), the two kings enter hand-in-hand, dance together, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, and, to heighten the absurdity, they are made to smell of the same nosegay (act ii. 2.).

Two-Legged Mare (The), a gallows. Vice says to Tyburn:

I will help to bridle the two-legged mare.

Like Will to Like, etc. (1587).

Two-Shoes (Goody), a nursery tale by Oliver Goldsmith (1765). Goody Two-shoes was a very poor child, whose delight at having a pair of shoes was so unbounded that she could not forbear telling every one she met that she had “two shoes,” whence her name. She acquired knowledge and became wealthy. The title-page states that the tale is for the benefit of those

Who from a state of rags and care,

And having shoes but half a pair,

Their fortune and their fame should fix,

And gallop in a coach and six.

Two Strings to Your Bow, a farce by Jephson (1792). Lazarillo, wanting a master, enters the service of Don Felix and also of Octavio at the same time. He makes perpetual blunders, such as giving letters and money to the wrong master; but it turns out that Don Felix is Donna Clara, the betrothed of Octavio. The lovers meet at the Eagle hotel, recognize each other, and become man and wife.

Two Unlucky. In our dynasties two has been an unlucky number; thus: Ethelred II. was forced to abdicate; Harold II. was slain at Hastings; William II. was shot in the New Forest; Henry II. had to fight for his crown, which was usurped by Stephen; Edward II. was murdered at Berkeley Castle; Richard II. was deposed; Charles II. was driven into exile; James II. was obliged to abdicate; George II. was worsted at Fontenoy and Lawfeld, was disgraced by General Braddock and Admiral Byng, and was troubled by Charles Edward, the Young Pretender.

Tyb´alt, a fiery young nobleman of Verona, nephew to Lady Capŭlet, and cousin to Juliet. He is slain in combat by Ro´meo.--Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1595).

The name is given to the cat in the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Hence Mercutio calls him “rat-catcher” (act iii. sc. 1), and when Tybalt demands of him, “What wouldst thou have with me?” Mercutio replies, “Good king of cats, nothing but one of your nine lives” (act iii. sc. 1).

Tybalt, a Lombard officer, in love with Laura, niece of Duke Gondibert. The story of Gondibert being unfinished, no sequel of this attachment is given.--Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668).

Tybalt or Tibert, the cat in the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498).

Tyburn (Kings of), hangmen.

Tyburn Tree (The), a gallows; so called because criminals at one time hung on the elm trees which grew on the banks of the Tyburn. The “Holy Maid of Kent,” Mrs. Turner, the poisoner, Felton, the assassin of the duke of Buckingham, Jack Sheppard, Jonathan Wild, Lord Ferrers, who murdered his steward, Dr. Dodd and Mother Brownrigg, “all died in their shoes” on the Tyburn tree.

Since laws were made for every degree,

To curb vice in others as well as in me [Macheath],

I wonder we ha’nt better company

’Neath Tyburn tree.

Gay, The Beggar’s Opera (1727).

165Tycho, a vassal of the bishop of Treves, in the reign of Kaiser Henry IV. He promised to avenge his lord and master, who had been plundered by Count Adalbert, a leader of bandits. So, going to the count’s castle, he craved a draught of water. The porter brought him a cup of wine, and Tycho said, “Thank thy lord for his charity, and tell him he shall meet with his reward.” Then, returning home, he procured thirty large wine-barrels, in each of which he concealed an armed retainer and weapons for two others. Each cask was then carried by two men to the count’s castle, and when the door was opened Tycho said to the porter, “I am come to recompense thy lord and master,” and the sixty men carried in the thirty barrels. When Count Adalbert went to look at the present, at a signal given by Tycho the tops of the casks flew off, and the ninety armed men slew the count and his brigands, and then burnt the castle to the ground.

The reader may perceive a certain resemblance between this tale and that of “Ali Baba, or the Forty Thieves” (Arabian Nights’ Entertainments).

Tyler (Wat), a frugal, honest, industrious, skillful blacksmith of Essex; with one daughter, Alice, pretty, joyous, innocent, and modest. With all his frugality and industry, Wat found it very hard to earn enough for daily bread, and the tax-collectors came for the poll-tax, three groats a head, for a war to maintain our conquests in France. Wat had saved up the money, and proffered six groats for himself and wife. The collectors demanded three groats for Alice also, but Tyler said she was under 15 years of age, whereupon, one of the collectors having “insulted her virgin modesty,” Tyler felled him to the ground with his sledge-hammer. The 166people gathered round the smith, and a general uprising ensued. Richard II., sent a herald to Tyler, to request a parley, and pledging his royal word for his safe conduct. The sturdy smith appointed Smithfield for the rendezvous, and there Tyler told the king the people’s grievances; but while he was speaking, William Walworth, the lord mayor, stabbed him from behind and killed him. The king, to pacify the people, promised the poll-tax should be taken off and their grievances redressed, but no sooner had the mob dispersed than the rebels were cut down wholesale, and many being subjected to a mockery of a trial, were infamously executed.--Southey, Wat Tyler (1794, published, 1817).

Tyll Owlyglass or Tyll Owleglass, by Thomas Murner, a Franciscan monk, of Strasbourg (1475-1536); the English name of the German “Tyll Eulenspiegel.” Tyll is a mechanic of Brunswick, who runs from pillar to post as charlatan, physician, lansquenet, fool, valet, and Jack-of-all-trades. He undertakes anything and everything, but invariably “spoils the Egyptians” who trust in him. He produces popular proverbs, is brimfull of merry mischief, droll as Sam Slick, indifferent honest as Gil Blas, light-hearted as Andrew Bode, as full of tricks as Scapin, and as popular as Robin Hood. The book is crammed with observations, anecdotes, fables, bon mots, facetiæ, and shows forth the omnipotence of common sense. There are two good English versions of this popular picaresco romance--one printed by William Copland, and entitled The Merrye Jeste of a Man called Howlëglass and the many Marvellous Thinges and Jestes which he did in his Lyfe in Eastland; and the other published in 1860, translated by K. R. H. Mackenzie, and illustrated by Alfred Crowquill. In 1720 was brought out a modified and abridged edition of the German story.

To few mortals has it been granted to earn such a place in universal history as Tyll Eulenspiegel [U’len-spee’.g’l]. Now, after five centuries, Tyll’s native village is pointed out with pride to the traveller, and his tombstone ... still stands ... at Möllen, near Lubeck, where since 1350 [sic] his once nimble bones have been at rest.--Carlyle.

Tylwyth Teg, or the “Family of Beauty,” elves who “dance in the moonlight on the velvet sward,” in their airy and flowing robes of blue and green, white and scarlet. These beautiful fays delight in showering benefits on the human race. The Mabinogion.

Tyneman (2 syl.), Archibald IV., earl of Douglas. So called because he was always on the losing side.

Tyre, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom and Achitophel, means Holland. “Egypt,” in the same satire, means France.

I mourn my countrymen, your lost estate ...

Now all your liberties a spoil are made,

Egypt and Tyrus intercept your trade.

Pt. i. (1681).

Tyre (Archbishop of), with the crusaders.--Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Tyrian Cyn´osure (3 syl.), Ursa Minor. Ursa Major is called by Milton “The Star of Arcady,” from Calisto, daughter of Lyca´on, the first king of Arcadia, who was changed into this constellation. Her son, Arcas or Cynosūra, was made the Lesser Bear.--Pausanias, Itinerary of Greece, viii. 4.

And thou shalt be our star of Arcady,

Or Tyrian Cynosure.

Milton, Comus, 343 (1634).

167Tyrie, one of the archers in the Scottish guard of Louis XI.--Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Tyrie (The Rev. Michael), minister of Glenorquhy.--Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow (time, George II.).

Tyrog´lyphus (“the cheese-scooper”), one of the mouse princes slain in the battle of the frogs and mice by Lymnisius (“the laker”).

Lymnisius good Tyroglyphus assails,

Prince of the mice that haunt the flowery vales;

Lost to the milky fares and rural seat,

He came to perish on the bank of fate.

Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712).

Tyrrel (Francis), the nephew of Mr. Mortimer. He loves Miss Aubrey “with an ardent, firm disinterested love.” On one occasion Miss Aubrey was insulted by lord Courtland, with whom Tyrrel fought a duel, and was for a time in hiding; but when Courtland recovered from his wounds, Tyrrel re-appeared, and ultimately married the lady of his affection.--Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover (1780).

Tyrrel (Frank), or Martigny, earl of Etherington, son of the late earl, and la comtesse de Martigny, his wife. He is supposed to be illegitimate. Frank is in love with Clara Mowbray, daughter of Mr. Mowbray, of St. Ronan’s.--Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III).

Tyrtæos, selected by the Spartans as their leader, because his lays inspired the soldiers to deeds of daring. The following is a translation of one of his martial songs;--

Oh, how joyous to fall in the face of the foe,

For country and altar to die!

168But a lot more ignoble no mortal can know,

Than with children and parents heart-broken with woe,

From home as an exile to fly.

Unrecompensed labor, starvation, and scorn,

The feet of the captive attend;

Dishonored his race, by rude foes overborne;

From altar, from country, from kith and kin torn;

No brother, no sister, no friend.

To the field, then! Be strong, and acquit ye like men!

Who shall fear for his country to fall?

Ye younger, in ranks firmly serried remain;

Ye elders, though weak, look on flight with disdain,

And honor your fatherland’s call!

Tyrtæos (The Spanish), Manuel José Quintāna, whose odes stimulated the Spaniards to vindicate their liberty, at the outbreak of the War of Independence (1772-1857).

⁂ Who can tell the influence of such odes as the Marseillaise, or some of the Jacobite songs, on the spirit of a people? Even the music-hall song, “We don’t want to fight,” almost roused the English nation into a war with Russia in 1878.

Tyson (Kate), a romantic young lady, who marries Frank Cheeney.--Wybert Reeve, Parted.

Ubaldo, one of the crusaders, mature in age. He had visited many regions, “from polar cold to Libya’s burning soil.” He and Charles, the Dane, went to bring back Rinaldo from the enchanted castle.--Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Ubaldo and Ricardo, two men sent by Honoria, queen of Hungary, to tempt the fidelity of Sophia, because the queen was in love with her husband, Mathias. Immediately Sophia understood the object of their visit, she had the two men confined in separate rooms, where they were made to earn their food by spinning.--Massinger, The Picture (1629).

Ube´da (Orbaneia of), a painter who drew a cock so preposterously that he was obliged to write under it “This is a cock,” in order that the spectator might know what was intended to be represented.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615).

Uberti (Farinata Degli), a noble Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline faction. Dantê represents him in his Inferno, as lying in a fiery tomb, yet open and not to be closed till the last judgment.

Uberto, Count d’Este, etc.--Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Udaller, one who holds land by allodial tenure. Magnus Troil, in Sir W. Scott’s Pirate, was a udaller.

Ude, the most learned of cooks, author of La Science de Gueule. He says, “Coquus nascitur non fit.” That “music, dancing, fencing, painting, and mechanics possess professors under 20 years of age, but pre-eminence in cooking is never attained under 30.” He was premier artiste to Louis XVI., then to Lord Sefton, then to the duke of York, then chef de cuisine at Crockford’s. It is said that he quitted the earl of Sefton, because one of his lordship’s 169guests added pepper to his soup. He was succeeded by Frascatelli.

⁂ Vatel, we are told, committed suicide (1677), during a banquet given by the Prince de Condé, because the lobsters for the turbot sauce did not arrive in time.

Udolpho (The Mysteries of), a romance by Mrs. Radcliffe (1790).

Ugo, natural son of Niccolo III. of Ferrara. His father had for his second wife Parisi´na Malatesta, between whom and Ugo a criminal attachment arose. When Niccolo was informed thereof, he had both brought to open trial, and both were condemned to suffer death by the common headsman.--Frizzi, History of Ferrara.

Ugoli´no, count of Gheradesca, a leader of the Guelphi in Pisa. He was raised to the highest honors, but the Archbishop Ruggie´ri incited the Pisans against him, his castle was attacked, two of his grandsons fell in the assault, and the count himself, with his two sons and two surviving grandsons, were imprisoned in the tower of the Gualandi, on the Piazza of the Anziani. Being locked in, the dungeon key was flung into the Arno, and all food was withheld from them. On the fourth day his son, Gaddo, died, and by the sixth day little Anselm, with the two grandchildren, “fell one by one.” Last of all the count died also (1288), and the dungeon was ever after called “The Tower of Famine.”

Dantê has introduced this story in his Inferno, and represents Ugolino as devouring most voraciously the head of Ruggieri, while frozen in the lake of ice.

Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, makes the monk briefly tell this sad story, and calls the count “Hugeline of Pise.”

Oh, thou Pisa, shame!... What if fame

Reported that thy castles were betrayed

170By Ugolino, yet no right hadst thou

To stretch his children on the rack ...

Their tender years ... uncapable of guilt.

Dantê, Hell, xxxiii. (1300).

Remember Ugolino condescends

To eat the head of his arch-enemy

The moment after he politely ends

His tale.

Byron, Don Juan, ii. 83 (1819).

Ulalume, the lost love, to the door of whose tomb the poet strays with “Psyche, his soul.”

And we pass to the end of the vista,

But were stopped by the door of a tomb,--

By the door of a legended tomb;

And I said, “What is written, sweet sister

On the door of this legended tomb?”

She replied, “Ulalume! Ulalume!

’Tis the vault of thy lost Ulalume!”

Edgar Allan Poe, Poems (1850).

Ula´nia, queen of Islanda. She sent a golden shield to Charlemagne, to be given as a prize to his bravest knight, and whoever won it might claim the donor in marriage.--Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, xv. (1516).

Ulfin, the page of Gondibert’s grandsire, and the faithful Achātês of Gondibert’s father. He cured Gondibert by a cordial kept in his sword hilt.--Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1668).

Ulf, Celtic husband, who, surprising his wife with her lover, follows and slays him, then tells her what he has seen, and how avenged his injured honor, and kills her.--Charles de Kay, Hesperus and other Poems (1880).

Ulien’s Son, Rodomont.--Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Ulin, an enchantress who had no power over those who remained faithful to Allah and their duty; but if any fell into error or sin she had full power to do as she liked, Thus, when Misnar (sultan of India) mistrusted the protection of Allah, she transformed him into a toad. When the Vizier Horam believed a false report, obviously untrue, she transformed him also into a toad. And when the Princess Hemjunah, to avoid a marriage projected by her father, ran away with a stranger, her indiscretion placed her in the power of the enchantress, who transformed her likewise into a toad. Ulin was ultimately killed by Misnar, sultan of Delhi, who felled her to the ground with a blow.--Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley], Tales of the Genii, vi., viii. (1751).

Ullin, Fingal’s aged bard, called “the sweet voice of resounding Cona.”

Ullin, the Irish name for Ulster.

He pursued the chase on Ullin, on the moss-covered top of Drumardo.--Ossian, Temora, ii.

Ullin’s Daughter (Lord), a young lady who eloped with the chief of Ulva’s Isle, and induced a boatman to row them over Lochgyle during a storm. The boat was capsized just as Lord Ullin and his retinue reached the shore. He saw the peril, he cried in agony, “Come back, come back! and I’ll forgive your Highland chief;” but it was too late, the “waters wild rolled o’er his child, and he was left lamenting.”--Campbell, Lord Ullin’s Daughter (a ballad).

Ulric, son of Werner (i.e., count of Siegendorf). With the help of Gabor, he saved the count of Stral´enheim from the Oder; but murdered him afterwards for the wrongs he had done his father and himself, especially in seeking to oust them from the princely inheritance of Siegendorf.--Byron, Werner (1822).

171Ulri´ca, in Charles XII., by J. R. Planché (1826).

Ulrica, a girl of great beauty and noble determination of character, natural daughter of Ernest de Fridberg. Dressed in the clothes of Herman (the deaf and dumb jailer-lad), she gets access to the dungeon where her father is confined as a “prisoner of State,” and contrives his escape, but he is recaptured. Whereupon Christine (a young woman in the service of the Countess Marie) goes direct to Frederick II., and obtains his pardon.--E. Stirling, The Prisoner of State (1847).

Ulrica, alias Martha, mother of Bertha, the betrothed of Hereward (3 syl.).--Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Ulrica, daughter of the late thane of Torquilstone; alias Dame Urfried, an old sibyl at Torquilstone Castle.--Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time Richard I.).

Ulster (The kings of). The kings of Ulster were called O’Neil; those of Munster, O’Brien; of Connaught, O’Connor; of Leinster, MacMorrough; and of Meath, O’Melaghlin.

Ultimus Romano´rum, Horace Walpole (1717-1797).

Ulvfagre, the fierce Dane, who massacred the Culdees of Io´na, and having bound Aodh in iron, carried him to the church, demanding of him where he had concealed the church treasures. At that moment a mysterious gigantic figure in white appeared, and, taking Ulvfagre by the arm, led him to the statue of St. Columb, which instantly fell on him and killed him.

The tottering image was dashed

Down from its lofty pedestal;

On Ulvfagre’s helm it crashed.

Helmet, and skull, and flesh, and brain,

It crushed as millstones crush the grain.

Campbell, Reullura.

Ulysses, a corrupt form of Odusseus [O. dus´.suce], the king of Ithăca. He is one of the chief heroes in Homer’s Iliad, and the chief hero of the Odyssey. Homer represents him as being craftily wise and full of devices. Virgil ascribes to him the invention of the Wooden Horse.

Ulysses was very unwilling to join the expedition to Troy, and pretended to be mad. Thus, when Palamēdês came to summon him to the war, he was plowing the sand of the seashore and sowing it with salt.

Ulysses’s bow. Only Ulysses could draw this bow, and he could shoot an arrow from it through twelve rings.

William the Conqueror had a bow which no arm but his own could bend.

Robin Hood’s bow could be bent by no hand but his own.

⁂ Statius says that no one but Kapăneus [Kap´.a.nuce] could poise his spear.

His cypress spear with steel encircled shone,

Not to be poised but by his hand alone.

Thebaid, v.

Ulysses’s Dog, Argus, which recognized his master after an absence of twelve years. (See Theron, King Roderick’s dog.)

Ulysses and Polyphemos.

Ulysses and his crew, having reached the island of Sicily, strayed into the cave of Polyphēmos, the giant Cyclops. Soon as the monster returned and saw the strangers, he seized two of them, and, having dashed out their brains, made his supper off them, “nor entrails left, nor yet their marrowy bones;” then stretched he his huge carcass on the floor, and went to sleep. Next morning he caught up two others, devoured them for his breakfast, then stalked forth into the open air, driving his flocks before him. At sun-down he returned, seized other two for his supper and after quaffing three bowls of wine, fell asleep. Then it was that Ulysses bored out the giant’s eye with a green olive stake heated in the fire. The monster roared with pain, and after searching in vain to seize some of his tormentors, removed the rock from the mouth of the cave to let out his goats and sheep. Ulysses and his companions escaped at the same time by attaching themselves to the bellies of the sheep, and made for their ship. Polyphemos hurled rocks at the vessel, and nearly succeeded in sinking it, but the fugitives made good their flight, and the blinded monster was left lamenting.--Homer, Odyssey, ix.

⁂ An extraordinary parallel to this tale is told in the third voyage of Sindbad, the sailor. Sindbad’s vessel was driven by a tempest to an island of pygmies, and advancing into the interior, the crew came to a “high palace,” into which they entered. At sundown came home the giant, “tall as a palm tree; and in the middle of his forehead was one eye, red and fiery as a burning coal.” Soon as he saw the intruders, he caught up the fattest of them and roasted him for his supper, then lay down to sleep, and “snored louder than thunder.” At daybreak he left the palace, but at night returned, and made his meal off another of the crew. This was repeated a third night, but while the monster slept, Sindbad, with a red-hot spit, scooped out his eye. “The pain he suffered made him groan hideously,” and he fumbled about the palace to catch some of his tormentors “on whom to glut his rage;” but not succeeding in this, he left 172the palace, “bellowing with pain.” Sindbad and the rest lost no time in making for the sea; but scarcely had they pushed off their rafts when the giant approached with many others, and hurled huge stones at the fugitives. Some of them even ventured into the sea up to their waists, and every raft was sunk except the one on which Sindbad and two of his companions made their escape.--Arabian Nights (“Sindbad, the Sailor,” third voyage).

Another similar tale occurs in the Basque legends, in which the giant’s name is Tartaro, and his eye was bored out with spits made red hot. As in the previous instances, some seamen had inadvertently wandered into the giant’s dwelling, and Tartaro had banqueted on three of them, when his eye was scooped out by the leader. This man, like Ulysses, made his escape by means of a ram, but, instead of clinging to the ram’s belly, he fastened round his neck the ram’s bell, and threw over his back a sheep-skin. When Tartaro laid his hand on the skin, the man left it behind and made good his escape.

That all these tales are borrowed from one source none can doubt. The Iliad of Homer had been translated into Syriac by Theophilus Edessenes, a Christian Maronite monk of Mount Libănus, during the caliphate of Hárun-ur-Ráshid (A.D. 786-809).--See Notes and Queries, April 19, 1879.

Ulysses of Brandenburg (The), Albert III., elector of Brandenburg, also called “The German Achillês” (1414-1486).

Ulysses of the Highlands (The), Sir Evan Cameron, lord of Lochiel [Lok.keel´], and surnamed “The Black” (died 1719).

⁂ It was the son of Sir Evan who was called “The Gentle Lochiel.”

Umbra (Obsequious), in Garth’s Dispensary, is meant for Dr. Gould (1699).

Umbriel´ (2 syl.), the tutelar angel of Thomas, the apostle, once a Sadducee, and always hard of conviction.--Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748)(1748).

Umbriel [Um.breel´], a sprite whom Spleen supplies with a bagful of “sighs, sobs, and cross words,” and a vialful of “soft sorrows, melting grief, and flowing tears.” When the baron cuts off Belinda’s lock of hair, Umbriel breaks the vial over her, and Belinda instantly begins sighing and sobbing, chiding, weeping, and pouting.--Pope, Rape of the Lock (1712).

Umbriel, a dusky, melancholy sprite

As ever sullied the fair face of light,

Down to the central earth, his proper scene,

Repaired, to search the gloomy cave of Spleen.

Canto iv. 13, etc.

U´na, truth; so called because truth is one. She goes, leading a lamb and riding on a white ass, to the court of Gloriana, to crave that one of her knights might undertake to slay the dragon which kept her father and mother prisoners. The adventure is accorded to the Red Cross Knight, and the two start forth together. A storm compels them to seek shelter in a forest, and when the storm abates they get into Wandering Wood, where they are induced by Archimago to sleep in his cell. A vision is sent to the knight, which causes him to quit the cell, and Una, not a little surprised at this discourtesy, goes in search of him. In her wanderings she is caressed by a lion, who becomes her attendant. After many adventures, she finds St. George, “The Red Cross Knight;” who is held captive by Ugoglio, pride. Prince Arthur slays Ugoglio and frees the knight, who is then taken by Una to the 173house of Holiness to prepare for his battle with the dragon, which he finally defeats after a terrific three-days contest.--Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. (1590).

Una, one of Flora M’Ivor’s attendants.--Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Uncas, son of Chingachgook, surnamed “Deer-foot.” The courage, dignity, and loyalty of this young chieftain, combine with his personal graces to make him one of the most interesting creations of the novelist’s imagination. He dies in the effort to rescue the palefaced girl he loves, from the cruel Magua, and is buried by his tribe with all the honors due the bravest and purest of the tribe.

“Who that saw thee in battle, would believe that thou couldst die? Who before thee has ever shown Uttawa the way into the fight? Thy feet were like the wings of eagles; thine arm heavier than falling branches from the pine, and thy voice like the Manitou when he speaks in the clouds.”--James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans.

Unborn Doctor (The), of Moorfields. Not being born a doctor, he called himself “The Un-born Doctor.”

Uncle Larry, genial man of the world, kindly in thought, and sagacious in speech, who appears in The Last Meeting, The Rival Ghosts and other tales by Brander Matthews.

Uncle Toby, a captain who had been wounded at the siege of Namur, and had been dismissed the service on half-pay. Most kind and benevolent, modest, and simple-minded, but brave and firm in his own opinions. His gallantry towards Widow Wadman, is exquisite for its modesty and chivalry. Uncle Toby retains his military tastes and camp habits to the last.--Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (1729).

But what shall I say to thee, thou quintessence of the milk of human kindness, ... thou master of the best of corporals, ... thou high and only final Christian gentleman, ... divine Uncle Toby?... He who created thee was the wisest man since the days of Shakespeare himself.--Leigh Hunt.

Uncle Tom, a negro slave, of unaffected piety, and most faithful in the discharge of all his duties. His master, a humane man, becomes embarrassed in his affairs, and sells him to a slave-dealer. After passing through various hands, and suffering intolerable cruelties, he dies.--Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852).

⁂ The original of this character was the negro slave subsequently ordained and called “the Rev. J. Henson.” He was in London, 1876, 1877, took part in several religious services, and was even presented to her majesty, Queen Victoria.

Undine [Oon-deen], a water-sylph, who was in early childhood changed for the young child of a fisherman living on a peninsula, near an enchanted forest. One day Sir Huldbrand took shelter in the fisherman’s hut, fell in love with Undine, and married her. Being thus united to a man, the sylph received a soul. Not long after the wedding Sir Huldbrand returned homeward, but stopped awhile in the city, which lay on the other side of the forest, and met there Bertalda, a beautiful but haughty lady, whom they invited to go with them to their home, the Castle Ringstettin. For a time, the knight was troubled with visions, but Undine had the mouth of a well closed up, and thus prevented the water-sprites from getting into the castle. In time the knight neglected his wife, and became attached to Bertalda, who was in reality the changeling. One 174day, sailing on the Danube, the knight rebuked Undine in his anger, and immediately she was snatched away by sister sylphs to her water home. Not long after the knight proposed to Bertalda, and the wedding day arrived. Bertalda requested her maid to bring her some water from the well; so the cover was removed, Undine rose from the upheaving water, went to the chamber of Sir Huldbrand, kissed him, and he died. They buried him, and a silver stream bubbled round his grave; it was Undine who thus embraced him, true in life, and faithful in death.--De la Motte Fouqué, Undine (1807).

⁂ This romance is founded on a tale by Theophrastus Paracelsus, in his Treatise on Elemental Sprites.

Ungrateful Guest (The), a soldier in the army of Philip of Macĕdon, who had been hospitably entertained by a villager. Being asked by the king what he could give him in reward of his services, the fellow requested he might have the farm and cottage of his late host. Philip, disgusted at such baseness, had him branded with the words, The Ungrateful Guest.

Unique (The), Jean Paul Richter, whose romances are quite unique, and belong to no school (1763-1825).

Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille (1114-1203).

⁂ Sometimes Thomas Aquinas is also called Doctor Universālis (1224-1274).

Unknown (The Great), Sir Walter Scott, who published the Waverley novels anonymously (1771-1832).

Unlearned Parliament (The). The parliament convened by Henry IV., at Coventry, in Warwickshire (1404), was so called because lawyers were excluded from it.

Unlucky Possessions, the gold of Nibelungen and the gold of Tolosa, Graysteel, Harmonia’s necklace, Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, etc.

Unready (The), Ethelred II. (*, 978-1016).

⁂ “Unready” does not mean “never ready or prepared,” but lacking rede, i.e., “wisdom, judgment or kingcraft.”

Unreason (The abbot of), or Father Howleglas, one of the masquers at Kennaquhair.--Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Unwashed (The Great), the common people. It was Burke who first applied this term to the artizan class.

Upholsterer (The), a farce by Murphy (1758). Abraham Quidnunc, upholsterer, in St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, being crazed with politics, so neglects his business for the affairs of Europe that he becomes a bankrupt; but, at this crisis, his son, John, who had married the widow of a rich planter, returns from the West Indies, pays off his father’s debts, and places him in a position where he may indulge his love for politics without hampering himself with business.

Ura´nia, sister of Astrophel (Sir Philip Sidney), is the countess of Pembroke.

Urania, sister unto Astrophel,

In whose brave mind, as in a golden coffer,

All heavenly gifts and riches lockèd are,

More rich than pearls of Ind.

Spenser, Colin Clout’s Come Home Again (1595).

Urania, daughter of the king of Sicily, who fell in love with Sir Guy (eldest son of St. George, the patron saint of England).--R. Johnson, The Seven Champions, etc., iii. 2 (1617).

Ura´nian Venus, i.e., “Celestial Venus,” the patroness of chaste and pure love.

Venus pandêmos or popularis is the Venus of the animal passion called “love.”

Venus etaira or amīca is the Venus of criminal sensuality.

The seal was Cupid bent above a scroll,

And o’er his head Uranian Venus hung

And raised the blinding bandage from his eyes.

Tennyson, The Princess, i. (1830).

Urban (Sylvānus), the hypothetical editor of The Gentleman’s Magazine.

Urbané, hero of a religious story bearing the title of Urbané and His Friends, by Elizabeth Payson Prentiss (1863).

Urchin, a hedgehog, a mischievous little fellow, a dwarf, an imp.

We’ll dress like urchins.

Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act iv. sc. 4 (1596).

Ureus, the Egyptian snake, crowned with a mitre, and typical of heaven.

Urfried (Dame), an old sibyl at Torquilstone Castle; alias Ulrica, daughter of the late thane of Torquilstone.--Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Urgan, a human child stolen by the king of the fairies, and brought up in elf-land. He was sent to lay on Lord Richard the “curse of the sleepless eye,” for killing his wife’s brother. Then said the dwarf to Alice Brand (the wife of Lord Richard), “if any woman will sign my 175brow thrice with a cross, I shall resume my proper form.” Alice signed him thrice, and Urgan became at once “the fairest knight in all Scotland,” and Alice recognized in him her own brother, Ethert.--Sir W. Scott, Lady of the Lake, iv. 12 (1810).

Urganda, a potent fairy in the Amădis de Gaul and other romances of the Carlovingian cycle.

This Urganda seemed to be aware of her own importance.--Smollett.

Ur´gel, one of Charlemagne’s paladins, famous for his enormous strength.

U´riel (3 syl.), or Israfil, the angel who is to sound the resurrection trumpet.--Al Korân.

Uriel, one of the seven great spirits, whose station was in the sun. The word means “God’s light” (see 2 Esdras iv., v., x. 28).

The archangel Uriel, one of the seven

Who, in God’s presence, nearest to his throne,

Stand ready at command.

Milton, Paradise Lost, iii. 648, etc. (1665).

⁂ Longfellow calls him “the minister of Mars,” and says that he inspires man with “fortitude to bear the brunt and suffering of life.”--The Golden Legend, iii. (1851).

U´rien, the foster-father of Prince Madoc. He followed the prince to his settlement in North America, south of the Missouri (twelfth century).--Southey, Madoc (1805)(1805).

Urim, in Garth’s Dispensary, is designed for Dr. Atterbury.

Urim was civil and not void of sense,

Had humor and courteous confidence, ...

Constant at feasts, and each decorum knew,

And soon as the dessert appeared, withdrew.

The Dispensary, i. (1699).

Urra´ca, sister of Sancho II. of Castile, and queen of Zamōra.--Poema del Cid Campeador (1128).

Urre (Sir), one of the knights of the Round Table. Being wounded, the king and his chief knights tried on him the effect of “handling the wounds” (i.e., touching them to heal them), but failed. At last, Sir Launcelot was invited to try, and as he touched the wounds they severally healed.--Arthurian Romance.

Urrie (Sir John), a parliamentary leader.--Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

Ursa Major, Calisto, daughter of Lycāon, violated by Jupiter, and converted by Juno into a bear; whereupon the king of gods and man placed her in the Zodiac as a constellation. The Great Bear is also called “Hellicê.”

Ursa Major. Dr. Johnson was so called by Boswell’s father (1709-1784).

My father’s opinion of Dr. Johnson may be conjectured from the name he afterwards gave him, which was “Ursa Major;” but it is not true, as has been reported, that it was in consequence of my saying that he was a constellation of genius and literature.--Boswell (1791).

Ursel (Zedekias), the imprisoned rival of the Emperor Alexius Comnēnus of Greece.--Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Ur´sula, mother of Elsie, and wife of Gottlieb [Got.leeb], a cottage farmer, of Bavaria.--Hartmann von der Aue, Poor 176Henry (twelfth century); Longfellow Golden Legend (1851).

Ursula, a gentlewoman, attending on Hero.--Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing (1600).

Ursula, a silly old duenna, vain of her saraband dancing; though not fair yet fat and fully forty. Don Diego leaves Leonora under her charge, but Leander soon finds that a little flattery and a few gold pieces will put the dragon to sleep, and leave him free of the garden of his Hesperidês.--I. Bickerstaff, The Padlock (1768).

Ursula (Sister), a disguise assumed at St. Bride’s, by the Lady Margaret de Hautlieu.--Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.).

Ursula (Saint), daughter of Dianotus, king of Cornwall (brother and successor of Caradoc, king of Cornwall). She was asked in marriage by Conan [Meriadoc] of Armorica, or Little Britain. Going to France with her maidens, the princess was driven by adverse winds to Cologne, where she and “her 11,000 virgins” were martyred by the Huns and Picts (October 21, 237). Visitors to Cologne are still shown piles of skulls and bones heaped in the wall, faced with glass, which the verger asserts to be the relics of the martyred virgins; but, like Iphis, they must have changed their sex since death for most undoubtedly many of the bones are those of men and boys.--See Geoffrey, British History, v. 15, 16.

A calendar in the Freisingen Codex notices them as “SS. XI. M. VIRGINUM” i.e., “eleven holy virgin martyrs;” but, by making the “M” into a Roman figure equal 1000, we have XIM=11,000; so iiic=300.

Ursula is the Swabian ursul or hörsel (“the moon”), and, if this solution is accepted, then the “virgins who bore her company” are the stars. Ursul is the Scandinavian Hulda.

Those who assert the legend to be based on a fact, have supplied the following names as the most noted of the virgins, and, as there are but eleven given, it favors the Freisingen Codex:--(1) Ursula, (2) Sencia or Sentia, (3) Gregoria, (4) Pinnosa, (5) Mardia, (6) Saula, (7) Brittola, (8) Saturnina, (9) Rabacia, Sabatia, or Sambatia, (10) Saturia or Saturnia, and (11) Palladia.

In 1837 was celebrated with great splendor the sixteenth centenary “jubilee of their passion.”

Bright Ursula the third, who undertook to guide

The eleven thousand maids to Little Britain sent,

By seas and bloody men devoured as they went;

Of which we find these four have been for saints preferred.

And with their leader still do live encalendered:

St. Agnes, Cor´dula, Odillia, Florence, which

With wondrous sumptuous shrines those ages did enrich

At Cullen.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622).

Ursus, humane, tender-hearted pessimist, posing as a misogynist and philanthropist. His favorite comrade is the tame wolf, Homo.--Victor Hugo, L’Homme qui rit.

Use of Pests. David once said he could not image why a wise deity should have created such things as spiders, idiots, and mosquitoes; but his life showed they were all useful to him at any rate. Thus, when he fled from Saul, a spider spun its web at the mouth of the cave, and Saul, feeling assured that the fugitive could not 177have entered the cave without breaking the web, passed on without further search. Again, when he was taken captive before the king of Gath, he feigned idiocy, and the king dismissed him, for he could not believe such a driveller could be the great champion who had slain Goliath. Once more, when he entered into the tent of Saul, as he was crawling along, Abner, in his sleep, tossed his legs over him. David could not stir, but a mosquito happened to bite the leg of the sleeper, and, Abner shifting it, enabled David to effect his escape.--The Talmud. (See Virgil’s Gnat.)

Used Up, an English version of L’Homme Blasé, of Felix Auguste Duvert, in conjunction with Auguste Théodore de Lauzanne. Charles Mathews made this dramatic trifle popular in England.--Boucicault, Used Up (1845).

Useless Parliament (The), the first parliament held in the reign of Charles I. (June 18, 1625). It was adjourned to Oxford in August, and dissolved twelve days afterwards.

Usher (The House of), a doomed family, the last scions of which are twins--a brother and sister. The brother is the victim of melancholia, the sister seems to die and is buried prematurely. She bursts the coffin and appears in the door of her brother’s room. “For a moment she remained trembling and reeling to and fro upon the threshold--then, with a low, moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother, and, in her violent and now final death agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse, and a victim to the terrors he had anticipated.”--Edgar Allan Poe, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840).

Usnach or Usna. Conor, king of Ulster put to death by treachery, the three sons of Usnach. This led to the desolating war against Ulster, which terminated in the total destruction of Eman. This is one of the three tragic stories of the ancient Irish. The other two are The Death of the Children of Touran and The Death of the Children of Lir.

Avenging and bright falls the swift sword of Erin

On him who the brave sons of Usna betrayed!...

By the red cloud that hung over Conor’s dark dwelling

When Ulad’s three champions lay sleeping in gore ...

We swear to avenge them.

T. Moore, Irish Melodies iv. (“Avenging and Bright ...” 1814).

Uta, queen of Burgundy, mother of Kriemhild and Günther.--The Nibelungen Lied (twelfth century).

Utha, the “white-bosomed daughter of Herman.” She dwelt “by Thano’s stream,” and was beloved by Frothal. When Fingal was about to slay Frothal, she interposed and saved his life.--Ossian, Carric-Thura.

Uthal, son of Larthmor, petty king of Berrathon (a Scandinavian island). He dethroned his father, and, being very handsome, was beloved by Nina-Tho´ma (daughter of a neighboring prince), who eloped with him. Uthal proved inconstant, and, confining Nina-Thoma in a desert island, fixed his affections on another. In the mean time Ossian and Toscar arrived at Berrothan. A fight ensued, in which Uthal was slain in single combat, and Larthmor restored to his throne. Nina-Thoma was also released, but all her ill treatment could not lessen her deep love, and when she heard of the death of 178Uthal she languished and died.--Ossian, Berrathon.

Uther or Uter, pendragon or war-chief of the Britons. He married Igerna, widow of Gorloïs, and was by her the father of Arthur and Anne. This Arthur was the famous hero who instituted the knights of the Round Table.--Geoffrey, History of Britain, viii. 20 (1142).

Uthorno, a bay of Denmark, into which Fingal was driven by stress of weather. It was near the residence of Starno, king of Lochlin (Denmark).--Ossian, Cath-Loda, i.

Uto´pia, a political romance by Sir Thomas More.

The word means “nowhere” (Greek, ou-topos). It is an imaginary island, where everything is perfect--the laws, the politics, the morals, the institutions, etc. The author, by contrast, shows the evils of existing laws. Carlyle, in his Sartor Resartus, has a place called “Weissnichtwo” [Vice-neckt-vo, “I know not where”]. The Scotch “Kennaquhair” means the same thing (1524).

Adoam describes to Telemachus the country of Bétique (in Spain) as a Utopia.--Fénelon, Télémaque, viii.

Utopia, the kingdom of Grangousier. “Parting from Me´damoth, Pantag´ruel sailed with a northerly wind, and passed Me´dam, Gel´asem, and the Fairy Isles; then keeping Uti to the left, and Uden to the right, he ran into the port of Utopia, distant about 3½ leagues from the city of the Amaurots.”

⁂ Parting from Medamoth (“from no place”), he passed Medam (“nowhere”), Gelasem (“hidden land”), etc.; keeping to the left Uti (“nothing at all”) and to the right Uden (“nothing”), he entered the port of Utopia (“no place”), distant 3½ leagues from Amauros (“the vanishing point”).--See Maps for the Blind, published by Nemo and Co., of Weissnichtwo.

(These maps were engraved by Outis and Son, and are very rare.)

Uzziel [Uz´.zeel], the next in command to Gabriel. The word means “God’s strength.”--Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 782 (1665).

179

Vadius, a grave and heavy pedant.--Molière, Les Femmes Savantes (1672).

⁂ The model of this character was Ménage, an ecclesiastic, noted for his wit and learning. Vadius, although a caricature, was at once recognized by Molière’s readers.

Vafri´no, Tancred’s squire, practiced in all disguises, and learned in all the Eastern languages. He was sent as a spy to the Egyptian camp. Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Vagabonds (The).

“We are two travellers, Roger and I.

Roger’s my dog;--come here, you scamp!

Jump for the gentleman,--mind your eye!

Over the table--look out for the lamp!

The rogue is growing a little old;

Five years we’ve tramped through wind and weather,

And slept out-doors when nights were cold,

And ate and drank--and starved--together.”

* * * * * * * * * *

Trowbridge, The Vagabonds (1869).

Vagabond (The Bishop’s), “Cracker,” who imposes in countless ways upon the credulity and takes advantage of the humanity of a benevolent man. In the end he saves the bishop’s life at the cost of his own, and, as the good man offers to pray by his dying bed, tries to wave his hand in the old airy style. “I reckon God a’mighty knows I’d be the same old Demming ef I could get up, an’ I don’ mean to make no purtenses. But mabbe it’ll cheer up th’ ole ’ooman a bit; so you begin, an’ I’ll bring in an ‘Amen’ whenever it’s wanted.” When the prayer ended there was no “Amen.” Demming was gone where prayer may only faintly follow.--Octave Thanet, Knitters in the Sun (1887).

Vain´love, a gay young man about town.--Congreve, The Old Bachelor (1693).

Valantia (Count), betrothed to the Marchioness Merĭda, whom he “loved to distraction till he found that she doted on him, and this discovery cloyed his passion.” He is light, inconsiderate, unprincipled and vain. For a time he intrigues with Amantis, “the child of Nature,” but when Amantis marries the Marquis Almanza, the count says to Merida she shall be his wife if she will promise not to love him.--Mrs. Inchbald, Child of Nature. (See Thenot.)

Valclusa (Vaucluse), the famous retreat of Petrarch (father of Italian poetry) and his mistress, Laura, a lady of Avignon.

At last the Muses rose ... from fair Valclusa’s bowers.

Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744).

Valdes (2 syl.) and Cornelius, friends of Dr. Faustus, who instruct him in magic, 180and induce him to sell his soul, that he may have a “spirit” to wait on him for twenty-four years.--C. Marlowe, Dr. Faustus (1589).

Valence (Sir Aymer de), lieutenant of Sir John de Walton, governor of Douglas Castle.--Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.).

Valenti´na, daughter of the conte di San Bris, governor of the Louvre. She was betrothed to the conte di Nevers, but loved Raoul [di Nangis], a Huguenot, by whom she was beloved in return. When Raoul was offered her hand by the Princess Margheri´ta di Valois, the bride of Henri le Bernais (Henri IV.), he rejected it, out of jealousy; and Valentina, out of pique, married Nevers. In the Bartholomew slaughter which ensued, Nevers fell, and Valentina married her first love, Raoul, but both were shot by a party of musketeers under the command of her father, the conte di San Bris.--Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots (1836).

Valentine, one of the “two gentlemen of Verona;” the other “gentleman” was Protheus. Their two serving-men were Speed and Launce. Valentine married Silvia, daughter of the duke of Milan, and Protheus married Julia. The rival of Valentine was Thurio.--Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1595).

Valentine, a gentleman in attendance on the duke of Illyria.--Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1602).

Valentine (3 syl.), a gentleman just returned from his travels. In love with Cellide (2 syl.), but Cellide is in love with Francisco (Valentine’s son).--Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (a comedy, before 1620).

Valentine (3 syl.), a gallant that will not be persuaded to keep his estate.--Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit without Money (1639).

Valentine, brother of Margaret. Maddened by the seduction of his sister, he attacks Faust during a serenade, and is stabbed by Mephistophelês. Valentine dies reproaching his sister, Margaret.--Goethe, Faust (1798).

Valentine [Legend], eldest son of Sir Sampson Legend. He has a tendre for Angelica, an heiress, whom he eventually marries. To prevent the signing away of his real property for the advance of £4000 in cash to clear his debts, he feigns to be mad for a time. Angelica gets the bond, and tears it before it is duly signed.--Congreve, Love for Love (1695).

⁂ This was Betterton’s great part.

Valentine (Saint), a Romish priest, who befriended the martyrs in the persecution of Claudius II., and was, in consequence, arrested, beaten with clubs, and finally beheaded (February 14, 270). Pope Julius built a church in his honor, near Pontê Molê, which gave its name to the gate Porta St. Valentini, now called “Porta del Popolo,” and by the ancient Romans “Porta Flaminia.”

⁂ The 15th February was the festival of Februta Juno (Juno, the fructifyer), and the Roman Catholic clergy substituted St. Valentine for the heathen goddess.

Valentine and Orson, twin sons of Bellisant and Alexander (emperor of Constantinople). They were born in a forest near Orleans. While the mother was 181gone to hunt for Orson, who had been carried off by a bear, Valentine was carried off by King Pepin (his uncle). In due time Valentine married Clerimond, the Green Knight’s sister.--Valentine and Orson (fifteenth century).

Valentine Mortimer, scatter-brained youth, who accepts against his conscience ill-gotten possessions, and is forced by conscience to renounce them, just before his early death.--Jean Ingelow, Fated to be Free (1875).

Valentine and Violet, two girls who are made the subject of the curious social experiment described in The Children of Gibeon, by Walter Besant (1890).

Valentine de Grey (Sir), an Englishman and knight of France. He had “an ample span of forehead, full and liquid eyes, free nostrils, crimson lips, well-bearded chin, and yet his wishes were innocent as thought of babes.” Sir Valentine loved Hero, niece of Sir William Sutton, and in the end married her.--S. Knowles, Woman’s Wit, etc. (1838).

Valentin´ian [III.], emperor of Rome (419, 425-455). During his reign the empire was exposed to the invasions of the barbarians, and was saved from ruin only by the military talents of Aët´ius, whom the faithless emperor murdered. In the year following Valentinian was himself “poisoned” by [Petrōnius] Maxĭmus, whose wife he had violated. He was a feeble and contemptible prince, without even the merit of brute courage. His wife’s name was Eudoxia.--Beaumont and Fletcher, Valentinian (1617).

Valenti´no, Margheri´ta’s brother, in the opera of Faust e Margherita, by Gounod (1859).

Valentino, familiar name of Duke Cæsar Borgia. Daring, unscrupulous noble, whose amours are as audacious as the measures he devises for ridding himself of his rivals and enemies. His relationship to Pope Alexander VI. gives him peculiar advantages for prosecuting his evil designs. He is poisoned at a banquet, together with his father, who dies. Valentino procures an antidote in time to save his life, but remains an invalid for long. Recovering partially, he sets sail for France, is seized by the Spaniards and imprisoned for two years in Seville. Escaping, he takes service under the king of Navarre and is killed in a skirmish with the soldiers of the constable of Lerina, at the early age of thirty-one.--William Waldorf Astor, Valentino, An Historical Romance (1885).

Valère (2 syl.), son of Anselme (2 syl.), who turns out to be Don Thomas d’Alburci, a nobleman of Naples. During an insurrection the family was exiled and suffered shipwreck. Valère, being at the time only seven years old, was picked up by a Spanish captain, who adopted him, and with whom he lived for sixteen years, when he went to Paris and fell in love with Elise, the daughter of Har´pagon, the miser. Here also Anselme, after wandering about the world for ten years, had settled down, and Harpagon wished him to marry Elise; but the truth being made clear to him that Valère was his own son, and Elise in love with him, matters were soon adjusted.--Molière, L’Avare (1667).

Valère (2 syl.), the “gamester.” Angelica gives him a picture, and enjoins him not to lose it on pain of forfeiting her hand. He loses the picture in play, and 182Angelica, in disguise, is the winner of it. After a time Valère is cured of his vice and happily united to Angelica.--Mrs. Centlivre, The Gamester (1709).

Vale´ria, sister of Valerius, and friend of Horatia.--Whitehead, The Roman Father (1741).

Valeria, a blue-stocking, who delights in vivisection, entomology, women’s rights, and natural philosophy.--Mrs. Centlivre, The Basset Table (1706).

Valerian, husband of St. Cecilia. Cecilia told him she was beloved by an angel, who constantly visited her; and Valerian requested to see this visitant. Cecilia replied that he should do so, if he went to Pope Urban to be baptized. This he did, and on returning home, the angel gave him a crown of lilies, and to Cecilia, a crown of roses, both from the garden of paradise. Valerian, being brought before the Prefect Almachius for heresy, was executed.--Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (“The Second Nun’s Tale,” 1388).

Vale´rio, a noble young Neapolitan lord, husband of Evanthê (3 syl.). This chaste young wife was parted from her husband by Frederick, the licentious brother of Alphonso, king of Naples, who tried in vain to seduce her, and then offered to make her any one’s wife for a month, at the end of which time the libertine should suffer death. No one would accept the offer, and ultimately the lady was restored to her husband.--Beaumont and Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624).

Valerius, the hero and title of a novel by J. G. Lockhart (1821). Valerius is the son of a Roman commander, settled in Britain. After the death of his father, he is summoned to Rome, to take possession of an estate to which he is the heir. At the villa of Capĭto he meets with Athanasia, a lady who unites the Roman grace with the elevation of the Christian. Valerius becomes a Christian also, and brings Athanasia to Britain. The display at the Flavian amphitheatre is admirably described. A Christian prisoner is brought forward, either to renounce his faith or die in the arena; of course the latter is his lot.

This is one of the best Roman stories in the language.

Valerius, the brother of Valeria. He is in love with Horatia, but Horatia is betrothed to Caius Curiatius.--Whitehead, The Roman Father (1741).

Valiant (The), Jean IV. of Brittany (1338, 1364-1399).

Valiant-for-Truth, a brave Christian, who fought three foes at once. His sword was “a right Jerusalem blade,” so he prevailed, but was wounded in the encounter. He joined Christiana’s party in their journey to the Celestial City.--Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, ii (1684).

Valjean (Jean), ex-convict, whose efforts at re-habilitation meet with rebuff and misconstruction. The best qualities of a really noble nature appear in his care for his adopted child, the daughter of poor Fantine.--Victor Hugo, Les Miserables.

Valkyrior or Valkyrs, stern, beautiful maidens, who hover over battle-fields to bear away to Valhalla the souls of slain heroes. They also wait at table in the halls of Valhalla.--Scandinavian Mythology.

183Val´ladolid´ (The doctor of), Sangrado, who applied depletion for every disease, and thought the best diet consisted of roast apples and warm water.

I condemned a variety of dishes, and arguing like the doctor of Valladolid, “Unhappy are those who require to be always on the watch, for fear of overloading their stomachs!”--Lesage, Gil Blas, vii. 5 (1735).

Valley of Humiliation, the place where Christian encountered Apollyon, and put him to flight.--Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, i. (1678).

Valley of the Shadow of Death, a “wilderness, a land of deserts, and of pits, a land of drought, and of the shadow of death” (Jer. ii. 6). “The light there is darkness, and the way full of traps ... to catch the unwary.” Christian had to pass through it, after his encounter with Apollyon.--Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, i. (1678).

Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for Thou art with me; Thy rod and Thy staff they comfort me.--Psalm xxiii. 4.

Valunder, the Vulcan of Scandinavian mythology, noted for a golden arm-ring, on which was wrought all the heathen deities, with their attributes. It was once stolen by Sotê, but being recovered by Thorsten, became an heirloom, and of course descended to Frithjof, as one of his three inheritances, the other two being the sword Angurva´del, and the self-acting ship, Ellīda.--Tegnér, Frithjof Saga, iii. (1825).

Farewell, and take in memory of our love

My arm-ring here, Valunder’s beauteous work,

With heavenly wonders graven on the gold.

viii.

Valver´de (3 syl.), a Spaniard, in love with Elvi´ra. He is the secretary of Pizarro, and at the end preserves the life of Elvira.--Sheridan, Pizarro (altered from Kotzebue, 1799).

Vamen, a dwarf, who asked Baly, the giant monarch of India, to permit him to measure out three paces to build a hut upon. The kind monarch smiled at the request, and bade the dwarf measure out what he required. The first pace compassed the whole earth, the second the whole heavens, and the third all pandalon or hell. Baly now saw that the dwarf was no other than Vishnû, and he adored the present deity.--Hindû Mythology.

⁂ There is a Basque tale the exact counterpart of this.

Vamp, bookseller and publisher. His opinion of books was that the get-up and binding were of more value than the matter. “Books are like women; to strike, they must be well dressed. Fine feathers make fine birds. A good paper, an elegant type, a handsome motto, and a catching title, have driven many a dull treatise through three editions.”--Foote, The Author (1757).

Van (The Spirit of the), the fairy spirit of the Van Pools, in Carmarthen. She married a young Welsh farmer, but told him that if he struck her thrice, she would quit him forever. They went to a christening, and she burst into tears, whereupon her husband struck her as a marjoy; but she said, “I weep to see a child brought into this vale of tears.” They next went to the child’s funeral, and she laughed, whereupon her husband struck her again; but she said, “I truly laugh to think what a joy it is to change this vale of tears for that better land, where there is no more sorrow, but pleasures for evermore.” 184Their next visit was to a wedding, where the bride was young, and the man old, and she said aloud, “It is the devil’s compact. The bride has sold herself for gold.” The farmer again struck her, and bade her hold her peace; but she vanished away, and never again returned.--Welsh Mythology.

Vanbeest Brown (Captain) alias Dawson, alias Dudley, alias Harry Bertram, son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram, laird of Ellangowan.

Vanbeest Brown, lieutenant of Dirk Hatteraick.--Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Vanberg (Major), in Charles XII., by J. R. Planché (1826).

Vanda, wife of Baldric. She is the spirit with the red hand, who appears in the haunted chamber to the Lady Eveline Berenger, “the betrothed.”--Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Van´dunke (2 syl.), burgomaster of Bruges, a drunken merchant, friendly to Gerrard, king of the beggars, and falsely considered to be the father of Bertha. His wife’s name is Margaret. (Bertha is in reality the daughter of the duke of Brabant.)--Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggars’ Bush (1622).

Vandyck (The English), William Dobson, painter (1610-1647).

Vandyck in Little, Samuel Cooper. In his epitaph in old St. Pancras Church he is called “the Apellês of his age” (1609-1672).

Vandyck of France, Hyacinth Rigaud y Ros (1659-1743).

Vandyck of Sculpture, Antoine Coysevox (1640-1720).

Vane (Ellery), a coquettish girl, who has method in her coquetry, beguiles Ellery Vane to the loss of his heart by tying on her hat in his presence.

“Ah! Ellery Vane, you little thought,

An hour ago, when you besought

This country lass to walk with you,

After the sun had dried the dew,

What perilous danger you’d be in

As she tied her bonnet under her chin!”

Nora Perry, After the Ball and Other Poems (1875).

Vane (Henry), a man who begins life as a flippant young fellow with a French education; settles down into an astute money-maker; falls in love seriously when he meant to flirt, and, finding that the girl with whom he is enamored has played a sharper game than he, and is engaged to another man, blows out his own brains.--Frederic Jesup Stimson, The Crime of Henry Vane.

Vanessa, Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, a young lady who proposed marriage to Dean Swift. The dean declined the proposal in a poetical trifle called Cadēnus and Vanessa.

Essa, i.e., Esther, and Van, the pet form of Vanhomrigh; hence Van-essa.

Vanity, the usher of Queen Lucifĕra.--Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. 4 (1590).

Vanity, a town through which Christian and Faithful had to pass on their way to the Celestial City.

Almost five thousand years agone, there were pilgrims walking to the Celestial City,... and Beëlzebub, Apollyon, and Legion ... perceived, 185by the path that the pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay through this town of Vanity.--Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, i. (1678).

Vanity Fair, a fair established by Beëlzebub, Apollyon and Legion, for the sale of earthly “vanities,” creature comforts, honors, decorations and carnal delights. It was held in Vanity town, and lasted all the year round. Christian and Faithful had to pass through the fair, which they denounced, and were consequently arrested, beaten and put into a cage. Next day, being taken before Justice Hate-good, Faithful was condemned to be burnt alive.--Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, i. (1678).

⁂ A looking-glass is called Vanity Fair.

Vanity Fair is the name of a periodical noted for its caricatures signed “Ape,” and set on foot by Signor Pellegrini.

Vanity Fair, a novel by W. M. Thackeray (1848). Becky (Rebecca) Sharp, the daughter of a poor painter, dashing, selfish, unprincipled, and very clever, contrives to marry Rawdon Crawley, afterwards his excellency Colonel Crawley, C.B., governor of Coventry Island. Rawdon expected to have a large fortune left him by his aunt, Miss Crawley, but was disinherited on account of his marriage with Becky, then a poor governess. Becky contrives to live in splendor on “nothing a year,” gets introduced at court, and is patronized by Lord Steyne, earl of Gaunt; but, this intimacy giving birth to a great scandal, Becky breaks up her establishment, and is reduced to the lowest Bohemian life. Afterwards she becomes the “female companion” of Joseph Sedley, a wealthy “collector,” of Boggley Wollah, in India. Having insured his life and lost his money, he dies suddenly under very suspicions circumstances, and Becky lives for a time in splendor on the Continent. Subsequently she retires to Bath, where she assumes the character of a pious, charitable Lady Bountiful, given to all good works. The other part of the story is connected with Amelia Sedley, daughter of a wealthy London stock-broker, who fails, and is reduced to indigence. Captain George Osborne, the son of a London merchant, marries Amelia, and old Osborne disinherits him. The young people live for a time together, when George is killed in the battle of Waterloo. Amelia is reduced to great poverty, but is befriended by Captain Dobbin, who loves her to idolatry, and after many years of patience and great devotion, she consents to marry him. Becky Sharp rises from nothing to splendor, and then falls; Amelia falls from wealth to indigence, and then rises.

Vanhorne (Miss), “an old woman with black eyes, a black wig, shining false teeth, a Roman nose and a high color,” who munches aromatic seeds coated with sugar, and tries to make or mar the fortunes of everybody she knows. Lonely, crabbed and rich.--Constance Fenimore Woolson, Anne (1882).

Van Ness (Aunt), sentimental, worldly old woman, who succeeds in marrying her niece, Constance Varley, to the man she does not want to accept.--Julia Constance Fletcher, Mirage (1878).

Vanoc, son of Merlin, one of the knights of the Round Table.

Young Vanoc, of the beardless face

(Fame spoke the youth of Merlin’s race),

O’erpowered, at Gyneth’s footstool bled,

His heart’s blood dyed her sandals red.

Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain, ii. 25 (1813).

186Vantom (Mr.). Sir John Sinclair tells us that Mr. Vantom drank in twenty-three years 36,688 bottles (i.e., 59 pipes) of wine.--Code of Health and Longevity (1807).

⁂ Between four and five bottles a day.

Vanwelt (Ian), the supposed suitor of Rose Flammock.--Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Vapians (The), a people of Utopia, who passed the equinoctial of Queūbus, “a torrid zone lying somewhere beyond three o’clock in the morning.”

In sooth, thou wast in very gracious fooling last night, when thou spokest ... of the Vapians passing the equinoctial of Queubus.--Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1602).

Vapid, the chief character in The Dramatist, by F. Reynolds, and said to be meant for the author himself. He goes to Bath “to pick up characters.”

Varbel, “the lowly but faithful squire” of Floreski, a Polish count. He is a quaint fellow, always hungry.--J. P. Kemble, Lodoiska (1719).

Varden (Gabriel), locksmith, Clerkenwell; a round, red-faced, sturdy yeoman, with a double chin, and a voice husky with good living, good sleeping, good humor and good health. He was past the prime of life, but his heart and spirits were in full vigor. During the Gordon riots Gabriel refused to pick the lock of Newgate prison, though at the imminent risk of his life.

Mrs. Varden [Martha], the locksmith’s wife and mother of Dolly, a woman of “uncertain temper” and a self-martyr. When too ill-disposed to rise, especially from that domestic sickness, ill temper, Mrs. Varden would order up “the little black teapot of strong mixed tea, a couple of rounds of hot buttered toast, a dish of beef and ham cut thin without skin, and the Protestant Manual in two octavo volumes. Whenever Mrs. Varden was most devout, she was always the most ill-tempered.” When others were merry, Mrs. Varden was dull; and when others were sad, Mrs. Varden was cheerful. She was, however, plump and buxom, her handmaiden and “comforter” being Miss Miggs. Mrs. Varden was cured of her folly by the Gordon riots, dismissed Miggs, and lived more happily and cheerfully ever after.

Dolly Varden, the locksmith’s daughter; a pretty, laughing girl, with a roguish face, lighted up by the loveliestloveliest pair of sparkling eyes, the very impersonation of good humor and blooming beauty. She married Joe Willet, and conducted with him the Maypole inn, as never country inn was conducted before. They greatly prospered, and had a large and happy family. Dolly dressed in the Watteau style; and modern Watteau costume and hats were, in 1875-6, called “Dolly Vardens.”--C. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge (1841).