LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. (continued 5)

Tipple, in Dudley’s Flitch of Bacon, first introduced John Edwin into notice (1750-1790).

Edwin’s “Tipple,” in the Flitch of Bacon, was an exquisite treat.--Boaden.

Tippoo Saib (Prince), son of Hyder Ali, nawaub of Mysore.--Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

Tips or “Examination Crams.” Recognized stock pieces of what is called “book work” in university examinations are: Fermat’sFermat’s theorem, the “Ludus Trojanus” in Virgil’s Æneid (bk. vi.), Agnesi’s “Witch,” the “Cissoid” of Diocles and the famous fragment of Solon, generally said to be by Euripidês.

In law examinations the stock pieces are the Justinian of Sandars; the Digest of Evidence of Sir James Stephen; and the Ancient Law of Sir Henry Maine.

The following are recognized primers:--Hill’s Logic; Spencer’s First Principles; Maine’s Ancient Law; Lessing’s Laocoon; Ritter and Preller’s Fragmenta; Wheaton’s International Law.

Tip-tilted. Tennyson says that Lynette had “her slender nose tip-tilted like the petal of a flower.”--Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette (1858).

Tiptoe, footman to Random and Scruple. He had seen better days, but, being found out in certain dishonest transactions, had lost grade, and “Tiptoe, who once stood above the world,” came into a 125position in which “all the world stood on Tiptoe.” He was a shrewd, lazy, knowing rascal, better adapted to dubious adventure, but always sighing for a snug berth in some wealthy, sober, old-fashioned, homely, county family, with good wages, liberal diet, and little work to do.--G. Colman, Ways and Means (1788).

Tiran´te the White, the hero and title of a romance of chivalry.

“Let me see that book,” said the curé; “we shall find in it a fund of amusement. Here we shall find that famous knight, Don Kyrie Elyson, of Montalban, and Thomas, his brother, with the Knight Fonseca, the battle which Detriantê fought with Alano, the stratagems of the Widow Tranquil, the amour of the empress with her squire, and the witticisms of Lady Brillianta. This is one of the most amusing books ever written.”--Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605).

Tiresias, a Theban soothsayer, blind from boyhood. It is said that Athêna deprived him of sight, but gave him the power of understanding the language of birds, and a staff as good as eyesight to direct his way. Ovid says that Tiresias met two huge serpents in the wood and struck them with his staff, when he found himself turned into a woman, in which shape he remained for seven years. In the eighth year, meeting them again, he again struck them, and was changed back to a man. Dante places Tiresias in the Eighth Chasm of the Fourth Circle of the Lower Hell among the sorcerers, and other dealers in magic arts.

Behold Tiresias, who changed his aspect

When of male he was made female,

Altogether transforming his members.

And afterward he had again to strike

The two involved serpents with his rod

Before he could resume his manly plumes.

Dante, Inferno, xx. 40.

Meeting two mighty serpents in the green wood he struck their intertwined bodies with his staff, and, oh, wonderful! he found himself changed into a woman, and so remained for seven years. Again he sees them, in the eighth year. “And if,” he cried, “so powerful was the effect of my former blow, once more will I strike you!” And, the serpents struck with the same blows, his former shape returned, and his original nature.--Ovid, Metamorphoses, iii.

⁂ Milton, regretting his own blindness, compares himself to Tiresias, among others.

Blind Thamyris and blind Mæonidês [Homer],

And Tiresias and Phineus prophets old.

Paradise Lost, iii. 36 (1665).

Tirlsneck (Jonnie), beadle of old St. Ronan’s.--Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Tirso de Moli´na, the pseudonym of Gabriel Tellez, a Spanish monk and dramatist. His comedy called Convivando de Piedra (1626) was imitated by Molière in his Festin de Pierre (1665), and has given birth to the whole host of comedies and operas on the subject of “Don Juan” (1570-1648).

Tiryn´thian Swain (The), Her´culês, called in Latin Tirynthius Heros, because he generally resided at Tiryns, a town of Ar´golis, in Greece.

Upon his shield lay that Tirynthian swain

Swelt’ring in fiery gore and poisonous flame,

His wife’s sad gift venomed with bloody stain. [See Nessus.]

Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, vii. (1633).

Tisapher´nes (4 syl.), “the thunderbolt of war.” He was in the army of Egypt, and was slain by Rinaldo.--Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (1575).

⁂ This son of Mars must not be mistaken for Tissaphernês, the Persian satrap, who sided with the Spartans, in the Peloponnesian 126war, and who treacherously volunteered to guide “the ten thousand” back to Greece.

Tisbi´na, wife of Iroldo. Prasildo, a Babylonish nobleman, fell in love with her, and threatened to kill himself. Tisbina, to divert him, tells him if he will perform certain exploits which she deemed impossible, she will return his love. These exploits he accomplishes, and Tisbina, with Iroldo, takes poison to avoid dishonor. Prasildo discovers that the draught they have taken is harmless, and tells them so; whereupon Iroldo quits the country, and Tisbina marries Prasildo. Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495). (See Dianora, and Dorigen.)

Tisellin, the raven, in the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498).

Tisiph´one (4 syl.), one of the three Furies. Covered with a bloody robe, she sits day and night at hell-gate, armed with a whip. Tibullus says her head was coifed with serpents in lieu of hair.

The Desert Fairy, with her head covered with snakes, like Tisiphonê, mounted on a winged griffin.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“The Yellow Dwarf,” 1682).

Ti´tan, the son of Hēlĭos, the child of Hyperi´on and Basil´ea, and grandson of Cœlum, or heaven. Virgil calls the sun “Titan,” and so does Ovid.

... primos crastĭnus ortus

Extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit orbem.

Æneid, iv. 118, 119.

A maiden queen that shone at Titan’s ray.

Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. 4 (1590).

Titans, giants, sons of Heaven and Earth. Their names were Ocēănos, Kœos, Krios, Hyperīon, Iapĕtos, and Kronos.

The Titanĭdês were Theia [Thi-a], Rhea, Themis, Mnemosynê, Phœbê, and Tethys.

Titan´ia, queen of the fairies, and wife of Obĕron. Oberon wanted her to give him for a page a little changeling, but Titania refused to part with him, and this led to a fairy quarrel. Oberon, in revenge, anointed the eyes of Titania, during sleep, with an extract of “Love in Idleness,” the effect of which was to make her fall in love with the first object she saw on waking. The first object Titania set eyes on happened to be a country bumpkin, whom Puck had dressed up with an ass’s head. While Titania was fondling this unamiable creature, Oberon came upon her, sprinkled on her an antidote, and Titania, thoroughly ashamed of herself, gave up the boy to her spouse; after which a reconciliation took place between the willful fairies.--Shakespeare, Midsummer Night’s Dream (1592).

Tite Barnacle (Mr.), head of the Circumlocution Office, and a very great man in his own opinion. The family had intermarried with the Stiltstalkings, and the Barnacles and Stiltstalkings found berths pretty readily in the national workshop, where brains and conceit were in inverse ratio. The young gents in the office usually spoke with an eye-glass in the eye, in this sort of style: “Oh, I say; look here! Can’t attend to you to-day, you know. But look here! I say; can’t you call to-morrow?” “No.” “Well, but I say; look here! Is this public business?--anything about--tonnage--or that sort of thing?” Having made his case understood, Mr. Clennam received the following instructions in these words;--

You must find out all about it. Then you’ll memorialize the department, according to the regular forms for leave to memorialize. If you get it, the memorial must be entered in that department, sent to be registered in this department, then sent back to that department, then sent to this department to be countersigned, and 127then it will be brought regularly before that department. You’ll find out when the business passes through each of these stages by inquiring at both departments till they tell you.--C. Dickens, Little Dorrit, x (1857).

Tite Poulette, daughter (supposed) of a quadroon mother. “She lives a lonely, innocent life, in the midst of corruption, like the lilies in the marshes.... If she were in Holland to-day, not one of a hundred suitors would detect the hidden blemish of mixed blood.” When the young man, who thus describes her loves her, Lalli, her putative mother confesses: “I have robbed God long enough. Here are the sworn papers. Take her--she is as white as snow--so!... I never had a child. She is the Spaniard’s daughter.”--G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days (1879).

Titho´nus, a son of Laomedon, king of Troy. He was so handsome that Auro´ra became enamored of him, and persuaded Jupiter to make him immortal; but as she forgot to ask for eternal youth also, he became decrepit and ugly, and Aurora changed him into a cicada, or grasshopper. His name is a synonym for a very old man.

Weary of aged Tithon’s saffron-bed.

Spenser, Faëry Queen, I. ii. 7 (1500).

... thinner than Tithōnus was

Before he faded into air.

Lord Lytton, Tales of Milētus, ii.

Tithonus (The Consort of), the dawn.

Now the fair consort of Tithonus old,

Arisen from her mate’s beloved arms,

Looked palely o’er the eastern cliff.

Dantê, Purgatory, ix. (1308).

Tithor´ea, one of the two chief summits of Parnassus. It was dedicated to Bacchus, the other (Lycorēa), being dedicated to the Muses and Apollo.

Titian (Tiziano Vecellio), an Italian landscape painter, especially famous for his flesh-tints and female figures (1477-1576).

Titian (The French), Jacques Blanchard (1600-1638).

Titian (The Portuguese), Alonzo Sanchez Coello (1515-1590).

Titmarsh (Michael Angelo), a pseudonym used by Thackeray, in a number of his earlier writings. Like Michael Angelo, Thackeray had a broken nose.

Titmouse (Mr. Tittlebat), a vulgar, ignorant coxcomb, suddenly raised from the degree of a linen-draper’s shopman, to a man of fortune, with an income of £10,000 a year.--Warren, Ten Thousand a Year.

Tito Mele´ma, a Greek, who marries Romola.--George Eliot, Romola.

Titurel, the first king of Graal-burg. He has brought into subjection all his passions, has resisted all the seductions of the world, and is modest, chaste, pious, and devout. His daughter, Sigunê, is in love with Tschionatulander, who is slain.--Wolfram von Eschenbach, Titurel (thirteenth century).

⁂ Wolfram’s Titurel is a tedious expansion of a lay already in existence, and Albert of Scharfenberg produced a Young Titurel, at one time thought the best romance of chivalry in existence, but it is pompous, stilted, erudite, and wearisome.

Titus, the son of Lucius Junius Brutus. He joined the faction of Tarquin, and was condemned to death by his father, who, having been the chief instrument in banishing the king and all his race, was 128created the first consul. The subject has been often dramatized. In English, by N. Lee (1678) and John Howard Payne (1820). In French, by Arnault, in 1792; and by Ponsard, in 1843. In Italian, by Alfieri, Bruto, etc. It was in Payne’s tragedy that Charles Kean made his début in Glasgow, as “Titus,” his father playing “Brutus.”

Titus, “the delight of man,” the Roman emperor, son of Vespasian (40, 79-81).

Titus, the penitent thief, according to the legend. Dumăchus and Titus were two of a band of robbers, who attacked Joseph in his flight into Egypt. Titus said, “Let these good people go in peace;” but Dumachus replied, “First let them pay their ransom.” Whereupon Titus handed to his companion forty groats; and the infant Jesus said to him:

When thirty years shall have gone by

I at Jerusalem shall die ...

On the accursêd tree.

Then on My right and My left side,

These thieves shall both be crucified,

And Titus thenceforth shall abide

In paradise with Me.

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851).

Tityre Tus (long u), the name assumed in the seventeenth century by a clique of young blades of the better class, whose delight was to break windows, upset sedan-chairs, molest quiet citizens, and rudely caress pretty women in the streets at night-time. These brawlers took successively many titular names, as Muns, Hectors, Scourers, afterwards Nickers, later still Hawcubites, and lastly Mohawks or Mohocks.

“Tityre tu-s” is meant for the plural of “Tityre tu,” in the first line of Virgil’s first Eclogue: “Tityre, tu patulæ recubans sub tegmine fagi,” and meant to imply that these blades were men of leisure and fortune, who “lay at ease under their patrimonial beech trees.”

Tit´yrus, in the Shepheardes Calendar, by Spenser (ecl. ii. and vi.), is meant for Chaucer.

The gentle shepherd sate beside a spring ...

That Colin hight, which well could pipe and sing,

For he of Tityrus his song did learn.

Spenser, The Shepheardes Calendar, xii. (1579).

Tityus, a giant, whose body covered nine acres of ground. In Tartărus, two vultures or serpents feed forever on his liver, which grows as fast as it is gnawed away.

Promētheus (3 syl.) is said to have been fastened to Mount Caucasus, where two eagles fed on his liver, which never wasted.

Nor unobserved lay stretched upon the marle

Tityus, earth-born, whose body, long and large,

Covered nine acres. There two vultures sat,

Of appetite insatiate, and with beaks

For ravine bent, unintermitting gored

His liver. Powerless he to put to flight

The fierce devourers. To this penance judged

For rape intended on Latona fair.

Fenton’s Homer’s Odyssey, xi. (1716).

Tizo´na, the Cid’s sword. It was buried with him, as Joyeuse (Charlemagne’s sword) was buried with Charlemagne, and Durindāna with Orlando.

Tlal´ala, surnamed “The Tiger,” one of the Aztĕcas. On one occasion, being taken captive, Madoc released him, but he continued the unrelenting foe of Madoc and his new colony, and was always foremost in working them evil. When at length the Aztecas, being overcome, migrated to Mexico, Tlalala refused to quit the spot of his father’s tomb, and threw himself on his own javelin.--Southey, Madoc (1805).

129Toad-Eater (Pulteney’s). Henry Vane was so called in 1742, by Sir Robert Walpole. Two years later, Sarah Fielding, in David Simple, speaks of “toad-eater” as “quite a new word,” and she suggests that it is “a metaphor taken from a mountebank’s boy eating toads in order to show his master’s skill in expelling poison,” and “built on a supposition that people who are in a state of dependence are forced to do the most nauseous things to please and humor their patrons.”

Tobo´so (Dulcinĕa del), the lady chosen by Don Quixote for his particular paragon. Sancho Panza says she was “a stout-built, sturdy wench, who could pitch the bar as well as any young fellow in the parish.” The knight had been in love with her before he took to errantry. She was Aldonza Lorenzo, the daughter of Lorenzo Corchuelo and Aldonza Nogalês; but when Signior Quixāda assumed the dignity of knighthood, he changed the name and style of his lady into Dulcinea del Tobōso, which was more befitting his rank.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 1 (1605).

Toby, waiter of the Spa hotel, St. Ronan’s, kept by Sandie Lawson.--Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Toby, a brown Rockingham-ware beer jug, with the likeness of Toby Filpot embossed on its sides, “a goodly jug of well-browned clay, fashioned into the form of an old gentleman, atop of whose bald head was a fine froth answering to his wig” (ch. iv.).

Gabriel lifted Toby to his mouth, and took a hearty draught.--C. Dickens, Master Humphrey’s Clock (“Barnaby Rudge,” xli., 1841).

Toby, Punch’s dog, in the puppet-show exhibition of Punch and Judy.

In some versions of the great drama of Punch, there is a small dog (a modern innovation), supposed to be the private property of that gentleman, and of the name of Toby--always Toby. This dog has been stolen in youth from another gentleman, and fraudulently sold to the confiding hero who, having no guile himself, has no suspicion that it lurks in others; but Toby, entertaining a grateful recollection of his old master, and scorning to attach himself to any new patron, not only refuses to smoke a pipe at the bidding of Punch but (to mark his old fidelity more strongly) seizes him by the nose, and wrings the same with violence, at which instance of canine attachment the spectators are always deeply affected.--C. Dickens.

Toby, in the periodical called Punch, is represented as a grave, consequential, sullen, unsocial pug, perched on back volumes of the national Menippus, which he guards so stolidly that it would need a very bold heart to attempt to filch one. There is no reminiscence in this Toby, like that of his peep-show namesake, of any previous master, and no aversion to his present one. Punch himself is the very beau-ideal of good-natured satire and far-sighted shrewdness, while his dog (the very Diogĕnês of his tribe) would scorn his nature if he could be made to smile at anything.

⁂ The first cover of immortal Punch was designed by A. S. Henning; the present one by Richard Doyle.

Toby (Uncle), a captain, who was wounded at the siege of Namur, and was obliged to retire from the service. He is the impersonation of kindness, benevolence, and simple-heartedness; his courage is undoubted, his gallantry delightful for its innocence and modesty. Nothing can exceed the grace of Uncle Toby’s love-passages with the Widow Wadman. It is said that Lieutenant Sterne (father of the novelist), was the prototype of Uncle Toby.--Sterne, Tristram Shandy (1759).

130My Uncle Toby is one of the finest compliments ever paid to human nature. He is the most unoffending of God’s creatures, or, as the French would express it, un tel petit bonhomme. Of his bowling-green, his sieges, and his amours, who would say or think anything amiss?--Hazlitt.

Toby Veck, ticket-porter and jobman, nicknamed “Trotty” from his trotting pace. He was “a weak, small, spare man,” who loved to earn his money, and heard the chimes ring words in accordance with his fancy, hopes, and fears. After a dinner of tripe, he lived for a time in a sort of dream, and woke up on New Year’s day to dance at his daughter’s wedding.--C. Dickens, The Chimes (1844).

Todd (Laurie), a poor Scotch nailmaker, who emigrates to America, and, after some reverses of fortune, begins life again as a backwoodsman, and greatly prospers.--Galt, Laurie Todd.

Tod´gers (Mrs.), proprietress of a “commercial boarding-house;” weighed down with the overwhelming cares of sauces, gravy, and the wherewithal of providing for her lodgers. Mrs. Todgers had a soft heart for Mr. Pecksniff, widower, and being really kind-hearted, befriended poor Mercy Pecksniff in her miserable married life with her brutal husband, Jonas Chuzzlewit.--C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844).

Tofa´na, of Palermo, a noted poisoner, who sold a tasteless, colorless poison, called the Manna of St. Nicola of Bara, but better known as Aqua Tofana. Above 600 persons fell victims to this fatal drug. She was discovered in 1659, and died 1730.

La Spara or Hieronyma Spara, about a century previously, sold an “elixir” equally fatal. The secret was ultimately revealed to her father confessor.

Tofts (Mistress), a famous singer towards the close of the eighteenth century. She was very fond of cats, and left a legacy to twenty of the tabby tribe.

Not Niobê mourned more for fourteen brats,

Nor Mistress Tofts, to leave her twenty cats.

Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot], Old Simon (1809).

Toinette, a confidential female servant of Argan, the malade imaginaire. “Adroite, soigneuse, diligente, et surtout fidèle,” but contractious, and always calling into action her master’s irritable temper. In order to cure him, she pretends to be a travelling physician of about 90 years of age, although she has not seen twenty-six summers; and in the capacity of a Galen, declares M. Argan is suffering from lungs, recommends that one arm should be cut off, and one eye taken out to strengthen the remaining one. She enters into a plot to open the eyes of Argan to the real affection of Angelique (his daughter), the false love of her stepmother, and to marry the former to Cléante, the man of her choice, in all which schemes she is fully successful.--Molière, Le Malade Imaginaire (1673).

Toison d’Or, chief herald of Burgundy.--Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward, and Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Toki, the Danish William Tell. Saxo Grammaticus, a Danish writer of the twelfth century, tells us that Toki once boasted, in the hearing of Harald Bluetooth, that he could hit an apple with his arrow off a pole; and the Danish Gessler set him to try his skill by placing an apple on the head of the archer’s son (twelfth century).

131Tolande of Anjou, a daughter of old King Réné of Provence, and sister of Margaret of Anjou (wife of Henry VI. of England).--Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Tolbooth (The), the principal prison of Edinburgh.

The Tolbooth felt defrauded of his charms

If Jeffrey died, except within her arms.

Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809).

Lord Byron refers to the “duel” between Francis Jeffrey, editor of the Edinburgh Review, and Thomas Moore, the poet, at Chalk Farm, in 1806. The duel was interrupted, and it was then found that neither of the pistols contained a bullet.

Can none remember the eventful day,

That ever-glorious, almost fatal fray,

When Little’s [Thomas Moore] leadless pistol met his eye,

And Bow Street myrmidons stood laughing by?

Ditto.

Tolme´tes (3 syl.), Foolhardiness personified in The Purple Island, fully described in canto viii. His companions were Arrogance, Brag, Carelessness, and Fear. (Greek, tolmêtês, “a foolhardy man.”)

Thus ran the rash Tolmetes, never viewing

The fearful fiends that duly him attended ...

Much would he boldly do, but much more boldly vaunt.

P. Fletcher, The Purple Island, viii. (1633).

Tom, “the Portugal dustman,” who joined the allied army against France in the war of the Spanish Succession.--Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John Bull (1712).

Tom, one of the servants of Mr. Peregrine Lovel, “with a good deal of surly honesty about him.” Tom is no sneak, and no tell-tale, but he refuses to abet Philip, the butler, in sponging on his master, and wasting his property in riotous living. When Lovel discovers the state of affairs, and clears out his household, he retains Tom, to whom he entrusts the cellar and the plate.--Rev. J. Townley, High Life Below Stairs (1750).

Tom Folio, Thomas Rawlinson, the bibliopolist (1681-1725).

Tom Jones (1 syl.), a model of generosity, openness, and manly spirit, mixed with dissipation. Lord Byron calls him “an accomplished blackguard” (Don Juan, xiii. 110, 1824).--Fielding, Tom Jones (1749).

A hero with a flawed reputation, a hero sponging for a guinea, a hero who cannot pay his landlady, and is obliged to let his honor out to hire, is absurd, and the claim of Tom Jones to heroic rank is quite untenable.--Thackeray.

Tom Long, the hero of an old tale, entitled The Merry Conceits of Tom Long, the Carrier, being many Pleasant Passages and Mad Pranks which he observed in his Travels. This tale was at one time amazingly popular.

Tom Scott, Daniel Quilp’s boy, Tower Hill. Although Quilp was a demon incarnate, yet “between the boy and the dwarf there existed a strange kind of mutual liking.” Tom was very fond of standing on his head, and on one occasion Quilp said to him, “Stand on your head again, and I’ll cut one of your feet off.”

The boy made no answer, but directly Quilp had shut himself in, stood on his head before the door, then walked on his hands to the back, and stood on his head there, then to the opposite side and repeated the performance.... Quilp, knowing his disposition, was lying in wait at a little distance, armed with a large piece of wood, which, being rough and jagged, and studded with broken nails, might possibly have hurt him, if it 132had been thrown at him.--C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, v. (1840).

Tom Thumb, the name of a very diminutive little man in the court of King Arthur, killed by the poisonous breath of a spider, in the reign of King Thunstone, the successor of Arthur. In the Bodleian Library there is a ballad about Tom Thumb, which was printed in 1630. Richard Johnson wrote in prose, The History of Tom Thumbe, which was printed in 1621. In 1630, Charles Perrault published his tale called Le Petit Poucet. Tom Thumb is introduced by Drayton in his Nymphidia (1563-1631).

“Tom” in this connection is the Swedish tomt (“a nix or dwarf”), as in Tomptgubbe (“a brownie or kobold”); the final t is silent, and the tale is of Scandinavian origin.

Tom Thumb, a burlesque opera, altered by Kane O’Hara (author of Midas), in 1778, from a dramatic piece by Fielding, the novelist (1730). Tom Thumb, having killed the giants, falls in love with Huncamunca, daughter of King Arthur. Lord Grizzle wishes to marry the princess, and when he hears that the “pygmy giant-queller” is preferred before him, his lordship turns traitor, invests the palace “at the head of his rebellious rout,” and is slain by Tom. Then follows the bitter end: A red cow swallows Tom, the queen, Dollallolla, kills Noodle, Frizaletta kills the queen, Huncamunca kills Frizaletta, Doodle kills Huncamunca, Plumantê kills Doodle, and the king, being left alone, stabs himself. Merlin now enters, commands the red cow to “return our England’s Hannibal,” after which the wise wizard restores all the slain ones to life again, and thus “jar ending,” each resolves to go home “and make a night on’t.”

Tom Tiddler’s Ground, a nook in a rustic by-road, where Mr. Mopes, the hermit, lived, and had succeeded in laying it waste. In the middle of the plot was a ruined hovel, without one patch of glass in the windows, and with no plank or beam that had not rotted or fallen away. There was a slough of water, a leafless tree or two, and plenty of filth. Rumor said that Tom Mopes had murdered his beautiful wife from jealousy, and had abandoned the world. Mr. Traveller tried to reason with him, and bring him back to social life, but the tinker replied, “When iron is thoroughly rotten you cannot botch it, do what you may.”--C. Dickens, A Christmas Number (1861).

Tom Tiler and His Wife, a transition play between a morality and a tragedy (1578).

Tom Tipple, a highwayman in Captain Macheath’s gang. Peachum calls him “a guzzling, soaking sot, always too drunk to stand himself or to make others stand. A cart,” he says, “is absolutely necessary for him.”--Gray, The Beggar’s Opera, i. (1727).

Tom Tram, the hero of a novel entitled The Mad Pranks of Tom Tram, Son-in-Law to Mother Winter, whereunto is added His Merry Jests, Odd Conceits and Pleasant Tales (seventeenth century).

All your wits that fleer and sham,

Down from Don Quixote to Tom Tram.

Prior.

Tom-a-Thrum, a sprite which figures in the fairy tales of the Middle Ages; a “queer-looking little auld man,” whose chief exploits were in the vaults and cellars of old castles. John Skelton, speaking of the clergy, says:

133Alas! for very shame, some cannot declyne their name;

Some cannot scarsly rede, And yet will not drede

For to kepe a cure.... As wyse as Tom-a-Thrum.

Colyn Clout (time, Henry VIII.).

Tom o’ Bedlam, a ticket-of-leave madman from Bethlehem Hospital, or one discharged as incurable.

Tom of Ten Thousand, Thomas Thynne; so called from his great wealth. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, but why, the then dean has not thought fit to leave on record.

Tom the Piper, one of the characters in the ancient morris-dance, represented with a tabor, tabor-stick and pipe. He carried a sword and shield, to denote his rank as a “squire minstrel.” His shoes were brown; his hose red and “gimp-thighed;” his hat or cap, red, turned up with yellow, and adorned with a feather; his doublet blue, the sleeves being turned up with yellow; and he wore a yellow cape over his shoulders. (See Morris-Dance.)

Tom Turner (Mrs.), unsophisticated country dame, whose head is turned by the feigned devotion of a man to whom “flirting is a part of daily existence.” “Mrs. Tom” dresses flashily, in imitation of the butterflies of fashion whom she meets in her new career as a woman of the world, affects airs and graces foreign to her nature, and plays the fool generally until shocked into her senses by a letter from her quiet, commonplace husband, telling her that he “has gone away and that she will not see him again.” She follows him, entreats forgiveness, returns to home and plain living, and, as a characteristic penance, wears her gaudy costumes out as everyday gowns. There were thirty of them at first. “I’ve worn them all almost out. When I get to the end of them I’ll have my own things again.”--H. C. Bunner, Mrs. Tom’s Spree (1891).

Tomahourich (Muhme Janet of), an old sibyl, aunt of Robin Oig M’Combich, the Highland drover.--Sir W. Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George III.).

Tom´alin, a valiant fairy knight, kinsman of King Obĕron. Tomălin is not the same as “Tom Thumb,” as we are generally but erroneously told, for in the “mighty combat” Tomalin backed Pigwiggen, while Tom Thum or Thumb, seconded King Oberon. This fairy battle was brought about by the jealousy of Oberon, who considered the attentions of Pigwiggen to Queen Mab were “far too nice.”--M. Drayton, Nymphidia (1563-1631).

Tomb (Knight of the), James, earl of Douglas in disguise.

His armor was ingeniously painted so as to represent a skeleton; the ribs being constituted by the corselet and its back-piece. The shield represented an owl with its wings spread--a device which was repeated upon the helmet, which appeared to be completely covered by an image of the same bird of ill omen. But that which was particularly calculated to excite surprise in the spectator was the great height and thinness of the figure.--Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous, xiv. (time, Henry I.).

Tomboy (Priscilla), a self-willed, hoydenish, ill-educated romp, of strong animal spirits, and wholly unconventional. She is a West Indian, left under the guardianship of Barnacle, and sent to London for her education. Miss Priscilla Tomboy lives with Barnacle’s brother, old [Nicholas] Cockney, a grocer, where she plays boy-and-girl love with young Walter Cockney, which consists chiefly in pettish quarrels and personal insolence. 134Subsequently she runs off with Captain Sightly, but the captain behaves well by presenting himself next day to the guardian, and obtaining his consent to marriage.--The Romp (altered from Bickerstaff’s Love in the City).

Tomès [Tō-may], one of the five physicians called in by Sganarelle to consult on the malady of his daughter, Lucinde (2 syl.). Being told that a coachman he was attending was dead and buried, the doctor asserted it to be quite impossible, as the coachman had been ill only six days, and Hippocrătês had positively stated that the disorder would not come to its height till the fourteenth day. The five doctors meet in consultation, talk of the town gossip, their medical experience, their visits, anything, in short, except the patient. At length the father enters to inquire what decision they had come to. One says Lucinde must have an emetic, M. Tomès says she must be blooded; one says an emetic will be her death, the other that bleeding will infallibly kill her.

M. Tomès, Si vous ne faites saigner tout à l’heure votre fille, c’est une personne morte.

M. Desfonandrès, Si vous la faites saigner, elle ne sera pas en vie dans un quart-d’-heure.

And they quit the house in great anger (act. ii. 4).--Molière, L’Amour Médecin (1665).

Tomkins (Joseph), secret emissary of Cromwell. He was formerly Philip Hazeldine, alias Master Fibbet, secretary to Colonel Desborough (one of the parliamentary commissioners).--Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Tom´yris, queen of the Massagētæ. She defeated Cyrus, who had invaded her kingdom, and, having slain him, threw his head into a vessel filled with human blood, saying, “It was blood you thirsted for; now take your fill!”

Great bronze valves embossed with Tomyris.

Tennyson, The Princess, v.

[I] was shown the seath and cruel mangling made

By Tomyris on Cyrus, when she cried,

“Blood thou didst thirst for; take thy fill of blood!”

Dantê, Purgatory, xii (1308).

Ton-Iosal was so heavy and unwieldy that when he sat down it took the whole force of a hundred men to set him upright on his feet again.--The Fiona.

If Fion was remarkable for his stature, ... in weight all yielded to the celebrated Ton-Iosal.--J. Macpherson, Dissertation on Ossian.

Ton-Thena (“fire of the wave”), a remarkable star which guided Larthon to Ireland, as mentioned in Ossian’s Tem´ora, vii., and called in Cathlin of Clutha, “the red traveller of the clouds.”

Tonio, a young Tyrolese, who saved Maria, the sutler-girl, when on the point of falling down a precipice. The two, of course, fall in love with each other, and the regiment, which had adopted the sutler-girl, consents to their marriage, provided Tonio will enlist under its flag. No sooner is this done than the marchioness of Berkenfield lays claim to Maria as her daughter, and removes her to the castle. In time, the castle is besieged and taken by the very regiment into which Tonio had enlisted, and, as Tonio had risen to the rank of a French officer, the marchioness consents to his marriage with her daughter.--Donizetti, La Figlia del Reggimento (1840).

Tonna (Mrs.), Charlotte Elizabeth (1792-1846).

135Tonto (Don Cherubin), canon of Tole´do, the weakest mortal in the world, though, by his smirking air, you would fancy him a wit. When he hears a delicate performance read, he listens with such attention as seems full of intelligence, but all the while he understands nothing of the matter.--Lesage, Gil Blas, v. 12 (1724).

Tonton, the smallest dog that ever existed. When the three princes of a certain king were sent to procure the tiniest dog they could find, as a present to their aged father, the White Cat gave the youngest of them a dog, so small that it was packed in wadding in a common acorn shell.

As soon as the acorn was opened, they all saw a little dog laid in cotton, and so small it might jump through a finger-ring without touching it.... It was a mixture of several colors; its ears and long hair reached to the ground. The prince set it on the ground, and forthwith the tiny creature began to dance a saraband with castanets.--Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“The(“The White Cat,” 1682)

Tony Lumpkin, a young booby, fond of practical jokes, and low company. He was the son of Mrs. Hardcastle by her first husband.--Goldsmith, She Stoops to Conquer (1773).

Tony Tyler, on the editorial staff of the Tecumseh Chronicle. “He knows about eighteen hundred times as much as Samboye (managing editor) does, only somehow, he hasn’t the faculty of putting it on paper. Too much whiskey!”--Harold Frederic, Seth’s Brother’s Wife (1886).

Toodle, engine-fireman, an honest fellow, very proud of his wife, Polly, and her family.

Polly Toodle, known by the name of Richards, wife of the stoker. Polly was an apple-faced woman, and was mother of a large, apple-faced family. This jolly, homely, kind-hearted matron was selected as the nurse of Paul Dombey, and soon became devotedly attached to Paul and his sister, Florence.

Robin Toodle, known as “The Biler,” or “Rob the Grinder,” eldest son of Mrs. Toodle, wet-nurse of Paul Dombey. Mr. Dombey gets Robin into an institution called “The Charitable Grinders,” where the worst part of the boy’s character is freely developed. Robin becomes a sneak, and enters the service of James Carker, manager of the firm of Dombey and Son. On the death of Carker, Robin enters the service of Miss Lucretia Tox.--C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846).

Toom Tabard (“empty jacket”), a nickname given to John Balliol, because his appointment to the sovereignty of Scotland was an empty name. He had the royal robe or jacket, but nothing else (1259, 1292-1314).

Tooth Worshipped (A). The people of Ceylon worship the tooth of an elephant; those of Malabar, the tooth of a monkey. The Siamese once offered a Portuguese 700,000 ducats for the redemption of a monkey’s tooth.

Tooth-picks. The Romans used tooth-picks made of mastic wood, in preference to quills; hence, Rabelais says that Prince Gargantua “picked his teeth with mastic tooth-pickers” (s’escuroit les dents avecques ung trou de lentisce), bk. i. 23.

Lentiscum melius; sed si tibi frondea cuspis

Defuerit, dentes, penna, levare potes.

Martial, Epigrams, xx. 24.

Toots (Mr.), an innocent, warm-hearted 136young man, just burst from the bonds of Dr. Blimber’s school, and deeply in love with Florence Dombey. He is famous for blushing, refusing what he longs to accept, and for saying, “Oh, it is of no consequence.” Being very nervous, he never appears to advantage, but in the main, “there were few better fellows in the world.”

“I assure you,” said Mr. Toots, “really I am dreadfully sorry, but it’s of no consequence.”--C. Dickens, Dombey and Son, xxviii. (1846).

Topas (Sir), a native of Poperyng, in Flanders; a capital sportsman, archer, wrestler, and runner. Chaucer calls him “Sir Thopas” (q.v.).

Topas (Sir). Sir Charles Dilke was so called by the Army and Navy Gazette, November 25, 1871 (1810-1869).

Topham (Master Charles), usher of the black rod.--Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Topsy, a young slave-girl, who never knew whether she had either father or mother, and being asked by Miss Ophelia St. Clare, how she supposed she came into the world, replied, “I ’spects I growed.”--Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852).

Tor (Sir), the natural son of King Pellinore, and the wife of Aries, the cowherd. He was the first of the knights of the Round Table.--Sir. T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 24 (1470).

Toralva (The licentiate), mounted on a cane, was conveyed through the air with his eyes shut; in twelve hours he arrived at Rome, and the following morning returned to Madrid. During his flight he opened his eyes once, and found himself so near the moon that he could have touched it with his finger.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 5 (1615). (See Torralba.)

Tordenskiol [Tor´.den.skole], or the “Thunder-Shield.” So Peder Wessel, vice-admiral of Denmark (in the reign of Christian V.), was called. He was brought up as a tailor, and died in a duel.

From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol;

Let each to heaven commend his soul,

And fly.

Longfellow, King Christian [V.].

Torfe (Mr. George), provost of Orkney.--Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.).

Tormes (Lazarillo de), by Diego Hurtado de Mendoza (sixteenth century); a kind of Gil Blas, whose adventures and roguish tricks are the first of a very popular sort of novel called the Gusto Picaresco. Lesage has imitated it in his Gil Blas, and we have numberless imitations in our own language. (See Tyll Owlyglass.)

The ideal Yankee, in whom European prejudice has combined the attractive traits of a Gines de Passamonte, a Joseph Surface, a Lazarillo de Tormes, a Scapin, a Thersitês, and an Autolycus.--W. H. Hurlburt.

⁂ “Gines de Passamonte,” in Don Quixote, by Cervantes; “Joseph Surface,” in The School for Scandal, by Sheridan; “Scapin,” in Les Fourberies de Scapin, by Molière; “Thersitês,” in Homer’s Iliad, i.; “Autolycus,” in the Winter’s Tale, by Shakespeare.

Tormot, youngest son of Torquil, of the Oak (foster-father of Eachin M’Ian).--Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

137Torquato, that is, Torquato Tasso, the Italian poet, author of Jerusalem Delivered (1544-1595). After the publication of his great epic, Tasso lived in the court of Ferrara, and conceived a violent passion for Leonora, one of the duke’s sisters, but fled, in 1577, to Naples.

Torquato’s tongue

Was tuned for slavish pæans at the throne

Of tinsel pomp.

Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744).

Torquil of the Oak, foster-father of Eachin M’Ian. He was chief of the clan Quhele, and had eight sons, the finest men in the clan. Torquil was a seer, who was supposed to have communication with the invisible world, and he declared a demon had told him that Eachin or Hector M’Ian, was the only man in the two hostile clans of Chattan and Quhele who would come off scathless in the approaching combat (ch xxvi.).--Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

A parallel combat is described in The Cid. When Sancho of Castile was stabbed by Bellĭdo of Zamora, Diego Ordoñez, of the house of Lara, challenged five of the knights of Zamora to a single combat. Don Arias Gonzalo and his four sons accepted the challenge. Pedro Arias was first slain, then his brother, Diego. Next came Herman, who received a mortal wound, but struck the charger of Diego Ordoñez. The charger, furious with pain, carried its rider beyond the lists, and the combat was declared to be drawn.

Torralba (Dr.), carried by the spirit Cequiel from Valladŏlid to Rome and back again in an hour and a half. He was tried by the Inquisition for sorcery (time, Charles V.).--Joseph de Ossau Pellicer (seventeenth century). (See Toralva.)

Torre (Sir), son of Sir Bernard, baron of Astolat. His brother was Sir Lavaine, and his sister Elaine “the lily maid of Astolat.” He was blunt-mannered, but not without kindness of heart.--Tennyson, Idylls of the King (“Elaine”).

The word “Torre” is a blunder for Tirre. Sir Torre or Tor, according to Arthurian legend, was the natural son of Pellinore, king of Wales, “begotten of Aries’ wife, the cowherd” (pt. ii. 108). It was Sir Tirre who was the brother of Elaine (pt. iii. 122).--Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur (1470).

Tor´rismond, general of the forces of Aragon. He falls in love with Leonora, the usurping queen, promised in marriage to Bertran, prince of the blood-royal, but she falls in love with Torrismond, who turns out to be the son of Sancho, the deposed king. Ultimately Sancho is restored, and Leonora is married to Torrismond.--Dryden, The Spanish Fryar (1680),

Torso Farne´se (3 syl.), Dircê and her sons, the work of Apollonius and Tauriscus of Rhodes.

Toshach Beg, the “second” of M’Gillie Chattanach, chief of the clan Chattan, in the great combat.--Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Tottenham in Boots, a popular toast in Ireland in 1734. Mr. Tottenham gave the casting vote which threw out a Government bill very obnoxious to the Irish, on the subject of the Irish parliament. He had come from the country, and rushed into the House, without changing his boots just in time to give his vote, which prevented the bill from passing by a majority of one.

138Totterly (Lord), an Adonis of 60, and a ci-devant Jeune Homme.--C. Selby, The Unfinished Gentleman.

Touchet [Too-shay]. When Charles IX. introduced Henri of Navarre to Marie Touchet, the witty Navarrese made this anagram of her name, Je charme tout.

Touchetts (The). Mrs. Touchett, “plain-faced old woman, without coquetry, and without any great elegance, but with an extreme respect for her own motives. Mrs. Touchett might do a great deal of good, but she never pleases.” She lives in Florence, her husband in London.

Mr. Touchett, “a gentle, refined, fastidious old man, combining consummate shrewdness with a sort of fraternizing good humor.” His feeling about his own position in the world is of the democratic sort.

Ralph Touchett, philosophical invalid, whose interest in his cousin Isabel is believed by most people to be brotherly. In order that she may not feel obliged to marry for a support, he persuades his father to divide his (Ralph’s) inheritance into two equal parts and give one-half, unconditionally, to Isabel. She is married for this fortune, and, a miserable woman, comes against her husband’s will, to see her cousin die happy because she is with him.--Henry James, Jr., Portrait of a Lady (1881).

Touchfaucet (Captain), in Picrochole’s army, taken captive by Friar John. Being presented to Grangousier and asked the cause of his king’s invasion, he replied, “To avenge the injury done to the cake-bakers of Lernê” (ch. 25, 26). Grangousier commanded his treasurer to give the friar 62,000 saluts (£15,500) in reward, and to Touchfaucet he gave “an excellent sword of a Vienne blade, with a gold scabbard, and a collar of gold weighing 702,000 merks (576,000 ounces), garnished with precious stones, and valued at £16,000 sterling, by way of present.” Returning to King Picrochole, he advised him to capitulate, whereupon Rashcalf cried aloud, “Unhappy the prince who has traitors for his counsellors!” and Touchfaucet, drawing “his new sword,” ran him through the body. The king demanded who gave him the sword, and being told the truth, ordered his guards “to hew him in pieces.”--Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 45-47 (1533).

Touching for the King’s Evil. It is said that scrofulous diseases were at one time very prevalent in the island, and that Edward the Confessor, in answer to earnest prayer, was told it would be cured by the royal touch. Edward, being gifted with this miraculous power, transmitted it as an heir-loom to his successors. Henry VII. presented each person touched with a small coin, called a touch-piece or touch-penny.

Charles II. of England, during his reign, touched as many as 92,107 persons; the smallest number (2983) being in the year 1669, and the largest number in 1684, when many were trampled to death (see Macaulay’s History of England, xiv.). In these “touchings,” John Brown, a royal surgeon, superintended the ceremony. (See Macbeth, act iv. sc. 3.)

Prince Charles Edward, who claimed to be prince of Wales, touched a female child for the disease in 1745.

The French kings claimed the same divine power from Anne of Clovis, A.D. 481. And on Easter Sunday, 1686, Louis XIV. touched 1600, using these words, Le roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse.

139⁂ Dr. Johnson was the last person touched. The touch-piece given to him has on one side this legend, Soli Deo gloria, and on the other side, Anna D: G. M. BR. F: et H. REG. (“Anne, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, queen”).

Our good Edward he, the Confessor and king ...

That cancred evil cured, bred ’twixt the throat and jaws,

When physic could not find the remedy nor cause ...

He of Almighty God obtained by earnest prayer,

This tumor by a king might curêd be alone,

Which he an heir-loom left unto the English throne.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1613).

Touchstone, a clown filled with “quips and cranks and wanton wiles.” The original of this character was Tarlton, the favorite court jester of Queen Elizabeth.--Shakespeare, As You Like It (1598).

His famous speech is “the seven degrees of affront:” (1) the retort courteous, (2) the quip modest, (3) the reply churlish, (4) the reproof valiant, (5) the counter-check quarrelsome, (6) the lie circumstantial, (7) the lie direct (act v. sc. 4).

Touchwood (Colonel), “the most passionate, impatient, unreasonable, good-natured man in Christendom.” Uncle of Major and Clarissa Touchwood.

Sophia Touchwood, the colonel’s daughter, in love with her cousin, Major Touchwood. Her father wants her to marry Colonel Clifford, but the colonel has fixed his heart on Clarissa, the major’s sister.

Major Touchwood, nephew of Colonel Touchwood, and in love with his cousin, Sophia, the colonel’s daughter. He fancies that Colonel Clifford is his rival, but Clifford is in love with Clarissa, the major’s sister. This error forms the plot of the farce, and the mistakes which arise when the major dresses up to pass himself off for his uncle constitute its fun and entanglement.

Clarissa Touchwood, the major’s sister, in love with Colonel Clifford. They first met at Brighton, and the colonel thought her Christian name was Sophia; hence the major looked on him as a rival.--T. Dibdin, What Next?

Touchwood (Lord), uncle of Melle´font (2 syl.).

Lady Touchwood, his wife, sister of Sir Paul Pliant. She entertains a criminal passion for her nephew, Mellefont, and, because he repels her advances, vows to ruin him. Accordingly, she tells her husband that the young man has sought to dishonor her, and when his lordship fancies that the statement of his wife must be greatly overstated, he finds Mellefont with Lady Touchwood in her own private chamber. This seems to corroborate the accusation laid to his charge, but it was an artful trick of Maskwell’s to make mischief, and in a short time a conversation which he overhears between Lady Touchwood and Maskwell reveals the whole infamous scheme most fully to the husband.--Congreve, The Double Dealer (1700).

(Lord and Lady Touchwood must not be mistaken for Sir George and Lady Frances Touchwood, who are very different characters.)

Their Wildairs, Sir John Brutes, Lady Touchwoods and Mrs Frails, are conventional reproductions of those wild gallants and demireps which figure in the licentious dramas of Dryden and Shadwell.--Sir W. Scott, The Drama.

⁂ “Wildair,” in The Constant Couple, by Farquhar; “Brute,” in The Provoked Wife, by Van Brugh; “Mrs. Frail,” in Love for Love, by Congreve.

Touchwood (Sir George), the loving husband 140of Lady Frances, desperately jealous of her, and wishing to keep her out of all society, that she may not lose her native simplicity and purity of mind. Sir George is a true gentleman of most honorable feelings.

Lady Frances Touchwood, the sweet, innocent wife of Sir George Touchwood. Before her marriage she was brought up in seclusion in the country, and Sir George tries to keep her fresh and pure in London.--Mrs. Cowley, The Belle’s Stratagem (1780).

Touchwood (Peregrine), a touchy old East Indian, a relation of the Mowbray family.--Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Tough (Mr.), an old barrister.--Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Touran. The death of the children of Touran forms one of the three tragic stories of the ancient Irish. The other two are The Death of the Children of Lir and The Death of the Children of Usnach.

Tournemine (3 syl.), a Jesuit of the eighteenth century, fond of the marvellous. “Il aimait le merveilleux et ne renonçait qu’avec peine à y croire.”

Il ressemble à Tournemine,

Il croit ce qu’il imagine.

French Proverb.

Touthope (Mr.), a Scotch attorney and clerk of the peace.--Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

She ordered the fellow to be drawn through a horse-pond, and then to be well rubbed down with an oaken towel.--The Adventure of My Aunt.

Tower of Hunger (The), Gualandi, the tower in which Ugolino with his two sons and two grandsons were starved to death in 1288.--Dantê, Inferno (1300).

Tower of London (The), was really built by Gundulphus, bishop of Rochester, in the reign of William I., but tradition ascribes it to Julius Cæsar.

Ye towers of Julius, London’s lasting shame.

Gray, The Bard (1757).

Tower of Vathek, built with the intention of reaching heaven, that Vathek might pry into the secrets seen by Mahomet. The staircase contained 11,000 stairs, and when the top was gained, men looked no bigger than pismires, and cities seemed mere bee-hives.--Beckford, Vathek (1784).

Townley Mysteries, certain religious dramas; so called, because the MS. containing them belonged to P. Townley. These dramas are supposed to have been acted at Widkirk Abbey, in Yorkshire. In 1831, they were printed for the Surtees Society under the editorship of the Rev. Joseph Hunter, and J. Stevenson. (See Coventry Mysteries.)

Townley (Colonel), attached to Berinthia, a handsome young widow, but in order to win her he determines to excite her jealousy, and therefore pretends love to Amanda, her cousin. Amanda, however, repels his attentions with disdain; and the colonel, seeing his folly, attaches himself to Berinthia.--Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777).

Townley (Lord) a nobleman of generous mind and high principle, liberal and manly. Though very fond of his wife, he insists on a separation because she is so extravagant and self-willed. Lady Townly 141sees at length the folly of her ways, and promises amendment, whereupon the husband relents and receives her into favor again.

Lady Townly, the gay, but not unfaithful young wife of Lord Townley, who thinks that the pleasure of life consists in gambling; she “cares nothing for her husband,” but “loves almost everything he hates.” She says:

I dote upon assemblies; my heart bounds at a ball; and at an opera, I expire. Then I love play to distraction; cards enchant me; and dice put me out of my little wits.--Vanbrugh and Cibber, The Provoked Husband, iii. 1 (1728).

(Mrs. Pritchard, Margaret Woffington, Miss Brunton, Miss M. Tree, and Miss E. Tree, were all excellent in this favorite part.)

Tox (Miss Lucretia), the bosom friend of Mr. Dombey’s married sister (Mrs. Chick). Miss Lucretia was a faded lady, “as if she had not been made in fast colors,” and was washed out. She “ambled through life without any opinions, and never abandoned herself to unavailing regrets.” She greatly admired Mr. Dombey, and entertained a forlorn hope that she might be selected by him to supply the place of his deceased wife. Miss Tox lived in Princess’s Place, and maintained a weak flirtation with a Major Bagstock, who was very jealous of Mr. Dombey.--C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846).

Tozer, one of the ten young gentlemen in the school of Dr. Blimber, when Paul Dombey was there. A very solemn lad, whose “shirt-collar curled up the lobes of his ears.”--C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846).

Trabb, a prosperous old bachelor, a tailor by trade.

He was having his breakfast in the parlor behind the shop.... He had sliced his hot roll into three feather-beds, and was slipping butter in between the blankets.... He was a prosperous old bachelor, and his open window looked into a prosperous little garden and orchard, and there was a prosperous iron safe let into the wall at the side of the fireplace, and without doubt, heaps of his prosperity were put away in it in bags.--Dickens, Great Expectations (1860).

Traddles, a simple, honest young man, who believes in everybody and everything. Though constantly failing, he is never depressed by his want of success. He had the habit of brushing his hair up on end, which gave him a look of surprise.

At the Creakle’s school, when I was miserable, he [Traddles] would lay his head on the desk for a little while, and then, cheering up, would draw skeletons all over his slate.--C. Dickens, David Copperfield, vii.(1849).

Trade´love (Mr.), a broker on ’Change, one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the heiress. He was “a fellow that would out-lie the devil, for the advantage of stock, and cheat his own father in a bargain. He was a great stickler for trade, and hated every one that wore a sword” (act. i. 1). Colonel Feignwell passed himself off as a Dutch merchant named Jan van Timtamtirelereletta herr van Feignwell, and made a bet with Tradelove. Tradelove lost, and cancelled the debt by giving his consent to the marriage of his ward to the supposed Dutchman.--Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for a Wife (1717).

Tragedy (Father of Greek), Thespis, a traditional actor of Athens. Æschylos is also called “The Father of Greek Tragedy” (B.C. 525-426).

Tragedy of Gorboduc, otherwise entitled the Tragedy of Ferrex and Porrex, the earliest English tragedy, was the joint production of Thomas Sackville, afterwards 142Lord Buckhurst, and earl of Dorset, and Thomas Norton, a Puritan clergyman. It was produced before Queen Elizabeth, at Whitehall, January 18, 1562. Sackville was already known as the most important of the writers who produced “The Mirror for Magistrates,” a collection of narratives of various remarkable English historical personages, which was first published in 1559. Norton had been associated with Sternhold and Hopkins in their metrical version of the Psalms. On the title-page of the first edition of Gorboduc, published in 1565, without the consent of the authors, it is stated that the first three acts were written by Norton and the last two by Sackville, but Charles Lamb expresses himself “willing to believe that Lord Buckhurst supplied the more vital parts.”

Trainband, the volunteer artillery, whose ground for practice was in Moorfields.

A trainband captain eke was he,

Of famous London town.

Cowper, John Gilpin (1782).

Trajan (The Second), Marcus Aurelius Claudius, surnamed Gothĭcus, noted for his valor, justice, and goodness (215, 268-270).

Trajan and St. Gregory. It is said that Trajan, although unbaptized, was delivered from hell in answer to the prayers of St. Gregory.

There was storied on the rock

The exalted glory of the Roman prince,

Whose mighty worth moved Gregory to earn.

His mighty conquest--Trajan, the emperor.

Dantê, Purgatory, xi. (1308).

Trajan and the Importunate Widow. One day a mother appeared before the Emperor Trajan, and cried, “Grant vengeance, sire! My son is murdered.” The emperor replied, “I cannot stop now; wait till I return.” “But, sire,” pleaded the widow, “if you do not return, who will grant me justice?” “My successor,” said Trajan. “And can Trajan leave to another the duty that he himself is appointed to perform?” On hearing this the emperor stopped his cavalcade, heard the woman’s cause, and granted her suit. Dantê tells this tale in his Purgatory, xi.--John of Salisbury, Polycraticos de Curialium Nugis, v. 8 (twelfthtwelfth century).

Dion Cassius (Roman Historia, lxix.) tells the same story of Hadrian. When a woman appeared before him with a suit as he was starting on a journey, the emperor put her off, saying, “I have no leisure now.” She replied, “If Hadrian has no leisure to perform his duties, let him cease to reign!” On hearing this reproof he dismounted from his horse and gave ear to the woman’s cause.

A woman once made her appeal to Philip of Macedon, who, being busy at the time, petulantly exclaimed, “Woman, I have no time now for such matters.” “If Philip has no time to render justice,” said the woman, “then it is high time for Philip to resign!” The king felt the rebuke, heard the cause patiently, and decided it justly.

Tramecksan and Slamecksan, the High-heels and Low-heels, two great political factions of Lilliput. The animosity of these Guelphs and Ghibellines of punydom ran so high “that no High-heel would eat or drink with a Low-heel, and no Low-heel would salute or speak to a High-heel.” The king of Lilliput was a High-heel, but the heir-apparent a Low-heel.--Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (“Voyage to Lilliput.” iv., 1726).

Tramp (Gaffer), a peasant at the execution of old Meg Mudochson.--Sir W. 143Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

Tramtrist (Sir), the name assumed by Sir Tristram, when he went to Ireland to be cured of his wounds after his combat with Sir Marhaus. Here La Belle Isold (or Isold “the Fair”) was his leech, and the young knight fell in love with her. When the queen discovered that Sir Tramtrist was Sir Tristram, who had killed her brother, Sir Marhaus, in combat, she plotted to take his life, and he was obliged to leave the island. La Belle Isold subsequently married King Mark of Cornwall, but her heart was ever fixed on her brave young patient.--Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 9-12 (1470).

Tranchera, Agricane’s sword which afterwards belonged to Brandimart.--Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Tra´nio, one of the servants of Lucentio, the gentleman who marries Bianca (the sister of Kathari´na, “the Paduan shrew”).--Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew (1594).

Transfer, a usurer, who is willing to advance Sir George Wealthy a sum of money on these easy terms: (1) 5 per cent. interest; (2) 10 per cent. premium; (3) 5 per cent. for insuring the young man’s life; (4) a handsome present to himself as broker; (5) the borrower to pay all expenses; and (6) the loan not to be in cash but goods, which are to be taken at a valuation and sold at auction at the borrower’s sole hazard. These terms are accepted, and Sir George promises besides a handsome douceur to Loader for having found a usurer so promptly.--Foote, The Minor (1760).

Transformations. In the art of transformation, one of the most important things was a ready wit to adopt in an instant some form which would give you an advantage over your adversary; thus, if your adversary appeared as a mouse, you must change into an owl, then your adversary would become an arrow to shoot the owl, and you would assume the form of fire to burn the arrow, whereupon your adversary would become water to quench the fire; and he who could outwit the other would come off victorious. The two best examples I know of this sort of contest are to be found, one in the Arabian Nights, and the other in the Mabinogion.

The former is the contest between the Queen of Beauty and the son of the daughter of Eblis. He appeared as a scorpion, she in a moment became a serpent; whereupon he changed into an eagle, she into a more powerful black eagle; he became a cat, she a wolf; she instantly changed into a worm and crept into a pomegranite, which in time burst, whereupon he assumed the form of a cock to devour the seed, but it became a fish; the cock then became a pike, but the princess became a blazing fire, and consumed her adversary before he had time to change.--“The Second Calendar.”

The other is the contest between Caridwen and Gwion Bach. Bach fled as a hare, she changed into a greyhound; whereupon he became a fish, she an otter-bitch, he instantly became a bird, she a hawk; but he became as quick as thought a grain of wheat. Caridwen now became a hen, and made for the wheat-corn and devoured him.--“Taliesin.”

Translator-General. Philemon Holland is so called by Fuller, in his Worthies of England. Holland translated Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, Suetonius, Xenophon, 144and several other classic authors (1551-1636).

Transome (Harold), takes a leading part in George Eliot’s novel Felix Holt.

Transome (Mrs). Mother of Harold.

Trapbois (Old), a miser in Alsatia. Even in his extreme age, “he was believed to understand the plucking of a ‘pigeon’ better than any man in Alsatia.”

Martha Trapbois, the miser’s daughter, a cold, decisive, masculine woman, who marries Richie Moniplies.--Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Trapper (The). One of the titles of Natty Bumpo, a character introduced into several of Cooper’s novels. In The Pioneers, he bears his own name, in others he is “The Trapper,” “The Deerslayer,” “The Pathfinder,” “The Hawk-eye” and “Leatherstocking.”

Traveller (The). The scheme of this poem is very simple: The poet supposes himself seated among Alpine solitudes, looking down upon a hundred kingdoms. He would fain find some spot where happiness can be attained, but the natives of each realm think their own the best; yet the amount of happiness in each is pretty well equal. To illustrate this, the poet describes the manners and government of Italy, Switzerland, France, Holland, and England.--O. Goldsmith (1764).

Traveller (Mr.), the stranger who tried to reason with Mr. Mopes and bring him back to society, but found the truth of the tinker’s remark, “When iron is thoroughly rotten, you cannot botch it.”--C. Dickens, A Christmas Number (1861).

Travellers’ Tales. Marco Polo says,

“Certain islands lie so far north in the Northern Ocean, that one going thither actually leaves the pole-star a trifle behind to the south.”

A Dutch skipper told Master Noxon, the hydrographer of Charles II., that he had himself sailed two degrees beyond the pole.

Maundeville says, in Prester John’s country is a sea of sand which ebbs and flows in great waves without one drop of water. This sea, says the knight of St. Alban’s, men find full of right good fish of most delicious eating.

At the time of the discovery of America by Columbus, many marvellous tales were rife in Spain. It was said that in one part of the coast of El Nombre de Dios, the natives had such long ears that one ear served for bed and the other for counterpane. This reminds one of Gwevyl mab Gwestad, one of whose lips hung down to his waist, and the other covered his head like a cowl. Another tale was that one of the crew of Columbus had come across a people who lived on sweet scents alone, and were killed by foul smells. This invention was hardly original, inasmuch as both Plutarch and Pliny tell us of an Indian people who lived on sweet odors, and Democrĭtos lived for several days on the mere effluvia of hot bread. Another tale was that the noses of these smell-feeders were so huge that their heads were all nose. We are also told of one-eyed men; of men who carried their heads under one of their arms; of others whose head was in their breast; of others who were conquered, not by arms, but by their priests holding up before them a little ivory crucifix--a sort of Christian version of the taking of Jericho by the blast of the rams’ horns of the Levites in the time of Joshua.

Travels ... in Remote Nations, 145by “Lemuel Gulliver.” He is first shipwrecked and cast on the coast of Lilliput, a country of pygmies. Subsequently he is thrown among the people of Brobdingnag, giants of tremendous size. In his third expedition he is driven to Lapūta, an empire of quack pretenders to science and knavish projectors. And in his fourth voyage he visits the Houyhnhnms [Whin´.n´me], where horses were the dominant powers.--Dean Swift (1726).

Travers, a retainer of the earl of Northumberland.--Shakespeare, Henry IV. (1598).

Travers (Sir Edmund), an old bachelorbachelor, the guardian and uncle of Lady Davenant. He is a tedious gossip, fond of meddling, prosy, and wise in his own conceit. “It is surprising,” he says, “how unwilling people are to hear my stories. When in parliament I make a speech, there is nothing but coughing, hemming, and shuffling of feet--no desire of information.” By his instigation, the match was broken off between his niece and Captain Dormer, and she was given in marriage to Lord Davenant, but it turned out that his lordship was already married, and his wife living.--Cumberland, The Mysterious Husband (1783).

Travia´ta, an opera, representing the progress of a courtezan. Music by Verdi, and libretto from La Dame aux Came´lias, a novel by Alexandre Dumas fils (1856).

Treachery of the Long-Knives (The). Hengist invited the chief British nobles to a conference at Ambresbury, but arranged that a Saxon should be seated beside each Briton. At the given signal, each Saxon was to slay his neighbor with his long knife, and as many as 460 British nobles fell. Eidiol, earl of Gloucester escaped, after killing seventy (some say 660) of the Saxons.--Welsh Triads.

Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command of Ambrosius, in memory of the plot of the “Long-Knives.”... He built it on the site of a former circle. It deviates from older bardic circles, as may be seen by comparing it with Avebury, Stanton-Drew, Keswick, etc.--Cambrian Biography, art. “Merddin.”

Trecentisti, the Italian writers of the “Trecento” (thirteenth century). They were Dantê (1265-1321); Petrarch (1304-1374); Boccaccio (1313-1375), who wrote the Decameron. Among the famous artists were Giotto, Lorenzo Ghiberti, and Andre Orcagna. (See Cinquecento, Seicento.)

In Italy he’d ape the Trecentisti.

Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86 (1820).

Tree (The Bleeding). One of the superstitous tales told of the marquis of Argyll, so hated by the royalists for the part he took in the execution of Montrose, was this: “That a tree on which thirty-six of his enemies were hanged was immediately blasted, and when hewn down, a copious stream of blood ran from it, saturating the earth, and that blood for several years flowed out from the roots.”--Laing, History of Scotland, ii. 11 (1800); State Trials, ii. 422.

Tree (The Poet’s), a tree which grows over the tomb of Tan-Sein, a musician at the court of [Mohammed] Akbar. Whoever chews a leaf of this tree, will be inspired with a divine melody of voice.--W. Hunter.

His voice was as sweet as if he had chewed the leaves of that enchanted tree, which grows over the tomb of the musician, Tan-Sein.--Moore, Lalla Rookh (1817).

Tree (The Singing), a tree, each leaf of 146which was musical, and all the leaves joined together in delightful harmony.--Arabian Nights (“The Story of the Sisters who envied their Younger Sister”).

In the Fairy Tales of the Comtesse D’Aunoy, there is a similar tale of a tree which bore “the singing apple,” but whoever ate of this fruit received the inspiration of poetry as well.--“Cherry and Fairstar.”

Tregeagle, the giant of Dosmary Pool, on Bodmin Downs (Cornwall). When the wintry winds blare over the downs, it is said to be the giant howling.

Trelawny Ballad (The), is by the Rev. R. S. Hawker, of Morwenstow.--Notes and Queries, 441 (June, 1876).

Tremor (Sir Luke), a desperate coward, living in India, who made it a rule never to fight, either in his own house, his neighbor’s house, or in the street. This prudent desperado is everlastingly snubbing his wife. (See Trippet.)

Lady Tremor, daughter of a grocer, and grandchild of a wig-maker. Very sensitive on the subject of her plebeian birth, and wanting to be thought a lady of high family.--Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are (1786).

Tremydd ap Tremhidydd, the man with the keenest sight of all mortals. He could discern “a mote in the sunbeam in any of the four quarters of the world.” Clustfein ap Clustfeinydd was no less celebrated for his acuteness of hearing, “his ear being distressed by the movement of dew, in June, over a blade of grass.” The meaning of these names is, “Sight, the son of Seer,” and “Ear, the son of Hearer.”--The Mabinogion (“Notes to Geraint,” etc., twelfth century).

Trenmor, great-grandfather of Fingal, and king of Morven (north-west of Scotland). His wife was Inibaca, daughter of the king of Lochlin or Denmark.--Ossian, Fingal, vi.

In Temora, ii. he is called the first king of Ireland, and father of Conar.

Trent (Fred), the scapegrace brother of little Nell. “He was a young man of one and twenty, well-made, and certainly handsome, but dissipated, and insolent in air and bearing.” The mystery of Fred Trent and little Nell is cleared up in ch. lxix.--C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (1840).

Tres (Scriptores): Richardus Corinensis, or Richard of Cirencester (fourteenth century); Gildus Badonicus; and Nennius Banchorensis; published by Professor Bertram (1757).

Tresham (Mr.), senior partner of Mr. Osbaldistone, Sr.--Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Tresham (Richard), same as General Witherington, who first appears as Matthew Middlemas.

Richard Tresham, the son of General Witherington. He is also called Richard Middlemas.--Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

Tresham (Thorold, Lord), head of a noble family, whose boast was, that “no blot had ever stained their ’scutcheon,” though the family ran back into pre-historic times. He was a young, unmarried man, with a sister, Mildred, a girl of 14, living with him. His near neighbor, Henry, earl of Mertoun, asked permission to pay his addresses to Mildred, and Thorold accepted the proposal with much pleasure. The 147old warrener next day told Thorold he had observed for several weeks that a young man climbed into Mildred’s chamber at night-time, and he would have spoken before, but did not like to bring his young mistress into trouble. Thorold wrung from his sister an acknowledgement of the fact, but she refused to give up the name, yet said she was quite willing to marry the earl. This Thorold thought would be dishonorable, and resolved to lie in wait for the unknown visitor. On his approach, Thorold discovered it was the earl of Mertoun, and he slew him, then poisoned himself, and Mildred died of a broken heart.--Robert Browning, A Blot on the ’Scutcheon.

Tressilian (Edmund), the betrothed of Amy Robsart. Amy marries the earl of Leicester, and is killed by falling into a deep pit, to which she has been cruelly inveigled.--Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Tre´visan (Sir), a knight to whom Despair gave a hempen rope, that he might go and hang himself.--Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. (1590).

Tribulation [Wholesome], a pastor of Amsterdam, who thinks “the end will sanctify the means,” and uses “the children of perdition” to promote his own object, which he calls the “work of God.” He is one of the dupes of Subtle, “the alchemist,” and his factotum, Face.--Ben Jonson, The Alchemist (1610).

Tribune of the People (The), John Bright (1811-1889).

Tricolor, the national badge of France since 1789. It consists of the Bourbon white cockade, and the blue and red cockade of the city of Paris combined. It was Lafayette who devised this symbolical union of king and people, and when he presented it to the nation, “Gentlemen,” said he, “I bring you a cockade that shall make a tour of the world.” (See Stornello Verses.)

If you will wear a livery, let it at least be that of the city of Paris--blue and red, my friends.--Dumas, Six Years Afterwards, xv. (1846).

Tricoteuses de Robespierre (Les), Robespierre’s Knitters. During the sittings of the Convention and at those of the popular Clubs and the Revolutionary Tribunal, certain women were always seen knitting. Encouraged by the rabble they carried their insolence so far that they were called the Furies of the Guillotine. They disappeared with the Jacobins.--Bouillet, Dict. Universel.

Triermain (The Bridal of), a poem by Sir Walter Scott, in four cantos, with introduction and conclusion (1813). In the introduction, Arthur is represented as the person who tells the tale to Lucy, his bride. Gyneth, a natural daughter of King Arthur and Guendŏlen, was promised in marriage to the bravest knight in a tournament; but she suffered so many combatants to fall, without awarding the prize, that Merlin threw her into an enchanted sleep, from which she was not to wake till a knight as brave as those who had fallen claimed her in marriage. After the lapse of 500 years, Sir Roland de Vaux, baron of Triermain, undertook to break the spell, but had first to overcome four temptations, viz., fear, avarice, pleasure and ambition. Having come off more than conqueror, Gyneth awoke and became his bride.

Trifal´di (The countess), called “The Afflicted Duenna” of the Princess Antonomasia 148(heiress to the throne of Candaya). She was called Trifaldi from her robe, which was divided into three triangles, each of which was supported by a page. The face of this duenna was, by the enchantment of the giant, Malambru´no, covered with a large, rough beard, but when Don Quixote mounted Clavilēno, the Winged, “the enchantment was dissolved.”

The renowned knight, Don Quixote de la Mancha, hath achieved the adventure merely by attempting it. Malambruno is appeased, and the chin of the Dolorida dueña is again beardless.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 4, 5 (1615).

Trifal´din of the “Bushy Beard” (white as snow), the gigantic squire of “The Afflicted Duenna,” the Countess Trifaldi.--Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 4 (1615).

Trifle (Miss Penelopé), an old maiden sister of Sir Penurious Trifle. Stiff as a ramrod, prim as fine airs and graces could make her, fond of long words, and delighting in phrases modelled in true Johnsonian ponderosity.

Trifle (Miss Sukey), daughter of Sir Penurious, tricked into marriage with Mr. Hartop, a young spendthrift, who fell in love with her fortune.

⁂ Sir Penurious Trifle is not introduced, but Hartop assumes his character, and makes him fond of telling stale and pointless stories. He addresses Sir Gregory as “you knight.”--Foote, The Knights (1754).

Trim (Corporal), Uncle Toby’s orderly. Faithful, simple-minded and most affectionate. Voluble in speech, but most respectful. Half companion, but never forgetting he is his master’s servant. Trim is the duplicate of Uncle Toby in delf. The latter at all times shows himself the officer and the gentleman, born to command and used to obedience, while the former always carries traces of the drillyard, and shows that he has been accustomed to receive orders with deference, and to execute them with military precision. It is a great compliment to say that the corporal was worthy such a noble master.--Sterne, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1759).

Trimalchi, a celebrated cook in the reign of Nero, mentioned by Petronius. He had the art of giving to the most common fish the flavor and appearance of the best. Like Ude, in our own day, he said that “sauces are the soul of cookery, and cookery the soul of festivity,” or, as the cat’s-meat man observed, “’tis the seasonin’ as does it.”

Trin´culo, a jester.--Shakespeare, The Tempest (1609).

A miscarriage ... would (like the loss of Trinculo’s bottle in the horse-pond) be attended not only with dishonor but with infinite loss.--Sir W. Scott.

Trin´ket (Lord), a man of fashion and a libertine.

He is just polite enough to be able to be very unmannerly, with a great deal of good breeding; is just handsome enough to make him excessively vain of his person; and has just reflection enough to finish him for a coxcomb; qualifications ... very common among ... men of quality.--G. Colman, The Jealous Wife, ii. (1761).

Tri´nobants, people of Trinoban´tium, that is, Middlesex and Essex. Their chief town was Trin´ovant, now London.

So eastward where by Thames the Trinobants were set,

To Trinovant their town ... That London now we term ...

149The Saxons ... their east kingdom called [Essex].

Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613).

Trinquet, one of the seven attendants of Fortunio. His gift was that he could drink a river and be thirsty again. “Are yon always thirsty?” asked Fortunio. “No,” said the man, “only after eating salt meat or upon a wager.”--Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“Fortunio,” 1682).

Trip to Scarborough (A), a comedy by Sheridan (1777), based on The Relapse, by Vanbrugh (1697). Lord Foppington goes to Scarborough to marry Miss Hoyden, daughter of Sir Tunbelly Clumsy, but his lordship is not known personally to the knight and his daughter. Tom Fashion, younger brother of Lord Foppington, having been meanly treated by his elder brother, resolves to outwit him; so, passing himself off as Lord Foppington, he gets introduced to Sir Tunbelly, and marries Miss Hoyden before the rightful claimant appears. When at length Lord Foppington arrives he is treated as an impostor, till Tom Fashion explains the ruse. As his lordship behaves contumeliously to the knight, matters are easily arranged, Lord Foppington retires, and Sir Tunbelly accepts Tom Fashion as his son-in-law with good grace.

Tripe (1 syl.), the nickname of Mrs. Hamilton, of Covent Garden Theatre (1730-1788).

Triple Alliance (The).

1. A treaty between Great Britain, Sweden, and the United Provinces, in 1668, for the purpose of checking the ambition of Louis XIV.

2. A treaty between George I. of England, Philip, duke of Orleans, regent of France, and the United Provinces, for the purpose of counteracting the plans of Alberoni, the Spanish minister, 1717.

Trippet (Beau), who “pawned his honor to Mrs. Trippet never to draw sword in any cause,” whatever might be the provocation. (See Tremor.)

Mrs. Trippet, the beau’s wife, who “would dance for four and twenty hours together,” and play cards for twice that length of time.--Garrick, The Lying Valet (1740).

Tripping as an Omen.

When Julius Cæsar landed at Adrumētum, in Africa, he happened to trip and fall on his face. This would have been considered a fatal omen by his army, but, with admirable presence of mind, he exclaimed, “Thus take I possession of thee, O Africa!”

A similar story is told of Scipio. Upon his arrival in Africa, he also happened to trip, and, observing that his soldiers looked upon this as a bad omen, he clutched the earth with his two hands, and cried aloud, “Now, Africa, I hold thee in my grasp!”--Don Quixote, II. iv. 6.

When William the Conqueror leaped on shore at Bulverhythe, he fell on his face, and a great cry went forth that the omen was unlucky; but the duke exclaimed, “I take seisin of this land with both my hands!”

The same story is told of Napoleon in Egypt; of King Olaf, son of Harald, in Norway; of Junius Brutus, who, returning from the oracle, fell on the earth, and cried, “’Tis thus I kiss thee, mother Earth!”

When Captain Jean Cœurpreux tripped in dancing at the Tuileries, Napoleon III. held out his hand to help him up, and said, “Captain, this is the second time I have seen you fall. The first was by my side 150in the field of Magenta.” Then, turning to the lady, he added, “Madam, Captain Cœurpreux is henceforth commandant of my Guards, and will never fall in duty or allegiance, I am persuaded.”

Trismegistus (“thrice greatest”), Hermês, the Egyptian philosopher, or Thoth, councillor of Osīris. He invented the art of writing in hieroglyphics, harmony, astrology, magic, the lute and lyre, and many other things.

Tris´sotin, a bel esprit. Philaminte (3 syl.), a femme savante, wishes him to marry her daughter, Henriette, but Henriette is in love with Clitandre. The difficulty is soon solved by the announcement that Henriette’s father is on the verge of bankruptcy, whereupon Trissotin makes his bow and retires.--Molière, Les Femmes Savantes (1672).

Trissotin is meant for the Abbé Crotin, who affected to be poet, gallant and preacher. His dramatic name was “Tricotin.”

Tristram (Sir), son of Sir Meliŏdas, king of Li´onês, and Elizabeth, his wife (daughter of Sir Mark, king of Cornwall). He was called Tristram (“sorrowful”) because his mother died in giving him birth. His father also died when Tristram was a mere lad (pt. ii. 1). He was knighted by his uncle, Mark (pt. ii. 5), and married Isond le Blanch Mains, daughter of Howell, king of Britain (Brittany); but he never loved her, nor would he live with her. His whole love was centered on his aunt, La Belle Isond, wife of King Mark, and this unhappy attachment was the cause of numberless troubles, and ultimately of his death. La Belle Isond, however, was quite as culpable as the knight, for she herself told him, “My measure of hate for Mark is as the measure of my love for thee;” and when she found out that her husband would not allow Sir Tristram to remain at Tintag´il Castle, she eloped with him, and lived three years at Joyous Guard, near Carlisle. At length she returned home, and Sir Tristram followed her. His death is variously related. Thus the History of Prince Arthur says:

When, by means of a treaty, Sir Tristram brought again La Belle Isond unto King Mark from Joyous Guard, the false traitor, King Mark, slew the noble knight as he sat harping before his lady, La Belle Isond, with a sharp-ground glaive, which he thrust into him from behind his back.--Pt. iii. 147 (1470).

Tennyson gives the tale thus: He says that Sir Tristram, dallying with his aunt, hung a ruby carcanet round her throat; and, as he kissed her neck:

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched,

Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek--

“Marks way!” said Mark, and clove him thro’ the brain.

Tennyson, Idylls (“The Last Tournament”).

Another tale is this: Sir Tristram was severely wounded in Brittany, and sent a dying request to his aunt to come and see him. If she consented, a white flag was to be hoisted on the mast-head of her ship; if not, a black one. His wife told him the ship was in sight, displaying a black flag, at which words the strong man bowed his head and died. When his aunt came ashore and heard of his death, she flung herself on the body, and died also. The two were buried in one grave, and Mark planted over it a rose and a vine, which became so interwoven it was not possible to separate them.

⁂ Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram and Sir Lamorake were the three bravest and best of the 150 knights of the Round Table, but were all equally guilty in their amours: Sir Launcelot with the queen; Sir Tristram with his aunt, King Mark’s wife; 151and Sir Lamorake with his aunt, King Lot’s wife.

Tristram’s Horse, Passetreûl, or Passe Brewell. It is called both, but one seems to be a clerical error.

(Passe Brewell is in Sir T. Malory’s History of Prince Arthur, ii. 68).

History of Sir Tristram or Tristan. The oldest story is by Gotfrit of Strasbourg, a minnesinger (twelfth century), entitled Tristan and Isolde. It was continued by Ulrich of Turheim, by Heinrich of Freyburg, and others, to the extent of many thousand verses. The tale of Sir Tristram, derived from Welsh traditions, was versified by Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune.

The second part of the History of Prince Arthur, compiled by Sir T. Malory, is almost exclusively confined to the adventures of Sir Tristram, as the third part is to the adventures of Sir Launcelot, and the quest of the Holy Graal (1470).

Matthew Arnold has a poem entitled Tristram; and R. Wagner, in 1865, produced his opera of Tristan and Isolde.

See Michel, Tristan; Recueil de ce qui reste des Poèmes relatifs à ses Aventures (1835).

Tristrem l’Hermite, provost-marshal of France, in the reign of Louis XI. Introduced by Sir W. Scott in Quentin Durward (1823), and in Anne of Geierstein (1829).

Tritheim (J), chronicler and theologian of Treves, elected abbot of Spanheim at the age of 22 years. He tried to reform the monks, but produced a revolt, and resigned his office. He was then appointed abbot of Würzburg (1462-1516).

Old Tritheim, busied with his class the while.

R. Browning, Paracelsus, i. (1836).

Triton, the sea-trumpeter. He blows through a shell to rouse or allay the sea. A post-Hesiodic fable.

Have sight of Proteus coming from the sea,

Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.

Wordsworth.

Triumvirate (The), in English history: The duke of Marlborough, controlling foreign affairs, Lord Godolphin, controlling council and parliament, and the duchess of Marlborough, controlling the court and queen.

Triumvirate of England, (The): Gower, Chaucer, and Lydgate, poets.

Triumvirate of Italian Poets (The): Dantê, Boccaccio, and Petrarch.

Boccaccio wrote poetry, without doubt, but is now chiefly known as “The Father of Italian Prose.” These three are more correctly called the “Trecentisti” (q.v.).

Triv´ia, Diana; so called because she had three faces, Luna in Heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate in Hell.

The noble Brutus went wise Trivia to inquire,

To show them where the stock of ancient Troy to place.

M. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. (1612).

Trog´lodytes (3 or 4 syl.). According to Pliny (Nat. Hist., v. 8), the Troglodytes lived in caves under ground, and fed on serpents. In modern parlance, we call those who live so secluded as not to be informed of the current events of the day, troglodytes. Longfellow calls ants by the same name.

[Thou the] nomadic tribes of ants

Dost persecute and overwhelm

These hapless troglodytes of thy realm.

Longfellow, To a Child.

Troglody´tes (4 syl.), one of the mouse 152heroes in the battle of the frogs and mice. He slew Pelĭon, and was slain by Lymnoc´haris.

The strong Lymnocharis, who viewed with ire

A victor triumph, and a friend expire;

With heaving arms, a rocky fragment caught,

And fiercely flung where Troglodytês fought ...

Full on his sinewy neck the fragment fell,

And o’er his eyelids, clouds eternal dwell.

Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice (about 1712).

Troil (Magnus), the old udaller of Zetland.

Brenda Troil, the udaller’s younger daughter. She marries Mordaunt Mertoun.

Minna Troil, the udaller’s elder daughter. In love with the pirate.--Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.).

(A udaller is one who holds his lands by allodial tenure.)

Tro´ilus (3 syl.), a son of Priam, king of Troy. In the picture described by Virgil (Æneid, i. 474-478), he is represented as having thrown down his arms and fleeing in his chariot, not equal to meeting Achilles; he is pierced with a lance, and, having fallen backwards, still holding the reins, the lance with which he is transfixed “scratches the sand over which it trails.”

In the Troilus and Creseide of Chaucer, and the Troilus and Cressida of Shakespeare, we have a story unknown to classic fiction. Chaucer pretends to take it from Lollius, but who Lollius was, has never been discovered. In this story Troilus falls in love with Cressid, daughter of the priest Chalchas, and Pandărus is employed as a go-between. After Troilus has obtained a promise of marriage from the priest’s daughter, an exchange of prisoners is arranged, and Cressid, falling to the lot of Diomed, prefers her new master to her Trojan lover.

Chaucer’s Troilus and Creseide is not one of the Canterbury Tales, but quite an independent one, in five books. It contains 8246 lines, nearly 3000 of which are borrowed from the Filostrato of Boccaccio.

Trois Chapitres (Les), or The Three Chapters, three theological works on the “Incarnation of Christ and His dual nature.” The authors of these “chapters” are Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas of Edessa. The work was condemned in 553 as heretical.

Trois Echelles, executioner.--Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward and Anne of Geierstein (time Edward IV.).

Trojan, a good boon companion, a plucky fellow or man of spirit. Gadshill says, “There are other Trojans [men of spirit] that ... for sport sake are content to do the profession [of Thieving] some grace.” So in Love’s Labor’s Lost “Unless you play the honest Trojan, the poor wench is cast away” (unless you are a man of sufficient spirit to act honestly, the girl is ruined).

“He is a regular Trojan,” means he is un brave homme, a capital fellow.

Trompart, a lazy but wily-witted knave, grown old in cunning. He accompanied Braggadoccio as his squire (bk. ii. 3), but took to his heels when Talus shaved the master, “reft his shield,” blotted out his arms, and broke his sword in twain. Being overtaken, Talus gives him a sound drubbing (bk. v. 3).--Spenser, Faëry Queen (1590-6).

Trondjem’s Cattle (Remember the bishop of), i.e., look sharp after your property; take heed, or you will suffer for it. The story is, that a certain bishop of 153Trondjem [Tron´.yem] lost his cattle by the herdsmen taking his eyes off them to look at an elk. Now this elk was a spirit, and when the herdsman looked at the cattle again they were no bigger than mice; again he turned towards the elk, in order to understand the mystery, and while he did so, the cattle all vanished through a crevice into the earth.--Miss Martineau, Feats on the Fiord (1839).

Tropho´nios, the architect of the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. After death he was worshipped, and had a famous cave near Lebadia, called “The Oracle of Trophonios.”

The month of this cave was three yards high and two wide. Those who consulted the oracle had to fast several days, and then to descend a steep ladder till they reached a narrow gullet. They were then seized by the feet, and dragged violently to the bottom of the cave, where they were assailed by the most unearthly noises, howlings, shrieks, bellowings, with lurid lights and sudden glares, in the midst of which uproar and phantasmagoria the oracle was pronounced. The votaries were then seized unexpectedly by the feet, and thrust out of the cave without ceremony. If any resisted, or attempted to enter in any other way, he was instantly murdered.--Plutarch, Lives.

Trotley (Sir John), an old-fashioned country gentleman, who actually prefers the obsolete English notions of domestic life, fidelity to wives and husbands, modesty in maids, and constancy in lovers, to the foreign free and easy manners which allow married people unlimited freedom, and consider licentiousness bon ton.--Garrick, Bon Ton (1776). (See PRIORY.)

Trotter (Job), servant to Alfred Jingle. A sly, canting rascal, who has at least the virtue of fidelity to his master. Mr. Pickwick’s generosity touches his heart, and he shows a sincere gratitude to his benefactor.--C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Trotter (Nelly) fishwoman at old St. Ronan’s.--Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Trotters, the Punch and Judy showman; a little, good-natured, unsuspicious man, very unlike his misanthropic companion, Thomas Codlin, who played the panpipes, and collected the money.

His real name was Harris, but it had gradually merged into Trotters, with the prefatory adjective “Short,” by reason of the small size of his legs. Short Trotters, however, being a compound name, inconvenient in friendly dialogue, he was called either Trotters or Short, and never Short Trotters, except on occasions of ceremony.--C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, xvii. (1840).

Trotty, the sobriquet of Toby Veck, ticket-porter and jobman.

They called him Trotty from his pace, which meant speed, if it didn’t make it. He could have walked faster, perhaps; most likely; but rob him of his trot, and Toby would have taken to his bed and died. It bespattered him with mud in dirty weather; it cost him a world of trouble; he could have walked with infinitely greater ease; but that was one reason for his clinging to his trot so tenaciously. A weak, small, spare old man; he was a very Herculês, this Toby, in his good intentions.--C. Dickens, The Chimes, i. (1844).

Trotwood (Betsey), usually called “Miss Betsey,” great aunt of David Copperfield. Her idiosyncrasy was donkeys. A dozen times a day would she rush on the green before her house to drive off the donkeys, and donkey-boys. She was a most kind-hearted, worthy woman, who concealed her tenderness of heart under a snappish austerity of manner. Miss Betsey was the true friend of David Copperfield. She married in her young days a handsome man, who ill-used her, and ran away, but 154preyed on her for money till he died.--C. Dickens, David Copperfield (1849).

Trouil´logan, a philosopher, whose advice was, “Do as you like.” Panurge asked the sage if he advised him to marry. “Yes,” said Trouillogan. “What say you?” asked the prince. “Let it alone,” replied the sage. “Which would you advise?” inquired the prince. “Neither,” said the sage. “Neither?” cried Panurge; “that cannot be.” “Then both,” replied Trouillogan. Panurge then consulted several others, and at last the oracle of the Holy Bottle.--Rabelais, Pantagruel, iii. 35 (1545).

Molière has introduced this joke in his Marriage Forcé (1664). Sganarelle asks his friend Géronimo, if he would advise him to marry, and he answers “No.” “But,” says the old man, “I like the young woman.” “Then marry her, by all means.” “That is your advice?” says Sganarelle. “My advice is, do as you like,” says the friend. Sganarelle next consults two philosophers, then some gypsies, then declines to marry, and is at last compelled to do so, nolens volens.

Trovato´re (4 syl.), or “The Troubadour” in Manrico, the supposed son of Azuce´na, the gypsy, but in reality, the son of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). The Princess Leono´ra falls in love with the troubadour, but the count, entertaining a base passion for her, is about to put Manrico to death, when Leonora intercedes on his behalf, and promises to give herself to him, if he will spare her lover. The count consents; but while he goes to release his captive Leonora kills herself by sucking poison from a ring. When Manrico discovers this sad calamity, he dies also.--Verdi, Il Trovatore (1853).

(This opera is based on the drama of Gargia Guttierez, a fifteenth century story.)

Troxartas (3 syl.), king of the mice, and father of Psycarpax, who was drowned. The word means “bread-eater.”

Fix their counsel ...

Where great Troxartas crowned in glory reigns ...

Psycarpax’ father, father now no more!

Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, i. (about 1712).

Trudge, in Love in a Bottle, by Farquhar (1698).

True Thomas, Thomas the Rhymer. So called from his prophecies, the most noted of which was his prediction of the death of Alexander III. of Scotland, made to the earl of March. It is recorded in the Scotichronĭcon of Fordun (1430).

Trueworth, brother of Lydia, and friend of Sir William Fondlove.--S. Knowles, The Love-Chase (1837).