Samuel MacClintock, Ph. D. (continued 7)
Reading edition
In 1810 Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury, in response to a resolution of the House of Representatives of June 7, 1908, made a report which is an admirable summary of the condition of American manufactures at that date. Secretary Gallatin estimated that in 1809 the value of the products of American manufactures exceeded $120,000,000. Tench Coxe’s estimate, based upon the returns obtained at the Census of 1810, was $198,613,471. The censuses of 1810, 1820, 1830 and 1840 gave certain figures on the manufacturing industries of the United States, but they did not approach the completeness of the censuses of recent years, and the figures of those earlier records must be accepted only with this view of their incompleteness. Tench Coxe, as already shown, estimated the real value of the manufactures of 1810 at a little less than 200 million. The censuses of 1820 and 1830 were confessedly incomplete and their showing of manufactures does not compare favorably with the Coxe estimate for 1810. In 1840 the value of the manufactures was put at about 500 million dollars; in 1850, at one billion; in 1860, a little less than 2 billion; in 1870, 4¼ billion; in 1880, 3⅓ billion; in 1890, 9⅓ billion; in 1900, 13 billion; and in 1905, 16 billion—a sum three times the estimated value of manufactures of the next great manufacturing nation, the United Kingdom.
It must be remembered, however, that these figures of the value of the manufactures of the United States are “gross values,” or, in other words, contain many duplications, as explained elsewhere, and that the net or real value of the manufactures of the country was but two-thirds of the figures above named. Even this estimate which puts the net or true value of the manufactures of the country at about two-thirds of the census gross valuation still leaves the United States so far in the lead that there can be no doubt that it is the greatest manufacturing nation of the world. Tables printed elsewhere in this text show that her production of manufactures is, even under an acceptance of the “net” value and an exclusion of certain articles not classed as manufactures by other countries, far in excess of that of any other country.
The growth by industries cannot be shown in detail in a work of this character. Suffice to say that every line of manufactures is now produced in the United States, save only those in which the work is wholly, or chiefly, performed by hand labor. The growth of the more important industries, such as iron and steel, textiles, etc., is pictured in sections devoted to those industries, and an outline of the growth in the principal articles is shown in the table on another page which presents official figures of the number of factories, persons employed, capital invested and product turned out in the principal manufacturing industries of the country in 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1905.
The increase in the production of manufactures in the United States, far in excess of home requirements, has forced our manufacturers to seek markets in other parts of the world for their surplus product. The result has been a rapid increase in the exportation of manufactures. The total value of manufactures exported from the United States has grown from less than 8 million dollars in 1820 to 23 million dollars in 1850, 48½ million in 1860, 70 million in 1870, 122 million in 1880, 179 million in 1890, and 485 million in 1900, since which time the annual total has not fallen below the 400-million-dollar line, while in the year 1908 the total exceeded 750 million dollars. In the fiscal year 1908, the latest period for which detailed figures of the exports by countries are available, the exports of manufactures were valued at 750 million dollars, of which 368 million dollars’ worth went to Europe, 188 million to North America, 72 million to South America, and 71 million to Asia, while the remainder was divided between Oceania and Africa.
That this growth has been especially marked in recent years is shown by the fact that the actual increase by decades in exports of manufactures has been as follows: During the decade ending with 1830, 1.8 millions; 1840, 5.8 millions; 1850, 7.8 millions; 1860, 25.2 millions; 1870, 21.6 millions; 1880, 51.8 millions; 1890, 57.2 millions; 1900, 305.9 millions; and during the eight years ending with 1906, 265 millions. Thus the growth of exports of manufactures in the eighteen years following 1890 was practically three times as great as that of the entire seventy years preceding that year.
Exports of manufactures from the United States now exceed 750 million dollars per annum and have doubled in value in a single decade. Not only has the exportation of manufactures doubled in a decade, but the share which products of the factory form of the total exports is steadily increasing. In 1880 manufactures formed but 15 per cent of the total exports of domestic products; in 1890 they formed 21 per cent, in 1900, 35 per cent, and in 1908, 41 per cent.
With the rapid increase of population in the United States, and therefore of the consumption of natural products, the quantity of food and raw materials remaining for distribution to other parts of the world has not increased proportionately; and with the development of manufacturing facilities and the trend of population to the manufacturing centers, production of manufactures has rapidly increased, and the surplus of these manufactures which may be spared for foreign markets has also increased. Foodstuffs, which in 1890 formed 42 per cent of the total exports of domestic products, formed in 1908 but 28 per cent of the total; articles in a crude condition for use in manufacturing, which in 1890 formed 36 per cent of the totals, formed in 1908 but 30 per cent; while manufactures, as already indicated, increased their share in the exports from 21 per cent in 1890 to 41 per cent in 1908.
In the decade ending with 1905 exports of manufactures from the United States increased 198 per cent, while those from Germany increased 75 per cent, those from the United Kingdom 40 per cent, and those from France 25 per cent. This rapid increase in the exports of manufactures from the United States has brought her to the third rank in the list of the world’s exporters of manufactures. The four greatest producers of manufactures for exportation and the value of manufactures exported by each of them in 1906 are as follows: The United Kingdom, 1,400 million dollars; Germany, 1,000 million; the United States, 700 million; and France, 500 million.
To Europe the exports of manufactures from the United States in 1892 was 76 million dollars, in 1901, 213 million, and in 1908, 368 million. To North America the exports of manufactures from the United States in 1892 were 33 million dollars, in 1908, 189 million; to Asia and Oceania the total was 25 million dollars in 1892 and 112 million in 1908; to Africa, in 1892, less than 4 million dollars, in 1908, more than 10 million; to South America, in 1892, 17 million, in 1908, 72 million. Considering the distribution by principal countries, it may be said that the total exports of manufactures from the United States to the United Kingdom was, in 1892, 40 million dollars, in 1902, 100 million; to British North America, in 1892, less than 10 million, in 1902, over 54 million; to Germany, in 1892, 14 million, in 1902, 30 million; to Mexico, in 1892, less than 8 million, in 1902, over 26 million; to British Australasia, in 1892, less than 9 million, in 1902, over 23 million; and to China, in 1892, 5½ million, in 1902, more than 23 million.
Considering the exports by great articles or groups of articles, it may be said that manufactures of iron and steel as a group form the largest item in the exports of manufactures, having grown from 52 thousand dollars in 1800 to 322 thousand in 1830, 1 million dollars in 1850, about 6 million in 1860, 13 million in 1870, 25 million in 1890, 121 million in 1900, and 184 million in 1908. Mineral oils form the second largest item among the groups of manufactures, having grown from 30 million in 1870 to 98 million in 1908. Copper manufactures rank third, the total exports having grown from 1½ million dollars in 1860 to 2⅓ million in 1890 and 104 million in 1908. Leather and its manufactures have increased their exportations from 1½ million in 1860 to 6¾ million in 1880, 12 million in 1890, 27 million in 1900, and 41 million in 1908. Exports of agricultural implements have grown from 1 million dollars in 1870 to 4 million in 1890, 16 million in 1900, and 24 million in 1908. Thirty articles or groups of articles exceeded 1 million dollars in the value of their respective exports in the fiscal year 1908. Of these thirty groups now exceeding 1 million dollars each in value annually, not one aggregated as much as a million dollars in 1820, and only three groups exceeded 1 million in 1850; in 1860 eight groups exceeded each 1 million; in 1880 the number of groups exceeding 1 million in value was 13; in 1890, 20; and in 1908, as already indicated, 30 exceeded 1 million each in the value of their annual exportations.
The causes of the rapid growth in the exports of manufactures from the United States are not difficult to determine. The growth as already indicated, has occurred chiefly since 1880, and especially in the last decade. From 1790 to 1880 the growth was a hundred million in ninety years’ time. This was a period which was devoted to the development of the agricultural resources of the country and to the construction of railroads. The value of agricultural products exported grew in this period from 19 million dollars to 686 million, an increase of 667 million, while exports of manufactures were increasing 100 million. From 1880 to 1900 agricultural exports showed a gain of 206 million dollars and those of manufactures 330 million. Thus the development of domestic exports from the United States has occurred in definitely rounded periods: The first, a long period of growth of agricultural products; the second, a shorter and more recent period, in which the largest growth, and especially the largest proportionate growth, has been in exports of manufactures.
A study of the production in the United States of a few of the great articles which form the basis of manufactures and the manufacturing industries offers ready explanation of the great increase in the production of manufactures and the consequent marked increase in the exportation of manufactures. Six great articles supply the principal requisites for manufacturing, viz, iron, copper, wood, cotton, wool, and coal as the material which supplies the power by which they are first assembled and afterwards converted into manufactures. The production of pig iron in the United States which up to 1880 had never reached 4 million tons, was by 1890, 9 million; in 1900, 13½ million, and in 1907, 25 million. Of steel, the production in the United States in 1880 for the first time exceeded 1 million tons; in 1890 it exceeded 4 million tons; in 1900, more than 10 million, and in 1907, more than 23 million. Of copper, for which the demands of the world are now great, the United States produced in 1880, 27 thousand tons, in 1890, 116 thousand tons, and in 1906, 409 thousand tons. The total value of the mineral products of the United States was in 1880, 369 million dollars; in 1890, 619 million, and in 1908, 2,069 million, or 5½ times that of 1880. The cotton production of the United States was in 1880, 5½ million bales, in 1890, 7½ million, and in 1908, over 13½ million. In 1880, American mills took 31 per cent of the total American production of cotton, and in 1907 they took 32 per cent of the greatly increased total. Of wool, the production of 1880 was 232½ million pounds; of 1890, 276 million, and that of 1908, 311 million. Of coal, which has an important relation to manufactures, both in supplying the motive power for the assembling of materials and heat for smelting ores and other features of manufacturing work, as well as the power for operating the machinery of manufacture, the production in 1880 was 64 million tons; in 1890, 141 million; in 1900, 241 million; and in 1907, 428 million.
Of the six great articles here enumerated as the chief requisites of manufacturing, the United States is the world’s largest producer of all except wool. Of cotton, the United States produces three-fourths of the world’s entire supply; of copper, fully one-half; of pig iron and steel, the United States produces 40 per cent of the world’s entire supply; and in 1907 produced more than Germany, the United Kingdom, and Belgium combined, these three countries being, in the order named, the world’s next largest producers of pig iron. Of timber and wood suitable for use in manufacturing, the United States is the world’s largest producer at the present time. Of wool, the United States is only exceeded in its production by Australasia, Argentina and Russia, its total product being in 1901, 302 million pounds against 360 million in Russia, including Poland, Argentina, 370 million, and Australasia, 510 million.
In transportation, for assembling these great natural products for use in manufacturing, the facilities in the United States by far surpass those of any other country. The railroads have grown from 30 thousand miles in 1860 to 53 thousand miles in 1870, 93 thousand miles in 1880, 166 thousand miles in 1890, and 240 thousand miles in 1908, giving to the United States two-fifths of the entire railway mileage of the world; while in transportation upon the Great Lakes the registered tonnage of vessels passing through the Sault Ste. Marie Canal alone in 1907 was 44 million tons, or practically three times as much as the tonnage passing through the Suez Canal in the same year.
Proportionately the growth in exports of manufactures has been even greater than that in production of manufactures. The census figures show that the gross value of manufactures produced in 1850 was, in round terms, 1 billion dollars, and in 1905, nearly 17 billion, so that the product of 1905 may be said to be about seventeen times as great as that of 1850; while the exportation of manufactures, which in 1850 was $17,580,456, was in 1908, $750,000,000, or forty-two times as great as in 1850, indicating that the percentage of growth in exportation has been more than twice as great as that in the production of manufactures.
Of the articles which form the great and growing export trade of the United States, those grouped under the term “manufactures” number over two hundred distinct articles, though many of these are included within the special groupings, such as agricultural implements, iron and steel manufactures, mineral oils, leather and its manufactures, etc. The group agricultural implements, for example, is subdivided into mowers and reapers, plows and cultivators, and “all other,” the latter term including numerous articles which are not of sufficient value to justify at present a separate statement. The group cotton manufactures includes cloths colored and uncolored, wearing apparel, waste cotton, and all other. The group iron and steel includes pig iron, bar iron, wire rods, billets, ingots and blooms, hoop, band and scroll iron, rails for railways, tin plates, structural iron and steel, wire, locks, hinges, saws and tools, car wheels, castings, table cutlery, firearms, cash registers, electrical machinery, laundry machinery, metal-working machinery, printing presses, pumps and pumping machinery, shoe machinery, locomotives (stationary and railway), typewriters, nails (cut and wire), pipes, safes, scales, stoves and ranges, each of which is separately stated, and following these a class “all other,” which includes the less important articles not separately enumerated. Under the group leather and its manufactures are included sole leather, glazed, kid, patent, split, and other upper leather, boots and shoes, harness and saddles. Under the general title of refined or manufactured mineral oils are included naphthas, illuminating oil, and lubricating and heavy paraffin oil. Under the general title of musical instruments are included organs, pianos, and all other. Paper and its manufactures include paper hangings, printing paper, writing paper, envelopes, and all other. Manufactures of tobacco include cigars and cigarettes, plug tobacco, and all other. Wood manufactures include doors, sash and blinds; furniture; hogsheads and barrels; trimmings, moldings and other house finishings; woodenware, wood pulp, and all other. Wool manufactures include carpets, dress goods, flannels and blankets, wearing apparel, separately stated, and all other.
Taking up the various groups or classes, and with them the articles which are not subdivided, it may be said that thirty general articles show a total exceeding $1,000,000 in the exports of recent years. Exports of iron and steel manufactures as a whole amounted in 1908 to 184 million dollars; manufactured or refined mineral oils, 99 million; copper manufactures, 100 million; cotton manufactures, 25 million; leather and its manufactures, 27 million; agricultural implements, 24 million; chemicals, drugs and dyes, 21 million; cars and carriages, 22 million; paraffin, 8 million; paper and its manufactures, 8 million; tobacco manufactures, 5 million; scientific instruments, 11 million; fiber manufactures, 5 million; india-rubber manufactures, 7½ million; books, maps and engravings, 6 million.
Tracing the more important of these articles through the period from 1790 to 1908 it may be said that iron and steel manufactures, which began their record in 1790 with a total exportation of $117,060, did not reach $1,000,000 until 1840, when the total export was $1,127,877. Even in 1850 it was only $1,953,702, but by 1860 was $5,870,114; in 1870, $13,483,163; in 1880, $14,716,524; in 1890, $25,542,208, and in the decade from 1890 to 1900 it increased nearly fourfold, the total for 1908 being $183,982,182 against $25,542,208 in 1890. The growth in the exportation of manufactures of iron and steel has been more strongly marked than that in any other important article of export except copper. It has been coincidental with the development of the great iron mines of the United States and the production of pig iron and steel.
The next article in the order of its magnitude in our exportations is refined mineral oil, which only became an article of export after the great oil discoveries in the decade 1860-1870. Its first appearance in the list of exports was in 1864, in which year the total amounted to $6,918,502, the small quantities exported in preceding years not having separately enumerated in the list of articles exported. The value of the exportations of mineral oil increased very rapidly, the total for 1864 being slightly less than 7 millions; for 1865, nearly 10 millions; 1866, over 18 millions; 1867, 22 millions; 1870, 30 millions; 1880, 34 millions; 1890, 44 millions; 1900, 68 millions, and 1908, 99 millions.
Copper, which forms the third article in rank in the exports of manufactures, is of recent date as an article of importance in the export trade. The existence of large copper deposits in the United States had been known for many years, but it was only upon the greatly increased demand for copper owing to the developments in the use of electricity as a motive power that the world began to demand copper in greatly increased quantities; and to this demand the mines of the United States promptly responded. The copper production of the United States had never reached as much as 20,000 tons prior to 1877. By 1887 it was 81,000 tons; by 1897, 220,000 tons; and in 1907, 410,000 tons. The most strongly marked increase occurred during the period of 1890-1907, the production of 1890 being 115,000 tons, and in 1907, 410,000 tons. The growth in exportation was coincidental with the growth in production. The value of copper manufactures exported in 1890 was but $2,349,392; in 1891, it was $4,614,597; in 1892, $7,226,392; in 1895, $14,468,703; in 1896, $19,720,104; in 1897, $31,621,125; and in 1908, $104,064,580 or nearly fifty times as much in 1908 as in 1890.
Leather and manufactures thereof grew from 1½ million in 1860 to 6½ million in 1880, 12½ million in 1890, 27 million in 1900, practically 30 million in 1902, and 42 million in 1909. Agricultural implements have also shown a rapid increase in exportation. In 1870 they amounted to only 1 million dollars in value; in 1880, to a little over 2 million; in 1890, nearly 4 million; in 1900, 16 million; and in 1902, 16¼ million.
Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc., formed the largest single item of exports in 1790, pot and pearl ashes being then the principal article in the list, and have slowly but steadily increased, reaching a million dollars in 1830, 2½ million in 1870, 5½ million in 1890, 12 million in 1902, and 21 million in 1908. It is proper to add that in the later years patent medicines, which are included under this general classification of chemicals, etc., have formed a considerable proportion of this increase, the total value of patent medicines exported being in 1902, 3 million dollars out of the total of 12 million. The chemical industry of the United States has not made as rapid gains either in the relative value of its products, in the supply of the home market, or in the distribution of exports as accomplished by many other industries. The total value of the chemical productions of the country, according to the census, was in 1880, $38,640,458; in 1890, $59,352,548; and in 1900, $62,676,730, having less than doubled the value of the product from 1880 to 1900, the increase being but 60 per cent, while manufactures as a whole increased 142 per cent.
Considering the grand divisions and countries to which we send this $750,000,000 worth of manufactures exported from the United States, it may be said that literally every country of the world is a purchaser of American manufactures. In each grand division and in every country of the world the manufactured products of the United States are being consumed in steadily increasing quantities and varieties; and this consumption of the products of the manufacturing establishments of the United States by other parts of the world is a voluntary one, and not an “invasion” in the ordinarily accepted sense of the term. The growth in the consumption of American manufactures in other parts of the world is quite as voluntary as is the consumption of American flour, or meat, or cotton. This is illustrated by the fact that, while the iron and steel manufacturing establishments have been unable to meet the orders of the home consumers, and, therefore, have made little effort to “invade” other markets, more than $184,000,000 worth of iron and steel manufactures was exported in 1908, presumably, in most cases, to fill orders from other parts of the world. The fact that the home demand for iron and steel manufactures was in 1907 so great as to more than double the importation of iron and steel manufactures in a single year, shows clearly that the condition of a home market was such that the iron and steel manufactures of the United States needed make no effort to “invade” the markets of other parts of the world, and that whatever sales they made in those lines outside of the United States were, as a rule, in response to calls from the countries to which these classes of merchandise are sent. The exportations of iron and steel manufactures from the United States in the fiscal year 1908, were: To Europe, 47 million dollars; North America, 72 million; Oceania, 14 million; South America, 22 million; Asia, 25 million; and Africa, 3 million. Of American copper the purchases by Europe were, in 1891, $4,433,015 in value, and in 1908, $97,324,230. For agricultural implements the home demand is large and active, yet the exportation of agricultural implements, presumably all or nearly all orders, was in 1908, to Europe, 13 million dollars; to North America, 2½ million; to South America, 5 million; to Oceania, over 1 million; and to Asia and Africa, 13 million. The railroads of the United States were in 1906 and 7, according to repeated statements, unable to obtain cars in sufficient number to meet their requirements, yet the exportation of cars for steam railways in the fiscal year 1908 amounted to about $5,000,000.
The large share which manufactures form in the exports of the United States is shown by an analysis by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor of the trade, by articles and groups of articles, with every country and grand division of the world. These figures show that manufactures formed 86 per cent of exports to South America in 1906, 85 per cent of the exports to Oceania, 75 per cent of the exports to Asia, 66 per cent of the exports to Africa, 62 per cent of the exports to North America, while even to Europe manufactures formed 27 per cent of the total domestic merchandise sent in the fiscal year 1906.
This general group, “manufactures,” upon which the above percentages are based, includes both manufactures ready for consumption and manufactures for further use in manufacturing. The first group includes all manufactures in the fully completed form and ready for immediate use. The second is made up chiefly of chemicals, leather, naval stores, lumber, copper in pigs, bars, and ingots, and various grades of iron and steel which have passed through a process of manufacture but are to be further used in manufacturing, such as steel bars, billets, ingots, blooms, sheets and plates, tin plate, wire rods, and pig iron.
Of the 75 million dollars’ worth sent to South America, 72.4 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 14.02 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. Of the 105 million dollars’ worth sent to Asia, 65.79 was manufactures ready for consumption and 9.14 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. Of the 35 million dollars’ worth sent to Oceania, 72.97 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 11.78 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. Of the 20 million dollars’ worth sent to Africa, 58.79 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 6.85 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. Of the 295 million dollars’ worth exported to North America, 50.46 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 11.37 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. Of the 1,189 million dollars’ worth of domestic merchandise sent from the United States to Europe in 1906, 12.72 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 14.06 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing.
Thus, more than one-half of the domestic merchandise sent out of the United States to each grand division except Europe goes in the fully manufactured form, ready for consumption; in the case of South America and Oceania practically three-fourths, in the case of Asia practically two-thirds, and in the case of North America practically one-half goes in the fully manufactured form.
Taking up the principal countries, the figures of the Bureau of Statistics show that 11.85 per cent of the exports of the United Kingdom was manufactures ready for consumption and 11.22 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. Of the exports to Germany, 10.98 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 12.96 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To France, 12.67 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 18.44 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Canada, 48.8 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 13.1 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Mexico, 58.77 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 11.61 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Cuba, 45.94 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 9.31 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Argentina, 79.93 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 18.67 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Brazil, 72.9 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 10.24 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Chile, 74.82 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 10.71 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To China, 85.12 per cent was manufactures ready for consumption and 10.65 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Japan, 45.89 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 10.28 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To the Philippine Islands, 59.75 per cent of the shipments was manufactures ready for consumption and 9.13 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To Australia, 76.48 per cent of the exports was manufactures ready for consumption and 12.26 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing.
Foodstuffs and manufacturers’ material form the larger share of the merchandise sent to Europe and a considerable percentage of that sent to North America, while to the other grand divisions neither foodstuffs nor raw material for manufacturing form any considerable per cent of the total. To Europe, foodstuffs (chiefly wheat flour, corn and meats) formed 36.3 per cent of the total merchandise sent in 1906, while raw materials for use in manufacturing (chiefly cotton) formed 36.83 per cent of the total, the remainder being, as above indicated, manufactures ready for consumption or manufactures for further use in manufacturing. To North America, foodstuffs formed 20.23 per cent of the total and manufacturers’ raw material 16.12 per cent. To South America, foodstuffs formed 13.32 per cent of the total and manufacturers’ raw material less than 1 per cent. To Asia, foodstuffs formed 13.83 per cent and manufacturers’ raw material 11.2 per cent, this larger percentage of the raw material being due chiefly to sales of raw cotton to Japan. To Oceania, foodstuffs formed 9.65 per cent of the total and manufacturers’ raw material 4.96 per cent. To Africa, foodstuffs formed 28.39 per cent of the total exports and manufacturers’ raw material 5.86 per cent.
Taking up the analysis of exports to other parts of the world, the figures show that of the exports to the United Kingdom 34.07 per cent was crude materials for use in manufacturing; 27.29 per cent foodstuffs partly or wholly manufactured, including in this group flour, meats, dried and preserved fruits, etc.; 15.46 per cent foodstuffs in a crude condition, and food animals; 13.1 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing, and 11.85 per cent manufactures ready for consumption. Of the exports to Germany, 48.28 per cent was crude materials for use in manufacturing; 19 per cent foodstuffs partly or wholly manufactured; 8.65 per cent foodstuffs in a crude condition, including food animals; 12.96 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing, and 10.98 per cent manufactures ready for consumption. In the case of France, 55.38 per cent of the total was crude materials for use in manufacturing; 5.52 per cent foodstuffs partly or wholly manufactured; 7.96 per cent foodstuffs in a crude condition; 18.44 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing, and 12.67 per cent manufactures ready for consumption. In the case of Canada, 24.39 per cent was raw materials for use in manufacturing; 4.74 per cent foodstuffs partly or wholly manufactured; 6.23 per cent foodstuffs in a crude condition, and food animals; 13.1 per cent manufactures for further use in manufacturing and 48.8 per cent manufactures ready for consumption.
Summing up this study of the share which manufactures formed of the exports of the United States to the principal countries and grand divisions in 1906, the figures show that 151 million dollars’ worth of manufactures ready for consumption went to Europe, 149 million dollars’ worth to North America, 69 million dollars’ worth to Asia, 54 million dollars’ worth to South America, 26 million dollars’ worth to Oceania, and 11 million dollars’ worth to Africa; while of the manufactures for further use in manufacturing 167 million dollars’ worth went to Europe, 33 million to North America, 10 million to South America, 10 million to Asia, 4 million to Oceania, and a little over 1 million dollars’ worth to Africa. Thus while manufactures formed but a comparatively small percentage of the exports to Europe because of the large quantities of foodstuffs and raw material demanded by that country, they actually aggregated a greater sum than the manufactures sent to any other of the grand divisions, though in the other cases the percentage which manufactures formed of the total was much larger than in the trade with Europe.
Even with this large production of manufactures in the United States it may safely be said that less than one-tenth of our manufactures are exported, while those imported equal in stated value about one-twentieth that of the home product. This statement is the result of a comparison of the figures of production, exportation, and importation of manufactures in the United States presented by the Statistical Abstract of the United States, issued by the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor.
The Census of 1905 shows the gross value of the factory product of manufactures in 1904 at 14,802 million dollars, and estimates the value of all other manufactures, mechanical and neighborhood, at about 2 billion, making the gross value of all manufactures produced in the United States in 1904, 16,867 million dollars. This gross valuation, however, includes many duplications, because the products reported by one manufacturer often become the manufacturing material of another, who also includes their cost in the report of the value of the products of his factory. By deducting from the gross valuation the value of this manufacturing material used in a partly manufactured form, the Census Office states the net or true value of the manufactures of the country in the census year. This process reduced the valuation of the factory product of 1904 from the gross figure of 14,802 million, to a net valuation of 9,821 million; and an application of the same method of reduction to the non-factory manufactures would place the net value of all manufactures in 1904 at 10,892 million dollars. The Census of 1900, which reported the gross value of all manufactures in 1899 at 13,014 million dollars, places the net value for that year at 8,371 million.
The Bureau of Statistics’ figures show that the exportation in the year ending June 30, 1905, of all articles classed by the census as manufactures, amounted in value to 895 million dollars, a sum which equals 8.2 per cent of the 10,892 million estimated as the net value of all manufactures in 1904. The imports in the year ended June 30, 1905, of all articles similar to those classed by the census as manufactures, were valued at 576 million dollars, which equals 5.3 per cent of the net value of the domestic manufactures of 1904.
Even these figures, which show that the valuation of manufactures exported equals 8.2 per cent of the valuation of the manufactures produced, and that the valuation of the manufactures imported equals 5.3 per cent of the valuation of the manufactures produced, are, however, only approximate, in an attempt to determine the true relation of imports or exports of manufactures to the home production. The valuation of manufactures, supplied to the Census Office, by the various manufacturers, states the value of the product at the place of production; while the Bureau of Statistics’ figures of exportations state the wholesale market value of the article at the port from which exported. Thus the stated values of the articles exported are doubtless in most cases higher than the stated values of the same articles at the place of production since the cost of transportation and dealers’ profits are presumably added in the valuations at which the domestic merchandise in question is wholesaled at the various ports whose current prices determine the valuation placed upon the articles when exported. On the other hand, the values of the imported articles quoted by the Bureau of Statistics are by law “the actual market values or wholesale prices of such merchandise in the principal markets of the country whence imported,” and if freights and profits are added to this figure the valuation at the point where it actually enters the United States would be somewhat in excess of that quoted. Thus the value of manufactures produced are those of the place of production, the figures of exports are those of the wholesale markets of the port from which exported, and those of importation are those of the wholesale market of the country whence imported. Could production, exports, and imports be brought to a common basis of valuation, the percentage which exports bear to the total production would be slightly reduced and that which imports bear to the total production be slightly increased; and the percentages which exports and imports, respectively, bear to the total production would become more nearly identical than those above quoted, of 8.2 per cent on the export side and 5.3 per cent on the import side.
The share exported of the manufactures of the country seems to have slowly but steadily increased. The gross valuation of manufactures produced was, speaking in very round terms, in 1850, 1 billion dollars; in 1860, 1¾ billion; in 1870, 4¼ billion; in 1880, 5⅓ billion; in 1890, 9⅓% billion; in 1900, 13 billion; and in 1905, 16¾ billion. Reducing these gross valuations to net value at the same ratio as that indicated by the census reduction of 1900, the net value of manufactures in 1850 would stand at ⅔ of 1 billion dollars, in 1860 at 1¼ billion, in 1870 at 2¾ billion, in 1880 at 3½ billion, in 1890 at 6 billion, in 1900 at 8⅓ billion, and in 1905 at a little less than 11 billion. The exportation of all articles now classed by the census as manufactures was in 1850, 43 million dollars; in 1860, 87 million; in 1870, 160 million (currency values); in 1880, 315 million; in 1890, 404 million; in 1900, 803 million; and in 1905, 895 million. These figures of net products and exports, when compared statistically, show that the exports equalled in 1850, 6.6 per cent of the figures of net production; in 1860, 7.2 per cent; in 1870, 5.9 per cent; in 1880, 9.1 per cent; in 1890, 6.7 per cent; in 1900, 9.6 per cent; and in 1905, 8.2 per cent. That the exportation has grown even more rapidly than the production is also apparent from a comparison of the figures of 1905 with those of 1850, since the production of manufactures in 1905 was practically seventeen times as great as that of 1850, while the exportation of manufactures in 1905 was twenty-one times as great as in 1850.
On the import side the ratio of imports of manufactures to production has steadily fallen. Imports of all articles now included by the census classification of manufactures amounted in 1850 to 143 million dollars, in 1860 to 267 million, in 1870 to 433 million (currency values), in 1880 to 426 million, in 1890 to 481 million, in 1900 to 470 million, and in 1905 to 576 million. The percentage which imports of manufactures bore to production of manufactures was, in 1850, 21.8 per cent; in 1860, 22 per cent; in 1870, 15.9 per cent; in 1880, 12.3 per cent; in 1890, 8 per cent; in 1900, 5.6 per cent; and in 1905, 5.3 per cent.
It is proper to add that the figures above cited as representing the exportation of articles classed by the census as manufactures do not coincide with the usual statement of “Manufactures Exported,” as issued by the Bureau of Statistics from month to month and year to year, but includes many articles classed as manufactures by the census, but ordinarily classed by the Bureau of Statistics as “Foodstuffs Partly or Wholly Manufactured.” The Bureau of Statistics in its import and export statements groups under one title of “Manufactures Ready for Consumption” all articles completely manufactured and ready for use, such as boots and shoes, cars and carriages, and illuminating oil; under another head, “Articles for Further Use in Manufacturing,” all articles in a partially manufactured state, but requiring further processes before ready for final use, such as pig copper, pig iron, pig tin, lumber, etc.; while the group “Foodstuffs Partly or Wholly Manufactured” includes food articles which have undergone certain processes of preparation for use, such as salted meats, canned fruit and vegetables, dried fruits, flour, sugar, and other articles usually classed by the great importing and exporting nations under the general title of foodstuffs. The two groups, “Manufactures Ready for Use,” and “Manufactures for Further Use in Manufacturing,” are usually included by the bureau in its statements of exports of manufactures, while the third group, “Foodstuffs Partly or Wholly Manufactured,” is not usually so classed. In the above statement, however, in which the attempt is made to compare imports and exports with the census figures of manufactures, the third group, “Foodstuffs Partly or Wholly Manufactured,” is included under the general title of manufactures, in order to make the import and export figures comparable with the census figures of production.
Turning to the individual articles forming the great mass of manufactures produced or exported, the percentage of the product exported varies greatly with the various articles or groups of articles. Comparing the Bureau of Statistics’ figures of exports for the fiscal year 1905 with the census figures of production in the calendar year 1904, the percentage which the export figures bear to those of production are, in the case of agricultural implements 18.5 per cent, bicycles and tricycles 26.8 per cent, cash registers 20.6 per cent, sewing machines 29.3 per cent, and typewriters 44.6 per cent; while in a large proportion of articles the percentage is very much less—boots and shoes 2.5 per cent, carriages and wagons 2.7 per cent, structural iron 4 per cent, furniture of wood 2.6 per cent, flour and gristmill products 5.6 per cent, and automobiles 8.3 per cent.
IX. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURING.
Approximate Annual Value of Manufactures Produced in the Principal Manufacturing Countries at dates named, 1780 to 1900.
Countries. 1780. 1800. 1820. 1840. 1860. 1888. 1896. 1900.
Millions of Dollars.
United Kingdom 861 1,119 1,411 1,883 2,808 3,991 4,263 5,000
Germany 243 292 414 730 1,509 2,837 3,358 4,601
France 715 925 1,071 1,285 1,849 2,360 2,900 3,450
Austria-Hungary 146 243 389 691 973 1,231 1,596 2,000
Russia 49 73 97 195 754 1,767 1,849 1,980
Italy 49 73 122 195 389 589 925 1,700
Belgium .... .... .... 292 438 496 574 750
Spain 49 97 146 219 292 414 589 615
United States 73 122 268 467 1,908 7,022 9,636 13,004
Various 151 219 292 438 779 1,767 2,097 2,317
Total 2,336 3,163 4,210 6,395 11,699 22,474 27,787 35,417
Countries. 1780. 1800. 1820. 1840.
Millions of Dollars.
United Kingdom 861 1,119 1,411 1,883
Germany 243 292 414 730
France 715 925 1,071 1,285
Austria-Hungary 146 243 389 691
Russia 49 73 97 195
Italy 49 73 122 195
Belgium .... .... .... 292
Spain 49 97 146 219
United States 73 122 268 467
Various 151 219 292 438
Total 2,336 3,163 4,210 6,395
Countries. 1860. 1888. 1896. 1900.
Millions of Dollars.
United Kingdom 2,808 3,991 4,263 5,000
Germany 1,509 2,837 3,358 4,601
France 1,849 2,360 2,900 3,450
Austria-Hungary 973 1,231 1,596 2,000
Russia 754 1,767 1,849 1,980
Italy 389 589 925 1,700
Belgium 438 496 574 750
Spain 292 414 589 615
United States 1,908 7,022 9,636 13,004
Various 779 1,767 2,097 2,317
Total 11,699 22,474 27,787 35,417
Note.—The figures (Mulhall’s estimates prior to 1900) here given for the United States are those of gross values. The relation of “gross” to “net” value of the manufactures of the United States is explained at page 211.
Approximate Annual Value of Manufactures Produced In the Principal Manufacturing Countries at dates named, 1780 to 1900.
Countries. 1780. 1800. 1820. 1840. 1860. 1888. 1896. 1900.
Millions of Dollars.
United Kingdom 861 1,119 1,411 1,883 2,808 3,991 4,263 5,000
Germany 213 292 414 730 1,509 2,837 3,358 4,601
France 715 925 1,071 1,285 1,849 2,360 2,900 3,450
Austria-Hungary 146 243 389 691 973 1,231 1,596 2,000
Russia 49 73 97 195 754 1,767 1,849 1,980
Italy 49 73 122 195 389 589 925 1,700
Belgium .... .... .... 292 438 496 574 750
Spain 49 97 146 219 292 414 589 615
United States 48 81 179 311 1,272 4,681 6,426 8,371
Various 151 219 292 438 779 1,767 2,097 2,317
Total 2,311 3,122 4,121 6,239 10,063 20,133 24,577 30,784
Countries. 1780. 1800. 1820. 1840.
Millions of Dollars.
United Kingdom 861 1,119 1,411 1,883
Germany 213 292 414 730
France 715 925 1,071 1,285
Austria-Hungary 146 243 389 691
Russia 49 73 97 195
Italy 49 73 122 195
Belgium .... .... .... 292
Spain 49 97 146 219
United States 48 81 179 311
Various 151 219 292 438
Total 2,311 3,122 4,121 6,239
Countries. 1860. 1888. 1896. 1900.
Millions of Dollars.
United Kingdom 2,808 3,991 4,263 5,000
Germany 1,509 2,837 3,358 4,601
France 1,849 2,360 2,900 3,450
Austria-Hungary 973 1,231 1,596 2,000
Russia 754 1,767 1,849 1,980
Italy 389 589 925 1,700
Belgium 438 496 574 750
Spain 292 414 589 615
United States 1,272 4,681 6,426 8,371
Various 779 1,767 2,097 2,317
Total 10,063 20,133 24,577 30,784
Note.—Figures are those of Mulhall, except for 1900, the figures of gross manufactures for the United States having been reduced to net on the basis of net equal to 66⅔ per cent of gross; figures for 1900, estimate of Wm. J. Clark, in Engineering Magazine, May, 1904.
Importation of Manufactures into United Kingdom and United States, respectively, at quinquennial years, 1870 to 1908.
[From official statistics of the respective governments.]
Year[D] Into the United Kingdom. Millions dollars. Into the United States. Millions dollars.
1870 277 229
1875 354 241
1880 405 307
1885 406 261
1890 478 348
1895 483 296
1900 630 337
1905 707 430
1907 754 638
1908 696 528
Commerce of the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany, from 1875 to 1908. Showing exports of domestic merchandise, and exports of domestic manufacture from each country named.
Imports of merchandise.
Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
1875 1,819,779,000 839,590,000 533,005,000
1880 2,001,251,000 670,945,000 667,955,000
1885 1,805,316,000 699,067,000 577,527,000
1890 2,047,298,000 990,023,000 789,310,000
1895 2,027,822,000 980,719,000 731,970,000
1900 2,545,544,000 1,372,216,000 849,941,000
1901 2,540,264,000 1,290,254,000 823,172,000
1902 2,571,416,000 1,340,178,000 903,321,000
1903 2,642,054,050 1,424,080,000 1,025,719,000
1904 2,681,629,000 1,514,660,000 991,087,000
1905 2,749,669,000 1,696,660,000 1,117,513,000
1906 2,958,289,000 1,909,210,000 1,226,562,000
1907 3,143,293,000 2,046,187,000 1,434,421,000
1908 1,194,342,000
Exports of domestic merchandise.
Year. United Kingdom. Germany. United States.[F]
Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
1875 1,087,497,000 593,052,000 499,284,100
1880 1,085,521,000 688,500,000 823,946,353
1885 1,037,124,000 680,551,000 726,682,946
1890 1,282,472,000 791,717,000 845,293,828
1895 1,100,453,000 789,660,000 793,392,599
1900 1,417,086,000 1,097,509,000 1,370,763,571
1901 1,362,729,000 1,054,685,000 1,460,462,806
1902 1,379,283,000 1,111,008,000 1,355,481,861
1903 1,415,179,000 1,113,313,000 1,392,231,302
1904 1,463,412,000 1,242,987,000 1,435,179,000
1905 1,605,053,000 1,364,131,000 1,491,745,000
1906 1,827,737,000 1,513,449,000 1,171,953,000
1907 2,074,125,000 1,634,803,000 1,853,718,000
1908 1,834,786,000
Exports of domestic manufactures.
Year. United Kingdom. Germany. United States.[F]
Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
1875 978,886,000 .... 101,962,000
1880 970,681,000 460,279,000 121,818,000
1885 913,353,000 504,623,000 150,256,000
1890 1,118,657,000 511,096,000 178,982,000
1895 953,800,000 518,723,000 205,058,000
1900 1,142,603,000 709,806,000 484,846,000
1901 1,110,131,000 688,409,000 465,778,000
1902 1,127,606,000 735,182,000 453,865,000
1903 1,163,812,000 780,925,000 467,898,000
1904 1,204,359,000 819,196,000 523,320,000
1905 1,322,851,000 910,017,000 611,426,000
1906 1,523,699,000 1,046,938,000 686,023,000
1907 1,690,038,000 No data. 740,123,000
1908 750,576,000
Exportation of Manufactures from United Kingdom and United States, respectively, at quinquennial years, 1870 to 1908.
[From official statistics of the respective governments.]
Year[G] From the United Kingdom. Millions dollars. From the United States. Millions dollars.
1870 888 70
1875 979 102
1880 965 122
1885 915 150
1890 1,112 179
1895 941 205
1900 1,126 485
1905 1,329 611
1907 1,694 740
1908 1,445 751
Coal Production of the World by Principal Countries, at quinquennial periods from 1870 to 1895 and annually since that date.
[From reports of the United States Geological Survey.]
Year. United States. Great Britain. Germany. France. Total production of the world. Per cent of U. S.
Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons.
1870 33,035,580 123,682,935 37,488,312 14,530,716 34,850,088 14.07
1875 52,348,320 149,303,263 52,703,970 18,694,916 308,479,177 16.97
1880 71,481,570 164,605,738 65,177,634 21,346,124 369,413,780 20.62
1885 111,160,295 178,473,588 81,227,255 21,510,359 447,783,802 24.82
1890 157,770,963 203,408,003 98,398,500 28,756,638 563,693,232 27.99
1895 193,117,530 212,320,725 114,561,318 30,877,922 644,177,076 29.98
1896 191,986,357 218,804,611 123,943,159 32,167,270 664,001,718 28.92
1897 200,229,199 226,385,523 132,762,882 33,938,987 697,213,515 28.72
1898 219,976,267 226,301,058 144,283,196 35,656,426 738,129,608 29.80
1899 253,741,192 246,506,155 149,719,766 36,215,026 801,976,021 31.63
1900 269,684,027 252,203,056 164,805,202 36,811,536 846,041,848 31.88
1901 293,299,816 245,332,578 168,217,082 35,596,536 870,711,044 33.69
1902 301,590,439 254,346,447 165,826,496 33,286,146 888,453,950 33.95
1903 357,356,416 257,974,605 179,076,630 38,466,873 972,195,531 36.76
1904 351,816,398 260,319,665 186,785,378 37,663,349 983,527,562 35.78
1905 392,722,635 264,464,408 191,576,074 38,951,360 1,034,156,604 37.98
1906 414,157,278 281,195,743 222,350,526 37,828,931 [H]1,106,478,707 37.43
Year. United States. Great Britain. Germany.
Short tons. Short tons. Short tons.
1870 33,035,580 123,682,935 37,488,312
1875 52,348,320 149,303,263 52,703,970
1880 71,481,570 164,605,738 65,177,634
1885 111,160,295 178,473,588 81,227,255
1890 157,770,963 203,408,003 98,398,500
1895 193,117,530 212,320,725 114,561,318
1896 191,986,357 218,804,611 123,943,159
1897 200,229,199 226,385,523 132,762,882
1898 219,976,267 226,301,058 144,283,196
1899 253,741,192 246,506,155 149,719,766
1900 269,684,027 252,203,056 164,805,202
1901 293,299,816 245,332,578 168,217,082
1902 301,590,439 254,346,447 165,826,496
1903 357,356,416 257,974,605 179,076,630
1904 351,816,398 260,319,665 186,785,378
1905 392,722,635 264,464,408 191,576,074
1906 414,157,278 281,195,743 222,350,526
Year. France. Total production of the world. Per cent of U. S.
Short tons. Short tons.
1870 14,530,716 34,850,088 14.07
1875 18,694,916 308,479,177 16.97
1880 21,346,124 369,413,780 20.62
1885 21,510,359 447,783,802 24.82
1890 28,756,638 563,693,232 27.99
1895 30,877,922 644,177,076 29.98
1896 32,167,270 664,001,718 28.92
1897 33,938,987 697,213,515 28.72
1898 35,656,426 738,129,608 29.80
1899 36,215,026 801,976,021 31.63
1900 36,811,536 846,041,848 31.88
1901 35,596,536 870,711,044 33.69
1902 33,286,146 888,453,950 33.95
1903 38,466,873 972,195,531 36.76
1904 37,663,349 983,527,562 35.78
1905 38,951,360 1,034,156,604 37.98
1906 37,828,931 [H]1,106,478,707 37.43
Note. The use of coal for the production of power for use in manufacturing has such an important relation to that industry that the presentation of this table in this study seems justifiable.
World’s Production of Cotton.
[From Latham, Alexander & Co.’s “Cotton Movement & Fluctuation,” 1902-7.]
Countries. 1902-3. 1903-4. 1904-5. 1905-6. 1906-7.
Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales. Bales.
United States 10,511,020 9,841,671 13,420,440 11,048,000 13,346,000
East Indies[I] 2,737,577 2,734,400 2,952,720 2,983,370 3,482,000
Egypt 1,148,700 1,275,754 1,244,968 1,152,516 1,350,000
Brazil[J] 329,390 307,516 325,928 476,667 400,000
Total 14,726,687 14,159,341 17,944,056 15,660,553 18,578,000
Countries. 1902-3. 1903-4.
Bales. Bales.
United States 10,511,020 9,841,671
East Indies[I] 2,737,577 2,734,400
Egypt 1,148,700 1,275,754
Brazil[J] 329,390 307,516
Total 14,726,687 14,159,341
Countries. 1904-5. 1905-6. 1906-7.
Bales. Bales. Bales.
United States 13,420,440 11,048,000 13,346,000
East Indies[I] 2,952,720 2,983,370 3,482,000
Egypt 1,244,968 1,152,516 1,350,000
Brazil[J] 325,928 476,667 400,000
Total 17,944,056 15,660,553 18,578,000
Estimated Number of Cotton Spindles at Work on the Continent of Europe, Sept. 30, 1907.
[From Alfred B. Shepperson’s “Cotton Facts,” December, 1907.]
Russia and Poland 7,000,000
Germany 9,000,000
Austria 3,700,000
France 6,200,000
Spain 2,800,000
Switzerland 1,550,000
Italy 3,000,000
Belgium 1,300,000
Sweden, Norway, etc. 550,000
Holland 420,000
Portugal 210,000
Greece 70,000
Total 35,800,000
Annual Consumption of Cotton in Cotton Mills.
[From Alfred B. Shepperson’s “Cotton Facts,” December, 1907.]
Season of Great Britain. Continent Europe. Northern States of U. S. Southern States of U. S. Total of United States. India.
In bales of 500 pounds net.
1896-7 3,224,000 4,368,000 1,771,000 946,000 2,717,000 1,041,000
1897-8 3,432,000 4,628,000 1,771,000 1,151,000 2,922,000 1,185,000
1898-9 3,519,000 4,784,000 2,218,000 1,364,000 3,582,000 1,340,000
1899- 3,334,000 4,576,000 2,163,000 1,524,000 3,687,000 1,162,000
1900-1 3,269,000 4,576,000 1,909,000 1,526,000 3,435,000 1,087,000
1901-2 3,253,000 4,836,000 1,996,000 1,912,000 3,908,000 1,384,000
1902-3 3,185,000 5,148,000 1,980,000 1,910,000 3,890,000 1,362,000
1903-4 2,977,000 5,148,000 1,980,000 1,795,000 3,775,000 1,368,000
1904-5 3,572,000 5,148,000 2,112,000 2,063,000 4,175,000 1,473,000
1905-6 3,766,000 5,244,000 2,364,000 2,239,000 4,603,000 1,587,000
1906-7 3,915,000 5,444,000 2,460,000 2,362,000 4,822,000 1,562,000
Season of Great Britain. Continent Europe. Northern States of U. S.
In bales of 500 pounds net.
1896-7 3,224,000 4,368,000 1,771,000
1897-8 3,432,000 4,628,000 1,771,000
1898-9 3,519,000 4,784,000 2,218,000
1899- 3,334,000 4,576,000 2,163,000
1900-1 3,269,000 4,576,000 1,909,000
1901-2 3,253,000 4,836,000 1,996,000
1902-3 3,185,000 5,148,000 1,980,000
1903-4 2,977,000 5,148,000 1,980,000
1904-5 3,572,000 5,148,000 2,112,000
1905-6 3,766,000 5,244,000 2,364,000
1906-7 3,915,000 5,444,000 2,460,000
Season of Southern States of U. S. Total of United States. India.
In bales of 500 pounds net.
1896-7 946,000 2,717,000 1,041,000
1897-8 1,151,000 2,922,000 1,185,000
1898-9 1,364,000 3,582,000 1,340,000
1899- 1,524,000 3,687,000 1,162,000
1900-1 1,526,000 3,435,000 1,087,000
1901-2 1,912,000 3,908,000 1,384,000
1902-3 1,910,000 3,890,000 1,362,000
1903-4 1,795,000 3,775,000 1,368,000
1904-5 2,063,000 4,175,000 1,473,000
1905-6 2,239,000 4,603,000 1,587,000
1906-7 2,362,000 4,822,000 1,562,000
World’s Supply and Distribution of Cotton.
[From Latham, Alexander & Co.’s “Cotton Movement & Fluctuation,” 1902-7.]
Year. Visible and Invisible Supply at beginning of year. Crops. Total Actual Consumption. Balance of Supply End of year.
United States All Others. Total. Visible. Invisible.
Bales of 500 pounds each.
1884-5 1,550,000 5,136,000 2,101,000 7,237,000 7,444,000 984,000 359,000
1885-6 1,343,000 5,984,000 2,234,000 8,218,000 8,120,000 968,000 473,000
1886-7 1,441,000 5,960,000 2,577,000 8,537,000 8,505,000 999,000 474,000
1887-8 1,473,000 6,400,000 2,309,000 8,709,000 8,891,000 772,000 519,000
1888-9 1,291,000 6,463,000 2,632,000 9,095,000 9,267,000 682,000 437,000
1889-90 1,119,000 6,820,000 2,933,000 9,753,000 9,795,000 846,000 231,000
1890-1 1,077,000 8,137,000 3,039,000 11,176,000 10,511,000 1,315,000 427,000
1891-2 1,742,000 8,640,000 3,001,000 11,641,000 10,565,000 2,310,000 508,000
1892-3 2,818,000 6,435,000 3,296,000 9,731,000 10,291,000 1,903,000 355,000
1893-4 2,258,000 7,136,000 3,314,000 10,450,000 10,580,000 1,792,000 336,000
1894-5 2,128,000 9,640,000 2,978,000 12,618,000 11,543,000 2,185,000 1,018,000
1895-6 3,203,000 6,912,000 3,421,000 10,333,000 11,605,000 1,231,000 700,000
1896-7 1,931,000 8,435,868 3,438,000 11,873,868 11,880,332 1,295,636 628,000
1897-8 1,923,636 10,890,000 3,316,290 14,206,290 12,888,768 1,905,158 1,336,000
1898-9 3,241,158 11,078,000 3,694,934 14,772,934 14,014,728 2,371,364 1,628,000
1899-1900 3,999,364 9,137,000 3,092,897 12,229,897 13,772,772 1,071,489 1,385,000
1900-1 2,456,489 10,218,000 3,414,454 13,632,454 13,415,916 1,549,027 1,124,000
1901-2 2,673,027 10,380,380 4,038,569 14,413,949 14,414,908 1,306,068 1,366,000
1902-3 2,672,068 10,511,020 4,215,661 14,726,687 14,477,694 1,177,677 1,743,384
1903-4 2,921,061 9,841,671 4,317,670 14,159,341 14,310,158 1,085,237 1,735,007
1904-5 2,770,244 13,420,440 4,524,000 17,944,056 15,541,667 2,501,469 2,671,164
1905-6 5,172,638 11,048,000 4,612,553 15,660,553 16,328,804 1,702,485 2,801,897
1906-7 4,504,382 13,346,000 5,232,000 18,578,000 17,005,640 2,215,497 3,861,245
Year. Visible and Invisible Supply at beginning of year.
Bales of 500 pounds each.
1884-5 1,550,000
1885-6 1,343,000
1886-7 1,441,000
1887-8 1,473,000
1888-9 1,291,000
1889-90 1,119,000
1890-1 1,077,000
1891-2 1,742,000
1892-3 2,818,000
1893-4 2,258,000
1894-5 2,128,000
1895-6 3,203,000
1896-7 1,931,000
1897-8 1,923,636
1898-9 3,241,158
1899-1900 3,999,364
1900-1 2,456,489
1901-2 2,673,027
1902-3 2,672,068
1903-4 2,921,061
1904-5 2,770,244
1905-6 5,172,638
1906-7 4,504,382
Year. Crops.
United States All Others. Total.
Bales of 500 pounds each.
1884-5 5,136,000 2,101,000 7,237,000
1885-6 5,984,000 2,234,000 8,218,000
1886-7 5,960,000 2,577,000 8,537,000
1887-8 6,400,000 2,309,000 8,709,000
1888-9 6,463,000 2,632,000 9,095,000
1889-90 6,820,000 2,933,000 9,753,000
1890-1 8,137,000 3,039,000 11,176,000
1891-2 8,640,000 3,001,000 11,641,000
1892-3 6,435,000 3,296,000 9,731,000
1893-4 7,136,000 3,314,000 10,450,000
1894-5 9,640,000 2,978,000 12,618,000
1895-6 6,912,000 3,421,000 10,333,000
1896-7 8,435,868 3,438,000 11,873,868
1897-8 10,890,000 3,316,290 14,206,290
1898-9 11,078,000 3,694,934 14,772,934
1899-1900 9,137,000 3,092,897 12,229,897
1900-1 10,218,000 3,414,454 13,632,454
1901-2 10,380,380 4,038,569 14,413,949
1902-3 10,511,020 4,215,661 14,726,687
1903-4 9,841,671 4,317,670 14,159,341
1904-5 13,420,440 4,524,000 17,944,056
1905-6 11,048,000 4,612,553 15,660,553
1906-7 13,346,000 5,232,000 18,578,000
Year. Total Actual Consumption. Balance of Supply End of year.
Visible. Invisible.
Bales of 500 pounds each.
1884-5 7,444,000 984,000 359,000
1885-6 8,120,000 968,000 473,000
1886-7 8,505,000 999,000 474,000
1887-8 8,891,000 772,000 519,000
1888-9 9,267,000 682,000 437,000
1889-90 9,795,000 846,000 231,000
1890-1 10,511,000 1,315,000 427,000
1891-2 10,565,000 2,310,000 508,000
1892-3 10,291,000 1,903,000 355,000
1893-4 10,580,000 1,792,000 336,000
1894-5 11,543,000 2,185,000 1,018,000
1895-6 11,605,000 1,231,000 700,000
1896-7 11,880,332 1,295,636 628,000
1897-8 12,888,768 1,905,158 1,336,000
1898-9 14,014,728 2,371,364 1,628,000
1899-1900 13,772,772 1,071,489 1,385,000
1900-1 13,415,916 1,549,027 1,124,000
1901-2 14,414,908 1,306,068 1,366,000
1902-3 14,477,694 1,177,677 1,743,384
1903-4 14,310,158 1,085,237 1,735,007
1904-5 15,541,667 2,501,469 2,671,164
1905-6 16,328,804 1,702,485 2,801,897
1906-7 17,005,640 2,215,497 3,861,245
Stocks of Money in Thirteen Principal Countries of the World in 1873, 1896 and 1906.
Relative increase in use of gold, silver and paper money illustrated.
Countries. Stock of Gold.
1873. 1896. 1906.
United States $135,000,000 $696,300,000 $1,593,300,000
Great Britain 160,000,000 584,000,000 486,700,000
France 450,000,000 772,000,000 926,400,000
Germany 160,200,000 654,500,000 1,030,300,000
Russia 149,100,000 586,900,000 939,400,000
Italy 20,000,000 96,900,000 215,500,000
Belgium 25,000,000 35,000,000 31,100,000
Netherlands 12,000,000 21,900,000 45,900,000
Austria-Hungary 35,000,000 178,500,000 306,400,000
Australasia 50,000,000 132,100,000 125,000,000
Denmark 4,100,000 15,400,000 22,600,000
Sweden 1,800,000 10,600,000 22,600,000
Norway 7,600,000 7,500,000 8,300,000
Total 1,209,800,000 2,791,600,000 5,753,500,000
Countries. Stock of Silver.
1873. 1896. 1906.
United States $ 6,150,000 $364,500,000 $698,700,000
Great Britain 95,000,000 121,700,000 116,800,000
France 500,000,000 443,900,000 411,100,000
Germany 306,235,000 212,800,000 219,700,000
Russia 18,600,000 74,200,000 77,900,000
Italy 23,000,000 45,400,000 31,700,000
Belgium 15,000,000 57,000,000 24,700,000
Netherlands 37,300,000 56,100,000 52,600,000
Austria-Hungary 40,000,000 63,700,000 105,300,000
Australasia 3,000,000 7,000,000 10,000,000
Denmark 7,500,000 5,400,000 6,100,000
Sweden 4,300,000 4,900,000 7,700,000
Norway 1,600,000 2,000,000 3,100,000
Total 1,057,685,000 1,728,600,000 1,765,400,000
Countries. Uncovered paper.
1873. 1896. 1906.
United States $749,445,000 $397,000,000 $610,800,000
Great Britain 59,800,000 112,100,000 116,800,000
France 385,300,000 119,200,000 269,200,000
Germany 90,800,000 123,800,000 267,100,000
Russia 618,400,000 467,200,000 No data.
Italy 87,800,000 161,000,000 150,600,000
Belgium 35,100,000 72,500,000 125,800,000
Netherlands 15,300,000 37,900,000 57,800,000
Austria-Hungary 265,800,000 177,600,000 119,300,000
Australasia .... 22,500,000 No data.
Denmark 6,500,000 6,400,000 10,700,000
Sweden 6,000,000 19,000,000 34,800,000
Norway 2,300,000 3,800,000 7,000,000
Total 2,322,545,000 1,720,000,000 1,769,900,000
Countries. Total money in countries named.
1873. 1896. 1906.
United States $890,595,000 $1,727,800,000 $2,902,800,000
Great Britain 314,800,000 817,800,000 720,300,000
France 1,335,300,000 1,335,100,000 1,606,700,000
Germany 557,235,000 991,100,000 1,517,100,000
Russia 786,100,000 1,128,300,000 [K]1,017,300,000
Italy 130,800,000 303,300,000 397,800,000
Belgium 75,100,000 164,500,000 181,600,000
Netherlands 64,600,000 115,900,000 156,300,000
Austria-Hungary 340,800,000 419,800,000 531,000,000
Denmark 18,100,000 27,200,000 39,400,000
Sweden 12,100,000 34,500,000 65,100,000
Norway 11,500,000 13,300,000 18,400,000
Total 4,590,030,000 7,240,200,000 9,288,800,000
Note.—The great increase in the use of capital in the manufacturing industries in recent years seems to justify the presentation of this table showing the general growth of money in the manufacturing countries.
Annual Average Gold Production of the World.
Period. Gold— million dollars.
1493 to 1700 5.4
1701 to 1850 13.1
1851 to 1890 120.2
1891 to 1900 210.1
1901 to 1905 322.1
1906 400.3
1907 410.0
(estim.) 1908 444.0
The World’s Production of Pig Iron from 1800 to 1907.
[In gross tons of 2240 lbs.]
Year. United States. Great Britain. Germany. France. Various. Total.
Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons.
1800 40,000 190,000 40,000 60,000 130,000 460,000
1810 55,000 250,000 46,000 85,000 180,000 616,000
1820 20,000 400,000 90,000 140,000 385,000 1,570,000
1830 165,000 680,000 120,000 220,000 480,000 2,677,000
1840 287,000 1,390,000 170,000 350,000 640,000 4,426,000
1850 564,000 2,250,000 402,000 570,000 270,000 920,000
1860 820,000 3,830,000 530,000 900,000 1,100,000 7,180,000
1870 1,665,000 5,960,000 1,390,000 1,180,000 1,710,000 11,905,000
1880 3,835,000 7,750,000 2,730,000 1,730,000 2,090,000 18,135,000
1885 4,050,000 7,420,000 2,690,000 1,630,000 2,310,000 18,100,000
1889 7,603,000 8,250,000 4,530,000 1,720,000 3,060,000 25,163,000
1895 9,446,000 7,703,000 5,465,000 2,006,000 4,247,000 28,867,000
1896 8,623,000 8,660,000 6,271,000 2,302,000 5,001,000 30,857,000
1897 9,652,000 8,796,000 6,771,000 2,444,000 5,267,000 32,930,000
1898 11,773,000 8,610,000 7,196,000 2,485,000 5,808,000 35,872,000
1899 13,620,000 9,421,000 8,013,000 2,537,000 6,464,000 40,055,000
1900 13,789,000 8,960,000 8,384,000 2,671,000 6,686,000 40,490,000
1901 15,878,000 7,929,000 7,754,000 2,351,000 6,886,000 40,798,000
1902 17,821,000 8,680,000 8,395,000 2,367,000 6,876,000 44,139,000
1903 18,009,000 8,935,000 9,860.000 2,796,000 6,677,000 46,277,000
1904 16,497,000 8,694,000 9,899,000 2,927,000 7,322,000 45,339,000
1905 22,992,000 9,608,000 10,703,000 3,028,000 7,569,000 53,900,000
1906 25,307,000 10,109,000 12,099,000 3,267,000 7,360,000 58,142,000
1907 25,781,000 9,924,000 12,672,000 3,532,000 7,591,000 [L]59,500,000
Year. United States. Great Britain. Germany.
Tons. Tons. Tons.
1800 40,000 190,000 40,000
1810 55,000 250,000 46,000
1820 20,000 400,000 90,000
1830 165,000 680,000 120,000
1840 287,000 1,390,000 170,000
1850 564,000 2,250,000 402,000
1860 820,000 3,830,000 530,000
1870 1,665,000 5,960,000 1,390,000
1880 3,835,000 7,750,000 2,730,000
1885 4,050,000 7,420,000 2,690,000
1889 7,603,000 8,250,000 4,530,000
1895 9,446,000 7,703,000 5,465,000
1896 8,623,000 8,660,000 6,271,000
1897 9,652,000 8,796,000 6,771,000
1898 11,773,000 8,610,000 7,196,000
1899 13,620,000 9,421,000 8,013,000
1900 13,789,000 8,960,000 8,384,000
1901 15,878,000 7,929,000 7,754,000
1902 17,821,000 8,680,000 8,395,000
1903 18,009,000 8,935,000 9,860.000
1904 16,497,000 8,694,000 9,899,000
1905 22,992,000 9,608,000 10,703,000
1906 25,307,000 10,109,000 12,099,000
1907 25,781,000 9,924,000 12,672,000
Year. France. Various. Total.
Tons. Tons. Tons.
1800 60,000 130,000 460,000
1810 85,000 180,000 616,000
1820 140,000 385,000 1,570,000
1830 220,000 480,000 2,677,000
1840 350,000 640,000 4,426,000
1850 570,000 270,000 920,000
1860 900,000 1,100,000 7,180,000
1870 1,180,000 1,710,000 11,905,000
1880 1,730,000 2,090,000 18,135,000
1885 1,630,000 2,310,000 18,100,000
1889 1,720,000 3,060,000 25,163,000
1895 2,006,000 4,247,000 28,867,000
1896 2,302,000 5,001,000 30,857,000
1897 2,444,000 5,267,000 32,930,000
1898 2,485,000 5,808,000 35,872,000
1899 2,537,000 6,464,000 40,055,000
1900 2,671,000 6,686,000 40,490,000
1901 2,351,000 6,886,000 40,798,000
1902 2,367,000 6,876,000 44,139,000
1903 2,796,000 6,677,000 46,277,000
1904 2,927,000 7,322,000 45,339,000
1905 3,028,000 7,569,000 53,900,000
1906 3,267,000 7,360,000 58,142,000
1907 3,532,000 7,591,000 [L]59,500,000
Note.—Official figures of the respective national statistical offices of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France. Figures for all other countries taken from the French and Swedish Mineral Statistics.
Commerce of the World since 1830.
[Aggregate of imports for consumption and domestic exports in millions of dollars.—Mulhall’s figures prior to 1890.]
Country. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1897. 1903. 1907.
United Kingdom 422 547 811 1,800 2,625 3,350 3,552 3,389 4,056 5,217
France 197 317 456 801 1,089 1,627 1,493 1,450 1,747 2,237
Germany 220 249 336 624 1,017 1,411 1,761 1,996 2,621 3,681
Austria-Hungary 72 105 139 225 398 513 441 609 813 949
Italy 96 144 182 249 317 437 451 438 652 [M]821
Spain 33 48 53 120 197 240 283 301 257 [M]325
Portugal 14 19 24 38 48 67 86 73 97 [O]100
Holland and Belgium 144 216 293 413 653 1,137 1,488 1,915 2,614 [M]3,010
United States 105 197 297 653 702 1,478 1,536 1,815 2,453 3,318
Spanish America 168 230 336 451 648 768 797 826 965 1,802
India 48 96 144 249 408 518 629 440 761 [M]913
British colonies, other 43 101 211 494 614 974 1,430 1,550 2,292 [O]2,169
Other countries 264 323 326 853 1,200 1,351 2,287 3,020 2,866 [P]3,733
The world 1,960 2,750 3,800 7,200 10,500 14,500 16,800 18,500 23,061 29,109
Country. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1860. 1870.
United Kingdom 422 547 811 1,800 2,625
France 197 317 456 801 1,089
Germany 220 249 336 624 1,017
Russia 134 158 192 230 494
Austria-Hungary 72 105 139 225 398
Italy 96 144 182 249 317
Spain 33 48 53 120 197
Portugal 14 19 24 38 48
Holland and Belgium 144 216 293 413 653
United States 105 197 297 653 702
Spanish America 168 230 336 451 648
India 48 96 144 249 408
British colonies, other 43 101 211 494 614
Other countries 264 323 326 853 1,200
The world 1,960 2,750 3,800 7,200 10,500
Country. 1880. 1890. 1897. 1903. 1907.
United Kingdom 3,350 3,552 3,389 4,056 5,217
France 1,627 1,493 1,450 1,747 2,237
Germany 1,411 1,761 1,996 2,621 3,681
Austria-Hungary 513 441 609 813 949
Italy 437 451 438 652 [M]821
Spain 240 283 301 257 [M]325
Portugal 67 86 73 97 [O]100
Holland and Belgium 1,137 1,488 1,915 2,614 [M]3,010
United States 1,478 1,536 1,815 2,453 3,318
Spanish America 768 797 826 965 1,802
India 518 629 440 761 [M]913
British colonies, other 974 1,430 1,550 2,292 [O]2,169
Other countries 1,351 2,287 3,020 2,866 [P]3,733
The world 14,500 16,800 18,500 23,061 29,109
Imports and Exports of Manufactures into and from the Principal Countries of the World and the Share Which Manufactures Formed of their Total Commerce.
The Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor published in 1903 a series of tables showing the imports and exports of manufactures of the principal countries of the world and the share which manufactures formed, respectively, of the imports and exports of each of the countries named. The following is a summarization of that table:
Countries. Iron and Steel. Textiles. Other Manufactures.
Import. Export. Import. Export. Import. Export.
Austria-Hungary (1901) $13,942,000 $10,667,000 $34,696,000 $27,659,000 $65,350,000 $149,038,000
Belgium (1902) 19,083,000 46,144,000 21,652,000 41,722,000 63,475,000 90,974,000
Denmark (1901) 9,415,000 1,711,000 12,699,000 245,000 17,741,000 1,926,000
France (1902) 31,336,000 42,238,000 44,611,000 188,338,000 136,645,000 278,227,000
Germany (1901) 42,186,000 207,951,000 65,290,000 204,789,000 259,193,000 411,311,000
Italy (1901) 31,318,000 1,523,000 17,116,000 36,399,000 53,305,000 37,451,000
Netherlands (1901) 92,446,000 58,045,000 41,172,000 29,668,000 108,121,000 143,797,000
Portugal (1902) 6,431,000 249,000 7,253,000 1,171,000 10,302,000 1,946,000
Russia-European frontier (1901) 48,538,000 818,000 23,728,000 9,942,000 85,900,000 45,309,000
Spain (1902) 19,448,000 955,000 11,032,000 6,977,000 27,463,000 33,398,000
Sweden (1902) 11,916,000 15,402,000 13,306,000 796,000 26,613,000 23,221,000
Norway (1901) 11,672,000 963,000 8,886,000 257,000 13,037,000 10,863,000
Switzerland (1902) 17,366,000 10,704,000 27,205,000 76,447,000 48,478,000 47,960,000
United Kingdom (1902) 74,685,000 298,945,000 175,194,000 547,325,000 478,821,000 294,861,000
United States (1903) 51,617,000 96,642,000 146,202,000 39,641,000 369,310,000 654,860,000
Canada (1902) 34,727,000 … 10,060,000 … 67,719,000 18,076,000
Mexico (1901) 18,457,000 … 10,294,000 … 18,170,000 9,178,000
Argentina (1902) 18,343,000 … 28,700,000 … 20,674,000 704,000
Brazil (1901) 7,034,000 … 14,032,000 … 21,954,000 43,000
China (1902) 4,721,000 … 79,580,000 … 56,239,000 …
Japan (1902) 13,878,000 … 15,380,000 31,729,000 39,637,000 28,173,000
India (1902) 54,302,000 … 125,356,000 … 74,123,000 …
Australia (1901) 36,066,000 … 54,540,000 … 65,598.000 13,754,000
New Zealand (1900) 12,088,000 … 12,821,000 … 16,732,000 970,000
Countries. Total Manufactures. Percent which manufactures form of total.
Import. Export. Import. Export.
Austria-Hungary (1901) $113,988,000 $187,364,000 32.63 48.35
Belgium (1902) 104,210,000 178,840,000 23.72 49.89
Denmark (1901) 39,855,000 3,882,000 37.47 4.96
France (1902) 212,592,000 508,803,000 24.95 62.22
Germany (1901) 366,669,000 824,051,000 28.42 78.13
Italy (1901) 101,739,000 75,373,000 30.68 28.50
Netherlands (1901) 241,739,000 231,510,000 29.54 33.27
Portugal (1902) 23,986,000 3,366,000 39.96 10.96
Russia-European frontier (1901) 158,166,000 56,069,000 56.37 14.45
Spain (1902) 57,943,000 41,330,000 37.60 29.04
Sweden (1902) 51,835,000 39,419,000 42.08 41.61
Norway (1901) 33,595,000 12,083,000 43.46 28.78
Switzerland (1902) 93,049,000 135,111,000 42.72 80.07
United Kingdom (1902) 728,700,000 1141,131,000 27.92 82.70
United States (1903) 570,129,000 791,143,000 55.58 56.83
Canada (1902) 112,506,000 18,076,000 57.26 10.47
Mexico (1901) 46,921,000 9,178,000 75.11 27.78
Argentina (1902) 67,717,000 704,000 68.13 .41
Brazil (1901) 43,020,000 43,000 44.87 …
China (1902) 140,540,000 … 71.36 …
Japan (1902) 69,895,000 59,902,000 51.73 47.05
India (1902) 253,781,000 … 88.15 …
Australia (1901) 156,204,000 13,754,000 76.35 10.23
New Zealand (1900) 41,641,000 970,000 83.82 1.72
Countries. Iron and Steel.
Import. Export.
Austria-Hungary (1901) $13,942,000 $ 10,667,000
Belgium (1902) 19,083,000 46,144,000
Denmark (1901) 9,415,000 1,711,000
France (1902) 31,336,000 42,238,000
Germany (1901) 42,186,000 207,951,000
Italy (1901) 31,318,000 1,523,000
Netherlands (1901) 92,446,000 58,045,000
Portugal (1902) 6,431,000 249,000
Russia-European frontier (1901) 48,538,000 818,000
Spain (1902) 19,448,000 955,000
Sweden (1902) 11,916,000 15,402,000
Norway (1901) 11,672,000 963,000
Switzerland (1902) 17,366,000 10,704,000
United Kingdom (1902) 74,685,000 298,945,000
United States (1903) 51,617,000 96,642,000
Canada (1902) 34,727,000 …
Mexico (1901) 18,457,000 …
Argentina (1902) 18,343,000 …
Brazil (1901) 7,034,000 …
China (1902) 4,721,000 …
Japan (1902) 13,878,000 …
India (1902) 54,302,000 …
Australia (1901) 36,066,000 …
New Zealand (1900) 12,088,000 …
Countries. Textiles.
Import. Export.
Austria-Hungary (1901) $ 34,696,000 $ 27,659,000
Belgium (1902) 21,652,000 41,722,000
Denmark (1901) 12,699,000 245,000
France (1902) 44,611,000 188,338,000
Germany (1901) 65,290,000 204,789,000
Italy (1901) 17,116,000 36,399,000
Netherlands (1901) 41,172,000 29,668,000
Portugal (1902) 7,253,000 1,171,000
Russia-European frontier (1901) 23,728,000 9,942,000
Spain (1902) 11,032,000 6,977,000
Sweden (1902) 13,306,000 796,000
Norway (1901) 8,886,000 257,000
Switzerland (1902) 27,205,000 76,447,000
United Kingdom (1902) 175,194,000 547,325,000
United States (1903) 146,202,000 39,641,000
Canada (1902) 10,060,000 …
Mexico (1901) 10,294,000 …
Argentina (1902) 28,700,000 …
Brazil (1901) 14,032,000 …
China (1902) 79,580,000 …
Japan (1902) 15,380,000 31,729,000
India (1902) 125,356,000 …
Australia (1901) 54,540,000 …
New Zealand (1900) 12,821,000 …
Countries. Other Manufactures.
Import. Export.
Austria-Hungary (1901) $ 5,350,000 $149,038,000
Belgium (1902) 63,475,000 90,974,000
Denmark (1901) 17,741,000 1,926,000
France (1902) 136,645,000 278,227,000
Germany (1901) 259,193,000 411,311,000
Italy (1901) 53,305,000 37,451,000
Netherlands (1901) 108,121,000 143,797,000
Portugal (1902) 10,302,000 1,946,000
Russia-European frontier (1901) 85,900,000 45,309,000
Spain (1902) 27,463,000 33,398,000
Sweden (1902) 26,613,000 23,221,000
Norway (1901) 13,037,000 10,863,000
Switzerland (1902) 48,478,000 47,960,000
United Kingdom (1902) 478,821,000 294,861,000
United States (1903) 369,310,000 654,860,000
Canada (1902) 67,719,000 18,076,000
Mexico (1901) 18,170,000 9,178,000
Argentina (1902) 20,674,000 704,000
Brazil (1901) 21,954,000 43,000
China (1902) 56,239,000 …
Japan (1902) 39,637,000 28,173,000
India (1902) 74,123,000 …
Australia (1901) 65,598.000 13,754,000
New Zealand (1900) 16,732,000 970,000
Countries. Total Manufactures.
Import. Export.
Austria-Hungary (1901) $113,988,000 $ 187,364,000
Belgium (1902) 104,210,000 178,840,000
Denmark (1901) 39,855,000 3,882,000
France (1902) 212,592,000 508,803,000
Germany (1901) 366,669,000 824,051,000
Italy (1901) 101,739,000 75,373,000
Netherlands (1901) 241,739,000 231,510,000
Portugal (1902) 23,986,000 3,366,000
Russia-European frontier (1901) 158,166,000 56,069,000
Spain (1902) 57,943,000 41,330,000
Sweden (1902) 51,835,000 39,419,000
Norway (1901) 33,595,000 12,083,000
Switzerland (1902) 93,049,000 135,111,000
United Kingdom (1902) 728,700,000 1141,131,000
United States (1903) 570,129,000 791,143,000
Canada (1902) 112,506,000 18,076,000
Mexico (1901) 46,921,000 9,178,000
Argentina (1902) 67,717,000 704,000
Brazil (1901) 43,020,000 43,000
China (1902) 140,540,000 …
Japan (1902) 69,895,000 59,902,000
India (1902) 253,781,000 …
Australia (1901) 156,204,000 13,754,000
New Zealand (1900) 41,641,000 970,000
Countries. Percent which manufactures form of total.
Import. Export.
Austria-Hungary (1901) 32.63 48.35
Belgium (1902) 23.72 49.89
Denmark (1901) 37.47 4.96
France (1902) 24.95 62.22
Germany (1901) 28.42 78.13
Italy (1901) 30.68 28.50
Netherlands (1901) 29.54 33.27
Portugal (1902) 39.96 10.96
Russia-European frontier (1901) 56.37 14.45
Spain (1902) 37.60 29.04
Sweden (1902) 42.08 41.61
Norway (1901) 43.46 28.78
Switzerland (1902) 42.72 80.07
United Kingdom (1902) 27.92 82.70
United States (1903) 55.58 56.83
Canada (1902) 57.26 10.47
Mexico (1901) 75.11 27.78
Argentina (1902) 68.13 .41
Brazil (1901) 44.87 …
China (1902) 71.36 …
Japan (1902) 51.73 47.05
India (1902) 88.15 …
Australia (1901) 76.35 10.23
New Zealand (1900) 83.82 1.72
The Manufacturing Industry of the United States, 1850 to 1905, showing Value of Product, Capital Invested, Wage-Earners Employed, Wages Paid, and Number of Establishments in each census year in the period under consideration.
[From official records of the United States Census Office.]
Date of Census.
1850 1860 1870 1880
Number of establishments 123,025 140,433 252,148 253,852
Capital $533,245,351 $1,009,855,715 $2,118,208,769 $2,790,272,606
Wage-earners, average number 957,059 1,311,246 2,053,996 2,732,595
Total wages $236,755,464 $378,878,966 $775,584,343 $947,953,795
Men, 16 years and over 731,137 1,040,349 1,615,598 2,019,035
Women, 16 years and over 2,225,922 270,897 323,770 531,639
Cost of materials used $555,123,822 $1,031,605,092 $2,488,427,242 $3,396,823,549
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. $1,019,106,616 $1,885,861,676 $4,232,325,442 $5,369,579,191
Date of Census.
1890 1900.[Q] 1905.
Number of establishments 355,475 512,254 588,769
Capital $6,525,156,486 $9,817,434,799 $13,872,035,371
Salaried officials, clerks, etc., Number 461,609[R] 396,759 566,175
Salaries $391,988,208[R] $403,711,233 $609,200,251
Wage-earners, average number 4,251,613 5,308,406 6,152,443
Total wages $1,891,228,321 $2,322,333,877 $3,014,389,372
Men, 16 years and over 3,327,042 4,110,527 4,792,874
Wages $1,659,234,483 $2,016,677,789 $2,629,747,837
Women, 16 years and over 803,686 1,029,296 1,194,083
Wages $215,367,976 $279,994,396 $356,992,855
Children, under 16 years 120,885 168,583 167,066
Wages $16,625,862 $25,661,692 $29,228,667
Miscellaneous expenses $631,225,035 $1,027,775,778 $1,651,603,535
Cost of materials used $5,162,044,076 $7,345,413,651 $9,497,619,851
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. $9,372,437,283 $13,004,400,143 $16,866,706,985
Per cent of Increase.
1850 to 1860 1860 to 1870 1870 to 1880 1880 to 1890 1890 to 1900 1900 to 1905
Number of establishments 14.1 79.6 0.7 40.0 44.1 4.2
Capital 89.4 109.3 31.7 133.9 50.5 41.3
Salaried officials, clerks, etc., Number … … … … 13.9[T] 42.7
Salaries … … … … 3.0 50.9
Wage-earners, average number 37.0 56.6 33.0 55.6 24.9 15.9
Total wages 60.0 104.7 22.2 99.5 22.8 29.8
Men, 16 years and over 42.3 55.3 25.0 64.8 23.5 16.6
Wages … … … … 21.5 30.4
Women, 16 years and over 19.9 19.5 64.2 51.2 28.1 16.0
Wages … … … … 30.0 27.5
Children, under 16 years … … 58.7 33.6[T] 39.5 0.9
Wages … … … … 54.3 13.9
Miscellaneous expenses … … … … 62.8 60.7
Cost of materials used 85.8 141.2 36.5 52.0 42.3 29.3
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. 85.1 124.4 26.9 74.5 38.8 29.7
Date of Census.
1850 1860
Number of establishments 123,025 140,433
Capital $533,245,351 $1,009,855,715
Wage-earners, average number 957,059 1,311,246
Total wages $236,755,464 $378,878,966
Men, 16 years and over 731,137 1,040,349
Women, 16 years and over 2,225,922 270,897
Cost of materials used $555,123,822 $1,031,605,092
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. $1,019,106,616 $1,885,861,676
Date of Census.
1870 1880
Number of establishments 252,148 253,852
Capital $2,118,208,769 $2,790,272,606
Wage-earners, average number 2,053,996 2,732,595
Total wages $775,584,343 $947,953,795
Men, 16 years and over 1,615,598 2,019,035
Women, 16 years and over 323,770 531,639
Children, under 16 years 114,628 181,921
Cost of materials used $2,488,427,242 $3,396,823,549
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. $4,232,325,442 $5,369,579,191
Date of Census.
1890 1900.[Q]
Number of establishments 355,475 512,254
Capital $6,525,156,486 $9,817,434,799
Salaried officials, clerks, etc., Number 461,609[R] 396,759
Salaries $391,988,208[R] $403,711,233
Wage-earners, average number 4,251,613 5,308,406
Total wages $1,891,228,321 $2,322,333,877
Men, 16 years and over 3,327,042 4,110,527
Wages $1,659,234,483 $2,016,677,789
Women, 16 years and over 803,686 1,029,296
Wages $215,367,976 $279,994,396
Children, under 16 years 120,885 168,583
Wages $16,625,862 $25,661,692
Miscellaneous expenses $631,225,035 $1,027,775,778
Cost of materials used $5,162,044,076 $7,345,413,651
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. $9,372,437,283 $13,004,400,143
Date of Census.
1905.
Number of establishments 588,769
Capital $13,872,035,371
Salaried officials, clerks, etc., Number 566,175
Salaries $609,200,251
Wage-earners, average number 6,152,443
Total wages $3,014,389,372
Men, 16 years and over 4,792,874
Wages $2,629,747,837
Women, 16 years and over 1,194,083
Wages $356,992,855
Children, under 16 years 167,066
Wages $29,228,667
Miscellaneous expenses $1,651,603,535
Cost of materials used $9,497,619,851
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. $16,866,706,985
Per cent of Increase.
1850 to 1860 1860 to 1870 1870 to 1880
Number of establishments 14.1 79.6 0.7
Capital 89.4 109.3 31.7
Salaried officials, clerks, etc., Number … … …
Salaries … … …
Wage-earners, average number 37.0 56.6 33.0
Total wages 60.0 104.7 22.2
Men, 16 years and over 42.3 55.3 25.0
Wages … … …
Women, 16 years and over 19.9 19.5 64.2
Wages … … …
Children, under 16 years … … 58.7
Wages … … …
Miscellaneous expenses … … …
Cost of materials used 85.8 141.2 36.5
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. 85.1 124.4 26.9
Per cent of Increase.
1880 to 1890 1890 to 1900 1900 to 1905
Number of establishments 40.0 44.1 4.2
Capital 133.9 50.5 41.3
Salaried officials, clerks, etc., Number … 13.9[T] 42.7
Salaries … 3.0 50.9
Wage-earners, average number 55.6 24.9 15.9
Total wages 99.5 22.8 29.8
Men, 16 years and over 64.8 23.5 16.6
Wages … 21.5 30.4
Women, 16 years and over 51.2 28.1 16.0
Wages … 30.0 27.5
Children, under 16 years 33.6[T] 39.5 0.9
Wages … 54.3 13.9
Miscellaneous expenses … 62.8 60.7
Cost of materials used 52.0 42.3 29.3
Value of products, including custom work and repairing. 74.5 38.8 29.7
Manufactures in the U. S.: Gross and Net Values of Products, Census Years 1900 and 1905, by Industry Groups.
The gross value of manufactures as reported by the census contains many duplications because the finished products of some factories frequently become the material for other factories. In this way not only one but several duplications of the cost of materials often occur. The net value of productions eliminates these duplications by deducting from the gross value the cost of all materials which have undergone any process of manufacture covered by the census reports on manufactures. For further explanation of the relation of “gross” and “net” values, see page 211.
[From reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.]
Group. 1900.[V]
Gross. Net.
Value. Dollars. Rank. Value. Dollars. Rank.
Food and kindred products 2,273,880,874 1 1,750,811,817 1
Textiles 1,637,484,484 3 1,081,961,248 2
Iron and steel and their products 1,793,490,908 2 983,821,918 3
Lumber and its remanufactures 1,030,695,350 5 547,227,860 6
Leather and its finished products 583,731,046 9 329,614,996 11
Paper and printing 606,317,768 8 419,798,101 7
Liquors and beverages 425,504,167 12 349,157,618 10
Chemicals and allied products 552,797,877 10 372,538,857 8
Clay, glass, and stone products 293,564,235 13 245,447,118 14
Metals and metal products, other than iron & steel 748,795,464 7 371,154,446 9
Tobacco 283,076,546 14 264,052,573 12
Vehicles for land transportation 508,524,510 11 250,622,377 13
Shipbuilding 74,578,158 15 42,492,518 15
Miscellaneous industries 1,004,092,294 6 638,191,538 5
Hand trades 1,183,615,478 4 721,104,859 4
Total 13,000,149,159 … 8,367,997,844 …
Group. 1905.
Gross. Net.
Value. Dollars. Rank. Value. Dollars. Rank.
Food and kindred products 2,845,234,900 1 2,176,489,626 1
Textiles 2,147,441,418 3 1,397,009,940 2
Iron and steel and their products 2,176,739,726 2 1,239,490,273 3
Lumber and its remanufactures 1,223,730,336 4 805,315,333 4
Leather and its finished products 705,747,470 9 401,011,414 10
Paper and printing 857,112,256 8 596,872,350 7
Liquors and beverages 501,266,605 11 431,735,208 9
Chemicals and allied products 1,031,965,263 5 714,489,549 5
Clay, glass, and stone products 391,230,422 12 334,971,057 11
Metals and metal products, other than iron & steel 922,262,456 7 442,912,699 8
Tobacco 331,117,681 13 307,100,175 13
Vehicles for land transportation 643,924,442 10 324,109,901 12
Shipbuilding 82,769,239 14 46,707,258 14
Miscellaneous industries 941,604,873 6 602,990,604 6
Total 14,802,147,087 … 9,821,205,387 …
Group. 1900.[V]
Gross.
Value. Dollars. Rank.
Food and kindred products 2,273,880,874 1
Textiles 1,637,484,484 3
Iron and steel and their products 1,793,490,908 2
Lumber and its remanufactures 1,030,695,350 5
Leather and its finished products 583,731,046 9
Paper and printing 606,317,768 8
Liquors and beverages 425,504,167 12
Chemicals and allied products 552,797,877 10
Clay, glass, and stone products 293,564,235 13
Metals and metal products, other than iron & steel 748,795,464 7
Tobacco 283,076,546 14
Vehicles for land transportation 508,524,510 11
Shipbuilding 74,578,158 15
Miscellaneous industries 1,004,092,294 6
Hand trades 1,183,615,478 4
Total 13,000,149,159 …
Group. 1900.[V]
Net.
Value. Dollars. Rank.
Food and kindred products 1,750,811,817 1
Textiles 1,081,961,248 2
Iron and steel and their products 983,821,918 3
Lumber and its remanufactures 547,227,860 6
Leather and its finished products 329,614,996 11
Paper and printing 419,798,101 7
Liquors and beverages 349,157,618 10
Chemicals and allied products 372,538,857 8
Clay, glass, and stone products 245,447,118 14
Metals and metal products, other than iron & steel 371,154,446 9
Tobacco 264,052,573 12
Vehicles for land transportation 250,622,377 13
Shipbuilding 42,492,518 15
Miscellaneous industries 638,191,538 5
Hand trades 721,104,859 4
Total 8,367,997,844 …
Group. 1905.
Gross.
Value. Dollars. Rank.
Food and kindred products 2,845,234,900 1
Textiles 2,147,441,418 3
Iron and steel and their products 2,176,739,726 2
Lumber and its remanufactures 1,223,730,336 4
Leather and its finished products 705,747,470 9
Paper and printing 857,112,256 8
Liquors and beverages 501,266,605 11
Chemicals and allied products 1,031,965,263 5
Clay, glass, and stone products 391,230,422 12
Metals and metal products, other than iron & steel 922,262,456 7
Tobacco 331,117,681 13
Vehicles for land transportation 643,924,442 10
Shipbuilding 82,769,239 14
Miscellaneous industries 941,604,873 6
Total 14,802,147,087 …
Group. 1905.
Net.
Value. Dollars. Rank.
Food and kindred products 2,176,489,626 1
Textiles 1,397,009,940 2
Iron and steel and their products 1,239,490,273 3
Lumber and its remanufactures 805,315,333 4
Leather and its finished products 401,011,414 10
Paper and printing 596,872,350 7
Liquors and beverages 431,735,208 9
Chemicals and allied products 714,489,549 5
Clay, glass, and stone products 334,971,057 11
Metals and metal products, other than iron & steel 442,912,699 8
Tobacco 307,100,175 13
Vehicles for land transportation 324,109,901 12
Shipbuilding 46,707,258 14
Miscellaneous industries 4,715,023 624
Total 9,821,205,387 …
Manufactures: Percentage Distribution, by Groups of States, Census Years 1850 to 1905.
[From reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.]
Group of States and census years.[X] Establish- ments Capital. Wage-earners
Average number. Wages.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
New England States:
1850 18.3 31.1 32.7 31.8
1860 14.7 25.5 29.9 27.5
1870 12.8 23.1 25.7 27.2
1880 12.4 22.4 23.7 23.9
1890 13.6 18.0 19.3 19.0
1900 10.9 16.8 18.1 18.3
1905 10.3 14.7 17.2 16.8
Middle States:
1850 43.9 44.2 43.9 44.3
1860 37.9 43.1 41.6 40.2
1870 34.7 42.7 39.2 41.4
1880 35.3 42.1 41.7 42.8
1890 35.2 39.2 38.5 40.8
1900 34.1 40.7 36.6 38.4
1905 33.6 39.5 36.7 37.3
Southern States:
1850 16.7 12.6 11.5 9.5
1860 17.2 11.5 10.1 9.2
1870 15.4 6.6 9.1 5.8
1880 14.6 6.9 8.2 5.6
1890 13.1 7.8 9.7 7.1
1900 15.1 9.0 13.3 9.2
1905 15.3 11.0 14.0 10.7
Central States:
1850 20.2 11.8 11.5 12.7
1860 23.4 17.1 14.2 14.9
1870 33.5 24.4 23.8 22.6
1880 32.3 25.1 23.6 24.1
1890 31.8 29.7 28.2 27.6
1900 32.0 27.8 27.4 28.3
1905 31.3 28.2 27.0 28.4
Western States:
1860 .5 .4 .3 .4
1870 1.5 1.0 .8 1.1
1880 2.6 1.0 1.0 1.1
1890 3.2 2.0 1.8 2.2
1900 3.9 2.9 2.0 2.5
1905 4.2 3.2 2.1 2.7
Pacific States:
1850 .9 .3 .4 1.7
1860 6.3 2.4 3.9 7.8
1870 2.1 2.2 1.4 1.9
1880 2.8 2.5 1.8 2.5
1890 3.1 3.3 2.5 3.3
1900 4.0 2.1 2.6 3.2
1905 5.2 3.3 3.0 4.1
Alaska:
Group of States and census years.[X] Miscel- laneous expenses. Cost of materials used. Value of products.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
New England States:
1850 … 27.6 27.8
1860 … 23.8 24.8
1870 … 24.3 23.8
1880 … 19.4 20.6
1890 15.7 15.3 16.0
1900 12.2 13.8 14.6
1905 11.5 13.1 13.7
Middle States:
1850 … 47.9 46.4
1860 … 43.1 42.5
1870 … 41.7 41.8
1880 … 41.1 41.3
1890 36.3 38.1 38.9
1900 39.1 37.6 38.1
1905 38.7 37.0 37.3
Southern States:
1850 … 9.5 9.9
1860 … 10.6 10.3
1870 … 6.5 6.6
1880 … 6.3 6.3
1890 8.2 7.4 7.5
1900 9.1 8.6 8.9
1905 10.1 10.2 10.5
Central States:
1850 … 14.5 14.3
1860 … 19.5 18.1
1870 … 24.9 24.9
1880 … 29.4 28.0
1890 34.7 32.5 31.4
1900 35.6 31.4 30.9
1905 34.3 30.7 30.5
Western States:
1850 … .1 .1
1860 … .2 .4
1870 … 1.0 1.1
1880 … 1.4 1.4
1890 2.4 3.6 3.0
1900 1.9 5.2 4.3
1905 2.4 5.3 4.3
Pacific States:
1850 … .4 1.5
1860 … 2.8 3.9
1870 … 1.6 1.8
1880 … 2.4 2.4
1890 2.7 3.1 3.2
1900 2.1 3.4 3.2
1905 2.9 3.7 3.7
Alaska:
Summary of Manufactures in the U. S., by States and Territories, Census Years 1900 and 1905.
[From reports of the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor.]
State or Territory. Census year. Number of establish- ments. Capital. Wage-earners.
Average- number. Total wages.
Dollars. Dollars.
United States 1900 207,562 8,978,825,200 4,715,023 2,009,735,799
1905 216,262 12,686,265,673 5,470,321 2,611,540,532
Alabama 1900 2,000 60,165,904 52,711 14,911,683
1905 1,882 105,382,859 62,173 21,878,451
Alaska 1900 48 3,568,704 2,260 1,374,680
1905 82 10,684,799 1,938 1,095,579
Arizona 1900 154 9,517,578 3,126 2,287,352
1905 169 14,395,654 4,793 3,969,248
Arkansas 1900 1,746 25,384,636 31,525 10,184,154
1905 1,907 46,306,116 33,089 14,543,635
California 1900 4,997 175,467,806 77,224 39,889,997
1905 6,839 282,647,201 100,355 64,656,686
Colorado 1900 1,323 58,172,865 19,498 11,707,566
1905 1,606 107,663,500 21,813 15,100,365
Connecticut 1900 3,382 299,206,925 159,733 73,394,062
1905 3,477 373,283,580 181,605 87,942,628
Delaware 1900 633 38,791,402 20,562 8,457,003
1905 631 50,925,630 18,475 8,158,203
Dist. of Columbia 1900 491 17,960,498 6,155 3,022,906
1905 482 20,199,783 6,299 3,658,370
Florida 1900 1,275 25,682,171 35,471 10,916,443
1905 1,413 32,971,982 42,091 15,767,182
Georgia 1900 3,015 79,303,316 83,336 19,958,153
1905 3,219 135,211,551 92,749 27,392,442
Idaho 1900 287 2,130,112 1,552 818,239
1905 364 9,689,445 3,061 2,059,391
Illinois 1900 14,374 732,829,771 332,871 159,104,179
1905 14,921 975,844,799 379,436 208,405,468
Indian Territory 1900 179 1,591,953 1,087 379,188
1905 466 5,016,654 2,257 1,144,078
Indiana 1900 7,128 219,321,080 139,017 59,280,131
1905 7,044 312,071,234 154,174 72,058,099
Iowa 1900 4,828 85,667,334 44,420 18,020,653
1905 4,785 111,427,429 49,481 22,997,053
Kansas 1900 2,299 59,458,256 27,119 12,802,096
1905 2,475 88,680,117 35,570 18,883,071
Kentucky 1900 3,648 87,995,822 51,735 18,454,252
1905 3,734 147,282,478 59,794 24,438,684
Louisiana 1900 1,826 100,874,729 40,878 14,725,437
1905 2,091 150,810,608 55,859 25,315,750
Maine 1900 2,878 114,007,715 69,914 25,730,735
1905 3,145 143,707,750 74,958 32,691,759
Maryland 1900 3,886 149,155,313 94,170 32,414,429
1905 3,852 201,877,966 94,174 36,144,244
Massachusetts 1900 10,929 781,867,715 438,234 195,278,276
1905 10,723 965,948,887 488,399 232,388,946
Michigan 1900 7,310 246,996,529 155,800 62,531,812
1905 7,446 337,894,102 175,229 81,278,837
Minnesota 1900 4,096 133,076,669 64,557 29,029,190
1905 4,756 184,903,271 69,636 35,843,145
Mississippi 1900 1,294 22,712,186 26,799 7,909,607
1905 1,520 50,256,309 38,690 14,819,034
Missouri 1900 6,853 223,781,088 107,704 46,713,734
1905 6,464 379,368,827 133,167 66,644,126
Montana 1900 395 38,224,915 9,854 7,376,822
1905 382 52,589,810 8,957 8,652,217
Nebraska 1900 1,695 65,906,052 18,669 8,842,429
1905 1,819 80,235,310 20,260 11,022,149
Nevada 1900 99 1,251,208 504 352,606
1905 115 2,891,997 802 693,407
New Hampshire 1900 1,771 92,146,025 67,646 25,849,631
1905 1,618 109,495,072 65,366 27,693,203
New Jersey 1900 6,415 477,301,565 213,975 95,164,913
1905 7,010 715,060,174 266,336 128,168,801
New Mexico 1900 174 2,160,718 2,490 1,199,496
1905 199 4,638,248 3,478 2,153,068
New York 1900 35,957 1,523,502,651 726,909 337,323,585
1905 37,194 2,031,459,515 856,947 430,014,851
North Carolina 1900 3,465 68,283,005 72,322 14,051,784
1905 3,272 141,000,639 85,339 21,375,294
North Dakota 1900 337 3,511,968 1,358 671,321
1905 507 5,703,837 1,755 1,031,307
Ohio 1900 13,868 570,908,968 308,109 136,427,579
1905 13,785 856,988,830 364,298 182,429,425
Oklahoma 1900 316 2,462,438 1,294 514,879
1905 657 11,107,763 3,199 1,655,324
Oregon 1900 1,406 28,359,089 14,459 6,822,011
1905 1,602 44,023,548 18,523 11,443,512
Pennsylvania 1900 23,462 1,449,814,740 663,960 296,875,548
1905 23,495 1,995,836,988 763,282 367,960,890
Rhode Island 1900 1,678 176,901,606 88,197 35,995,101
1905 1,617 215,901,375 97,318 43,112,637
South Carolina 1900 1,369 62,750,027 47,025 9,130,269
1905 1,399 113,422,224 59,441 13,868,950
South Dakota 1900 624 6,051,288 2,224 1,129,787
1905 686 7,585,142 2,492 1,421,680
Tennessee 1900 3,116 63,140,657 45,963 14,727,506
1905 3,175 102,439,481 60,572 22,805,628
Texas 1900 3,107 63,655,616 38,604 16,911,681
1905 3,158 115,664,871 49,066 24,468,942
Utah 1900 575 13,219,039 5,413 2,762,522
1905 606 26,004,011 8,052 5,157,400
Vermont 1900 1,938 43,499,633 28,179 11,426,548
1905 1,699 62,658,741 33,106 15,221,059
Virginia 1900 3,186 92,299,589 66,223 20,273,889
1905 3,187 147,989,182 80,285 27,943,058
Washington 1900 1,926 41,574,744 31,523 17,065,140
1905 2,751 96,952,621 45,199 30,087,287
West Virginia 1900 1,824 49,103,138 33,080 12,639,856
1905 2,109 86,820,823 43,758 21,153,042
Wisconsin 1900 7,841 286,060,566 137,525 55,695,816
1905 8,558 412,647,051 151,391 71,471,805
Wyoming 1900 139 2,047,883 2,060 1,209,123
1905 169 2,695,889 1,834 1,261,122
State or Territory. Census year. Cost of materials used. Value of products, including custom work and repairing.
Dollars. Dollars.
United States 1900 6,577,614,074 11,411,121,122
1905 8,503,949,756 14,802,147,087
Alabama 1900 37,998,233 72,109,929
1905 60,458,368 109,169,922
Alaska 1900 1,762,583 4,194,421
1905 3,741,946 8,244,524
Arizona 1900 7,876,542 20,438,987
1905 14,595,057 28,083,192
Arkansas 1900 18,288,045 39,887,578
1905 21,799,346 53,864,394
California 1900 164,894,269 257,385,521
1905 215,726,414 367,218,494
Colorado 1900 60,750,784 89,067,879
1905 63,114,397 100,143,999
Connecticut 1900 169,671,648 315,106,150
1905 191,801,881 369,082,091
Delaware 1900 24,725,317 41,321,061
1905 24,883,806 41,160,276
Dist. of Columbia 1900 7,475,216 16,426,408
1905 7,731,971 18,359,159
Florida 1900 12,847,187 34,183,509
1905 16,532,439 50,298,290
Georgia 1900 49,356,296 94,532,368
1905 83,624,504 151,040,455
Idaho 1900 1,438,868 3,001,442
1905 4,068,523 8,768,743
Illinois 1900 681,450,122 1,120,868,308
1905 840,057,316 1,410,342,129
Indian Territory 1900 1,697,829 2,629,067
1905 4,848,646 7,909,451
Indiana 1900 195,162,566 337,071,630
1905 220,507,007 393,954,405
Iowa 1900 85,778,867 132,870,865
1905 102,843,892 160,572,313
Kansas 1900 120,737,677 154,008,544
1905 156,509,949 198,244,992
Kentucky 1900 67,406,202 126,508,660
1905 86,545,464 159,753,968
Louisiana 1900 75,403,937 111,397,919
1905 117,035,305 186,379,592
Maine 1900 61,210,327 112,959,098
1905 80,042,090 144,020,197
Maryland 1900 129,354,412 211,076,143
1905 150,024,066 243,375,996
Massachusetts 1900 498,655,033 907,626,439
1905 626,410,431 1,124,092,051
Michigan 1900 175,966,128 319,691,856
1905 230,080,931 429,120,060
Minnesota 1900 150,299,277 223,692,922
1905 210,553,949 307,858,073
Mississippi 1900 16,543,029 33,718,517
1905 25,800,885 57,451,445
Missouri 1900 184,189,030 316,304,095
1905 252,258,417 439,548,957
Montana 1900 30,068,101 52,744,997
1905 40,930,060 66,415,452
Nebraska 1900 95,925,178 130,302,453
1905 124,051,628 154,918,220
Nevada 1900 662,284 1,261,005
1905 1,627,776 3,096,274
New Hampshire 1900 60,163,380 107,590,803
1905 73,216,387 123,610,904
New Jersey 1900 334,726,094 553,005,684
1905 470,449,176 774,369,025
New Mexico 1900 1,998,593 4,060,924
1905 2,235,934 5,705,880
New York 1900 1,018,377,186 1,871,830,872
1905 1,348,603,286 2,488,345,579
North Carolina 1900 44,854,224 85,274,083
1905 79,268,004 142,520,776
North Dakota 1900 4,150,860 6,259,840
1905 7,095,986 10,217,914
Ohio 1900 409,302,501 748,670,855
1905 527,636,585 960,811,857
Oklahoma 1900 3,732,618 5,504,869
1905 11,545,306 16,549,656
Oregon 1900 20,788,833 36,592,714
1905 30,596,763 55,525,123
Pennsylvania 1900 958,301,272 1,649,882,380
1905 1,142,942,707 1,955,551,332
Rhode Island 1900 87,951,780 165,550,382
1905 112,872,261 202,109,583
South Carolina 1900 30,485,861 53,335,811
1905 49,968,626 79,376,262
South Dakota 1900 6,483,677 9,529,946
1905 8,696,831 13,085,333
Tennessee 1900 54,559,039 92,749,129
1905 79,351,746 137,960,476
Texas 1900 54,388,303 92,894,433
1905 91,603,630 150,528,389
Utah 1900 11,440,250 17,981,648
1905 24,939,827 38,926,464
Vermont 1900 26,384,812 51,515,228
1905 32,429,852 63,083,611
Virginia 1900 59,359,484 108,644,150
1905 83,649,149 148,856,525
Washington 1900 38,276,944 70,831,345
1905 66,166,165 128,821,667
West Virginia 1900 37,228,253 67,006,822
1905 54,419,206 99,040,676
Wisconsin 1900 185,695,393 326,752,878
1905 227,255,092 411,139,681
Wyoming 1900 1,369,730 3,268,555
1905 1,300,773 3,523,260
State or Territory. Census year. Number of establish- ments. Capital.
Dollars.
United States 1900 207,562 8,978,825,200
1905 216,262 12,686,265,673
Alabama 1900 2,000 60,165,904
1905 1,882 105,382,859
Alaska 1900 48 3,568,704
1905 82 10,684,799
Arizona 1900 154 9,517,578
1905 169 14,395,654
Arkansas 1900 1,746 25,384,636
1905 1,907 46,306,116
California 1900 4,997 175,467,806
1905 6,839 282,647,201
Colorado 1900 1,323 58,172,865
1905 1,606 107,663,500
Connecticut 1900 3,382 299,206,925
1905 3,477 373,283,580
Delaware 1900 633 38,791,402
1905 631 50,925,630
Dist. of Columbia 1900 491 17,960,498
1905 482 20,199,783
Florida 1900 1,275 25,682,171
1905 1,413 32,971,982
Georgia 1900 3,015 79,303,316
1905 3,219 135,211,551
Idaho 1900 287 2,130,112
1905 364 9,689,445
Illinois 1900 14,374 732,829,771
1905 14,921 975,844,799
Indian Territory 1900 179 1,591,953
1905 466 5,016,654
Indiana 1900 7,128 219,321,080
1905 7,044 312,071,234
Iowa 1900 4,828 85,667,334
1905 4,785 111,427,429
Kansas 1900 2,299 59,458,256
1905 2,475 88,680,117
Kentucky 1900 3,648 87,995,822
1905 3,734 147,282,478
Louisiana 1900 1,826 100,874,729
1905 2,091 150,810,608
Maine 1900 2,878 114,007,715
1905 3,145 143,707,750
Maryland 1900 3,886 149,155,313
1905 3,852 201,877,966
Massachusetts 1900 10,929 781,867,715
1905 10,723 965,948,887
Michigan 1900 7,310 246,996,529
1905 7,446 337,894,102
Minnesota 1900 4,096 133,076,669
1905 4,756 184,903,271
Mississippi 1900 1,294 22,712,186
1905 1,520 50,256,309
Missouri 1900 6,853 223,781,088
1905 6,464 379,368,827
Montana 1900 395 38,224,915
1905 382 52,589,810
Nebraska 1900 1,695 65,906,052
1905 1,819 80,235,310
Nevada 1900 99 1,251,208
1905 115 2,891,997
New Hampshire 1900 1,771 92,146,025
1905 1,618 109,495,072
New Jersey 1900 6,415 477,301,565
1905 7,010 715,060,174
New Mexico 1900 174 2,160,718
1905 199 4,638,248
New York 1900 35,957 1,523,502,651
1905 37,194 2,031,459,515
North Carolina 1900 3,465 68,283,005
1905 3,272 141,000,639
North Dakota 1900 337 3,511,968
1905 507 5,703,837
Ohio 1900 13,868 570,908,968
1905 13,785 856,988,830
Oklahoma 1900 316 2,462,438
1905 657 11,107,763
Oregon 1900 1,406 28,359,089
1905 1,602 44,023,548
Pennsylvania 1900 23,462 1,449,814,740
1905 23,495 1,995,836,988
Rhode Island 1900 1,678 176,901,606
1905 1,617 215,901,375
South Carolina 1900 1,369 62,750,027
1905 1,399 113,422,224
South Dakota 1900 624 6,051,288
1905 686 7,585,142
Tennessee 1900 3,116 63,140,657
1905 3,175 102,439,481
Texas 1900 3,107 63,655,616
1905 3,158 115,664,871
Utah 1900 575 13,219,039
1905 606 26,004,011
Vermont 1900 1,938 43,499,633
1905 1,699 62,658,741
Virginia 1900 3,186 92,299,589
1905 3,187 147,989,182
Washington 1900 1,926 41,574,744
1905 2,751 96,952,621
West Virginia 1900 1,824 49,103,138
1905 2,109 86,820,823
Wisconsin 1900 7,841 286,060,566
1905 8,558 412,647,051
Wyoming 1900 139 2,047,883
1905 169 2,695,889
State or Territory. Census year. Wage-earners.
Average number. Total wages.
Dollars.
United States 1900 4,715,023 2,009,735,799
1905 5,470,321 2,611,540,532
Alabama 1900 52,711 14,911,683
1905 62,173 21,878,451
Alaska 1900 2,260 1,374,680
1905 1,938 1,095,579
Arizona 1900 3,126 2,287,352
1905 4,793 3,969,248
Arkansas 1900 31,525 10,184,154
1905 33,089 14,543,635
California 1900 77,224 39,889,997
1905 100,355 64,656,686
Colorado 1900 19,498 11,707,566
1905 21,813 15,100,365
Connecticut 1900 159,733 73,394,062
1905 181,605 87,942,628
Delaware 1900 20,562 8,457,003
1905 18,475 8,158,203
Dist. of Columbia 1900 6,155 3,022,906
1905 6,299 3,658,370
Florida 1900 35,471 10,916,443
1905 42,091 15,767,182
Georgia 1900 83,336 19,958,153
1905 92,749 27,392,442
Idaho 1900 1,552 818,239
1905 3,061 2,059,391
Illinois 1900 332,871 159,104,179
1905 379,436 208,405,468
Indian Territory 1900 1,087 379,188
1905 2,257 1,144,078
Indiana 1900 139,017 59,280,131
1905 154,174 72,058,099
Iowa 1900 44,420 18,020,653
1905 49,481 22,997,053
Kansas 1900 27,119 12,802,096
1905 35,570 18,883,071
Kentucky 1900 51,735 18,454,252
1905 59,794 24,438,684
Louisiana 1900 40,878 14,725,437
1905 55,859 25,315,750
Maine 1900 69,914 25,730,735
1905 74,958 32,691,759
Maryland 1900 94,170 32,414,429
1905 94,174 36,144,244
Massachusetts 1900 438,234 195,278,276
1905 488,399 232,388,946
Michigan 1900 155,800 62,531,812
1905 175,229 81,278,837
Minnesota 1900 64,557 29,029,190
1905 69,636 35,843,145
Mississippi 1900 26,799 7,909,607
1905 38,690 14,819,034
Missouri 1900 107,704 46,713,734
1905 133,167 66,644,126
Montana 1900 9,854 7,376,822
1905 8,957 8,652,217
Nebraska 1900 18,669 8,842,429
1905 20,260 11,022,149
Nevada 1900 504 352,606
1905 802 693,407
New Hampshire 1900 67,646 25,849,631
1905 65,366 27,693,203
New Jersey 1900 213,975 95,164,913
1905 266,336 128,168,801
New Mexico 1900 2,490 1,199,496
1905 3,478 2,153,068
New York 1900 726,909 337,323,585
1905 856,947 430,014,851
North Carolina 1900 72,322 14,051,784
1905 85,339 21,375,294
North Dakota 1900 1,358 671,321
1905 1,755 1,031,307
Ohio 1900 308,109 136,427,579
1905 364,298 182,429,425
Oklahoma 1900 1,294 514,879
1905 3,199 1,655,324
Oregon 1900 14,459 6,822,011
1905 18,523 11,443,512
Pennsylvania 1900 663,960 296,875,548
1905 763,282 367,960,890
Rhode Island 1900 88,197 35,995,101
1905 97,318 43,112,637
South Carolina 1900 47,025 9,130,269
1905 59,441 13,868,950
South Dakota 1900 2,224 1,129,787
1905 2,492 1,421,680
Tennessee 1900 45,963 14,727,506
1905 60,572 22,805,628
Texas 1900 38,604 16,911,681
1905 49,066 24,468,942
Utah 1900 5,413 2,762,522
1905 8,052 5,157,400
Vermont 1900 28,179 11,426,548
1905 33,106 15,221,059
Virginia 1900 66,223 20,273,889
1905 80,285 27,943,058
Washington 1900 31,523 17,065,140
1905 45,199 30,087,287
West Virginia 1900 33,080 12,639,856
1905 43,758 21,153,042
Wisconsin 1900 137,525 55,695,816
1905 151,391 71,471,805
Wyoming 1900 2,060 1,209,123
1905 1,834 1,261,122
State or Territory. Census year. Cost of materials used.
Dollars.
United States 1900 6,577,614,074
1905 8,503,949,756
Alabama 1900 37,998,233
1905 60,458,368
Alaska 1900 1,762,583
1905 3,741,946
Arizona 1900 7,876,542
1905 14,595,057
Arkansas 1900 18,288,045
1905 21,799,346
California 1900 164,894,269
1905 215,726,414
Colorado 1900 60,750,784
1905 63,114,397
Connecticut 1900 169,671,648
1905 191,801,881
Delaware 1900 24,725,317
1905 24,883,806
Dist. of Columbia 1900 7,475,216
1905 7,731,971
Florida 1900 12,847,187
1905 16,532,439
Georgia 1900 49,356,296
1905 83,624,504
Idaho 1900 1,438,868
1905 4,068,523
Illinois 1900 681,450,122
1905 840,057,316
Indian Territory 1900 1,697,829
1905 4,848,646
Indiana 1900 195,162,566
1905 220,507,007
Iowa 1900 85,778,867
1905 102,843,892
Kansas 1900 120,737,677
1905 156,509,949
Kentucky 1900 67,406,202
1905 86,545,464
Louisiana 1900 75,403,937
1905 117,035,305
Maine 1900 61,210,327
1905 80,042,090
Maryland 1900 129,354,412
1905 150,024,066
Massachusetts 1900 498,655,033
1905 626,410,431
Michigan 1900 175,966,128
1905 230,080,931
Minnesota 1900 150,299,277
1905 210,553,949
Mississippi 1900 16,543,029
1905 25,800,885
Missouri 1900 184,189,030
1905 252,258,417
Montana 1900 30,068,101
1905 40,930,060
Nebraska 1900 95,925,178
1905 124,051,628
Nevada 1900 662,284
1905 1,627,776
New Hampshire 1900 60,163,380
1905 73,216,387
New Jersey 1900 334,726,094
1905 470,449,176
New Mexico 1900 1,998,593
1905 2,235,934
New York 1900 1,018,377,186
1905 1,348,603,286
North Carolina 1900 44,854,224
1905 79,268,004
North Dakota 1900 4,150,860
1905 7,095,986
Ohio 1900 409,302,501
1905 527,636,585
Oklahoma 1900 3,732,618
1905 11,545,306
Oregon 1900 20,788,833
1905 30,596,763
Pennsylvania 1900 958,301,272
1905 1,142,942,707
Rhode Island 1900 87,951,780
1905 112,872,261
South Carolina 1900 30,485,861
1905 49,968,626
South Dakota 1900 6,483,677
1905 8,696,831
Tennessee 1900 54,559,039
1905 79,351,746
Texas 1900 54,388,303
1905 91,603,630
Utah 1900 11,440,250
1905 24,939,827
Vermont 1900 26,384,812
1905 32,429,852
Virginia 1900 59,359,484
1905 83,649,149
Washington 1900 38,276,944
1905 66,166,165
West Virginia 1900 37,228,253
1905 54,419,206
Wisconsin 1900 185,695,393
1905 227,255,092
Wyoming 1900 1,369,730
1905 1,300,773
State or Territory. Census year. Value of products, including custom work and repairing.
Dollars.
United States 1900 11,411,121,122
1905 14,802,147,087
Alabama 1900 72,109,929
1905 109,169,922
Alaska 1900 4,194,421
1905 8,244,524
Arizona 1900 20,438,987
1905 28,083,192
Arkansas 1900 39,887,578
1905 53,864,394
California 1900 257,385,521
1905 367,218,494
Colorado 1900 89,067,879
1905 100,143,999
Connecticut 1900 315,106,150
1905 369,082,091
Delaware 1900 41,321,061
1905 41,160,276
Dist. of Columbia 1900 16,426,408
1905 18,359,159
Florida 1900 34,183,509
1905 50,298,290
Georgia 1900 94,532,368
1905 151,040,455
Idaho 1900 3,001,442
1905 8,768,743
Illinois 1900 1,120,868,308
1905 1,410,342,129
Indian Territory 1900 2,629,067
1905 7,909,451
Indiana 1900 337,071,630
1905 393,954,405
Iowa 1900 132,870,865
1905 160,572,313
Kansas 1900 154,008,544
1905 198,244,992
Kentucky 1900 126,508,660
1905 159,753,968
Louisiana 1900 111,397,919
1905 186,379,592
Maine 1900 112,959,098
1905 144,020,197
Maryland 1900 211,076,143
1905 243,375,996
Massachusetts 1900 907,626,439
1905 1,124,092,051
Michigan 1900 319,691,856
1905 429,120,060
Minnesota 1900 223,692,922
1905 307,858,073
Mississippi 1900 33,718,517
1905 57,451,445
Missouri 1900 316,304,095
1905 439,548,957
Montana 1900 52,744,997
1905 66,415,452
Nebraska 1900 130,302,453
1905 154,918,220
Nevada 1900 1,261,005
1905 3,096,274
New Hampshire 1900 107,590,803
1905 123,610,904
New Jersey 1900 553,005,684
1905 774,369,025
New Mexico 1900 4,060,924
1905 5,705,880
New York 1900 1,871,830,872
1905 2,488,345,579
North Carolina 1900 85,274,083
1905 142,520,776
North Dakota 1900 6,259,840
1905 10,217,914
Ohio 1900 748,670,855
1905 960,811,857
Oklahoma 1900 5,504,869
1905 16,549,656
Oregon 1900 36,592,714
1905 55,525,123
Pennsylvania 1900 1,649,882,380
1905 1,955,551,332
Rhode Island 1900 165,550,382
1905 202,109,583
South Carolina 1900 53,335,811
1905 79,376,262
South Dakota 1900 9,529,946