[pg 213] ORNAMENTS. (continued 4)

Cabeça de Vaca on trade in shells 194 Cabrillo, João, visits Island of Santa Rosa 260 Calendars, Pictographic symbols of the Sioux 279 Calendars, Probable use of shell disks as 268, 273, 278 Calendars used by ancient Mexicans 279 Calendars used by modern tribes 279 Carr, Lucien, describes shell gorget 295 Cassis shells used as vessels 191, 194, 196 Catlin, George, describes shell adze 205 Celts, Examples of 203 Celts, Manufacture of 203 Celts of shell 203, 205 Clam shells used as implements 190, 205, 207 Clam shells used as utensils 190 Clam shells used in manufacture of ornaments 263 Clam shells used in manufacture of wampum 190, 226, 238, 257 Clark, J. S., Photographs made by 252 Clavigero, F. X., on use of shell ornaments 256 Clavigero, F. X., on use of shell vessels in Mexico 193 Cleveland, F., describes shell vessels 197 Columellæ, Manner of extracting, from shell 214 Columellæ used in manufacture of heads 219, 223 Columellæ used in manufacture of pins 213, 218 Conant, A. J., describes shell gorgets 300 Conant, A. J., mentions shell gorgets 287 Cross design associated with others 270 Cross design combined with spider design 288 Cross design in Aztec paintings 285 Cross design engraved on shell gorgets 268 Cross design, Evolution or derivation of the 270 Cross design, Examples of the, combined with birds 282, 283 Cross design, Examples of the, from mounds 271, 273 Cross design, Introduction of the Christian 269 Cross design, Occurrence of the, in ancient Mexican art 270 Cross design, Occurrence of the, in Yucatan 270 Cross, Origin of the, among mound builders 269 Cross, Prehistoric use of the, in America 268, 270 Cross, Symbolic character of the 269 Croswell, C., describes shell gorgets 286 Curtis, Dr., Shell gorgets collected by 283 Cyprea shells used as beads 219 Cyprea shells used as ornaments 263

Dall, W. H., use of pins 217 Dall, W. H., Shells identified by 190 Davis, W. H. H., mentions shell pendants 256 Dentalium shells used for money 191, 220, 227, 239 Dentalium shells used for ornament 191, 218, 220, 227 Dentalium shells used in bushing 218, 227 Disks, Scalloped, probably time symbols 273 Disks, Scalloped, Relation of, to human remains 276 Disks, Scalloped shell, from mounds 275, 278 Disks, Scalloped, Shell gorgets in the shape of 268, 273, 279 Disks, Scalloped stone 277 Disks, Scalloped stone with engravings of knotted serpents 278 Disks, Scalloped, Table of 280 Disks, Scalloped, The sun suggested by 273 Disks, Scalloped, Type example of 273 Disks, Scalloped; use of sun symbols of similar shape 273 Drake, Daniel, describes shell vessel 197 Dunning, E. O., Shell ornaments collected by 272 Dunning, E. O., Shell pins collected by 215

Ely mound in Virginia 295 Engraved gorgets. (See Gorgets.)

Face, Human, Description of shell gorgets representing the 294 Face, Human engraved and carved on shell gorgets 293, 297 Face, Human modeled in clay 296 Face, Human, Portions of shell used for representing 293 Face, Human, Use or significance of shell gorgets representing 295 Fain's Island mound 215, 272, 288 Farquharson, B. J., describes shell vessel 197 Fasciolaria shells, Columellæ of, used for pins 213 Fasciolaria shells used as vessels 194 Figure, Human. (See Human figure.) Fishing appliances, Shell 207 Fishing appliances, Shell; hooks 208 Fishing appliances, Shell, Manufacture of 210 Fishing appliances, Shell; sinkers 208 Fissurella shells used as ornaments 191, 220, 261, 263 Frey, S. L., describes shell vessel 198

Gilpin, H. D., on the use of wampum belts 246 Gorgets, Engraved, Classification of 267 Gorgets, Engraved design on, character of 267 Gorgets, Engraved described by Beverly 256 Gorgets, Engraved, Modern examples of 268 Gorgets, Engraved of shell 267, 305 Gorgets, Engraved, Significance of designs on 267, 274, 278, 282 Gorgets, Engraved used as amulets 267 Gorgets, Engraved used as insignia 267, 273 Gorgets, Engraved used as symbols 268, 273 Gorgets, Engraved used as totems 268 Grave Creek mound 234, 264 Gray's mound, Oldtown, Tenn. 283 Gumilla, Joseph, concerning emblems in treaties 247

Hafting of implements of shell 203, 205, 211 Haldemann, S. S., describes shell beads 227, 230 Haliotis shells used as vessels 189, 191 Haliotis shells used in manufacturing beads 225, 227 Haliotis shells used in manufacturing fish hooks 209 Haliotis shells used in manufacturing pendants 209, 261 Haliotis shells used in trade 191 Heckewelder, Johann, describes shell tweezers 212 Heckewelder, Johann, describes wampum belts 250 Heckewelder, Johann, on the use of wampum belts 246 Hennite shells used in manufacture of beads 225, 227 Hilder, F. F., describes shell gorgets 286, 288, 303 Hilder, F. F., photographs of gorgets procured by 286 Human figure engraved on shell gorgets 297 Human figure engraved on shell gorgets, Comparison of, with other examples 302 Human figure engraved on shell gorgets, Comparison of, southern examples 301 Hunter, J. D., concerning emblems in treaties 247 Hutchinson, Thomas, on the antiquity of wampum 235

Implements of shell, Agricultural 207 Insignia or badges of shell 264, 266, 273

Jones, C. C., describes shell pins 215 Jones, C. C., describes shell vessel 196 Jones, C. C., describes stone disks 277 Jones, C. C., mentions shell gorgets 287, 293, 298 Jones, Joseph, describes shell disk 276 Jones, Joseph, describes shell gorgets 297 Jones, Joseph, describes shell spoons 201 Jones, Joseph, describes shell vessel 196

Kalm, Peter, mentions shell knives 202 Kalm, Peter, on shell money 238 Kalm, Peter, on shell pendants 257 Knight, E. H., describes shell weapons 211 Knives of shell 201 Knives of shell, rarity of, in collections 203 Knives of shell used by Honda Indians 202 Knives of shell used by Pacific Coast tribes 203 Knives of shell used by Patagonians 203 Kohl, J. G., on trade in shells 194

Lafitau, J. F., on the use of shell pendants 256 Lafitau, J. F., on the use of wampum 243 Lafitau, J. F., on the use of wampum belts 250 Lawson, John, on the use of shell money 237 Le Moyne, d'Iberville, on the use of shell vessels 193 Lewis and Clark describe shell ornaments 233 Lewis and Clark on value of beads 239 Lick Creek mound 215, 224, 272, 278, 296 Lindström, P., on the use of shell money 236 Lord, J. K., on shell money 239 Loskiel G. H., gives an account of wampum 245 Loskiel G. H., on the antiquity of use of wampum 235 Loskiel G. H., on the manufacture of wampum 235 Loskiel G. H., on the origin of the word wampum 239 Loskiel G. H., on the wampum belts 250 Low, C. P., Shell spoons collected by 200 Low, C. P., Shell spoons described by 200 Lyon, S. S., Shell spoons collected by 200

McMahan mound 214, 292, 294, 298, 301, 303 Manufacture of shell objects 204, 210, 212, 216, 218, 220, 228, 236, 255, 261, 263, 286, 293 Marginella shells used as beads 219 Matson, J. S. B., Beads discovered by 231 Matson, J. S. B., describes shell plates 265 Mnemonic records, Interpretation of 241, 244, 246 Mnemonic records, Iroquois keeper of 241, 244 Mnemonic records of Mexicans 240 Mnemonic records of N. A. Indians 240 Mnemonic records of Peruvians 240 Mnemonic records, Origin of 240 Mnemonic records, Use of materials other than shell for 245, 247 Mnemonic records, Use of wampum for 240, 254 Molina, G. I., concerning emblems in treaties 247 Morgan, L. H., on the antiquity of wampum 235 Morgan, L. H., on the origin of the word wampum 239 Morgan, L. H., on the uses of wampum 235 Morgan, L. H., on wampum belts 249 Morgan, L. H., on wampum records 241 Morton, Thomas, on the use of shell money 236 Myth, Spider, obtained by J. W. Powell 286 Mytilus, shells used as utensils 191, 212 Mytilus, shells used in manufacture of fish hooks 210 Mytilus, shells used in manufacture of ornaments 261

Oliva shells used as beads 219, 222 Olivella shells used as beads 220 Ornaments of shell 213, 305 Osgood, Kate C., Drawings made by 268 Oyster shells used as utensils 191

Pachydesma shells used as utensils 190 Pachydesma shells used in manufacture of beads 226 Pachydesma shells used in manufacture of ornaments 261 Pachydesma shells used in manufacture of pendants 209 Palmer, E., Collections by 303 Parkman, Francis, on the use of wampum 247 Pearls perforated for beads 225 Pearls used by Powhatan 232 Pecten shells used as implements 206 Pecten shells used as ornaments 189, 261 Pecten shells used as rattles 190, 206 Pecten shells used as vessels 189 Pecten shells used in art 189 Pectunculus shells, Manufacture of rings from 263 Pendants, Beads used as 230 Pendants, Classification of 255, 207 Pendants, Engraved 267, 305 Pendants, Forms and sizes of 255, 258, 261, 263 Pendants, Historic use of 255, 268 Pendants illustrated by Lafitau 257 Pendants illustrated in De Bry 257 Pendants illustrated in Mexican paintings 257 Pendants illustrated in sculptures of Mexico and Yucatan 258 Pendants, Importance of, in evolution of art 255 Pendants of shell 209, 255 Pendants of the Atlantic coast 258 Pendants, Origin of use of 255 Pendants, Ornamental notching of edges of 262 Pendants, Perforations of 255, 261 Pendants, Plain, of the Pacific coast 260 Pendants, Plain, of the Atlantic coast 258 Pendants, Various uses of 255, 261, 267 Penn, J. G., describes Penn belt 259 Perforated tablets. See Tablets. Perforations of objects of shell 216, 220, 223, 227, 236, 262 Perkins, G. H., Shell beads illustrated by 224 Perrine, F. M., Shell gorgets belonging to 270 Pins, cut from body of shell 216 Pins, Examples of 213, 218 Pins made from collumellæ of shell 213, 218 Pins obtained from mounds 213, 218 Pins of shell 213, 218 Pins, Use of bone 217 Pins, Use of, problematicals 213, 217 Potter, W. B., Shell gorget owned by 299, 303 Powell, J. W., Nose ornament collected by 227 Powell, J. W., Shell disk collected by 273 Powell, J. W., Shell spoon collected by 199 Powell, J. W., Spider myth obtained by 286 Powers, Stephen, describes shell beads 239 Powers, Stephen, describes shell ornaments 233 Pratt, H. W., on shell money 239 Pratz, Lepage du, describes shell ornaments 232 Putnam, F. W., describes bone pins 217 Putnam, F. W., describes shell fish-hooks 209 Putnam, F. W., describes shell gorgets 276, 282, 295 Putnam, F. W., describes shell pins 218 Putnam, F. W., describes shell spoons 195 Putnam, F. W., describes shell vessels 196 Putnam, F. W., on use of asphaltum 227 Putnam, F. W., on value of Haliotis shells 191

Rasle, Father Sebastian, on the use of shell beads 231 Rau, Charles, describes gold ornament 285 Rau, Charles, describes shell gorget 289 Rau, Charles, describes shell vessel 196 Rau, Charles, describes shell weapon 210 Rau, Charles, on classification of perforated plates 266 Rau, Charles, on cut of stone disk 278 Records. (See Mnemonic records.) "Runtees," a variety of shell beads 228 "Runtees, Manner of stringing 229 "Runtees, Origin of 230 "Runtees, Signification of figures engraved upon 228 Ruttenber, E. M., on the Keeper of wampum 241 Ruttenber, E. M., on the manufacture of shell money 238

Scalloped disks. (See Disks.) Schoolcraft, H. R., describes shell beads 228 Schoolcraft, H. R., describes shell ornaments 297 Schoolcraft, H. R., describes shell pendants 260 Schoolcraft, H. R., describes shell plates 264 Schumacher, Paul, Shell objects collected by 209, 217 Scrapers of shell 205 Scrapers, Examples of 205 Serpent characteristics that attract the savage 289 Serpent design, Discovery of shell gorgets ornamented with 289 Serpent design engraved upon shell gorgets 268, 289, 293 Serpent design engraved upon stone disks 278 Serpent design, Examples of gorgets ornamented with 290 Serpent design of Mexico and Peru 293 Serpent design; the rattlesnake 289 Serpent, Embodiment of the, in art 289 Serpent; rattlesnake species represented on shell 291, 293 Serpent, Superstitions in regard to 289 Serpent, Use of the, as a religious symbol 289 Shells, Artificial distribution of 196, 205, 213, 230 Shells, Trade in 188, 191, 193, 196, 236 Shells used as models for the potter 198 Shells used in natural state 187, 191 Smith, Erminnie A., Wampum belt loaned by 251 Smith, John, describes shell ornaments 232 Spider characteristics that attract savages 286 Spider design engraved upon shell gorgets 286, 289 Spider design, Examples of, on shell gorgets 286 Spider design in art 286 Spider, Myths concerning the 286 Spoons of shell deposited with the dead 199 Spoons of shell, Examples of 199 Spoons of shell, Manufacture of 198 Spoons of the Unio shell 198, 201 Squier, E. G., mentions spider myths 286 Squier and Davis describe shell beads 225 Stearns, R. E. C., on shell money 239 Strachey, William, mentions shell knives 202 Stratton, C. L., Shell pins collected by 215 Strombus shells, Columellæ of, used in manufacture of beads 224 Strombus shells, Columellæ of, used in manufacture of pendants 208 Strombus shells, Columellæ of, used in manufacture of pins 213, 215 Strombus shells used as vessels 191, 194, 197 Strombus shells used in manufacture of celts 204 Strombus shells used in manufacture of gorgets 295 Swan, J. G., describes shell ornaments 233

Tablets, Perforated, Forms of 264 Tablets, Perforated, made of shell 264, 267 Tablets, Perforated, Manner of burial of 265 Tablets, Perforated, Method of attachment of 266 Tablets, Perforated, Perforations of 265 Tablets, Perforated, Theories of use of 264 Tablets, Perforated, Undetermined character of 264 Time symbols, Probable use of shell disks as 268, 273, 278 Tomlinson, A. B., describes shell plate 264 Trill, C. F., Drawings made by 251 Troost, Dr. Gerard, Shell objects collected by 224 Tweezers of shell 212

Unio shells obtained from mounds 190 Unio shells used as implements 190, 205 Unio shells used as utensils 190, 199 Unio shells used in manufacture of beads 223 Unio shells used in manufacture of ornament 260 Unio shells used in manufacture of spoons 199

Velie, J. W., Shell pendants collected by 208 Vessels, artificially shaped 192 Vessels, Engraved shell 193 Vessels in clay imitating shells 198 Vessels, Manufacture of shell 194, 196 Vessels, Natural shells 190 Vessels of the Mound Builders 194, 196 Vessels used by the Florida Indians 193 Vessels used by the Moquis Indians 193 Vessels used in Mexico 192

Wampum, Antiquity of use of as currency. 234 Wampum as currency 234 Wampum, Derivation of the word 238 Wampum in costumes 232, 234 Wampum, Literature of 241, 248 Wampum, Manufacture of 226, 236 Wampum, Manufacture of, by whites 238 Wampum, Mnemonic use of 240, 254 Wampum, Modern use of 239, 252 Wampum, Origin of mnemonic use of 240 Wampum, Symbolic uses of 241, 248 Wampum, Use of, in strings 243, 248 Wampum, Use of, in treaties and councils 242 Wampum, Use of, on Pacific Coast 239 Wampum, Varieties of beads used as 247 Weapons of shell 210 Weapons, Manner of hafting 211 Whipple, Lieut. E. W., Necklace obtained by 220 Whiteley, Colonel, Shell gorgets procured by 303 Whitney, J. L., describes shell plate 265 Williams, C. F., Shell gorgets collected by 282 Williams, Roger, on the name wampum 239 Williams, Roger, on the use of shell money 236 Wood, William, describes shell pendants 256 Wood, William, mentions shell implements 205, 207 Wood, William, mentions shell ornaments 232 Wyman, Jeffries, describes shell celt 204 Wyman, Jeffries, describes shell gorgets 289 Wyman, Jeffries, describes shell pins 216 Wyman, Jeffries, describes shell vessel 196 Wyman, Jeffries, describes shell weapons 211

Corrections:

pageoriginal textcorrection

186curionscurious

198ancientan ancient

199Fig. IFig. 1

Plate XXVIpectenPecten

n 36IbidIbid.

214, 294, 301, 303McMahonMcMahan

217typetype.

218collumellæcolumellæ

Plate XXXIcolumelacolumella

219MaginellaMarginella

222fig. 1Fig. 1

225Ills.Ill.

n 69ViewA View of

236SalvagesSavages

236SweedenSweden

238wampum.wampum."

240assingedassigned

242and andand

242sachemsachem,

n 102Book 1Book I

246remontrancesremonstrances

248ChippewayChippewa

n 118Tome, IITome II

251IrqouoisIroquois

252lostlost.

252Beauchamp,Beauchamp

252Fig 3Fig. 3

255phenominalphenomenal

264main landmain-land

271Fig. 1.,Fig. 1,

282itits

282MissisippiMississippi

286LXLXI

287 2xCrosswellCroswell

Plate LXII1.2.

Plate LXIVMoundMound.

296tatooedtattooed

Plate LXIXAcquiaAquia

298againsttheagainst the

302many-featherdmany-feathered

303LXIIILXII

30432

MODERN SPELLING OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SHELL SPECIES MENTIONED:

original textmodern namePagenumbers

CerrithideaCerithidea220

CypreaCypraea219, 220 2x, 230, Plate XLVIII, 263 2x, 264

HennitesHinnites225, 227, Plate XXXV

LucupinaLucapina264

silignoidenssiligineoides200

vericosusverrucosus206