Volume 4 — LETTER XLVI.

ORISMOLOGY, OR EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

It was by the language of terms that he invented and employed, as well as by his system and methods of arrangement, that Linné smoothed the way to the study of Natural History;—having therefore led you through a large portion of the flowery fields of the Science of Entomology, I must now conduct you into that arid but not barren or unprofitable region. To enable you to understand descriptions of insects, or to describe them yourself, you must have a knowledge of the technical language by which their parts and characters are expressed. Much of this you already know from the definitions of external parts, furnished in a former letter[1074]: I shall now give you a more full and general explanation of terms, adding many new ones for unnoticed characters, that may be conveniently employed.

The science of terms, which I shall call Orismology[1075], may be divided into two branches—General Orismology, and Partial Orismology; the first containing general definitions, and the last those relating to particular parts and organs.

A. GENERAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. SUBSTANCE.

1. Membranous (Membranacea). A fine, thin, transparent substance. A Membrane.—Ex. Wings of Hymenoptera and Diptera.

2. Pergameneous (Pergamenea). A thin, tough, and less transparent substance, somewhat resembling parchment.—Ex. The Tegmina of the Orthoptera[1076].

3. Coriaceous (Coriacea). A thicker, flexible substance, resembling leather.—Ex. Elytra of Telephorus and the Malacodermi.

4. Corneous (Cornea). A hard inflexible substance resembling horn.—Ex. Elytra of Lucanus Cervus and many other Coleoptera.

5. Crustaceous (Crustacea). A rigid calcareous substance.—Ex. The Shell of a Lobster or Crab.

6. Callous (Callosa). A substance without pores, harder than the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.—Ex. Elevated parts of the Collar in Nomada. (Mon. Ap. Angl. Apis * b.)[1077] Spots on the elytra of Stenocorus (Tylostagmus K. MS.) bimaculatus and affinities.

7. Cartilagineous (Cartilaginea). A gristly substance between bone and ligament.—Ex. The Tongue of many Hymenoptera.

8. Subereous (Suberea). A soft elastic substance somewhat resembling cork[1078]. The galls of some species of Cynips when mature approach to this substance.

9. Spongiose (Spongiosa). A soft elastic substance resembling sponge.—Ex. The Pulvilli of Thanasimus, Buprestis, &c.

10. Ligneous (Lignosa). A hard unelastic substance like wood.—Ex. Galls of some species of Cynips.

11. Carnose (Carnosa). A soft, fleshy substance.—Ex. Caterpillars and Grubs.

12. Tubulose (Tubulosa). When the interior is hollow or empty.

13. Solid (Solida). When the interior is full.

II. RESISTANCE.

1. Rigid (Rigida). Hard, which does not bend or yield to pressure.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora).

2. Flexile (Flexilis). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure without breaking.—Ex. Elytra of Telephorus.

3. Soft (Mollis). Flexile and retaining the marks of pressure.—Ex. Elytra of Meloe.

III. DENSITY.

1. Foliaceous (Foliacea). Very thin and depressed, scarcely thicker than a leaf.—Ex. Aradus corticalis and Coreus paradoxus.

2. Depressed (Depressa). When the vertical section is shorter than the transverse.—Ex. Trogosita mauritanica.

3. Compressed (Compressa). When the transverse section is shorter than the vertical.—Ex. Centrotus cornutus: Abdomen in Cynips.

4. Plump (Pinguis). Naturally and proportionably plump.—Ex. Thylacites, &c. Most of the Cicadæ.

5. Obese (Obesa). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if from disease or too much food. Ex. Chrysomela Polygoni ♀, Galeruca Tanaceti ♀, Brachycerus.

6. Ventricose (Ventricosa). Bellying out as if filled with air.—Ex. Pneumora.

IV. PROPORTION.

1. Thick (Crassa). Disproportionably thick throughout.—Ex. Copris.

2. Incrassate (Incrassata). Disproportionably thick in part.—Ex. Base of the Abdomen of Æshna and many Libellulina. Plate IX. Fig. 9.

3. Slender (Tenuis). Disproportionably slender throughout.—Ex. Lixus paraplecticus.

4. Attenuate (Attenuata). Disproportionably slender in part.—Ex. Tail of Scorpio, Raphidia ♂, &c.

5. Broad (Lata). Disproportionably broad throughout.

6. Dilatate (Dilatata). Disproportionably broad in part.—Ex. Elytra of Lycus fasciatus, &c. Plate XIII. Fig. 20.

7. Narrow (Angusta). Disproportionably narrow throughout.—Ex. Abdomen of Agrion.

8. Angustate (Angustata). Disproportionably narrow in part.—Ex. Elytra of Sitaris humeralis. Plate XIII. Fig. 19.

9. Long (Longa). Disproportionably long throughout.—Ex. Scolopendra.

10. Elongate (Elongata). Disproportionably long in part.—Ex. Abdomen of Libellulina.

11. Short (Brevis). Disproportionably short throughout.—Ex. Copris.

12. Abbreviate (Abbreviata). Disproportionably short in part.—Ex. Elytra of Staphylinidæ, Atractocerus, &c.

V. FIGURE[1079].

1. Circular (Circularis). Having the diameter every way equal. Plate XXIX. Fig. 16, 17.

2. Rotundate (Rotundata). Rounded at the angles or sides. Plate XXIX. Fig. 19.

3. Oval (Ovalis). Having the longitudinal diameter twice the length of the transverse, and the ends circumscribed by equal segments of a circle. Plate XX. Fig. 6.

4. Elliptic (Elliptica). Oval, but having the longitudinal diameter more than twice the length of the transverse. Plate XX. Fig. 19.

5. Oblong (Oblonga). Having the longitudinal diameter more than twice the length of the transverse, and the ends varying, or rounded. Plate XX. Fig. 3, 9.

6. Ovate (Ovata). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles. Plate XX. Fig. 12, 13.

7. Cordate (Cordata). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles. Plate IX. Fig. 22.

8. Sagittate (Sagittata). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base with posterior angles. Plate XXVII. Fig. 41. w´´´.

9. Hastate (Hastata). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.—Ex. Horn of the prothorax of Dynastes hastatus. Postfurca in many Coleoptera. Plate XXII. Fig. 5. b †.

10. Triangular; Quadrangular; Quinquangular; Sexangular (Triangula; Quadrangula; Quinquangula; Sexangula). Having three, four, five, or six angles.

11. Turbinate (Turbinata). Top-shaped, triangular with curved sides. Plate XXV. Fig. 18.

12. Ensate (Ensata). Gradually tapering till it ends in a point.—Ex. Ovipositor of Acrida viridissima. Plate XV. Fig. 19.

13. Lanceolate (Lanceolata). Oblong and gradually tapering towards each extremity.—Ex. The Cerci in Blatta. Plate XV. Fig. 23. Q´´.

14. Sigmoidal (Sigmoidea). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.—Ex. Ovipositor of Cimbex, Plate XV. Fig. 21. H´´.

15. Cuneate (Cuneata). Wedge-shaped. Having the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and narrowing gradually downwards. Plate X. Fig. 11.

16. Acinacicate (Acinacicata). Falchion-shaped. Curved with the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards the end.—Ex. Abdomen of Ophion, Fœnus, and other Ichneumonidæ[1080].

17. Lunulate (Lunulata). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends acute, like the moon in her first quarter.—Ex. Last joint of the labial palpi of Oxyporus. Plate XIII. Fig. 4. a.

18. Falcate (Falcata). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex acute.—Ex. Ovipositor of Acrida varia. Antennæ of Atractocerus. Plate XI. Fig. 8.

19. Linear (Linearis). Narrow and of the same width throughout.—Ex. Wings of Pterophorus monodactylus.

20. Arcuate (Arcuata). Linear and bent like a bow.—Ex. Rostrum of Balaninus Nucum. Plate XIII. Fig. 12.

21. Cultrate (Cultrata). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and curved on the other.—Ex. Ovipositor of some Saw-flies. Under-wing of many Ichneumonidæ.

22. Spatulate (Spatulata). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at the apex, linear and narrow at the base.—Ex. Abdomen of Ichneumon amictorius Panz.

23. Clepsydrate (Clepsydrata). Hour-glass-shaped. Broader at the base and apex—Ex. The Prosternum of many Capricorn beetles.

24. Clavate (Clavata). Club-shaped. Linear at the base, but towards the apex growing gradually broader. Plate XI. Fig. 4.

25. Quadrate (Quadrata). Square. Quadrilateral with the sides equal and the angles right angles.

26. Rhomboid (Rhomboidea). Quadrilateral with the sides equal, but with two opposite angles acute, and two obtuse. Plate XXVII. Fig. 62. t´´.

27. Trapezate (Trapezata). Quadrilateral with the four sides unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel. Plate XIV. Fig. 4.

28. Trapezoid (Trapezoidea). Quadrilateral, with two sides unequal and parallel[1081]. Plate XXVI. Fig. 34. b´.

29. Parallelogramical (Parallelogramica). Quadrilateral, with all the angles right angles, and all the sides parallel, but two longer than the others.

VI. FORM[1082].

1. Spherical (Sphærica). The shape of a globe. A body whose diameter every way is equal. Plate XX. Fig. 5.

2. Orbiculate (Orbiculata). A depressed globe, whose horizontal section is circular, and vertical oval. Plate XX. Fig. 10, 11.

3. Lenticular (Lenticularis). Lens-shaped. Whose horizontal section is circular, and vertical lanceolate.—Ex. Abdomen of Cynips aptera.

4. Ovaliform (Ovaliformis). Whose longitudinal section is oval, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 6.

5. Ellipsoid (Ellipsoidea). Whose longitudinal section is elliptical, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 19.

6. Oviform (Oviformis). Whose longitudinal section is ovate, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 12, 13.

7. Cucumiform (Cucumiformis). Cucumber-shaped. Whose longitudinal section is oblong, and transverse circular. Plate XX. Fig. 18, excluding the neck.

8. Cordiform (Cordiformis). Oviform and hollowed out at the base without posterior angles. Plate IX. Fig. 22.

9. Conical (Conica). Whose vertical section is triangular, and horizontal circular.—Ex. Abdomen of Cœlioxys conica (Apis * * b. K.). Plate XX. Fig. 7.

10. Turbiniform (Turbiniformis). Whose vertical section is turbinate, and horizontal circular.—Ex. Joints of antennæ of Aleochara socialis, and many others of that genus.

11. Pyramidal (Pyramidalis). Whose vertical section is triangular, and horizontal quadrangular.

12. Cuneiform (Cuneiformis). Whose vertical section is cuneate, and horizontal parallelogramical.

13. Triquetrous (Triquetra). Whose horizontal sections are equilateral triangles. Plate XI. Fig. 6.

14. Ensiform (Ensiformis). Whose horizontal sections are acute-angled triangles gradually diminishing in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a straight line. Plate XI. Fig. 7.

15. Acinaciform (Acinaciformis). Whose horizontal sections are acute-angled triangles gradually increasing in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a curved line.

16. Cultriform (Cultriformis). Whose horizontal sections are equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two equal sides large and the third small.

17. Deltoid (Deltoidea). Short with the horizontal section triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.—Ex. Apex of the posterior tibia in Copris lunaris.

18. Trigonal; Tetragonal; Pentagonal; Hexagonal; Polygonal (Trigona; Tetragona; Pentagona; Hexagona; Polygona). Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular; quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.

19. Triedral; Tetraedral; Pentaedral; Hexaedral; Polyedral (Triedra; Tetraedra; Pentaedra; Hexaedra; Polyedra). That hath three sides; four sides; five sides; six sides; many sides.

20. Prismoidal (Prismoidalis). Having more than four sides and whose horizontal section is a polygon[1083]. Plate VI. Fig. 13. a, b, d´.

21. Trapeziform (Trapeziformis). Whose horizontal section is a Trapezium.

22. Trapezoidiform (Trapezoidiformis). Whose horizontal section is trapezoid.

23. Rhombiform (Rhombiformis). Whose horizontal section is rhomboidal. Plate VIII. Fig. 11.

24. Two-edged (Anceps). Whose horizontal section is lanceolate.

25. Cylindrical (Cylindrica). Whose horizontal sections are all equal circles. Plate XXI. Fig. 4.

26. Fusiform (Fusiformis). Spindle-shaped. Whose vertical section is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, and horizontal circular. Plate XXIII. Fig. 12.

27. Columnar (Teres). Whose vertical section is cuneate, and horizontal circular. Plate XVI. Fig. 2, 3.

28. Claviform (Claviformis). Whose vertical section is clavate, and horizontal circular. Plate XI. XII. Fig. 4.

29. Cubical (Cubica). Six-sided, with sides quadrate.

30. Parallelopipedous (Parallelopipeda). Six-sided, with four parallelogramical and two quadrate sides.

31. Pyriform (Pyriformis). Pear-shaped. Whose vertical section is spatulate, and horizontal circular.—Ex. Apion, &c.

32. Infundibuliform (Infundibuliformis). Funnel-shaped. Whose horizontal sections are circular, at first equal and then progressively larger and larger. Plate XXII. Fig. 12. c.

33. Fornicate (Fornicata). Convex above and concave beneath. Plate XIII. Fig. 18. a.

34. Coarctate (Coarctata). When the diameter of the middle is less than that of the ends.—Ex. Posterior thigh of Locusta. Plate XIV. Fig. 5.

35. Calceoliform (Calceoliformis). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate in the middle.—Ex. Abdomen of Chelonus.

36. Lageniform (Lageniformis). Bellying out and then ending in a narrow neck, something like a bottle.—Ex. Sperm-reservoir attached to the oviduct in Pontia. Plate XXX. Fig. 12. d.

37. Constrict (Constricta). Suddenly and disproportionably smaller at one end. Plate XXII. Fig. 15.

38. Luniform (Luniformis). Whose longitudinal section is lunate. Plate XIII. Fig. 4.

39. Nodose (Nodosa). Having one or more knobs or swellings. Plate XII. Fig. 5.

40. Geniculate (Geniculata). Bent so as to form a knee or angle. Plate XII. Fig. 7.

VII. SUPERFICIES.

i. PARTS.

1. Disk (Discus). The middle of a surface.

2. Limb (Limbus). The circumference.

3. Margin (Margo). The extreme sides.

4. Apex (Apex). The summit.

5. Base (Basis). The bottom.

6. Supine Surface (Pagina superior). The upper surface.

7. Prone Surface (Pagina inferior). The under surface.

ii. ELEVATION and DEPRESSION.

1. Navicular (Navicularis). When two sides meet and form an angle like the outer bottom of a boat.—Ex. Notonecta glauca.

2. Convex (Convexa). An elevation the arc of which is the segment of a circle.—Ex. Upper Surface of the body of most Coleoptera.

3. Gibbous (Gibba). An elevation the arc of which is not the segment of a circle[1084].—Ex. Shoulders of the elytra of Prionus coriarius, and of many other Coleoptera.

4. Plane (Plana). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.

5. Concave (Concava). A depression the arc of which is the segment of a circle.

6. Excavate (Excavata). A depression the arc of which is not the segment of a circle.—Ex. Prothorax of Sinodendrum cylindricum.

iii. SCULPTURE.

1. Equate[1085] (Æquata). Without larger partial elevations or depressions.

2. Smooth (Lævis). Without smaller partial elevations or depressions.

3. Levigate (Lævigata). Without any partial elevations or depressions.

4. Pore (Porus). A minute impression that perforates the substance.

5. Porose (Porosa). Beset with many pores.—Ex. Elytra of most Apions.

6. A Point (Punctum). A minute impression upon the surface, but not perforating it.

7. Punctate (Punctata). Beset with many points.—Ex. Impression on the Head and Prothorax of Phyllopertha Horticola, &c.

8. Variole (Variola). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.

9. Variolous (Variolosa). Beset with many varioles.—Ex. Scarabæus variolosus.

10. Umbilicate (Umbilicata). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has a depression in its centre.—Ex. Thorax of Pachygaster scabrosus.

11. Foveolet (Foveola). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.

12. Foveolate (Foveolata). Having one or more foveolets.—Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes stercorarius.

13. Fossulet (Fossula). A somewhat long and narrow depression.

14. Fossulate (Fossulata). Having one or more fossulets.—Ex. Oxytelus rugosus, &c.

15. Unequal (Inæqualis). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.—Ex. Prothorax of Silpha thoracica, Cerambyx moschatus, &c.

16. Lacunose (Lacunosa). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.—Ex. Elytra of Donacia vittata, Sagittariæ, &c.

17. Rimose (Rimosa). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow and nearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.—Ex. Elytra of Colymbetes adspersus ♀, and Cybister Rœselii.

18. Undose (Undosa). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.—Ex. Cymatodes[1086] undosus K. MS.

19. Vermiculate (Vermiculata). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.—Ex. Prothorax of Colymbetes Hybneri and transversalis.

20. Reticulose (Reticulosa). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex. Prothorax of Cybister Rœselii.

21. Acuducted (Acuducta). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.—Ex. Colymbetes acuductus.

22. Striate (Striata). Having rather slightly impressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex. Amara communis, &c.

23. Sulcate (Sulcata). Having deeper impressed longitudinal parallel lines.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis ♀.

24. Clathrose (Clathrosa). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.—Ex. Abdomen of Micropeplus porcatus.

25. Rivose (Rivosa). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.—Ex. Prothorax of Elophorus stagnalis, &c.

26. Interstice (Interstitium). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.

27. Interval (Intervallum). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.

28. Complanate (Complanata). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.—Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Prionus cervicornis.

29. Canaliculate (Canaliculata). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.—Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes, Broscus cephalotes, &c.

30. Carinate (Carinata). Having a longitudinal elevated line.—Ex. Rostrum of Curculio nebulosus. Bicarinate, Tricarinate, &c., having two or three such lines.—Ex. Elytra of Silpha recta.

31. Cristate (Cristata). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.—Ex. Prothorax of Pterophylla laurifolia.

32. Porcate (Porcata). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.—Ex. Onthophilus striatus.

33. Costate (Costata). Having several broad elevated lines.—Ex. Brachinus bimaculatus, &c.

34. Clathrate (Clathrata). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.—Ex. Abdomen of Micropeplus porcatus.

35. Reticulate (Reticulata). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.—Ex. Lycus reticulatus. Wings of the Libellulina.

36. Rugose (Rugosa). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.—Ex. Elytra of Prionus coriarius.

37. Cicatricose (Cicatricosa). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resembling scars.—Ex. Elytra of Ptomaphila lachrymosa K. MS[1087].

38. Embossed (Cælata). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.—Ex. Prothorax of Prionus damicornis, maxillosus, &c.

39. Gibbose (Gibbosa). Having one or more large elevations.—Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Brachycerus barbarus.

40. Tubercle (Tuberculum). A pimple-like knob.

41. Tuberculate (Tuberculata). Having several tubercles.—Ex. Apoderus gemmatus. Base of Prothorax of Cerambyx moschatus.

42. Verruca. A small flattish wart-like prominence.

43. Verrucose (Verrucosa). Having several verrucæ.—Ex. Pimelia muricata.

44. Muricate (Muricata). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like a Murex.—Ex. Bronchus Tribulus, quadridens[1088], &c.

45. Echinate (Echinata). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog or Echinus.—Ex. Hispa atra.

46. Rugged (Salebrosa). When a surface is rough with mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.—Ex. Numerous species of Bronchus.

47. Granule (Granulum). A very minute elevation.

48. Granulate (Granulata). Beset with many granules like shagreen.—Ex. Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Prothorax of Copris Molossus.

49. Scabrous (Scabra). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.—Ex. Elytra of Otiorhynchus Ligustici.

50. Papillule (Papillula). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.

51. Papillulate (Papillulata). Beset with many papillules.—Ex. Elytra of Dynastes Hercules ♀.

52. Catenulate (Catenulata). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling a chain.—Ex. Carabus catenulatus.

53. Spherulate (Sphærulata). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.—Ex. Trox lutosus, Limnius tuberculatus.

54. Consute (Consuta). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resembling stitching.—Ex. Elytra of Oryctes Sylvanus (Cœlosis K. MS.).

55. Intricate (Intricata). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.—Ex. Elytra of Carabus intricatus.

56. Corrugate (Corrugata). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.—Ex. Front of Nothiophilus aquaticus.

57. Obliterate (Obliterata). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced.

iv. CLOTHING.

a. general.

1. Scutate (Scutata). Covered with large flat scales.—Ex. Machilis polypoda.

2. Squamose (Squamosa). Covered with minute scales.—Ex. Lepidoptera.

3. Pulverulent (Pulverulenta). Covered with very minute powder-like scales.—Ex. Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii.

4. Pollinose (Pollinosa). Covered with a loose mealy and often yellow powder resembling the pollen of flowers.—Ex. Lixus paraplecticus.

5. Farinose (Farinosa). Covered with a fixed mealy powder resembling flour.—Ex. Spots on the Elytra of Cetonia aurata, variegata, &c.

6. Lutose (Lutosa). Covered with a powdery substance resembling mud or dirt, which easily rubs off.—Ex. Trox lutosus.

7. Rorulent (Rorulenta). Covered like a plum with a bloom which may be rubbed off.—Ex. Peltis limbata.

8. Stupeous (Stupea). Covered with long loose scales resembling tow.—Ex. The Palpi of Lepidoptera. Antennæ of some Diptera. Plate XII. Fig. 23.

9. Pilose (Pilosa). Covered with long distinct flexible hairs.—Ex. Thorax of Vespa Crabro.

10. Villose (Villosa). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly set.—Ex. Prothorax of Amphimalla solstitialis.

11. Lanate (Lanata). Covered with fine, very long, flexible and rather curling hairs like wool.—Ex. Melolontha lanigera F.

12. Lanuginose (Lanuginosa). Covered with longish very soft fine down.—Ex. Prothorax of Trichius fasciatus. Thorax and base of the Abdomen of Megachile circumcincta (Apis **. c. 2. α K.).

13. Hirsute (Hirsuta). Covered with long stiffish hairs very thickly set.—Ex. Bombus.

14. Plumulose (Plumulosa). When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers.—Ex. Hair on the base of the Maxilla of Eucera (Apis ** d. 1. K.).

15. Hairy (Hirta). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct hairs.—Ex. Genus Lagria.

16. Tomentose (Tomentosa). Covered with short interwoven inconspicuous hairs.—Ex. Acanthocinus Ædilis.

17. Pubescent (Pubescens). Covered with very fine decumbent short hairs.—Ex. Harpalus ruficornis, &c.

18. Stupulose (Stupulosa). Covered with coarse decumbent hairs.—Ex. Elytra of Melolontha vulgaris.

19. Velutinous (Velutina). Covered with very thick-set upright short hairs or pile, resembling velvet.—Ex. Trombidium holosericeum. Scutellum of Staphylinus hybridus.

20. Holosericeous (Holosericea). Covered with thick-set shining short decumbent hairs, resembling satin[1089].—Ex. Under side of the body of Elophorus stagnalis, Argyroneta aquatica, &c.

21. Setose (Setosa). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered hairs like bristles.—Ex. Echinomyia grossa.

22. Setulose (Setulosa). Setose with the bristles truncated.—Ex. Thylacites setosus.

23. Hispid (Hispida). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff rigid bristles.—Ex. Hispa atra. Phoberus horridus, &c.

24. Rough (Aspera). Rough from pubescence in general.

25. Bald (Calva). A part of a surface with little or no hair, when the rest of it is very hairy.—Ex. Vertex of Melitta and Apis Kirby.

26. Glabrous (Glabra). Without any hair or pubescence.

27. Lubricous (Lubrica). Slippery as if lubricated.—Ex. Dynastes Centaurus.

b. partial.

1. Cirrus (Cirrus). A lock of curling hair.

2. Cirrose (Cirrosa). Having one or more cirri.—Ex. Antennæ of Acanthocinus araneiformis.

3. Fascicule (Fasciculus). A bundle of thick-set hairs often converging at the apex. Plate XIX. Fig. 6. c.

4. Fasciculate (Fasciculata). Having one or more fascicules.—Ex. Catenulated lines in the Elytra of Trox arenosus. Buprestis fascicularis.

5. Penicil (Penicillus). A small bundle of diverging hairs. Plate XIX. Fig. 6. a.

6. Penicillate (Penicillata). Having one or more penicils.—Ex. Larva of Orgyia antiqua.

7. Verricule (Verriculum). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs. Plate XIX. Fig. 6. b.

8. Verriculate (Verriculata). Having one or more verricules.—Ex. Larva of Dasychira pudibunda. Under side of Abdomen of Megachile ♀. (Apis **. c. 2. α. K.).

9. Barbate (Barbata). When any part is clothed with longer hairs, resembling a beard.—Ex. Anus of Macroglossa stellatarum. Antennæ of Cerambyx Ammiralis L. Plate XII. Fig. 26.

10. Ciliate (Ciliata). When the margin is fringed with a row of parallel hairs.—Ex. The base and apex of the Prothorax of Lucanus Cervus.

11. Fimbriate (Fimbriata). When a part is terminated by hairs or bristles that are not parallel.—Ex. Anus of many Andrenæ[1090]. (Melitta **. c. K.).

12. Comate (Comata). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover a space in the upper surface.

13. Crinite (Crinita). When very long hairs thinly cover any space.

14. Jubate (Jubata). Having long pendent hairs in a continued series.—Ex. Intermediate Legs of Anthophora pilipes (Apis **. d. 2. α. K.).

15. Furred (Pellita). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover any space, as in the Bombyces dorso cristato L.

v. COLOUR.

1. Niveous (Niveus). The pure unblended white of snow.—Ex. Arctia chrysorhea.

2. White (Albus). White less intense than niveous. The colour of chalk.—Ex. Spilosoma mendica ♀.

3. Lacteous (Lacteus). White with a slight tint of blue. The colour of milk.—Ex. Minoa lactearia.

4. Cream-coloured (Lactifloreus). White with a proportion of yellow.—Ex. Pale part of the Primary wings of Euprepia Caja.

5. Flesh-coloured (Carneus). White tinted with red. The colour of young and healthy flesh.—Ex. Secondary wings of Sphinx Ligustri.

6. Hoary (Incanus). White with a small proportion of black. The colour of a gray head. N.B. This term is usually confined to pubescence.—Ex. Curculio sulcirostris.

7. Cinereous (Cinereus). White with a shade of brown.—Ex. Sitona diffinis, Dasychira pudibunda.

8. Griseous (Griseus). White mottled with black or brown.—Ex. Curculio nebulosus.

9. Yellow (Flavus). Pure yellow.—Ex. Bands on the Abdomen of Nomada (Apis *. b. K.), Crabro, &c.

10. Straw-coloured (Stramineus). Pale yellow with a very faint tint of blue.—Ex. Ennomos cratægata.

11. Sulphureous (Sulphureus). Yellow with a tint of green. The colour of brimstone.—Ex. Gonepteryx Rhamni ♂.

12. Luteous (Luteus). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour of the yolk of an egg.—Ex. Primary wings of Colias Edusa.

13. Orange (Aurantius). Equal parts of red and yellow.—Ex. Apex of Wings of Pontia Cardamines.

14. Saffron-coloured (Croceus). The colour of saffron.—Ex. Yellow in the Elytra of Trichius fasciatus.

15. Miniatous (Miniatus). The colour of red lead.—Ex. Secondary wings of Euprepia Caja.

16. Fulgid (Fulgidus). A bright fiery red.—Ex. Lycæna Virgaureæ and Hippothoe.

17. Rufous (Rufus). A pale red.—Ex. Apion frumentarium.

18. Testaceous (Testaceus). The colour of a tile, a dull red.—Ex. Chrysomela Populi.

19. Scarlet (Coccineus). A bright pale red.—Ex. Elytra of Pyrochroa coccinea.

20. Red (Ruber). Pure red.—Ex. Under Wings of Hypercampa Dominula.

21. Sanguineous (Sanguineus). Red with a tint of black. The colour of blood.—Ex. Spots in Chilocorus Cacti, and Prothorax of Locusta morbillosa.

22. Rose-coloured (Roseus). Colour of the rose.—Ex. Parts of the Wings and Body of Deilephila Elpenor.

23. Crimson (Puniceus). A bright red with a tint of blue.—Ex. Base of the Under Wings of Catocala Sponsa.

24. Purple (Purpureus). Equal parts of blue and red.—Ex. Sagra purpurea. Vitta on the Elytra of Donacia fasciata.

25. Violet (Violaceus). Blue with some red. The colour of Viola odorata.—Ex. Chrysomela Goettingensis, Abdomen of Geotrupes vernalis.

26. Lilac (Lilacinus). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.—Ex. Part of the Iris of the Ocellus, in the Wings of Vanessa Io.

27. Blue (Cyaneus). Pure blue. Colour of Centaurea Cyanus.—Ex. Disk of the Wings of Papilio Ulysses. Callidium violaceum.

28. Azure (Azureus). A paler and more brilliant blue.—Ex. Wings of Morpho Menelaus, Telemachus, &c.

29. Sky-Blue (Cæruleus). A paler blue. The colour of the sky.—Ex. Polyommatus Adonis.

30. Cæsious (Cæsius). Very pale blue with a little black. The colour of blue eyes.—Ex. Under side of the Wings of Polyommatus Argiolus.

31. Green (Viridis). Equal parts of blue and yellow.—Ex. Cicindela campestris.

32. Æruginous (Æruginosus). Green with a blue tint. The colour of the rust of copper, verdigris.—Ex. Polydrosus Cnides.

33. Prasinous (Prasinus). Green with a mixture of yellow. The colour of the leaves of leeks or onions.—Ex. Pentatoma prasina. Under side of Wings of Thecla Rubi.

34. Glaucous (Glaucus). Pale blueish green. Sea green.—Ex. Elytra of Dynastes Hercules, Alcides, Tityus, &c.

35. Mouse-coloured (Murinus). Black with a small proportion of yellow. The colour of the common mouse.—Ex. Base of the abdominal segments of Cossus ligniperda.

36. Lurid (Luridus). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty yellow.—Ex. Elytra of Aphodius luridus and nigrosulcatus.

37. Livid (Lividus). A pale purplish brown. The colour of a bruise.—Ex. Berosus luridus.

38. Tawny (Fulvus). A pale dirty orange.—Ex. The pale parts of the Wings of Hipparchia Pamphilus.

39. Fawn-coloured (Cervinus). A reddish brown.—Ex. Lasiocampa Rubi.

40. Olive (Olivaceus). A brownish green. The colour of olives.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.

41. Fuscous (Fuscus). A dull brown.—Ex. Hipparchia Semele. Prionus scabricornis.

42. Ferruginous (Ferrugineus). A yellowish brown with some red. The colour of the rust of iron.—Ex. Base of Under Wings of Smerinthus Populi. Gastropacha quercifolia.

43. Cinnamon-coloured (Cinnamomeus). A yellowish brown. The colour of cinnamon.—Ex. Prionus cinnamomeus.

44. Brown (Brunneus). Pure brown.—Ex. Dark parts in the Primary Wings of Euprepia Caja.

45. Bay (Badius). Bright red brown of the chestnut.—Ex. Elytra of Melolontha vulgaris when the hairs are rubbed off.

46. Chestnut (Castaneus). Colour of the dark part of the chestnut.—Ex. Elytra of Lucanus Cervus.

47. Piceous (Piceus). Shining reddish black. The colour of pitch.—Ex. Prionus coriarius.

48. Fuliginous (Fuliginosus). The opaque black of soot.—Ex. Wings of Lithosia rubricollis.

49. Black (Niger). A dull black with some brown.—Ex. Pachygaster niger.

50. Atrous (Ater). Pure black of the deepest tint.—Ex. Liparus anglicanus.

vi. SPLENDOUR.

a. gemmeous.

1. Margaritaceous (Margaritaceus). Glossy, white with changeable tints of purple, green, and blue. The splendour of pearls.—Ex. The drums in Cicada capensis.

2. Opaline (Opalinus). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic colours. The splendour of the opal.—Ex. Wings of Notonecta glauca and some Nepæ.

3. Crystalline (Crystallinus). The white splendour of crystal or glass.—Ex. Stemmata of many Hymenoptera, &c.

4. Topazine (Topazinus). The yellow splendour of the topaz.—Ex. Many Stemmata of Hymenoptera, and Eyes of Spiders.

5. Rubineous (Rubineus). The red splendour of the ruby.

6. Smaragdine (Smaragdinus). The green splendour of the emerald.

7. Amethystine (Amethystinus). The purple splendour of the amethyst.

b. metallic.

1. Argent (Argenteus). The splendour of silver.—Ex. The spots on the under side of the Wings in Argynnis Lathonia, &c.

2. Golden (Aureus). The splendour of gold.—Ex. Entimus imperialis. Spot in the Wings of Plusia Festucæ.

3. Orichalceous (Orichalceus). A splendour intermediate between that of gold and brass.—Ex. Upper Wings of Plusia Chrysitis.

4. Æneous (Æneus). The splendour of brass.—Ex. Elytra of Carabus clathratus.

5. Cupreous (Cupreus). The reddening splendour of copper.—Ex. Carabus nitens.

6. Chalybeous (Chalybeus). The blue splendour of steel case-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.—Ex. Helops chalybeus. Legs of Lithosia Quadra.

7. Plumbeous (Plumbeus). The colour of lead.—Ex. Prothorax of Clytra dentata?

8. Inaurate (Inauratus). When striæ or other impressed parts have a metallic splendour.—Ex. Margin of Prothorax and Elytra of Carabus violaceus. Striæ of Elytra &c. of Phanæus Mimas.

9. Deaurate (Deauratus). A metallic hue which looks as if the gilding was worn off.—Ex. Donacia ænea, &c.

c. bombycine.

1. Sericeous (Sericeus). The splendour of silk.—Ex. Cryptocephalus sericeus.

2. Tramosericeous (Tramosericeus). The splendour of satin.—Ex. Chlamys Bacca, monstrosa, &c.

d. reflected.

1. Resplendent (Splendens). Reflecting the light intensely.—Ex. The Head and Thorax of Philonthus splendens, æneus, politus, &c.

2. Shining (Nitidus). Reflecting the light, but less intensely.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.

3. Pruinose (Pruinosus). When the splendour of the surface is somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like that of a plum, but which cannot be rubbed off[1091].—Ex. Elytra of Serica ruricola and brunnea.

4. Obscure (Obscurus). A surface which reflects the light but little.—Ex. Pælobius Hermanni.

5, Opaque (Opacus). A surface which does not reflect the light at all.—Ex. Trox sabulosus, arenarius. Silpha opaca.

vii. TRANSPARENCE.

1. Hyaline (Hyalina). The clear transparency of glass.—Ex. The Wings of many Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera.

2. Diaphanous (Diaphana). Transparent, but less purely than hyaline. Semitransparent.—Ex. The Wings of many Coleoptera.

3. Adiaphanous (Adiaphana). Which does not transmit the light at all.—Ex. Elytra of Coleoptera.

viii. PAINTING.

1. Atom (Atomus). A very minute dot.

2. Irrorate (Irrorata). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with dew.—Ex. Onthophagus Vacca. Papilio Paris.

3. Gutta (Gutta[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size between an atom and a macula.

4. Guttate (Guttata). Sprinkled with guttæ.—Ex. Coccinella.

5. Macula (Macula). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.

6. Maculate (Maculata). Painted with such spots.—Ex. Abraxas grossulariata.

7. Litura (Litura). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one end, as if daubed or blotted.

8. Liturate (Liturata). A surface painted with one or more such spots.—Ex. Aphodius conflagratus.

9. Plaga (Plaga). A long and large spot.—Ex. Aphodius plagiatus.

10. Islet (Insula). A spot of a different colour, included in a plaga or macula.—Ex. The Ocelli in the Primary Wings of Hipparchia Semele. A spot in the middle fascia of the under side of the Primary Wing in Papilio Podalirius.

11. Crepera (Crepera). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark ground.—Ex. Elytra of Dytiscus marginalis.

12. Shadow (Umbra). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a paler ground.—Ex. Elytra of Acanthocinus Ædilis. Wings of Plutella asperella.

13. Signatures (Signaturæ). Markings upon a surface resembling in some degree letters and characters.

14. Signate (Signatus). Marked with signatures.—Ex. Elytra of Acrocinus longimanus.

15. Inscribed (Inscriptus). When the surface is marked with the resemblance of a letter of any language.—Ex. Plusia Gamma. Vanessa C. album.

16. Hieroglyphic (Hieroglyphicus). Painted with characters somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.—Ex. Acrocinus longimanus. Schizorhina Australasiæ.

17. Annulet (Annulus). A ring-shaped spot.—Ex. Cyclophora omicronaria, &c. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. o.

18. Lunulet (Lunula). A small crescent-shaped spot.—Ex. Marginal spots above and below the Secondary Wings in Melitæa Artemis, &c.

19. Reniculus (Reniculus). A small kidney-shaped spot.—Ex. Upper Wings of Mamestra Persicaria.

20. Ocellus (Ocellus). An eye-like spot in the Wings of many Lepidoptera, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.

a. Pupil (Pupilla). The central spot of the ocellus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. t. An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate, &c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.—Ex. Primary Wing of Hipparchia Tithonus, &c. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. p.

a. Hastate Pupil (Pupilla hastata). When the pupil is a halberd-shaped spot.—Ex. Pupil of Ocellus of Aglia Tau. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. k.

b. Suffulted Pupil (Pupilla suffulta). When the pupil shades into another colour.—Ex. Primary Wing of Vanessa Io.

b. Iris (Iris). The circle which incloses the pupil. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. u.

c. Atmosphere (Atmosphæra). The exterior circle of the ocellus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. v.

21. Blind Ocellus (Ocellus cæcus). An ocellus without the pupil.—Ex. Hipparchia Davus.

22. Spurious Ocellus (Ocellus spurius). A circular spot without any defined iris or pupil.—Ex. Spot in the Disk of the Primary Wings of Colias Helice.

23. Simple Ocellus (Ocellus simplex). When the ocellus consists only of iris and pupil.—Ex. Ocelli on the under side of Primary Wings of Hipparchia Semele. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. t, n, u.

24. Compound Ocellus (Ocellus complexus). When the ocellus consists of three or more circles.—Ex. Saturnia Spini. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. l.

25. Nictitant Ocellus (Ocellus nictitans). When the ocellus includes a lunular spot of a different colour.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Morpho Perseus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. m.

26. Fenestrate Ocellus (Ocellus fenestratus). When an ocellus has a transparent spot.—Ex. Attacus Paphia and Cytherea.

27. Dioptrate Ocellus (Ocellus dioptratus). A fenestrate ocellus divided by a transverse line.—Ex. Attacus Polyphemus.

28. Double Ocellus (Ocellus geminatus). When two ocelli are included in the same circle or spot.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Morpho Perseus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. r, v.

29. Twin Ocellus (Ocellus didymus). When such ocelli join each other.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Hipparchia Hyperanthus.

30. Sesquialterous Ocellus (Ocellus sesquialterus). An ocellus with a smaller near it, called also Sesquiocellus.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Colias Edusa. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. q.

31. Supercilium (Supercilium). An arched line resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.—Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Morpho Achilles. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. i.

32. Nebulose (Nebulosus). Painted with colour irregularly darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance of clouds.—Ex. Curculio sulcirostris, nebulosus; Catocala nupta.

33. Testudinarious (Testudinarius). Painted with red, black and yellow, like tortoise-shell.—Ex. Elytra of Aphodius testudinarius.

34. Consperse (Conspersus). Thickly sprinkled with minute irregular dots often confluent.—Ex. Biston Betularia.

35. Achatine (Achatinus). Painted with various concentric, curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an agate.—Ex. Cossus labyrinthicus. Cerura vinula.

36. Ustulate (Ustulata). So marked with brown as to have the appearance of being scorched.—Ex. Wings of Ennomos dolabraria.

37. Marmorate (Marmorata). So painted with streaks, veins, and clouds, as to resemble marble.—Ex. Under side of the Wings of Vanessa Io. Marmarina marmorata.

38. Tessellate (Tessellata). Painted in checquerwork.—Ex. Abdomen of Sarcophaga carnaria and Musca maculata.

39. Fascia (Fascia). A broad transverse band.

a. Pyramidate Fascia (Fascia pyramidata). A band which juts out into an angle on one side.—Ex. Wing of Apatura Iris. Argynnis Paphia. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. h.

b. Macular Fascia (Fascia macularis). A band consisting of distinct spots.—Ex. Wings of Abraxas grossulariata. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. b.

c. Articulate Fascia (Fascia articulata). A band consisting of contiguous spots.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Melitæa Dictynna. Upper side of Primary Wing of Morpho Menelaus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. a.

d. Dimidiate Fascia (Fascia dimidiata). A band traversing only half the wing.—Ex. Primary Wing of Papilio Turnus. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. f.

e. Abbreviate Fascia (Fascia abbreviata). A band traversing less than half the wing.—Ex. Primary Wing of Papilio Podalirius, Ajax, &c. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. g.

f. Sesquialterous Fascia (Fascia sesquialtera). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or secondary by another.—Ex. Endromis versicolor. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. d, c.

g. Sesquitertious Fascia (Fascia sesquitertia). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.—Ex. Tortrix Avellana. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. d, e.

40. Striga (Striga). A narrow transverse streak.

41. Strigose (Strigosa). Painted with several such streaks.—Ex. Ennomos prunaria.

42. Line (Linea). A narrow longitudinal stripe.

43. Lineate (Lineata). Painted with several such stripes. N.B. If with two, we say bilineata, with three, trilineata, &c.—Ex. Elater lineatus.

44. Vitta (Vitta). A broad longitudinal stripe.

45. Vittate (Vittata). Painted with several such stripes.—Ex. Chrysomela fastuosa, cerealis, &c.

46. Undulate (Undulata). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, &c. curve into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.

47. Sinuato-Undulate (Sinuato-Undulata). When the sinuses are obtuse.—Ex. Boarmia repandaria.

48. Anguloso-Undulate (Anguloso-Undulata). When they go in a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.—Ex. Acidalia undulata.

49. Radiate (Radiata). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth rays.—Ex. The large blue area common to all the Wings of Papilio Ulysses.

50. Venose (Venosa). Painted with lines that branch like veins.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Pontia Napi.

51. Cancellate (Cancellata). Painted with transverse lines crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.—Ex. Macaria clathrata.

52. Areolate (Areolata). Painted with lines which intersect each other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of net-work.—Ex. Wings of Tetanocera marginata and Cossus ligniperda.

53. Limbate (Limbata). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of a different colour.—Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.

54. Armillate (Armillata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a broad ring of a different colour.—Ex. Posterior Tibia of Prosopis annulata (Melitta * b. K.).

55. Annulate (Annulata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a narrow ring of a different colour.—Ex. Antennæ of many Ichneumons.

56. Cingulate (Cingulata). When the abdomen or the trunk is wholly surrounded by one or more belts of a different colour.—Ex. Abdomen of many Nomadæ (Apis *. b. K.).

57. Decolorate (Decolor). When the colour appears to be discharged from any part.—Ex. Margin of the Abdominal segments in Stelis punctulatissima Latr. (Apis ** c. 1. β. K.).

58. Unicolorate (Unicolor). When a surface is of one colour.

59. Concolorate (Concolor). Of the same colour with another part. If speaking of Lepidoptera, when the upper and under sides of the wings are of the same colour.—Ex. Hesperia Linea, Paniscus.

60. Discolorate (Discolor). Of a different colour from another part. When the upper and under sides of the wings of Lepidoptera are of a different colour.—Ex. Polyommatus Corydon, Argiolus, &c.

61. Versicolorate (Versicolor). When a surface changes its colour as the light varies.—Ex. Apatura Iris ♂.

62. Iridescent (Iricolor). When a surface reflects the colours of the rainbow.—Ex. Mesothorax of Xylocopa iricolor. Wings of Hymenoptera, &c.

63. Infuscate (Infuscata). When a colour is darkened by the superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.—Ex. Apex of the Upper Wings of Cossus ligniperda.

ix. DISTINCTION.

1. Distinct (Distincta). When spots, puncta, granules, &c. do not touch or run into each other, but are completely separate.—Ex. Under side of Wings of Lycæna Hippothoe.

2. Ordinate (Ordinata). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed in rows. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate, &c.—Ex. Spots on the Abdomen of Spilosoma lubricipeda, erminea, &c.

3. Contiguous (Contigua). When spots, &c. are so near that they almost or altogether touch each other.—Ex. Spots in the margin of the Wings of Argynnis Aglaia.

4. Confluent (Confluens). When spots, &c. run into each other.—Ex. Apex of the Primary Wings and Under side of the Secondary in Pontia Daplidice.

5. Obliterate (Obliterata). When the borders of spots fade into the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions, &c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface, as to be almost erased.—Ex. Streak in the Wings of Hipparchus papilionarius, &c. Striæ in the Elytra of Sphodrus leucophthalmus.

6. Obsolete (Obsoleta). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is scarcely discoverable. Ex. Lycæna Hippothoe ♂ and ♀.—N.B. This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are most closely allied.

7. Geminous (Gemina). When there is a pair of spots, tubercles, puncta, &c.—Ex. Head of one sex of Dorcus parallelopipedus. Upper Wings of Odenestis potatoria.

8. Didymous (Didyma). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or are confluent.—Ex. Spots in Elytra of Tylostagmus quadrimaculatus.

9. Connivent (Connivens). The meeting of two lines so as to form an angle.—Ex. Streaks on the Under side of Secondary Wings of Thecla Pruni.

10. Common (Communis). Common to two. When a spot for instance is partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.—Ex. Coccinella septempunctata.

VIII. MARGIN.

1. Crisp (Crispa). When the Limb is disproportionably larger than the Disk, so as to render the margin uneven with irregular rises and falls.

2. Undulate (Undulata). When the surface rises and falls obtusely, not in angles.—Ex. Margin of Wings of Hipparchia Semele.

3. Corrugate (Corrugata). When the surface rises and falls acutely in angles.—Ex. Acidalia luteata, &c.

4. Plicate (Plicata). Longitudinally or transversely folded; or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.—Ex. Abdomen of Staphylinus.

5. Dilatate (Dilatata). Dilated disproportionably with respect to the Disk.—Ex. Prothorax of Necrophorus.

6. Filate (Filata). When the edge is separated by a channel, often producing a very slender threadlike margin.—Ex. Elytra of Choleva.

7. Incrassate (Incrassata). When the margin is disproportionably thick.—Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family of Chrysomela "thorace utrinque incrassato."

8. Intire (Integra). When the margin has neither teeth, serratures, nor other incisions.

9. Channel (Canalis). An impressed line more or less wide, which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its reflexion.

10. Edge (Acies). The extreme termination of the margin.

IX. TERMINATION.

1. Summit (Fastigium). The tip or extreme termination of the upper part.

2. Apex (Apex). The top or upper termination of any part.

3. Bottom (Fundus). The extreme termination of the lower part.

4. Base (Basis). The lower termination of any part.

5. Acute (Acuta). Terminating in an acute angle. Plate XV. Fig. 17.

6. Obtuse (Obtusa). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment of a circle. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. f.

7. Rotundate (Rotundata). Terminating in the segment of a circle.—Plate VI. Fig. 1. e.

8. Truncate (Truncata). Terminating in a transverse line. Plate XIII. Fig. 5. a´´´.

9. Premorse (Præmorsa). Terminating in an irregular truncate apex, as if bitten off.—Ex. Elytra of Lebia, Dromia, Lomechusa, &c.

10. Retuse (Retusa). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.—Ex. Back part of the Head in Cimbex.

11. Emarginate (Emarginata). When the end has an obtuse notch taken out.—Ex. Nose of Pedinus arenosus.

12. Exscinded (Excisa). When the end has an angular notch taken out.—Ex. Nose of Opatrum sabulosum.

13. Producted (Producta). Disproportionably long.

14. Mucronate (Mucronata). Terminating suddenly in a strong point.—Ex. Elytra of Lixus paraplecticus. Abdomen of Sirex Gigas ♀.

15. Acuminate (Acuminata). Terminating gradually in a sharp point.—Ex. Abdomen of Sirex Juvencus ♀.

16. Apiculate (Apiculata). Terminating suddenly in a small filiform truncate apex.—Ex. Abdomen of Thelyphonus.

17. Cuspidate (Cuspidata). Terminating in a long setiform point.—Ex. Tail of Scorpio.

X. INCISION.

1. Incised (Incisa). Cut into equal marginal segments.

2. Cleft (Fissa). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not reaching the base. Plate XIV. Fig. 3. a.

a. Bifid (Bifida). Cut into two segments.

b. Trifid (Trifida). Cut into three.

c. Quadrifid (Quadrifida). Cut into four.

d. Multifid (Multifida). Cut into more than four.

3. Laciniate (Laciniata). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep segments.

4. Squarrose (Squarrosa). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated above the plane of the surface.

5. Partite (Partita). Divided to the base. Plate XIV. Fig. 3. b.

a. Bipartite (Bipartita). Divided thus into two parts.

b. Tripartite (Tripartita). Divided into three parts.

c. Quadripartite (Quadripartita). Divided into four parts.

d. Multipartite (Multipartita). Divided into more than four parts.

6. Lobate (Lobata). Divided to the middle into parts with convex margins, which recede from each other.—Ex. Acanthia paradoxa. Bilobate, with two lobes. Trilobate, with three lobes, &c.

7. Cruciate (Cruciata). Divided to the middle into four opposite arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse and two acute.—Ex. Prothorax of many Locustæ.

8. Sinuate (Sinuata). Having large curved breaks in the margin resembling bays. Plate XIV. Fig. 1.

9. Erose (Erosa). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller irregular notches as if gnawed.—Ex. Wings of Vanessa C. album.

10. Crenate (Crenata). Cut into segments of small circles.

11. Serrate (Serrata). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth whose sides are unequal.—Ex. External margin near the Apex of the Elytra of many species of Buprestis.

12. Dentate (Dentata). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are equal or nearly so.—Ex. The Wings of many Butterflies.

13. Repand (Repanda). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine direction. Plate XXII. Fig. 11. s.

XI. RAMIFICATION.

1. Dichotomous (Dichotoma). Dividing regularly in pairs.

2. Furcate (Furcata). Dividing into two. Plate XVIII. Fig. 11.

3. Ramose (Ramosa). Furnished with lateral branches. Plate XI. Fig. 18.

4. Decussate (Decussata). Sending forth lateral branches which alternately cross each other.

5. Divaricate (Divaricata). Standing out very wide.

XII. DIVISION.

1. Segment (Segmentum). The great inosculating joints of the body.

2. Joint (Articulus). The joints of a limb or member.

3. Incisure (Incisura). A deep incision between the segments, when they recede from each other.

4. Suture (Sutura). The line of separation of any two parts of a crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do not inosculate.

a. Spurious Suture (Sutura spuria). An impressed line in any part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really divide the crust.

XIII. DIRECTION.

1. Longitudinal (Longitudinalis). Running lengthwise.

2. Transverse (Transversa). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through at right angles.

3. Oblique (Obliqua). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through at acute angles.

4. Horizontal (Horizontalis). Parallel with the horizon.

5. Erect (Erecta). Nearly perpendicular.

6. Vertical (Verticalis). Perpendicular.

7. Sloping (Declivis). A gentle descent.

8. Descending (Descendens). A steeper descent.

9. Acclivous (Acclivis). A gentle ascent.

10. Ascending (Ascendens). A steeper ascent.

11. Reclined (Reclinata). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.

12. Recumbent (Recumbens). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.

13. Reflexed (Reflexa). Bent back or upwards.

14. Inflexed (Inflexa). Bent inwards.

15. Recurved (Recurva). Curving outwards.

16. Incurved (Incurva). Curving inwards.

17. Revolute (Revoluta). Rolled outwards.

18. Involute (Involuta). Rolled inwards.

19. Forwards (Antrorsum).

20. Backwards (Retrorsum).

21. Upwards (Sursum).

22. Downwards (Deorsum).

23. Outwards (Extrorsum).

24. Inwards (Introrsum).

25. Straight (Recta).

26. Porrect (Porrecta). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.

27. Broken (Fracta). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.

28. Converging (Convergens). Tending to one point from different parts.

29. Diverging (Divergens). Tending to different parts from one point.

XIV. SITUATION.

1. Obverse (Obversa). When an object is viewed with its head towards you.

2. Reverse (Reversa). When an object is viewed with its anus towards you.

3. Resupine (Resupina). When an object lies upon its back.

4. Prone (Prona). When an object lies upon its belly.

XV. CONNEXION.

1. Colligate (Colligata). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.

2. Free (Libera). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.

3. Connate (Connata). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.—Ex. Elytra of Gibbium.

4. Coalite (Coalita). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.—Ex. Trunk in Mutilla.

5. Distinct (Distincta). When parts are separated from each other by a suture.—Ex. Parts of the Trunk in Coleoptera, &c.

6. Distant (Distans). When they are separated by an incisure.—Ex. Head, Trunk, and Abdomen, in Hymenoptera.

7. Inosculating (Inosculans). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.—Ex. Head in Buprestis.

8. Suspended (Suspensa). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.—Ex. Legs of Orthoptera.

XVI. ARMS.

1. Tooth (Dens). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a tooth.

2. Horn (Cornu). A longer process, resembling a horn.

a. Laminate Horn (Cornu laminatum). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.—Ex. Onthophagus nutans.

b. Nodding Horn (Cornu nutans). When a horn bends forwards.—Ex. Onthophagus nutans.

3. Spine (Spina). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.—Ex. Those on Elytra of many Hispæ, and the Posterior Tibiæ of Locusta.

4. Mucro (Mucro). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.—Ex. Elytra of Lixus paraplecticus.

5. Spur (Calcar). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.—Ex. Those on the lower side of the Tibiæ of Acrida.

XVII. APPENDAGES.

1. Auricle (Auricula). An appendage resembling an ear.—Ex. Thorax of Ledra aurita.

2. Caruncle (Caruncula). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat resembling the caruncles of birds.—Ex. Prothorax of Malachius.

XVIII. MOTION.

1. Vertical (Verticalis). When it is up and down.

2. Horizontal (Horizontalis). When it is from side to side.

3. Compound (Composita). When a part is capable of both vertical and horizontal motion.

4. Versatile (Versatilis). When it moves partly round as if upon a pivot.—Ex. Head of Hymenoptera and Diptera.

5. Vibratile (Vibratilis). When there is a constant oscillation of any part.—Ex. Antennæ of the Chalcidites. Legs of Tipula when reposing.

6. Rotatory (Rotatoria). When a body or a part of it turns wholly round, or describes a circle.—Ex. Ants and Moths in a certain disease[1093].

XIX. SCENT.

1. Acid (Acidus). A pungent acid scent.—Ex. Many Formicæ.

2. Moschate (Moschatus). A scent of musk.

3. Alliaceous (Alliaceus). A scent of garlic.—Ex. Some Andrenæ.

4. Cimicine (Cimicinus). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.—Ex. Cimex.

5. Rosaceous (Rosaceus). A scent of roses.—Ex. Cerambyx moschatus.

6. Aromatic (Aromaticus). A pungent scent of spices.—Ex. Oxytelus rugosus.

7. Balm-scented (Melissæus).—Ex. The species of Prosopis (Apis *. b. K.).

8. Sweet-scented (Odoratus). An undefined sweet scent.—Ex. Philonthus suaveolens.

9. Fetid (Fœtidus). A disagreeable scent.—Ex. Goerius olens. Chrysopa Perla.

GENERAL RULES.

In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay down only some general rules which may include the whole.

Rule I.

Terms in English ending in cle, ule, or let, and which in Latin add lus, la, or lum, to a word, diminish its sense. As, Denticle, a little tooth; Setule, a little bristle; Eyelet, a small eye: Denticulus, a little dens; Guttula, a little gutta; Punctulum, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of the predicate. As, Lineola, Lineolet, a short line; Striola, Striolet, a short stria; Fasciola, Fasciolet, a short fascia.

Rule II.

The preposition sub prefixed to any word reduces the sense of it. As, Subpunctate, not fully punctate; Subhirsute, not fully hirsute, &c.

Rule III.

The termination culus in Latin words added to a comparative implies the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexiusculus, rather convex than not; Majusculus, rather large than not. This is usually denoted in English by the termination ish, or the adverb rather; as, largish, rather large, &c.

Rule IV.

The participle present used instead of the adjective implies a tendency to the quality expressed by it. As, Cinerascens, cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.

Rule V.

The preposition ob prefixed to a term reverses it. As, Obconical, Obcordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest part is the base.

Rule VI.

In compound terms the last member indicates the preponderating character. For instance, when it is said of a body that it is nigro-æneous, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if, vice versâ, it is termed æneo-nigrous, the black tint is predominant.—N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta in them.

Exception 1.

Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.

Exception 2.

Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body is cinereous.

Rule VII.

When the term ordinary (ordinarius) is added either to terms expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that such puncta, lines, or spots are common to a particular section in any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax of Scarabæidæ; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground beetles (Eutrechina), and the spots in the primary wings of Xylina Polyodon and affinities[1094].

SYMBOLS.

Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⚲. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △. Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].

B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. BODY (corpus).

1. Disjunct (Disjunctum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are separated by a deep incisure.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera. Plate IV. Fig. 2, 3, 5.

2. Compact (Compactum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are not separated by a deep incisure, but inosculate in each other.—Ex. Buprestis, Elater, and many other Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera.

3. Bisect (Bisectum). When the head and trunk are not separated by a suture, so that the insect consists only of two pieces.—Ex. Araneidea. Plate V. Fig. 4.

4. Coalite (Coalitum). When neither head, trunk, nor abdomen are separated by any incisure or suture.—Ex. Many Acari L., Phalangium, &c.

5. Multisect (Multisectum). When an insect appears to have no distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous segments.—Ex. Scolopendra; Iulus, &c. Plate V. Fig. 6.

6. Cymbiform (Cymbiforme). When the margin of the thorax and elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the inside of a boat.—Ex. Heleus, Cossyphus.

II. HEAD (caput).

i. DIRECTION.

1. Prominent (Prominens). When the head is in the horizontal line, and forms no angle with the trunk.—Ex. Carabus. Plate I. Fig. 1.

2. Porrected (Porrectum). When the head is prominent and elongate.—Ex. Cychrus.

3. Nutant (Nutans). When the head forms downwards an obtuse angle with the horizontal line, or trunk.—Ex. Harpalus.

4. Cernuous (Cernuum). When the head forms downwards a right angle with the trunk.—Ex. Most Gryllina and Locustina.

5. Inflexed (Inflexum). When the head forms inwards an acute angle with the trunk.—Ex. Blatta. Plate II. Fig. 3.

6. Turreted (Turritum). When the head is producted into a kind of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which, towards the end, the eyes are fixed.—Ex. Truxalis.

ii. INSERTION.

1. Retracted (Retractum). When the head is wholly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Parnus.

2. Intruded (Intrusum). When the head is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Melasis.

3. Inserted (Insertum). When the head is partly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Buprestis.

4. Exserted (Exsertum). When the head is quite disengaged from the trunk.—Ex. Tenebrio, Blaps.

5. Amplected (Amplexum). When the head is received into a sinus of the thorax.—Ex. Hister.

6. Recondite (Reconditum). When the head is wholly covered and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex. Cassida, Lampyris.

7. Semirecondite (Semireconditum). When the head is half covered by the shield of the thorax.—Ex. Silpha, Cyphon.

8. Retractile (Retractile). When an insect can at pleasure exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.—Ex. Hister, Larva of Lampyris.

9. Versatile (Versatile). When the head can turn nearly round.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera.

10. Pedunculate (Pedunculatum). When the head is constricted behind into a distinct neck.—Ex. Apoderus Coryli, &c.

11. Sessile (Sessile). When the head does not move in the socket of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera.

iii. TERMINATION.

1. Clypeate (Clypeatum). When the Nasus, Genæ, &c. are dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.—Ex. Scarabæus, Copris, &c. Plate XIII. Fig. 14.

2. Capistrate (Capistratum). When the anterior part of the head is attenuated and subelongated into a kind of flat rostrum or muzzle.—Ex. Nitidula. Plate XIII. Fig. 13.

3. Rostrate (Rostratum). When the anterior part of the head is elongated and attenuated into a cylindrical or many-sided rostrum or beak.—Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora). Plate XIII. Fig. 12.

4. Buccate (Buccatum). When the Nasus and anterior part of the head are inflated.—Ex. Conops and other Diptera. Plate XIII. Fig. 16.

iv. APPENDAGES.

1. Umbraculate (Umbraculatum). When there is upon the head an umbrella-shaped process.—Ex. Gryllus umbraculatus.

2. Lychnidiate (Lychnidiatum). When the Vertex, Frons, and Postnasus are porrected so as to form a kind of rostrum which gives light in the night.—Ex. Fulgora. Plate XIII. Fig. 15.

v. MOUTH (os).

1. Terminal (Terminale). When the mouth terminates the head.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c.

2. Prone (Pronum). When the mouth is wholly under the head.—Ex. Truxalis, Proscopia.

3. Perfect (Perfectum). When the mouth is furnished with all the Trophi. Viz. Labrum; Labium; Mandibulæ; Maxillæ; Maxillary and Labial Palpi; and Tongue.—Ex. The Masticating Orders.

a. Feeders retracted (Trophi retracti). When, in a perfect mouth, the Trophi are not capable of being much pushed out or drawn in.—Ex. Most Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.

b. Feeders retractile (Trophi retractiles). When, in a perfect mouth, the Trophi can be considerably pushed forth or drawn in.—Ex. Stenus, Apis, &c.

4. Imperfect (Imperfectum). When the mouth wants any of the Trophi, or they exist in it only as rudiments.—Ex. The Suctorious Orders.

5. Elabrate (Elabratum). When an imperfect mouth has Mandibulæ, Maxillæ, Labium, and Maxillary Palpi, or what perform their office, but no Labrum.—Ex. Araneidea.

6. Emandibulate (Emandibulatum). When an imperfect mouth has all the Trophi but the Mandibulæ.—Ex. Trichoptera.

7. Bipalpate (Bipalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has only either Labial or Maxillary Palpi.—Ex. Tabanus, &c.

8. Expalpate (Expalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has no Palpi.—Ex. Hemiptera.

9. Stomapodous (Stomapodum). When the Legs and Sternum act the part of Maxillæ, Labium, and Palpi.—Ex. Araneidea, Scolopendra, &c.

a. upper lip (Labrum).

1. Whiskered (Mystacinum). When the upper lip is furnished with whiskers (Mystax), or bearded.—Ex. Creophilus hirtus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 30.

b. upper jaws (Mandibulæ).

1. Chelate (Chelatæ). When the upper jaws are furnished at the end with a chela or thumb.—Ex. Scorpio, Phalangium.

2. Unguiculate (Unguiculatæ). When they are armed with a moveable claw.—Ex. Araneidea. Plate VII. Fig. 10. c´.

3. Buried (Sepultæ). When they are covered and quite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex. Colliuris.

4. Open (Apertæ). When they are not quite concealed by the upper lip.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.

5. Toothless (Edentulæ). When they are not armed with teeth.—Ex. Apogonia gemellata. Plate XXVI. Fig. 22.

6. Toothed (Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.—Ex. Cicindela. Plate XXVI. Fig. 19.

7. Suctorious (Suctoriæ). When they have an orifice by which they imbibe their food.—Ex. Larva of Dytiscus, Myrmeleon, &c. Plate XIII. Fig. 6.

c. under jaws (Maxillæ).

1. Simple (Simplices). When the under jaws have but one lobe.—Ex. Hymenoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 2, 3. d´.

2. Compound (Compositæ). When they have more than one lobe.—Ex. Staphylinus and many other Coleoptera. Plate XXVI. Fig. 9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.

3. Adnate (Adnatæ). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.—Ex. Trichoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 1. d´.

4. Adherent (Adhærentes). When they adhere to it only at their base.—Ex. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, &c. Plate VI. VII. Fig. 3. d´.

5. Spinose (Spinosæ). When they are armed at the apex with spines.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate VI. Fig. 12. f´´´.

6. Dentate (Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.—Ex. Melolonthidæ. Plate XXVI. Fig. 15. g´´.

7. Pectunculate (Pectunculatæ). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.—Ex. Apis[1096].

8. Disengaged (Liberæ). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.—Ex. Apis, &c. Plate VII. Fig. 3. d´.

9. Mandibuliform (Mandibuliformes). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.—Ex. Melolonthidæ, Anoplognathidæ, &c. Plate XXVI. Fig. 13, 15.

10. Unguiculate (Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a moveable claw.—Ex. Cicindela.

d. feelers (Palpi).

1. Maniform (Maniformes). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.—Ex. Scorpio, Chelifer. Plate XV. Fig. 7.

2. Pediform (Pediformes). When they resemble the legs either in structure or use.—Ex. Araneidea, Acarina. Plate VII. Fig. 10. h´´.

3. Antenniform (Antenniformes). When they are very long resembling antennæ.—Ex. Hydrophilus, Bryaxis, Culex ♂.

4. Unguiculate (Unguiculati). When they are armed with a claw at the end.—Ex. Gonyleptes. Plate XIII. Fig. 1.

5. Securiform (Securiformes). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.—Ex. Cleridæ. Plate XIII. Fig. 2. a.

6. Lunulate (Lunulati). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.—Ex. Oxyporus. Plate XIII. Fig. 4. a.

7. Fasciculate (Fasciculati). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.—Ex. Lymexylon flavipes. Plate XXVI. Fig. 3.

8. Lamellate (Lamellati). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.—Ex. Atractocerus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 1.

9. Inflated (Inflati). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.—Ex. Araneidea ♂. Plate XIII. Fig. 3.

10. Appendiculate (Appendiculati). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.—Ex. Atractocerus, Trombidium. Plate XXVI. Fig. 1. a. Plate XXIII. Fig. 13. a.

11. Mammillate (Mammillati). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.—Ex. Pæderus[1097].

12. Subulate (Subulati). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.—Ex. Bembidium, Aleochara. Plate XXVI. Fig. 7.

13. Fusiform (Fusiformes). When the two last joints are conical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.—Ex. Trechus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 8.

14. Heteromorphous (Heteromorphi). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.—Ex. Cerocoma ♂. Plate XXVI. Fig. 2.

e. tongue (Lingua).

1. Linguiform (Linguiformis). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.—Ex. Gryllina, Libellulina. Plate VI. Fig. 6, 12. e´.

2. Liguliform (Liguliformis). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.—Ex. Vespa and many Hymenoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 2. e'.

3. Tubulose (Tubulosa). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.—Ex. Apis. Plate VII. Fig. 3. e´.

4. Setiform (Setiformis). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between the scalpella of a promuscis.—Ex. Cimex L. Plate VII. Fig. 14. e´.

5. Palatiform (Palatiformis). When the tongue forms the inner surface of the Labium, but is not separate from it.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.

vi. NOSE (nasus).

1. Included (Inclusus). When the nose is included between the two sides of the Postnasus which run towards the upper lip.—Ex. Geocorisæ.

2. Vaulted (Fornicatus). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.—Ex. Vespa.

vii. CANTHUS.

1. Entering (Intrans). When the Canthus takes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.—Ex. The Capricorn beetles, Mylabris. Plate VI. Fig. 1. h´.

2. Cleaving (Findens). When the Canthus cleaves the eye half through or more.—Ex. The Petalocerous beetles.

3. Dividing (Dividens). When the Canthus passes right through the eye and divides it into two.—Ex. Gyrinus, Tetraopes.[1098] Plate XXVI. Fig. 36.

4. Septiform (Septiformis). When the Canthus forms an elevated ridge or septum.—Ex. Many Petalocerous beetles.

viii. EYES (oculi).

1. Simple (Simplices). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex. Araneidæ, Scorpio, Phalangium. Plate VII. Fig. 9. h.

a. Scattered (Sparsi). When simple eyes are separate from each other and not arranged in a certain order.—Ex. Eyes of Caterpillars, and some Scolopendræ.

b. Ordinate (Ordinati). When simple eyes are arranged in a certain order.—Ex. Araneidea. Plate XXVI. Fig. 37.

c. Conglomerate (Conglomerati). When a number of simple eyes are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a compound one.—Ex. Iulus. Plate XIII. Fig. 11.

d. Dorsal (Dorsales). When they are placed on the back.—Ex. Phalangium. Plate XXVI. Fig. 43. h.

2. Compound (Compositi). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.—Ex. All the Winged Orders. Plate XIII. Fig. 10. and XXVI. Fig. 38-42. h.

a. Sessile (Sessiles). Eyes that do not sit upon a footstalk.—Ex. Most insects. Plate XXVI. Fig. 40, 41.

α. Superior (Superiores). When they are placed in the upper part of the head.—Ex. Libellulina.

β. Lateral (Laterales). When they are placed in the side of the head.—Ex. Apis.

γ. Inferior (Inferiores). When they are placed in the lower side of the head.—Ex. The lower pair in Gyrinus.

δ. Posterior (Posteriores). When placed in the posterior part of the head.—Ex. Locusta.

ε. Anterior (Anteriores). When placed in the anterior part of the head.—Ex. Crabro, Goerius olens, &c.

ζ. Medial (Medii). When placed in the middle part of the head.—Ex. Harpalus, &c.

η. Belting (Cingentes). When the eyes nearly meet both above and below the head, so as to form a kind of belt round it.—Ex. Culex pipiens, Cordylia Palmarum.

θ. Immersed (Immersi). When they are quite imbedded in the head.—Ex. The Melasoma or Darkling beetles.

ι. Prominent (Prominuli). When they stand out from the head.—Ex. Cicindela.

b. Columnar (Columnares). When they sit upon a short footstalk or pillar.—Ex. Strepsiptera, Ephemera ♂. Plate XXVI. Fig. 38, 39. h.

c. Pedunculate (Pedunculati). When they sit upon a long footstalk which also bears the antennæ.—Ex. Diopsis. Plate XIII. Fig. 9.

d. Operculate (Operculati). When the eyes are covered by an operculum.—Ex. Xylina conspicillaris[1099].

e. Ciliate (Ciliati). When the margin of the socket of the eye is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble an eyelash.—Ex. Apion vernale and Malvarum.

ix. STEMMATA.

1. Vertical (Verticalia). When they are placed in the Vertex.—Ex. Reduvius personatus. Plate XXVI. Fig. 40. i.

2. Frontal (Frontalia). When placed in the Frons.—Ex. Hymenoptera. Plate VII. Fig. 2. i.

3. Intraocular (Intraocularia). When placed in the space between the eyes.—Ex. Cercopis, Ledra, &c. Plate XXVI. Fig. 42. i.

4. Subocular (Subocularia). When placed in the space below the eyes.—Ex. Fulgora laternaria. Plate XXVI. Fig. 41. i.

5. Spurious (Spuria). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.—Ex. Blatta, Gryllus.

x. ANTENNÆ.

a. number.

1. Dicerous (Dicera). Insects that have two antennæ.—Ex. Insects in general.

2. Acerous (Acera). Insects that have no antennæ.—Ex. The Acarina, &c.

b. situation.

1. Preocular (Præoculares). When antennæ are inserted before the eyes.—Ex. Chrysis.

2. Interocular (Interoculares). When inserted any where between the eyes.—Ex. Leptura, Haliplus.

3. Inocular (Inoculares). When inserted in the Canthus of the eyes.—Ex. The Capricorn beetles.

4. Subocular (Suboculares). When inserted under the eyes.—Ex. Fulgora, Nepa. Plate XXVI. Fig. 41. k.

5. Extraocular (Extraoculares). When inserted without the eyes.—Ex. Notonecta, Delphax.

6. Rostral (Rostrales). When seated on a rostrum.—Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.

7. Superior (Superiores). When inserted in the upper surface of the head.—Ex. Most insects.

8. Inferior (Inferiores). When inserted under the head.—Ex. Copris, &c.

c. approximation.

1. Distant (Distantes). When remote at their base.—Ex. Buprestis rustica.

2. Approximate (Approximatæ). When they approach each other at their base.—Ex. Donacia, Galeruca.

3. Contiguous (Contiguæ). When they nearly or altogether touch each other at their base.—Ex. Imatidium MacLeayanum.

4. Connate (Connatæ). When united at their base.—Ex. Ceria. Plate XII. Fig. 13.

d. proportion.

1. Very short (Brevissimæ). When shorter than the head.—Ex. The Muscidæ, &c.

2. Short (Breves). When as long as the head.—Ex. Hister.

3. Shorter (Breviores). When longer than the head and shorter than the body.—Ex. Dytiscus.

4. Mediocral (Mediocres). When of the length of the body.—Ex. Callidium violaceum.

5. Longer (Longiores). When longer than the body.—Ex. Monochamus Sutor.

6. Very long (Longissimæ). When much longer than the body.—Ex. Acanthocinus ædilis.

e. direction.

1. Intire (Integræ). When they have no elbow or angle.—Ex. Antennæ of most Coleoptera.

2. Broken (Fractæ). When the Clavola forms an angle with the Scapus.—Ex. Curculio, Apis, &c. Plate XXV. Fig. 15.

3. Geniculate (Geniculatæ). When they form an elbow in the middle but not with the Scapus.—Ex. Meloe. Plate XII. Fig. 7.

4. Straight (Rectæ). When they are without any angle, convolution, or curvature. Plate XI. Fig. 5.

5. Porrect (Porrectæ). When they are placed parallel with each other, and in the same line with the body.—Ex. Trichoptera in flight.

6. Excurved (Excurvæ). When they curve outwards.

7. Incurved (Incurvæ). When they curve inwards.

8. Decurved (Decurvæ). When they curve downwards.

9. Recurved (Recurvæ). When they curve upwards.

10. Reflexed (Reflexæ). When they are bent back over the body.

11. Deflexed (Deflexæ). When they are bent downwards.

12. Convolute (Convolutæ). When they roll inwards. Plate XII. Fig. 6.

13. Revolute (Revolutæ). When they roll outwards.

14. Spiral (Spirales). When they are convoluted spirally. Plate XXV. Fig. 31.

15. Rigid (Rigidæ). When they are very stiff and inflexible.—Ex. Libellulina, Fulgora. Plate XII. Fig. 12, 15.

f. reposition.

1. Hidden (Receptæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes, are hidden under the head or trunk.—Ex. The Lamellicorns, Elater, Belostoma.

2. Exposed (Apertæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are not concealed.—Ex. Cerambyx.

g. figure and size.

1. Setaceous (Setaceæ). Long flexile antennæ which taper somewhat from the base to the apex. Plate XI. Fig. 1.

2. Setiform (Setiformes). Short rigid antennæ which taper from the base to the apex like a bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 14-16.

3. Capillary (Capillares). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair. Plate XI Fig. 2.

4. Filiform (Filiformes). Antennæ every where of an equal thickness. Plate XI. Fig. 3.

5. Thick (Crassæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick. Plate XII. Fig. 29.

6. Incrassate (Incrassatæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick in any part: at the base, middle, or apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 34, 19, 7.

a. Gradually Incrassate (Sensim Incrassatæ). When they grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 10.

b. Suddenly Incrassate (Subito Incrassatæ). When they grow suddenly thicker in any part. Plate XXV. Fig. 18, 19, 24.

7. Broad (Latæ). Antennæ disproportionably wide. Plate XXV. Fig. 24.

8. Dilated (Dilatatæ). When they are disproportionably wide in any part; base, middle, or apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 12. Plate XII. Fig. 1, 20.

9. Slender (Tenues). When they are disproportionably slender. Plate XI. Fig. 2.

10. Attenuate (Attenuatæ). Antennæ disproportionably slender in any part; base, middle, or apex. Plate XXV. Fig. 8, 21, 34.

a. Gradually Attenuate (Sensim Attenuatæ). When they grow gradually more slender from the base to the apex. Plate XI. Fig. 7.

b. Suddenly Attenuate (Subito Attenuatæ). When they grow suddenly slender in any part. Plate XII. Fig. 1. Plate XXV. Fig. 18, 34.

11. Fusiform (Fusiformes). Antennæ thickest in the middle and tapering more or less towards each extremity. Plate XI. Fig. 5. Plate XXV. Fig. 8.

12. Prismatic (Prismaticales). Antennæ with three nearly equal sides. Plate XI. Fig. 6.

13. Ensiform (Ensiformes). Antennæ compressed and three-sided, with one side much narrower than either of the others. Plate XI. Fig. 7.

14. Falciform (Falciformes). When the Clavola of the Antennæ grows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or incurved so as to resemble a sickle. Plate XI. Fig. 8.

15. Nodose (Nodosæ). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints larger than those which precede or follow them. Plate XII. Fig. 5.

16. Moniliform (Moniliformes). Antennæ consisting of oval or globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads. Plate XI. Fig. 9.

17. Dentate (Dentatæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides are equal. Plate XI. Fig. 10.

18. Serrate (Serratæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides are unequal like those of a saw. Plate XI. Fig. 11. Plate XXV. Fig. 8.

19. Biserrate (Biserratæ). So toothed on each side. Plate XXV. Fig. 18.

20. Imbricate (Imbricatæ). When the summit of each joint is incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it. Plate XI. Fig. 12.

21. Distichous (Distichæ). When the joints in general terminate in a fork. Plate XI. Fig. 13.

22. Cirrate (Cirratæ). When the joints terminate in a pair of curling hairy branches resembling tendrils. Plate XXV. Fig. 4.

23. Flabellate (Flabellatæ). When the antennæ on one side send forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of a fan. Plate XI. Fig. 17.

24. Biflabellate (Biflabellatæ). When they are flabellate on both sides. Plate XXV. Fig. 11.

25. Pectinate (Pectinatæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the teeth of a comb. Plate XXV. Fig. 25. Plate XI. Fig. 14.

26. Bipectinate (Bipectinatæ). Pectinate on both sides. Plate XXV. Fig. 22.

27. Duplicato-pectinate (Duplicato-pectinatæ). Bipectinate with the branches on each side alternately long and short. Plate XI. Fig. 15.

28. Ramose (Ramosæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or three irregular longish branches. Plate XI. Fig. 18.

29. Furcate (Furcatæ). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs or branches. Plate XI. Fig. 19. Plate V. Fig. 3.

30. Bipartite (Bipartitæ). When they are divided to the base into two nearly equal branches. Plate XXV. Fig. 20.

31. Palmate (Palmatæ). Very short antennæ which send forth externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some resemblance of a hand. Plate XI. Fig. 24.

32. Irregular (Irregulares). When the joints of the antennæ vary so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined. Plate XI. Fig. 22.

h. termination.

α. versatile antennæ.

1. Subulate (Subulatæ). When they terminate in a minute joint, much slenderer than the preceding one. Plate XII. Fig. 16.

2. Setigerous (Setigeræ). When they terminate in a bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 14, 15. Plate XXV. Fig. 29.

3. Capillaceous (Capillaceæ). When they terminate in a fine capillary joint. Plate XII. Fig. 1.

4. Mucronate (Mucronatæ). When they terminate in a short point or mucro. Plate XII. Fig. 2.

5. Uncinate (Uncinatæ). When their apex is incurved so as to form a kind of hook. Plate XII. Fig. 3.

6. Unguiculate (Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a hard horny incurved sharp claw resembling those of the tarsi of insects. Plate XXV. Fig. 16. a.

7. Clavate (Clavatæ). When their apex grows gradually thicker. Plate XII. Fig. 4. Plate XXV. Fig. 7, 14.

8. Capitate (Capitatæ). When they terminate suddenly in a larger knob of one or more joints. Plate XII. Fig. 8-10, and XXV. 1-3, 5, 6.

a. Fissile Knob (Capitulum fissile). When it is divided into several laminæ which the insect can open and shut. Plate XXV. Fig. 1-3, 5.

b. Tunicate Knob (Capitulum tunicatum). When the laminæ, at least on one side, appear to inosculate or to be imbedded in each other. Plate XII. Fig. 8. Plate XXV. Fig. 5, 6.

c. Perfoliate Knob (Capitulum perfoliatum). When the joints of the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance of passing through them. Plate XII. Fig. 10.

d. Solid Knob (Capitulum solidum). When the knob consists of a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of their separation. Plate XII. Fig. 9. Plate XXV. Fig. 33.

e. Inflated Knob (Capitulum inflatum). When the knob is disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out. Plate XII. Fig. 28. Plate XXV. Fig. 9.

β. inversatile antennæ.

1. Setigerous (Setigeræ). Antennæ furnished with a terminal bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 14-16, 21, 22. Plate XXV. Fig. 29.

a. Globiferous (Globiferæ). When the setigerous joint is larger than the preceding one, and globose. Plate XII. Fig. 12.

b. Angustate (Angustatæ). When the setigerous joint is not conspicuously larger than the preceding one. Plate XII. Fig. 14, 15.

2. Aristate (Aristatæ). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one, laterally setigerous. Plate XII. Fig. 21, 22.

a. Setarious (Setariæ). When the awn or bristle is naked. Plate XII. Fig. 21. a.

b. Plumate (Plumatæ). When the awn is feathered. Plate XII. Fig. 22. a.

3. Filate (Filatæ). When inversatile antennæ have neither a terminal nor a lateral bristle. Plate XII. Fig. 17-20.

a. Simple (Simplices). When the last joint is exarticulate. Plate XII. Fig. 17, 18, 20.

b. Compound (Compositæ). When the last joint is itself obsoletely jointed. Plate XII. Fig. 19. a.

i. pubescence.

1. Verticillate (Verticillatæ). Antennæ beset with hair in whorls. Plate XII. Fig. 27.

2. Plumose (Plumosæ). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine long hair. Plate XII. Fig. 24.

3. Ciliate (Ciliatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on each side. Plate XI. Fig. 16.

4. Fimbriate (Fimbriatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on one side.

5. Barbate (Barbatæ). Antennæ hairy on one side. Plate XII. Fig. 26.

6. Fasciculate (Fasciculatæ). Antennæ having several bundles of hair. Plate XXV. Fig. 32.

7. Scopiferous (Scopiferæ). When they are furnished with one or more dense brushes of hair. Plate XII. Fig. 25. a. Plate XXV. Fig. 17.

k. articulation.

1. Exarticulate (Exarticulatæ). Without visible articulations.

2. Biarticulate (Biarticulatæ). Consisting of two joints.

3. Triarticulate (Triarticulatæ). Consisting of three joints.

4. Quadriarticulate (Quadriarticulatæ). Consisting of four joints.

5. Multiarticulate (Multiarticulatæ). Consisting of many joints.

l. joints.

1. Campanulate (Campanulatæ). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.

2. Pateriform (Pateriformes). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow bowl.

3. Patellate (Patellatæ). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like a patella or platter.—Ex. Prosopis dilatata (Melitta *. b. K.) Plate XXV. Fig. 12. a.

4. Lobate (Lobatæ). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.—Ex. Belostoma, Cerocoma. Plate XI. Fig. 21, 22.

5. Torulose (Torulosæ). When they are a little tumid.

m. appendages.

1. Auriculate (Auriculatæ). When they have an ear-like process at their base.—Ex. Gyrinus, Parnus. Plate XII. Fig. 29. a. Plate XXV. Fig. 28. a.

2. Appendiculate (Appendiculatæ). When they have one or two antenniform processes at their base.—Ex. Otiocerus. Plate XXV. Fig. 29. b.

III. TRUNK (truncus).

1. Monomerous (Monomerus). When the trunk has no suture or segment.—Ex. Araneidea.

2. Dimerous (Dimerus). When the trunk consists of two greater segments.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c.

3. Trimerous (Trimerus). When the trunk consists of three greater segments.—Ex. Neuroptera, &c.

4. Isthmiate (Isthmiatus). When an isthmus is formed between the Prothorax and Elytra, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.—Ex. Clerus, Passalus, and Spondylis.

i. MANITRUNK (manitruncus).

a. prothorax.

1. Clypeiform (Clypeiformis). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the whole thorax; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.—Ex. Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. Plate VIII. Fig. 1, 10.

2. Colliform (Colliformis). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate IX. Fig. 6.

3. Cerviculate (Cerviculatus). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from the Antepectus by no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long neck. Plate III. Fig. 6.

4. Evanescent (Evanescens). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented by membrane.—Ex. Most Hymenoptera, Diptera, &c.

5. Marginate (Marginatus). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms a margin.—Ex. Harpalus, &c.

6. Immarginate (Immarginatus). When it has no such margin.—Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.

7. Explanate (Explanatus). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form a broad margin.—Ex. Necrophorus, Silpha.

8. Emarginate (Emarginatus). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.

9. Ambient (Ambiens). When this sinus is so large as to receive the whole head.—Ex. Chilocorus.

10. Circumambient (Circumambiens). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.—Ex. Heleus.

11. Clypeate (Clypeatus). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.—Ex. Lampyris, Cassida, Cossyphus.

12. Cucullate (Cucullatus). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricose cowl or hood which receives the head.—Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis. Plate XIII. Fig. 18. a[1100].

13. Alate (Alatus). When its sides are expanded into a kind of wing.—Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis.

14. Auriculate (Auriculatus). When it expands on each side into two processes resembling ears.—Ex. Ledra aurita.

15. Angulate (Angulatus). When its sides or base jut out into one or more angles.—Ex. Copris.

16. Cruciate (Cruciatus). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's cross.—Ex. Locusta. Plate XIII. Fig. 17.

17. Obvolving (Obvolvens). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.—Ex. Stenus, Curculio L.

18. Pulvinate (Pulvinatus). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.—Ex. Aleochara canaliculata, picea, &c.

19. Producted (Productus). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers the Mesothorax, Metathorax, and great part of the Abdomen.—Ex. Acrydium, Centrotus.

b. antepectus.

1. Trachelate (Trachelatum). When of itself it forms a neck, the prothorax being represented only by membrane.—Ex. Xiphydria.

2. Unarmed (Inerme). When it has no prosternum.—Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles. 3. Armed (Armatum). When it has a prosternum. N.B. These two last terms may be extended also to the Medipectus and Postpectus. And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was no Sternum at all, it should be called Pectus inerme; and if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would be Pectus armatum.

c. arm (Brachium).

α. cubit (Cubitus).

1. Clypeate (Clypeatus). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to the outside of the cubit.—Ex. Crabro clypeatus, scutatus, &c. ♂. Plate XV. Fig. 3. a.

2. Palmate (Palmatus). When towards the apex the cubit is armed laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.—Ex. Scarites, Clivina. Plate XV. Fig. 5.

3. Digitate (Digitatus). When the apex of the cubit is divided into several long teeth or fingers.—Ex. Gryllotalpa. Plate XV. Fig. 6.

4. Dolabrate (Dolabratus). When the apex of the cubit is dilated and shaped something like the head of a hatchet. Plate XV. Fig. 4.

β. hand (Manus).

1. Patellate (Patellata). When several joints of the hand are dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.—Ex. Dytiscus ♂, Staphylinus. Plate XV. Fig. 9.

2. Scutate (Scutata). When a single joint of the hand is dilated into a broad scutiform plate.—Ex. Hydrophilus piceus ♂. Plate XV. Fig. 8.

3. Strigilate (Strigilata). When on the inner side of the first joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often pectinated with spines.—Ex. Apis[1101]. Plate XXVII. Fig. 36. a.

4. Auriculate (Auriculata). When any of the joints are externally dilated into an auriform process.—Ex. Gryllotalpa. Plate XV. Fig. 6. t´´.

ii. ALITRUNK (alitruncus).

1. Buried (Sepultus). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of flight[1102].—Ex. Coleoptera, Orthoptera.

2. Revealed (Revelatus). When it is not so covered, but is equally conspicuous with the Prothorax, or even more so.—Ex. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera. Atractocerus in Coleoptera.

3. Coalite (Coalitus). When it is not separable into two segments, the Medipectus and the Postpectus forming one piece.—Ex. Cimex L.

4. Bisected (Bisectus). When it is separable into two segments.—Ex. Lamellicorn beetles.

a. mesothorax.

α. collar (Collare).

1. Uncovered (Apertum). When it is not concealed by the shield of the prothorax.—Ex. Hymenoptera.

2. Covered (Tectum). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.

3. Areate (Areatum). When it is larger than the prothorax, and terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate IX. Fig. 7. g^., a. N.B. The space between these areas is fitted with a membrane capable of tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach to and recede from each other.

4. Amplectent (Amplectens). When posteriorly it is so curved as to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.—Ex. Vespa L. Plate IX. Fig. 11. g^..

5. Phonetic (Phoneticum). When its posterior angles, approaching the wings, cover the vocal spiracles[1103].—Ex. Hymenoptera.

β. dorsolum.

1. Thoraciform (Thoraciforme). When it forms the principal part of the upper surface of the trunk.—Ex. Bombus, Apis, Vespa &c. Plate IX. Fig. 11. i^..

γ. scutellum.

1. Distinct (Distinctum). When it is separated from the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera. Plate IX. Fig. 11, 19, &c. k´.

2. Coalite (Coalitum). When it is not separated from the dorsolum by a suture.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c. Plate VIII. Fig. 3. k´.

3. Scutellate (Insectum scutellatum). An insect having a visible scutellum.—Ex. Melolontha.

a. Rejected (Rejectum). When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base.—Ex. Passalus.

b. Received (Receptum). When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.—Ex. Most scutellate Coleoptera.

4. Exscutellate (Insectum exscutellatum). When an insect has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by the Prothorax.—Ex. Copris.

5. Ascending (Ascendens). When it curves upwards from the dorsolum.—Ex. Sagra.

6. Tabular (Tabulare). When it is elevated on a footstalk above the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.—Ex. Elater.

7. Obumbrant (Obumbrans). When it overhangs the metathorax.—Ex. Musca. Plate IX. Fig. 19. k´.

δ. base-covers (Tegulæ).

1. Conchiform (Conchiformes). When they are a semicircular concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a bivalve shell.—Ex. Hymenoptera. Plate IX. Fig. 11, 12. g´´.

2. Laciniform (Laciniformes). When they are long, of an irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the trunk.—Ex. Lithosia, &c. Plate IX. Fig. 5.[1104]

ε. elytra.

1. Base (Basis). The part next the Prothorax.

2. Apex (Apex). The part next the Anus.

3. Humeral Angle (Angulus Humeralis). The exterior basal angle.

4. Scutellar Angle (Angulus Scutellaris). The interior basal angle.

5. Coleoptra (Coleoptra). The two elytra spoken of together.

6. Spinigerous (Spinigera). When the Coleoptra have a spine common to them both.—Ex. Cassida bidens.

7. Auriculate (Auriculata). When the Elytra have an elongate process at the shoulders.—Ex. Cassida bicornis, Taurus, &c.

8. Intire (Integra). When they have neither abbreviations nor incisions.

9. Fastigiate (Fastigiata). When of equal or greater length than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.

10. Truncate (Truncata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.

11. Abbreviate (Abbreviata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, but cover more than half its length. Plate I. Fig. 4.

12. Dimidiate (Dimidiata). When they are about half the length of the abdomen. Plate I. Fig. 5.

13. Very Short (Brevissima). When they are not half the length of the abdomen. Plate I. Fig. 2, 3, 7.

14. Mutilate (Mutilata). When they appear unnaturally short or curtailed as if mutilated.—Ex. Acrydium.

15. Subulate (Subulata). When they are attenuated towards the end.—Ex. Sitaris humeralis.

16. Elongate (Elongata). When they extend beyond the anus.—Ex. Trox.

17. Obvolving (Obvolventia). When their Epipleuræ cover a considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 7.

18. Complicant (Complicantia). When they lie a little over each other.—Ex. Meloe. Plate I. Fig. 6.

19. Dehiscent (Dehiscentia). When they diverge a little at the apex.—Ex. Pyrochroa.

20. Ampliate (Ampliata). When they are disproportionably wide at the end.—Ex. Lycus fasciatus. Plate XIII. Fig. 20.

21. Plicate (Plicata). When they have two or three contiguous abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.—Ex. Pselaphidæ.

22. Perforate (Perforata). When a little hole appears drilled through them.—Ex. Cassida perforata.

N.B. Many of the above terms will apply to Tegmina, Hemelytra, Wings, &c.

A. Side-covers (Epipleuræ).

1. Marginal (Marginales). When they are only an inflexed continuation of the margin.—Ex. Buprestis.

2. Discoidal (Discoidales). When they are a process from the disk of the under surface of the elytra.—Ex. Lampyris, Cossyphus, Cassida, Notoclea[1105].

ζ. tegmina.

1. Fenestrella (Fenestrella). A transparent eye-like spot in the Anal Area of the Tegmina of Acrida ♂[1106].

2. Convolvent (Convolventia). When the Anal Area is horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and covers the sides.—Ex. Locusta. N.B. In this case the Anal Area of one Tegmen covers that of the other.

3. Aliform (Aliformia). When their substance approaches to membrane, and they nearly resemble Wings.—Ex. Most Homopterous Hemiptera.

η. hemelytra.

1. Obtected (Obtecta). When the Hemelytra are covered by a scutelliform mesothorax.—Ex. Scutellera.

2. Detected (Detecta). When they are not so covered.—Ex. Most Heteropterous Hemiptera.

θ. wings (Alæ).

A. Denomination.

1. Anterior (Anticæ). The fore or upper wings.

a. Superior (Superiores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.—Ex. Hymenoptera.

b. Primary (Primores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are not placed upon the posterior.—Ex. Lepidoptera diurna, Libellulina.

2. Posterior (Posticæ). The hind or lower wings.

a. Inferior (Inferiores). The posterior wings are so denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed upon them.

b. Secondary (Secundariæ). The posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are not placed upon them.—Ex. Lepidoptera diurna, Libellulina.

B. Magnitude.

3. Equal (Æquales). When the four wings are of equal length.—Ex. Libellulina.

4. Unequal (Inæquales). When they are not of equal length.—Ex. Hymenoptera.

C. Complication.

5. Plane (Planæ). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor tumid.—Ex. Apis.

6. Tumid (Tumidæ). When the membrane between the nervures that form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it convexity.—Ex. The Serrifera or saw-flies. N.B. The object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the action of the air.

7. Plicatile (Plicatiles). When the wings at rest are folded in one or more longitudinal plaits.—Ex. Vespa L.

8. Duplicatile (Duplicatæ). When they are folded transversely.—Ex. Coleoptera.

9. Convolute (Convolutæ). When the wings so envelope the body as to give it a cylindrical form.—Ex. Crambus.

10. Incumbent (Incumbentes). Wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.—Ex. The Noctuidæ, Geometra.

11. Cruciato-complicate (Cruciato-complicatæ). Wings crossed and folded.—Ex. Pentatoma, &c.

12. Cruciato-incumbent (Cruciato-incumbentes). Wings crossed but not folded, and covering the back.—Ex. Apis.

13. Extended (Extensæ). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon the body.—Ex. Libellula, Æshna, &c.

a. Expanded (Patentes). Wings that when at rest are horizontally extended and do not cover each other.—Ex. Libellula, &c.

b. Horizontal (Horizontales). Very narrow wings which when at rest are extended horizontally forming a right angle with the body, and covering the posterior wings.—Ex. Pterophorus[1107].

c. Erect (Erectæ). Wings which when at rest are extended vertically.—Ex. Vanessa, Agrion.

d. Erecto-patent (Erecto-patentes). When the primary wings at rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.—Ex. Hesperia.

e. Connivent (Conniventes). When erect wings are so closely applied to each other that the corresponding margins touch.—Ex. Vanessa.

f. Divaricate (Divaricatæ). When wings at rest are somewhat erect but diverge from each other.

14. Patulous (Patulæ). When wings at rest partly cover each other.

15. Applicant (Applicantes). When wings at rest are parallel with the abdomen.—Ex. Tipula.

16. Divergent (Divergentes). When wings at rest recede from the abdomen.

17. Deflexed (Deflexæ). When wings at rest covering each other are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their interior margin forms the ridge.—Ex. Homopterous Hemiptera.

18. Reversed (Reversæ). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the anterior margin of the superior.—Ex. Gatropacha quercifolia. Plate XIV. Fig. 2.

19. Broad (Latæ). When the interior margin is shorter than the posterior.—Ex. Papilio.

20. Narrow (Angustæ). When the posterior margin is shorter than the interior.—Ex. Heliconius.

D. Shape.

1. Falcate (Falcatæ). Wings having their posterior margin concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.—Ex. Attacus Atlas. Plate XIV. Fig. 4.

2. Digitate (Digitatæ). Wings cleft to the base into several subdivisions.—Ex. Pterophorus. Plate XIV. Fig. 3.

a. Radius (Radius). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.

3. Caudate (Caudatæ). When wings terminate in a tail-like process.—Ex. Papilio Machaon. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. s.

a. Bicaudate (Bicaudatæ). Having two such tails. Tricaudatæ having three, &c.

E. Surface.

1. Squamate (Squamatæ). Wings covered with minute scales.—Ex. Lepidoptera. Plate XXII. Fig. 16. a, b, c, d, &c.

2. Denudate (Denudatæ). When the wings of Lepidoptera appear more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either partially or generally.—Ex. Heliconius, Sesia, Zygæna, Nudaria.

3. Fenestrate (Fenestratæ). When one or two definite spaces in a Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.—Ex. Attacus Atlas, &c.

4. Bare (Nudæ). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor scales.—Ex. Coleoptera.

F. Margin.

1. Anterior or Exterior (Anterior or Exterior). The outer margin of the wing, or that from the body. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. a.

2. Interior (Interior). The inner margin of the wing, or that next the body. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. b.

3. Posterior (Posterior). The terminal margin of the wing, or apex. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. c.

4. Plectrum (Plectrum). A marginal bristle stronger than the rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out from it.—Ex. Many Muscidæ.

G. Angles.

1. Humeral (Humeralis). Basal angle next the head. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. d.

2. Scutellar (Scutellaris). Basal angle next the scutellum or its region. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. e.

3. Posterior (Posterior). Outer apical angle. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. f.

4. Anal (Analis). Inner apical angle. Plate XIV. Fig. 1. g.

H. Nervures.

1. Nervulet (Nervulus). A little nervure diverging obliquely from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.

a. Simple (Simplex). When the nervulet does not terminate in a round punctum.—Ex. Eulophus.

b. Coronate (Coronatum). When it terminates in a round punctum.—Ex. Ichneumon penetrans[1108].

2. Neurose (Neurosæ). Wings that have nervures besides the marginal ones.

3. Aneurose (Aneurosæ). Wings that have no nervures besides the marginal ones.—Ex. Psilus.

4. Circumsepted (Circumseptæ). Wings whose margin is every where strengthened by a nervure.—Ex. Tabanus.

5. Varicose (Varicosæ). When the nervures are disproportionably swelled in any part.—Ex. Forficula auricularia. Plate X. Fig. 5.

6. Serpentine (Serpentinæ). Nervures that run in a serpentine direction.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus K. M.S[1109]. Plate X. Fig. 4.

7. Insulate (Insulatæ). Discoidal nervures that are entirely unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus. Plate X. Fig. 4. a, b.

8. Uncinate (Unicinatæ). Nervures, that after running from the base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards the base, form a hook.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus. Plate X. Fig. 4. i^..

9. Recurrent (Recurrentes). When a nervure, or a branch of it, after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs towards the base.—Ex. Strategus Aloeus, &c. Plate X. Fig 4. l^..

10. Connecting (Connectentes). Nervures that running transversely or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the areolets.

I. Areolets.

1. Radiated (Radiatæ). When the areolets are chiefly formed by radiating longitudinal nervures.—Ex. Forficula, Psychoda. Plate X. Fig. 5, 13.

2. Areate (Areatæ). Radiated with a large basal area.—Ex. Papilio and many other Lepidoptera[1110]. Plate X. Fig. 6.

3. Areolate (Areolatæ). When the surface of the wing is divided into various areolets.—Ex. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and most Neuroptera. Plate X. Fig. 7-14.

4. Reticulate (Reticulatæ). When the areolets are extremely small and infinitely numerous.—Ex. Libellulina. Plate III. Fig. 5.

5. Open (Apertæ). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.

a. Marginal (Marginales). Open areolets that terminate in the margin.—Ex. Tenthredo. Plate X. Fig. 8.

b. Incomplete (Incompletæ). Open areolets that terminate short of the margin.—Ex. Apis.

6. Radiant (Radiantes). When a small roundish areolet is a centre from which several long ones diverge.—Ex. Stratyomis. Plate X. Fig. 15.

7. Petiolate (Petiolatæ). When an areolet is connected with another by a stem like a footstalk[1111]. Plate X. Fig. 8.

8. Ramulose (Ramulosæ). When an areolet sends forth a little unconnected branch.—Ex. Pompilus, Sphex, &c.[1112]

9. Angular (Angulatæ). When an areolet juts out on one side into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another areolet.—Ex. Eristalis, Cerceris.[1113] Plate X. Fig. 14.

10. Didymous (Didymæ). When areolets are nearly divided into two by a nervure.—Ex. Gyrostoma.

11. Sesquialterous (Sesquialteræ). When a minute areolet is appended to a large one.—Ex. Postcostal areolet of Hylotoma[1114].

* Areolets of the Costal Area.

1. Costal (Costales). Areolets, one or more, below the stigma. Plate X. Fig. 14. 15. a, b.

2. Postcostal (Postcostales). Areolets, one or more, above the stigma. Plate X. Fig. 8, 9. a, b.

* * Areolets of the Intermediate Area.

1. Protomesal (Protomesæ). First series of the middle areolets (Areolæ mediæ), often consisting of three, and then divided into upper, middle, and lower, areolets. Plate X. Fig. 8, 9. a.