Volume 4 — LETTER XLVI. (continued 2)

2. Deuteromesal (Deuteromesæ). Second series of the same, often consisting of two, and then divided into upper and lower. Ibid. b.

3. Tritomesal (Tritomesæ). Third series of the same. Ibid. c.

K. Stigma.

1. Blind (Cœcum). When the stigma is wholly opaque, and neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.—Ex. Most Hymenoptera.

2. Fenestrate (Fenestratum). When the stigma begins or terminates in a minute areolet. Plate X. Fig. 11. m´´´.

L. Number.

1. Apterous (Aptera). Having no wings.

2. Dipterous (Diptera). Having two wings.

3. Tetrapterous (Tetraptera). Having four wings.

ι. legs (Pedes).

A. Number.

1. Tetrapod (Tetrapus). An insect having only four perfect legs.—Ex. Vanessa.

2. Hexapod (Hexapus). An insect having six legs.—Ex. Insects Proper in general.

3. Octopod (Octopus). Having eight legs.—Ex. Araneidea.

4. Polypod (Polypus). Having more than eight legs but under fifty.—Ex. Glomeris, Cermatia.

5. Centipede (Centipes). Having more than fifty legs but under two hundred.—Ex. Scolopendra.

6. Myriapod (Myriapus). Having two hundred legs or more.—Ex. Iulus.

B. Situation.

1. Antepectoral (Antepectorales). The fore-legs or arms, affixed to the Antepectus.

2. Medipectoral (Medipectorales). The mid-legs, affixed to the Medipectus.

3. Postpectoral (Postpectorales). The hind-legs, affixed to the Postpectus.

4. Distant (Distantes). When the pairs of legs are remote from each other at their base.—Ex. Intermediate legs of Copris.

5. Approximate (Approximati). When they are near each other at the base.—Ex. Posterior legs of Copris.

6. Equidistant (Æquidistantes). When all the three pair are equally distant at the base.—Ex. Cassida.

C. Duration.

1. Persistent (Persistentes). Legs which the insect has in all its states.—Ex. The legs attached to the trunk. N.B. These are called Legs (Pedes). Plate XVIII. Fig. 11. a.

2. Deciduous (Decidui). Legs which the insect has not in all its states.—Ex. Membranous legs of Caterpillars. Plate XVIII. Fig. 11. b. N.B. These are called Prolegs (Propedes).

3. Acquired (Acquisiti). Legs which the insect has not in its first state, but which it acquires subsequently.—Ex. Abdominal legs in Scolopendra, Iulus, &c.

D. Denomination.

1. Fore-Legs (Antici). The first pair. Taken by themselves called Arms (Brachia).

2. Anterior (Anteriores). The two first pair of legs.

3. Mid-legs (Intermedii). The middle pair of legs.

4. Hind-legs (Postici). The last pair of legs.

5. Posterior (Posteriores). The two last pair of legs.

6. Abbreviate (Abbreviati). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.—Ex. Vanessa.

7. Ambulatory (Ambulatorii). When the tarsi have a spongy sole.—Ex. Chrysomela.

8. Cursorious (Cursorii). When, the fore tarsi of some males excepted, they have not a spongy sole.—Ex. Carabus, Cicindela. Plate XIV. Fig. 7.

9. Saltatorious (Saltatorii). When the hind-legs have strong incrassated thighs formed for leaping.—Ex. Haltica, Orchestes, the Locustina. Plate XIV. Fig. 5.

10. Natatorious (Natatorii). When the legs are compressed or ciliated, and formed for swimming.—Ex. Dytiscus, Gyrinus, Notonecta. Plate XIV. Fig. 6.

11. Motatorious (Motatorii). Legs, which when the insect is at rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.—Ex. Tipula.

12. Fossorious (Fossorii). Leg with either palmate or digitate tibiæ.—Ex. Scarites, Clivinia, Gryllotalpa. Plate XV. Fig. 5, 6.

13. Raptorious (Raptorii). When the strong porrected thighs, usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double series of spurs.—Ex. Mantis, Nepa.

14. Prehensorious (Prehensorii). When the thighs of the hind-legs converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is armed with spines.—Ex. Gonyleptes. Plate XIV. Fig 8[1115].

E. Hip (Coxa).

1. Fixed (Fixæ). When they are not moveable.—Ex. Dytiscus, Gonyleptes.

2. Free (Liberæ). When they are moveable.—Ex. Hymenoptera, most Coleoptera.

3. Laminate (Laminatæ). When the posterior coxæ form a broad thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the thighs.—Ex. Haliplus. Plate XV. Fig. 1. p´´.

4. Flocculate (Flocculatæ). When the posterior coxæ are distinguished by a curling lock of hair (Flocculus).—Ex. Andrena[1116].

F. Trochanter (Trochanter).

1. Fulcrant (Fulcrans). When the trochanter merely props the thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between it and the coxa.—Ex. Carabus.

2. Intercepting (Intercipiens). When the trochanter intervenes between the thigh and the coxa, so as intirely to separate them.—Ex. The Petalocerous beetles, Hymenoptera, &c.

3. Monomerous (Monomerus). When it consists of only one joint.—Ex. Coleoptera, &c.

4. Dimerous (Dimerus). When it consists of two joints.—Ex. Ichneumon.

G. Thigh (Femur).

1. Simple (Simplex). When it is no where particularly thick.

2. Incrassate (Incrassatum). When it is very thick, either partially or generally, and formed for leaping.—Ex. Haltica, &c.

3. Loricate (Loricatum). When the disk of the thigh appears covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of mail.—Ex. Locusta. Plate XIV. Fig. 5.

H. Shank (Tibia).

1. Alate (Alata). When the posterior tibia on each side is furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in flight.—Ex. Petalopus phyllopus, &c. Plate XV. Fig. 2. a.

2. Foliaceous (Foliacea). When the tibia is laterally dilated into a thin plate for carrying pollen.—Ex. Euglossa cordata, &c.

3. Corbiculate (Corbiculata). When it is fringed with incurved hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.—Ex. Apis, Bombus[1117].

4. Scopate (Scopata). When it is quite covered with a brush of hairs with which it brushes off the gross pollen, and in which it carries it.—Ex. Andrena[1118].

5. Calcarate (Calcarata). When it is armed with one or more spurs (Calcaria).—Ex. The majority of insects.

6. Excalcarate (Excalcarata). When it has no such spurs.—Ex. Apion.

I. Foot (Tarsus).

1. Scopulate (Scopulatus). When the first joint on the under side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.—Ex. Apis, Andrena, &c.[1119]

b. metathorax.

1. Simulant (Simulans). When the mesothorax is covered by the prothorax, and the Metathorax only is visible, under the form of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.—Ex. The Geocorisæ. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 12.

α. postdorsolum.

1. Latent (Latens). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is then usually a mere membrane.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.

2. Exposed (Apertus). When it is not so covered.—Ex. Atractocerus, Hymenoptera, &c.

β. postscutellum.

1. Distinct (Distinctum). When the postscutellum is distinct from the postdorsolum.—Ex. Locusta. Plate VIII. Fig. 12 u´.

2. Coalite (Coalitum). When it is not distinct.—Ex. Blatta.

3. Scutelliform (Scutelliforme). When it is a triangular elevated prominence resembling a scutellum.—Ex. Locusta.

4. Canaliform (Canaliforme). When it is a deepish elongate channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.—Ex. Coleoptera. Plate VIII. Fig. 3. u´. XXVIII. Fig. 10. u´.

5. Obliterate (Obliteratum). When this channel is nearly or altogether obliterated.—Ex. Hymenoptera.

γ. postfrænum.

1. Tabulate (Tabulatum). When it forms a broad pannel or table on each side the postscutellum.—Ex. Most Coleoptera.

2. Funiculate (Funiculatum). When it forms a narrow ridge.—Ex. Pentatoma, Fulgora, Libellulina. Plate XXVIII. Fig. 11, 12. v´.

3. Cruciate (Cruciatum). When there are two funicular ridges diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the wings.—Ex. Libellulina[1120]. Plate IX. Fig. 7. v´.

4. Adnate (Adnatum). When a funicular Postfrænum is closely adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches the wings.—Ex. Pentatoma.

5. Transcurrent (Transcurrens). When a postfrænum is at first adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges across the pannel to the base of the wings.—Ex. Belostoma grandis.

IV. ABDOMEN.

1. Coalite (Coalitum). When the abdomen is not divided into segments.—Ex. Araneidea, Chelonus.

a. Plicate (Plicatum). When it consists of transverse folds.—Ex. Gonyleptes, Carkinodes[1121]. Plate XV. Fig. 11.

b. Tense (Tensum). When it is not folded.—Ex. Most Araneidea.

2. Insected (Sectum). When it is divided into segments.—Ex. Most insects.

3. Sessile (Sessile). When it has no footstalk, but is closely united to the trunk.—Ex. Coleoptera.

4. Petiolate (Petiolatum). When the first segment, or more, is longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to form a footstalk.—Ex. The Sphecidæ, Ichneumon.

5. Adjoined (Adjunctum). When it is connected with the trunk by a very short petiole.—Ex. Vespa, Apis.

6. Superimposited (Superimpositum). When the footstalk of the abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum, so as to leave a considerable space between it and the postpectus.—Ex. Evania. Plate IV. Fig. 2.

7. Retracted (Retractum). When it is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.—Ex. Gonyleptes. Plate XV. Fig. 11. 8. Obumbrate (Obumbratum). When it is overshadowed by the trunk and concealed under it.—Ex. Carkinodes. Plate XV. Fig. 10.

9. Saltatorious (Saltatorium). When the ventral segments or the anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the animal to leap.—Ex. Machilis, Podura. Plate XV. Fig. 14.

10. Natatorious (Natatorium). When the abdomen is terminated by flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect in swimming.—Ex. Larva of Agrion, and Dytiscus.

i. CAUDA.

1. Uncinate (Uncinata). When the tail is inflected so as to form a kind of hook.—Ex. Dolichopus ♂.

2. Aduncous (Adunca). When it is crooked.—Ex. Chelostoma maxillosa ♂. (Apis ** c. 2. γ. K.)

3. Distinct (Distincta). When it is distinct from the abdomen.—Ex. Scorpio.

4. Cheliferous (Chelifera). When it is terminated by a very thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.—Ex. Panorpa ♂. Plate XV. Fig. 12.

5. Papilliferous (Papillifera). When at the last segment but one the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky fluid and yield a powerful scent.—Ex. Staphylinus.

ii. OVIPOSITOR.

1. Ensate (Ensatus). When it is long, compressed, and shaped like a sword.—Ex. Acrida.

2. Navicular (Navicularis). When it is shaped like a boat.—Ex. Cicada, Scaphura.

3. Telescopiform (Telescopiformis). When it consists of several tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of a telescope. Plate XVI. Fig. 2, 3.

4. Aculeiform (Aculeiformis). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of the poison-bag (Ioterium), whether used as weapons or merely in oviposition.

a. Exerted (Exertus). When the vagina unemployed is partly out of the body.—Ex. Cleptes.

b. Extricated (Extricatus). When the valves and vagina unemployed are wholly out of the body.—Ex. Pimpla. Plate XVI. Fig. 1.

c. Reflexed (Reflexus). When the ovipositor is turned up and lies upon the back of the abdomen.—Ex. Leucospis.

APPENDIX.

Terms particularly applicable to Larvæ and Pupæ.

LARVÆ.

1. Spinneret (Fusulus). The organ which spins the silk. Plate XXI. Fig. 9.

2. Forcipate Lip (Labium Forcipatum). Mask of larvæ and pupæ of Libellulina[1122]. Plate XVI. Fig. 5. a. 3. Unguiform Mandibles (Mandibulæ unguiformes). The parallel claw-shaped mandibles of many Diptera. Plate XX. Fig. 1, 2. c´.

4. Prop (Ereisma). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ exerted from between the legs of the genus Sminthurus, and employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail it[1123].

5. Fecifork (Fæcifurca). The anal fork on which the larva of Cassidæ, &c. carry their feces. Plate XVIII. Fig. 2. a.

6. Mastigia (Mastigia). Two anal organs in the larvæ of Cerura Vinula, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread, with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive away the Ichneumons. Plate XIX. Fig. 2. a.

7. Syringes (Syringia). Organs situated in various parts of larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or drive away their enemies[1124].

8. Rumules (Rumulæ). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].

9. Aeriducts (Aëriductus). Respiratory organs often foliaceous, with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished. Plate XXIX. Fig. 3-7.

10. Prolegs (Propedes). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect. Plate XVIII. Fig. 11, 12. b.

a. Coronate Prolegs (Propedes coronati). Prolegs that have an intire coronet of crotchets. Plate XXIII. Fig. 1.

b. Semicoronate Prolegs (Propedes semicoronati). Prolegs that have a semicoronet of crotchets.

c. Unarmed (Inermes). Prolegs that have no crotchets.

d. Stilt Prolegs (Propedes grabati). Prolegs that are unnaturally long, and elevate the animal. Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. a.

α. Coalite Stilt Prolegs (Propedes grabati coaliti). When stilt prolegs unite so as to form only one leg bifid at its apex. Plate XXIII. Fig. 7. b.

PUPÆ.

1. Adminicula (Adminicula). Semicoronets of minute teeth which arm the back of the abdomen of subterraneous pupæ, by which they are enabled to emerge from under the earth. Plate XVI. Fig. 13. e.

2. Cremastræ (Cremastræ). The anal hooks by which many pupæ suspend themselves. Plate XXIII. Fig. 8. a.

3. Cocoon (Folliculus). The silken case in which the pupæ of many insects are inclosed. Plate XVII. Fig. 5-8.

N.B. Other terms for Pupæ are explained Vol. III. p. 249.