Chapter XVII · (continued 3)

The following Notes were exchanged between the Russian Ambassador in London and Lord Salisbury before General Stolietoff’s final recall from Kabul after the conclusion of the Congress of Berlin:

Count Schuvaloff to the Marquis of Salisbury

London, December 7,19, 1878.

“You have expressed surprise on learning that the Russian mission, which you thought had left Kabul, was still there. You reminded me of the declaration made by M. de Giers to the British Chargé d’Affaires concerning the provisional character of this mission, which was despatched under exceptional circumstances, and at a time when it was to be feared that war might break out between England and Russia.

“I have received a telegram from Prince Gortchakow, in which he charges me to ask you whether the arrangements between Russia and England, such as they existed before the despatch of the mission, and such as they are recorded in the correspondence exchanged on this subject between the two Cabinets, are maintained by her Majesty’s Government, and whether they retain in their eyes their obligatory character.

“His Majesty the Emperor is disposed, on his part, to observe all the arrangements relative to Central Asia concluded between Russia and England, and to recall immediately the mission which is at Kabul.”

The Marquis of Salisbury to Count Schuvaloff.

“Foreign Office, “December 19, 1878.

“In reply to your letter of this day’s date, I have to state to your Excellency that the continued presence of the Russian Mission at Kabul is the sole obstacle to a full revival of the understanding between the two Powers expressed in the correspondence which has passed between them upon the subject of Afghanistan and Central Asia; and when the Russian Mission is withdrawn, her Majesty’s Government will consider that all engagements on both sides with respect to those countries retain their obligatory character.”

In 1882 the position of the two countries in Asia was again discussed in connection with the Russian advance to Merv.

Earl Granville to Sir E. Thornton.

“Foreign Office, February 22, 1882.

“The Russian Ambassador called upon me this afternoon by appointment. His Excellency told me that he had reported to his Government the substance of the conversation we had had on the 2nd instant on the policy of the two Governments in Asia, as reported in my despatch of that date.

“Prince Lobanow said that he had told his Government that I had commenced by stating that the present good relations between Russia and England offered an opportunity, of which it was desirable to take advantage, for coming to some further understanding as to the position of the two countries in Central Asia; that he had thereupon suggested a renewal of the agreement formerly made with Prince Gortchakow by Lord Clarendon and me; that to this I had replied that I looked upon that agreement as still existing in full force, but that it left certain matters undecided which it would be well definitely to settle; and that I had finished by proposing a delimitation of the Persian frontier from Baba Durmaz to a point in the neighbourhood of the Hari Rud.

“He had now received the reply of his Government. They acknowledged the continued validity of the agreement formerly entered into by Prince Gortchakow, by which Afghanistan was admitted to be beyond the sphere of Russian influence. That agreement was, however, as I had said, incomplete: and they were ready to supplement it by a settlement of the frontier of Afghanistan, from the point where it had been left undefined as far as Sarakhs.”

In 1883 the following correspondence took place:

Earl Granville to Mr. J. G. Kennedy.

“Foreign Office, “October 2, 1883.

“A report has reached her Majesty’s Government of an intended visit of a Russian to Kabul bearing a letter from the Emperor of Russia to the Amir.

“Such a proceeding on the part of the Russian Government would be inconsistent with the assurances which they have given to her Majesty’s Government from time to time on the subject of Afghanistan.

“I have to instruct you to inquire as to the truth of this report, and to inform me of the result by telegraph.”

Mr. J. G. Kennedy to Earl Granville.

“St. Petersburg, October 3, 1883.

“I have the honour to state that on receipt to-day of your Lordship’s telegram of the 2nd instant I immediately waited on M. de Giers at the Foreign Department, and inquired of his Excellency whether there was any truth in a report which had reached her Majesty’s Government that a Russian intended to go to Kabul, furnished with a letter to the Amir from the Emperor.

“M. de Giers at once replied that such an event was impossible. The Emperor was most unlikely to give any letter addressed to the Amir to any one. No such letter could be written without M. de Giers’ knowledge, and he could positively and solemnly assure me that no such letter had been written by his Imperial Majesty.

“M. de Giers further states that so anxious were the Emperor and himself to avoid all suspicion of Russian communication with Afghanistan, that strict orders had been sent to the Governor-General of Turkestan to desist from the transmission of letters of ceremony, or even of letters of recommendation, to the Amir in favour of travellers. In fact, all possible steps were taken to prevent intercourse between Russia and Afghanistan, which latter country was considered to be in England’s ‘orbit.’

“In reply to a suggestion of mine, M. de Giers stated that no such letter could have been written during the Moscow Coronation festivities, at which period the Emperor had been most guarded in all his dealings with the various Asiatic potentates there assembled.

“M. de Giers also promised to inform me at once whenever any intention existed of such an improbable event as the transmission of a letter from his Imperial Majesty to the Ruler of Afghanistan.”

In 1884, in view of inquiries made by the British Government as to the reported despatch of a Russian Agent to Maimana, within the frontiers of Afghanistan, M. de Giers communicated on April 1527 to the British Ambassador at St. Petersburg the following:

“The Imperial Ministry can, on the other hand, state that no agent has been sent to Maimana. According to the terms of the arrangement come to between the two Powers, Maimana is included in the country of the Amir of Afghanistan, and the Government of his Majesty the Emperor is resolved to scrupulously respect, as it has done in times past, all the engagements it contracted in virtue of the arrangement in question.”

In 1885 further disquieting reports having arisen with regard to the proceedings of the Russians on the Afghan frontier, the following Memorandum was communicated by the Russian Foreign Office to the British Ambassador at St. Petersburg:

“The Imperial Ministry for Foreign Affairs has taken note of the Memorandum which was transmitted by the English Ambassador on the 16th instant, and which contains the expression of the wish of her Majesty’s Government that the agitation raised in the two countries by the rumours about the preparations said to be in progress on both sides should cease.”

The same Memorandum states that, unless circumstances arise over which they have no control, which might bring about sudden changes, the two Governments are in a position which would allow them to arrive at an arrangement satisfactory and honourable for Russia, the Amir of Afghanistan, and England!

“The Imperial Cabinet cannot do less than join in this desire of her Majesty’s Government. They have never cherished, nor do they cherish, aggressive views on Herat, or any other part of the Amir’s possessions, and they only aim at contributing to the establishment of peace and security there. Resolved, as they are, to respect scrupulously the rights of Great Britain, as well as those of the Amir, the Imperial Cabinet hope that her Majesty’s Government will display the same regard for the rights of Russia, and they are convinced that the two Governments will thus succeed in avoiding everything which might interfere with a satisfactory solution of the question now under negotiation.

“St. Petersburg, March 18, 1885.”

The circumstances which had arisen made the arrangement of a Russo-Afghan Boundary Convention desirable, and it was agreed at St. Petersburg on July 10, 1887, that:

“(1) The frontier included between the pillars No. 1 and No. 19, and the pillars No. 36 and No. 65, should be considered as definitely settled. The trigonometrical points on the portion of the frontier line described above, and included between pillars No. 19 and No. 36, are likewise admitted as definitive. The description of this part of the frontier, as well as that of the part to the eastward of pillar No. 65, may be completed after the demarcation. The synopsis of pillars attached to Protocol No. 15, dated the 1st (13th) September, 1886, is admitted to be correct and definitive as regards pillars No. 1 to No. 19, and No. 36 to No. 65. It will be completed subsequently by the synopsis of the pillars from No. 20 to No. 35, and by that of the pillars to the east of No. 65.

“(2) Leaving pillar No. 19, the frontier shall follow a straight line up to the summit of the hill marked 2740 on map No. 1, annexed to the present Protocol. This point, where pillar No. 20 shall be placed, is known under the denomination of trigonometrical station of Kara Tepe (latitude 35° 17′ 49″, longitude 62° 15′ 17″). Farther on the line shall descend the crest of the hills, being directed from this point towards the confluence of the Kushk and the Moghur. Pillar No. 21 shall be placed on a point of this crest, or of its slope, so as to be seen from the confluence above-mentioned. A straight line shall connect No. 21 with No. 22, placed in the valley of the Kushk on the left bank of the river, 900 feet to the north of the confluence of the Kushk with the Moghur. Leaving pillar No. 22, the line shall ascend the thalweg of the Kushk to pillar No. 23, placed 2700 feet above the head of the new canal, on the right bank of which the water-supply is situated about 6000 feet to the N.N.E. of the Ziaret of Chahil-Dukhter. From pillar No. 23 a straight line shall be traced to the point marked 2925 on map No. 3 annexed to the present Protocol (latitude 35° 16′ 53″, longitude 62° 27′ 57″). Whence the frontier shall follow the line of the water-parting, passing through the following points: The point 3017 (Bandi Akhamar, latitude 35° 14′ 21″, longitude 62° 35′ 48″, pillar No. 26); the point 3198 (latitude 35° 14′ 20″, longitude 62° 41′ 0″, pillar No. 27); and the point Kalari 2 (latitude 35° 18′ 21″, longitude 62° 47′ 18″); and shall run on to the point marked No. 29 on map No. 4 annexed to the present Protocol. The frontier shall cross the valley of the river Kashan in a straight line between pillars No. 29 and No. 30 (trigonometrical station of Tori-Scheikh, latitude 35° 24′ 51″, longitude 62° 59′ 43″, map No. 3), where it meets the line of the water-parting of the Kashan and the Murghab, shall pass on to this latter, and shall follow it up to the trigonometrical station of the Kashan (latitude 35° 38′ 13″, longitude 63° 6′ 4″, pillar No. 32). From this station a straight line shall be traced to a point on the Murghab (pillar No. 35) situated 700 ft. above the canal-head of the canal Yaki-Yuz or Yaki-Yangi. Further on the frontier, descending the thalweg of the Murghab, shall join pillar No. 36 of the frontier demarcated in 1885-86. To the east of pillar No. 65 the frontier shall follow the line marked A B C D on map No. 8 annexed to the present Protocol, the point A being situated at a distance of 3500 ft. south of the walls of Tinam Nazar; the point B being near Kara Tepe Khurd-Kak, which remains to the Afghans; the point C about midway between the east and west walls of Katabadji; and lastly, the point D about midway between the wells Ali Kadim and the wells marked Chahi. The wells of Tinam Nazar, Kara-Tepe-Khurd, West Katabadji and Ali Kadim remain outside of Afghan territory. From the point D a straight line shall be traced as far as the commencement of the local frontier demarcated between Bosagha and Khamiab, which shall continue to serve as frontier between the two villages, with the single reservation that the canals of Bosagha along all their course, that is to say, as far as Koinli (point H), shall be included in Russian territory. In other words, the present demarcation will confirm the existing rights of the two parties on the banks of the Amu Daria, that is to say, that the inhabitants of Khamiah shall retain all their lands and all their pastures, including those which are east of the local frontier marked E F G on maps Nos. 9 and 10 annexed to the Protocol. On the other hand, the inhabitants of Bosagha shall retain the exclusive enjoyment of their canals as far as Koinli, with the right of repairing and supplying them, in accordance with the customs in force in regard to those of Khamiab, when the waters of Amu Daria are too low to supply directly the canal-heads of Koinli. The officers who shall be charged to execute on the spot the provisions of the present Protocol between the above-named pillars shall be bound to place a sufficient number of intermediate pillars, taking advantage for this purpose as much as possible of the salient points.

“(3) The clause in Protocol No. 4 of the 14th (26th) December, 1885 prohibiting the Afghans from making use of the irrigating canals in the Kushk valley below Chahil Dukhter, which were not in use at that time, remains in force; but it is understood that this clause can only be applied to the canals supplied by the Kushk. The Afghans shall not have the right to make use of the waters of the Kushk for their agricultural works north of Chahil Dukhter; but the waters of the Moghur belong exclusively to them, and they may carry out any works they may think necessary in order to make use of them.

“(4) The clauses in Protocols No. 4 of the 14th (26th) December, 1885, and No. 15 of the 1st (13th) September, 1886, relative to the construction of a dam on the Murghab, remain in force. M. Linoview having expressed the wish that the obligation imposed on the Amir of Afghanistan to give up for this purpose a tract of land on the right bank of the Murghab, under the conditions stipulated in the said Protocols, should be extended to the whole course of the river below the canal-head of Yaki-Yuz, Colonel Ridgeway is of opinion that the necessary steps to obtain the assent of the Amir might delay the conclusion of the present arrangement; but he is nevertheless convinced that the assent of the Amir to this cession, under the same conditions, of a tract of land on the right bank can be obtained without difficulty, if later on the Imperial Government should inform her Britannic Majesty’s Government of their intention of proceeding to the construction of a dam above the canal-head of Bendi Nadiri.

“(5) The British Government will communicate without delay to the Amir of Afghanistan the arrangements herein agreed upon, and the Imperial Government of Russia will enter into possession of the territory adjudged to them, by the present Protocol, from the 1st (13th) October of the present year.

“(6) The frontier agreed upon shall be locally demarcated by a mixed Commission according to the signed maps. In case the work of demarcation should be delayed, the line traced on the maps shall nevertheless be considered binding by the two Governments.”

APPENDIX V

A.—SUMMER SERVICE OF THE OXUS FLOTILLA

KEY:

B: Number of versts from Charjui to Patta Hissar.

C: Cost of transport of 1 pood of baggage from Charjui.

D: Cost of transport of 1 pood of baggage from Patta Hissar.

E: Number of versts from Patta Hissar.

B Cost of passage for passengers from Charjui. C Voyage from Charjui to Patta Hissar. Points touched at. Voyage from Patta Hissar to Charjui. Cost of passage for passengers from Patta Hissar. D E

1 Cl. 3 Cl. Arrive. Depart. Arrive. Depart. 1 Cl. 3 Cl.

R K R K Kop. R K R K Kop.

56 1 68 - 56 5,6 Thur. & Mon. Wed. & Sun. Charjui ⎫ ⎫ 12 99 4 33 43,3 433

109 3 27 1 09 10,9 ” ” Thur. & Mon. Natizin ⎪ ⎬Sat. & Mon. 11 31 3 77 37,7 377

126 3 78 1 26 12,6 ” ” ” ” Burdalik ⎬Sat. & Mon. ⎪ 9 72 3 24 32,4 324

151 4 53 1 51 15,1 Fri. & Tues. ” ” Polvart ⎪ ⎭ 9 21 3 07 30,7 307

212 6 36 2 12 21,3 ” ” Fri. & Tues. Bashir ⎪ Fri. & Sun. 8 46 2 82 28,2 282

233 6 99 2 33 23,3 ⎫ ⎧Karki ⎭ ⎫ 6 63 2 21 22,1 221

225 7 65 2 55 25,5 ⎬Wednesday Wednesday ⎨Kundalem ⎫ ⎪ 6 00 2 00 20,0 200

271 8 13 2 71 27,1 ⎪ ⎪Mukri ⎬Sunday ⎬Sunday 5 34 1 78 17,8 178

303 9 09 3 03 30,3 ⎭ ⎩Ak Kum ⎭ ⎭ 4 86 1 62 16,2 162

322½ 9 98 3 33 33,25 Thursday Thursday Charshangu ⎫ ⎫ 3 90 1 30 13,0 130

358½ 10 76 3 59 35,85 Thursday Thursday Kelif ⎪ ⎪ 3 02 1 10 10,05 100½

385 11 55 3 85 38,5 ⎫ ⎫ Kuyu Kara Mazar ⎬Saturday ⎬Saturday 2 24 - 75 7,45 74½

399 11 97 3 99 39,9 ⎬ Friday ⎬ Friday Chushka-Gisar ⎪ ⎪ 1 44 - 48 4,8 48

404 12 12 4 04 40,4 ⎪ ⎪ Shur Ob ⎪ ⎪ 1 02 - 34 3,4 34

433 12 99 4 33 4,33 ⎭ ⎭ Patta Hissar ⎭ ⎭ - 87 - 29 29,9 29

B.—WINTER SERVICE OF THE OXUS FLOTILLA

Voyage from Charjui to Patta Hissar. Points touched at. Voyage from Patta Hissar Charjui.

Arrive. Depart. Arrive. Depart.

Monday Sunday Charjui Tuesday Tuesday

Tuesday Monday Narizim Tuesday Monday

Tuesday Tuesday Burdalik Monday Monday

Wednesday Wednesday Polvart Monday Sunday

Friday Wednesday Bashir Sunday Sunday

Friday Friday Karki Sunday Saturday

Saturday Saturday Kundalem Saturday Saturday

Sunday Saturday Mukri Saturday Saturday

Sunday Sunday Ak Kum Friday Friday

Monday Monday Charshangu Friday Friday

Tuesday Monday Kelif Friday Thursday

Tuesday Tuesday Kuyu Kara Mazar Thursday Thursday

Wednesday Wednesday Chuska Gisar Thursday Thursday

Wednesday Wednesday Kuyu Shur Ob Thursday Thursday

Wednesday Wednesday Chur Ob Thursday Thursday

Wednesday Wednesday Patta Hissar Thursday Thursday

APPENDIX VI

RETURN OF ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM RUSSIA TO KHORASSAN DURING THE PERIOD MARCH 21, 1903, TO MARCH 20, 1904, COMPARED WITH 1900-03

Articles. Value. 1903-04. Destination of Imports.

1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.

Animals— £ £ £ £ Khorassan only, though many of the camels go to Azerbaijan. Specification of various animals was only kept at Meshed. Those here entered as “Unspecified” are animals that entered at Kuchan, and of which no detail was kept

Camels 592 858 8,198 Number 293 1,806⎫

Donkeys — 56 832 ” 47 73⎬

Horses — 584 2,901 ” 155 649⎪

Unspecified — — 94 ” 1,626 6,386⎭

Animal products, crude — — — Lbs. 232,700 2,926 Khorassan. Chiefly intestines and some silkworm eggs from France

Beer, vinegar, and other fermented beverages 122 221 319 ” 32,273 360⎫ ⎬Khorassan

Butter and other edible fats 62 195 967 ” 75,754 2,059⎭

Candles 2,283 2,139 2,726 ” 59,898 1,836 Khorassan, Seistan, Birjand, Yezd, Kerman, and Afghanistan

Carpets 506 348 248 ” 5,018 618 Khorassan. Chiefly Turkoman carpets

Chemical products — — 299 ” 85,593 1,086 Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, and Seistan

Cochineal 385 228 573 ” 34,775 1,377 Khorassan and Birjand

Copper and nickel, in sheets, bars, &c. — — 85 ” 1,697 58 Khorassan, Birjand, and Afghanistan

Copper, brass, and nickelwork — — 355 ” 38,279 2,669 Chiefly brasswork. Goes to Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, Yezd, Kerman, Seistan, and samovars (tea-urns) even to India

Cotton, raw — — — ” 6,045 126 Khorassan

Drugs 226 1,004 160 ” 15,048 640 Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, and Seistan

Dyes and varnishes 83 171 165 ” 14,600 321 Khorassan and Birjand

Earthenware and crockery 2,343 1,236 1,090 ” 123,507 3,208⎫ ⎬Khorassan, Afghanistan, Seistan, Birjand, Yezd, and Kerman

Fabrics of hemp and flax 4,746 2,764 3,858 ” 302,310 8,026⎭

Fish, fresh and salted 61 69 — ” 1,528 45⎫ Khorassan

Flour — — 232 ” 55,983 317⎬

Fruits— ⎪

Dried — — 620 ” 1,242 19⎭

Fresh 27 51 — ” 17,167 162 Khorassan. Lemons, oranges, &c., brought from Resht via Russia

Furniture 432 839 1,612 ” 76,174 1,994 Khorassan, Birjand, and Seistan

Glass, mirrors, &c. — — 1,077 ” 57,585 732⎫ ⎬Khorassan, Birjand, Seistan, and Afghanistan

Glassware 7,127 4,330 1,591 ” 148,909 3,520⎭

Gold and silver work — — 22 ” 1 127⎫ ⎬Khorassan

Grain, wheat, and barley 556 849 1,430 ” 408,909 1,888⎭

Iron in bars, &c., and scrap-iron 7,084 5,248 4,671 ” 1,084,090 7,646⎫ Khorassan, Birjand, Seistan, and Yezd

Iron and steel, manufactured 4,784 3,308 2,483 ” 225,713 5,845⎬

Lead, zinc, and tin in sheets and ingots — — 399 ” 32,474 972⎪

Leather work — — — ” 4,316 543⎭

Lemonade and fruit syrups 194 261 147 ” 28,966 214 Khorassan

Matches 573 5,127 2,005 ” 221,423 3,616 Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and Kerman

Mercery and hardware 1,276 7,786 4,697 ” 25,266 2,590 Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, and Seistan

Minerals not specified 98 45 16 ” 3,679 61 Khorassan

Musical Instruments — — — ” 410 269 Khorassan and Birjand

Oil—

Petroleum 14,847 14,618 14,375 ” 4,007,985 19,619 Afghanistan, Khorassan, Birjand, Seistan, and Yezd

Other 14 37 248 ” 17,889 153 Khorassan

Papers and wares thereof 1,123 1,928 1,044 ” 71,189 1,908 Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, and Seistan

Printed matter — — 110 ” 5,480 270⎫ ⎬Khorassan

Provisions 4 7 2,217 ” 6,819 120⎭

Rice — 4,247 3,682 ” 2,329,587 22,878 Comes from Resht in Persia via Enzeli and Krasnovodsk to Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, and Seistan

Rope, &c. 87 89 134 ” 8,769 164 Khorassan

Rubber goods — — 5 ” 3,195 532 Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and Kerman

Silk, raw 72 332 515 ” 4,830 1,630 Khorassan and Yezd

Skins

Untanned 50 633 921 ” 11,206 585⎫ Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, and Seistan

Other 1,748 2,074 1,532 ” 23,713 1,186⎬

Soap 101 88 187 ” 9,322 352⎭

Spices — 448 92 ” 531 40 Khorassan, Birjand, and Seistan

Spirits 187 227 469 ” 6,176 245⎫ ⎬Khorassan

Stones, precious and other — — — ” 2,782 73⎭

Sugar—

Loaf 107,032 118,422 132,090 ” 12,696,665 107,978⎬

Other 19,259 26,203 38,444 ” 4,330,320 37,694⎭

Tea 961 925 353 ” 110,949 7,937 Largely Indian tea. Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, and Seistan

Thread—

Cotton 222 356 177 ” 8,457 604⎫ Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and Kerman

Imitation gold and silver 1,112 — — ” 7,326 1,325⎬

Other 449 3,565 610 ” 169 66⎭

Tissues—

Cotton 70,305 115,799 65,521 ” 1,682,447 604⎫ Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and Kerman

Silk 1,498 3,978 997 ” 1,245 1,175⎬

Woollen 1,405 2,548 3,361 ” 17,383 4,175⎪

Other 476 2,600 — ” 2,009 296⎭

Tobacco and cigarettes 2,345 1,794 3,634 ” 54,113 3,120 Khorassan, Afghanistan, Birjand, Seistan, Yezd, and Kerman

Vehicles 82 410 653 Number 111 844 Khorassan

Vegetables and vegetable substances — — — Lbs. 28,048 1,134 Khorassan and Birjand

Watches 139 47 79 Number 83 146 Khorassan and Afghanistan

Wearing apparel 1,145 1,350 842 Lbs. 3,811 1,223 Khorassan, Birjand, and Seistan

Wines 98 127 297 ” 3,211 95 Khorassan

Wood, manufactured — 126 44 ” 35,516 99 Khorassan and Seistan

Miscellaneous 2,523 752 137 ” 293 56

Total £260,844 £341,447 £316,642 — — £405,028

APPENDIX VII

RETURN OF ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM KHORASSAN TO RUSSIA DURING THE PERIOD MARCH 21, 1903, TO MARCH 20, 1904, COMPARED WITH 1900-03

Articles. Value. 1903-04. Remarks.

1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.

£ £ £ £

Almonds and pistachio nuts 3,017 1,166 1,639 — — — Included in “Fruits, dried”; separate figures not obtainable

Animals—

Camels 540 — 94 Number 8 46

Cattle 1,719 7,913 13,702 ” 5,764 8,496

Donkeys — — 19 ” 14 18

Horses — — 136 ” 43 199

Sheep 429 2,008 1,905 ” 22,879 8,434

Unspecified 2 201 313 ” 8,947 178 Poultry, &c.

Animal products, crude — — — Lbs. 38,590 505

Butter and other edible fats — 3 — ” 2,919 114

Carpets 20,855 15,600 32,958 ” 66,125 6,233 For Constantinople, American, and European markets

Charcoal 15 — 134 ” 421,512 928 Exported chiefly from Sarakhs district

Copper-work — — 317 ” 1,846 149 Chiefly basins, ewers, and trays

Cotton, raw 162,318 74,330 121,906 ” 10,839,589 196,081 Some for European, greater part for Russian, markets

Drugs 270 212 245 ” 4,921 135

Dyes 2,783 1,918 1,999 ” 89,245 1,280 Chiefly henna and a dye made from the pistachio-tree and used for dyeing skins

Earthenware and crockery 146 61 35 ” 1,547 99

Fodder — — 23 ” 132,392 91

Fruits, dried and fresh 5,219 10,281 2,966 ” 10,244,286 54,716[47]

Glassware 16 1 40 — — —

Gold and silver work — — 6 Lbs. 2 30

Grain 696 765 2,378 ” 33,365 163

Gums 279 14 151 ” 13,462 181

Gut 233 627 195 — — —

Indigo 717 352 241 Lbs. 761 53 Entered as “Animal products, crude”

Iron, manufactured 39 11 580 ” 1,243 73 Entirely Indian

Mercery and hardware 365 1,823 656 ” 9,438 1,859

Minerals, not specified 273 418 57 ” 1,287 74

Oils 128 286 89 ” 1,950 24

Opium 36 6,681 2,975 ” 18,532 8,553

Precious stones 492 595 5,592 ” 1,638 4,597 Principally turquoises

Provisions, fresh and preserved 96 37 302 ” 15,457 1,245

Raisins 2,948 20,483 37,041 — — — Included in “Fruits, dried”; separate figures not obtainable

Rope, &c. 6 51 37 Lbs. 130 4

Shawls 12,763 16,579 12,833 ” 45,065 6,134 Chiefly from Khorassan, some from Kerman

Silk, raw 361 204 278 ” 72,326 5,074

Skins—

Untanned 29,006 26,466 18,951 ” 1,841,815 48,164

Other 2,270 6,070 3,448 ” 29,029 1,509

Spices 914 443 240 ” 32,050 684 Almost entirely Indian

Sugar—

Loaf — — 1,029 ” 114,862 1,302

Other 326 2,683 71 ” 41,757 293

Tea 25,197 34,062 10,255 ” 170,840 11,569 Entirely Indian tea

Thread—

Cotton 201 340 56 ” 345 21

Silk 211⎫ ⎬480⎨ ⎧425 ” 1,547 561

Wool 10⎭ ⎩ 59 ” 13,429 218

Timber 106 38 175 ” 460,025 320

Tissues—

Cotton 15,721 21,110 13,703 ” 142,578 12,615 Chiefly turbans. Coarse locally made cloth

Silk 3,540 10,129 11,255 ” 460,764 28,030 From Khorassan chiefly, but also from Yezd and Kerman

Woollen 291 1,874 2,853 ” 27,399 5,253

Other 39 199 — — — —

Tobacco and cigarettes 462 152 181 Lbs. 559 36

Vegetables and vegetable substances — — 1,929 ” 893,009 5,372

Wearing apparel 1,032 372 1,403 ” 11,025 1,167

Woodwork — — — ” 7,781 154

Wool 62,770 34,498 68,121 ” 5,477,771 104,166 Largely Afghan wool, vide “Imports from Afghanistan”

Miscellaneous 1,078 3,415 170 ” 1,378 52

Total £359,935 £304,951 £376,166 — — £527,252

VIII

RETURN OF ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM AFGHANISTAN TO KHORASSAN AND SEISTAN DURING THE PERIOD MARCH 21, 1903, TO MARCH 20, 1904, COMPARED WITH 1900-03

Articles. Value. 1903-04. Remarks.

1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.

£ £ £ £

Almonds and pistachio nuts 404 3,297 1,479 — — — Included in “Fruits, dried”; separate figures not obtainable

Animal products, crude 22 68 25 — — —

Butter and other fats 2,070 14,100 6,486 Lbs. 38,318 1,231 Decrease of importation in 1903-1904, due to mortality among the sheep owing to drought

Camels — 188 351 — — —

Carpets 1,291 1,091 2,524 Lbs. 18,857 1,285

Cattle — — 357 — — —

Cotton, raw 18 388 358 Lbs. 57,779 1,061 Re-exported to Russia

Drugs 1,759 741 1,189 ” 78,072 1,742 Partly Indian

Fruits, fresh and dried 16 171 15 ” 69,999 607

Grain 594 889 671 ” 4,355 56

Gum 5 — 21 ” 131 7

Horses — 33 1,116 — — —

Indigo 77 161 231 Lbs. 6,747 720 This is entirely indigo come through Afghanistan from India

Iron, manufactured — — 17 ” 3,419 58

Leather work — — — ” 208 58

Mercery and hardware 229 819 391 ” 2,399 400

Oils 47 118 — — — —

Opium 682 865 197 Lbs. 104 46 Decrease due to heavy increase of duty under new tariff

Packing materials 164 630 1,015 — — — These are woollen sacks for packing wool, &c.

Provisions — 436 650 Lbs. 28,756 285

Raisins 1 440 201 — — — Included in “Fruits, dried”

Rice 5,791 5,737 2,426 Lbs. 74,302 731

Rope — 43 24 — — —

Sheep — 2,039 12,223 Number 8,388 2,048 Decrease due to mortality among the sheep

Skins—

Tanned 3,493 1,635 8,638 Lbs. 11,363 833 These are chiefly postins (sheep-skin coats)

Untanned 1,548 1,640 7,526 ” 324,617 8,235 Large part re-exported to Russia

Spices 24 1,347 305 ” 87,126 1,060 Come chiefly from India

Thread 62 113 702 ” 2,783 380

Tissues 1,062 1,703 774 ” 6,815 271

Tobacco 230 307 174 ” 1,762 22

Wearing apparel 781 1,184 1,120 ” 1,534 275

Wool 11,245 29,156 45,113 ” 3,240,692 90,366 Re-exported to Russia, and to United Kingdom and America via Russia

Miscellaneous 37 420 156 ” 80 3

Total £31,652 £69,759 £96,475 — — £111,780

APPENDIX IX

RETURN OF ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM KHORASSAN AND SEISTAN TO AFGHANISTAN DURING THE PERIOD MARCH 21, 1903, TO MARCH 20, 1904, COMPARED WITH 1900-03

Articles. Value. 1903-04. Remarks.

1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.

£ £ £ £

Animal products, crude — — — Lbs. 12,670 196

Camels — — 120 Number 7 43

Candles 50 32 139 Lbs. 4,713 154 Entirely Russian candles

Carpets — — 28 ” 12,428 989

Cattle — — — Number 8 15

Chemicals — — 67 Lbs. 2,425 52

Copper in bars — — 2 ” 1,950 27⎫ Comes from Russia and is made into trays, water vessels, &c., in Khorassan and exported to Afghanistan

” work — — 125 ” 9,562 475⎭

Drugs 39 120 158 ” 12,883 228

Dyes 5 298 205 ” 3,003 27

Earthenware and crockery 71 27 197 ” 3,081 96 Comes from Russia

Fruits, fresh and dried 36 23 145 ” 24,649 192

Glass, mirrors, &c. — — 166 ” 2,340 40⎫ ⎬Comes entirely from Russia

Glassware 102 2 170 ” 11,213 364⎭

Gold and silver work — — 39 ” 5 34

Grain 1 — 2 ” 14,359 73

Hardware 248 515 1,324 ” 17,986 1,248 Lamps, boxes in wood and metal, needles, &c., buttons and beads; mostly from Russia

Horses — — 19 Number 34 115

Indigo 72 71 572 — — — Indian. Export ceased owing to heavy customs duty in Persia

Iron in sheets, &c. 260 152 38 Lbs. 28,900 229⎫ ⎬Comes entirely from Russia

” and steel, manufactured 108 128 101 ” 5,259 151⎭

Leather-work — — — ” 1,287 120 Both Russian and Indian

Oil— ”

Petroleum 31 27 428 ” 137,163 818 Entirely from Russia

Other — — 273 ” 3,553 87

Paper 10 106 102 ” 780 15 Chiefly Russian

Provisions — — 162 ” 1,346 8 Butter, flour, and salt

Sheep — 2 4 Number 1,067 195

Silk, raw 66 — 96 Lbs. 2,977 1,580

Skins— ”

Furs — — — ” 13 33

Tanned and untanned 100 180 54 ” 1,742 91

Spices 255 524 801 ” 20,753 602 Almost entirely from India

Sugar— ”

Loaf 3,747 — 4,925 ” 615,180 7,743⎫ ⎬Entirely Russian

Other 1,982 450 2,600 ” 357,494 4,751⎭

Tea 1,155 802 1,898 ” 1,112 88 ndian green tea

Thread— ”

Cotton — 144 266 ” 3,458 182

Imitation gold and silver — ⎫ ⎬ 601⎨ ⎧ 9 ” 533 115

Silk 42⎭ ⎩2,547 ” 423 175

Tin and lead in ingots — — 51 ” 2,301 192 Russian

Tissues— ”

Cotton 9,588 12,713 24,550 ” 387,777 29,792 Chiefly Russian

Silk — 622 1,865 ” 9,065 4,635 ” Persian

Woollen 5,102 336 97 ” 17,108 2,843

Turquoises — — — ” 384 591

Vegetables — — — ” 4,589 117

Vehicles — — 24 Number 2 84 Two Russian carriages exported for Commander-in-Chief, Herat

Wearing apparel 2 162 94 Lbs. 2,460 221

Wood, manufactured — 4 63 ” 1,755 37

Miscellaneous 215 204 129 ” 468 40

Total 23,287 18,245 44,655 — — 59,903

APPENDIX X

RETURN OF ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM INDIA TO KHORASSAN VIA THE SEISTAN ROUTE DURING THE PERIOD MARCH 21, 1903, TO MARCH 20, 1904

Articles. Value. 1903-04.

Khorassan and Seistan. Khorassan only.

1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.

£ £ £ Lbs. £

Camels — — 246 — —

Candles — 115 19 — —

Drugs 9 150 45 — —

Dyes — 32 21 — —

Earthenware and crockery — 83 35 1,750 37

Fruits, dried 2 — 389 — —

Glassware — 1,508 34 — —

Indigo 1,825 8,226 3,575 47,097 5,531

Iron and brass in bars and sheets — 96 3 1,120 64[48]

Leather work — — — 3,250 409

Machinery — — 121 — —

Mercery, &c. — 2,487 840 3,350 2 9[49]

Provisions, preserved — 113 69 — —

Rice — — 102 — —

Skins 89 195 721 10,925 1,463[50]

Spices — 556 183 7,345 236

Sugar — 64 131 — —

Tea — 9,011 434 79,579 4,134[51]

Thread (cotton) and yarn — 2 101 6,500 818

Tissues— —

Cotton — 4,427 3,281 — —

Silk — 155 — — —

Woolen — 206 109 — —

Tobacco — 83 109 840 74[52]

Wearing apparel — 245 464 — —

Wines — — — 728 49

Miscellaneous — 148 71 227 26

Total £1,925 £27,902 £11,103 — £13,060

APPENDIX XI

RETURN OF ARTICLES EXPORTED FROM KHORASSAN TO INDIA VIA THE SEISTAN ROUTE DURING THE PERIOD MARCH 21, 1903, TO MARCH 20, 1904

Articles. Value. 1903-04.

Khorassan and Seistan. Khorassan only.

1900-01. 1901-02. 1902-03. Quantity. Value.

£ £ £ Lbs. £

Almonds and pistachio nuts 261 44 37 ” 87,750 1,039[53]

Butter (ghi) — 1,039 — ” — —

Carpets — 134 273 ” — —

Copper, brass, and nickel work (tea-urns) — — — ” [54] 10

Drugs 153 507 316 ” — —

Earthenware and crockery — — 32 ” 700 94

Fruits, dried — 62 8 ” 10,400 87[55]

Grain — — 179 ” — —

Horses 862 2,493 3,631 Number 192 1,792

Mules 338 162 — ” — —

Silk, raw — — — Lbs. 312 218

Skins, untanned — — 429 ” — —

Tissues— ”

Cotton 50 — 55 ” — —

Silk 1,255 2,046 7,336 ” 7,598 3,658

Woollen — 2 106 ” — —

Turquoises — — — ” 180 326

Miscellaneous — 179 32 ” — 32

Total £2,919 £6,668 £12,434 — £7,256

APPENDIX XII

TRADE VALUE OF THE SEISTAN ROUTE COMPARED WITH COMPETING ROUTES

Year By the—

Quetta-Seistan Route. Bunder Abbas Route. Trebizond-Tabriz-Teheran Route. Baghdad-Kermanshah-Teheran Route.

Imports. Exports. Total. Imports. Exports. Total. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports.

£ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £

1900-01[56] 1,925 2,919 4,844 [57] [57] — [57] [57] [57] [57]

1901-02[56] 27,902 6,668 34,570 85,813 [57] — 18,060 — [57] [57]

1902-03[56] 11,103 12,434 23,537 108,319 [57] — — — [57] [57]

1903-04[58] 13,060 7,256 20,316 80,261 38,165 118,426 21,780 — 20,800 —

APPENDIX XIII

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND JAPAN Signed at London, August 12, 1905 Preamble.

The Governments of Great Britain and Japan, being desirous of replacing the Agreement concluded between them on January 30, 1902, by fresh stipulations, have agreed upon the following Articles, which have for their object—

(a) The consolidation and maintenance of the general peace in the regions of Eastern Asia and of India;

(b) The preservation of the common interests of all Powers in China by ensuring the independence and integrity of the Chinese Empire and the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of all nations in China;

(c) The maintenance of the territorial rights of the High Contracting Parties in the regions of Eastern Asia and of India, and the defence of their special interests in the said regions:—

Article I.

It is agreed that whenever, in the opinion of either Great Britain or Japan, any of the rights and interests referred to in the preamble of this Agreement are in jeopardy, the two Governments will communicate with one another fully and frankly, and will consider in common the measures which should be taken to safeguard those menaced rights or interests.

Article II.

If by reason of unprovoked attack or aggressive action, wherever arising, on the part of any other Power or Powers either Contracting Party should be involved in war in defence of its territorial rights or special interests mentioned in the preamble of this Agreement, the other Contracting Party will at once come to the assistance of its ally, and will conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual agreement with it.

Article III.

Japan possessing paramount political, military, and economic interests in Korea, Great Britain recognises the right of Japan to take such measures of guidance, control, and protection in Korea as she may deem proper and necessary to safeguard and advance those interests, provided always that such measures are not contrary to the principle of equal opportunities for the commerce and industry of all nations.

Article IV.

Great Britain having a special interest in all that concerns the security of the Indian frontier, Japan recognises her right to take such measures in the proximity of that frontier as she may find necessary for safeguarding her Indian possessions.

Article V.

The High Contracting Parties agree that neither of them will, without consulting the other, enter into separate arrangements with another Power to the prejudice of the objects described in the preamble of this Agreement.

Article VI.

As regards the present war between Japan and Russia, Great Britain will continue to maintain strict neutrality unless some other Power or Powers should join in hostilities against Japan, in which case Great Britain will come to the assistance of Japan, and will conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual agreement with Japan.

Article VII.

The conditions under which armed assistance shall be afforded by either Power to the other in the circumstances mentioned in the present Agreement, and the means by which such assistance is to be made available, will be arranged by the Naval and Military authorities of the Contracting Parties, who will from time to time consult one another fully and freely upon all questions of mutual interest.

Article VIII.

The present Agreement shall, subject to the provisions of Article VI., come into effect immediately after the date of its signature, and remain in force for ten years from that date.

In case neither of the High Contracting Parties should have notified twelve months before the expiration of the said ten years the intention of terminating it, it shall remain binding until the expiration of one year from the day on which either of the High Contracting parties shall have denounced it. But if, when the date fixed for its expiration arrives, either ally is actually engaged in war, the alliance shall, ipso facto, continue until peace is concluded.

In faith whereof the Undersigned, duly authorised by their respective Governments, have signed this Agreement and have affixed thereto their Seals.

Done in duplicate at London, the 12th day of August, 1905.

LANSDOWNE. (L.S.) TADASU HAYASHI.

APPENDIX XIV

CHRONOLOGICAL SKETCH OF AFGHAN HISTORY

1747.—Nadir Shah, a Turcoman bandit, conquers Persia with an army composed largely of Afghans. Sacks Delhi and is assassinated in camp on return from India.

Sirdar Ahmed Khan, an Afghan cavalry general of the Saddozai section of the Abdali Afghans, seizes the treasure near Kandahar and has himself crowned king of the Durani with the title of Ahmed Shah, Duri Duran. With Ahmed commences history of Afghan nation as an independent kingdom. He builds Kandahar shortly afterwards, calling it Ahmed Shahior Ahmed Shahr. (These events occur about 1747.) Ahmed Shah reigns twenty-six years. He replenishes his treasuries by frequent invasions of India. He is succeeded by his son Timour Shah.

1773.—Timour Shah’s succession to the throne. He removes the seat of government from Kandahar to Kabul. He reigns twenty years and dies 1793, leaving three sons:

(1) Zaman Shah, who reigns four years, living chiefly at Peshawar. He is deposed by his half-brother, Mahommed, and blinded as retaliation for having caused to be executed Wazir Surfaraz Khan Barakzai (called Paindah Khan).

(2) Mahommed, who is attacked and imprisoned by

(3) Shah Shujah, full brother of Zaman Shah. He ascends the throne of Kabul, but lives principally at Peshawar.

1800.—Proposed invasion of India by the emperors Paul and Napoleon.

1807.—Scheme of Indian invasion by the emperors Alexander and Napoleon.

1809.—News having been received that Emperor Napoleon and Tsar Alexander had agreed to invade India through Persia, Mr. Elphinstone is sent as an ambassador to Kabul, meets Shah Shujah at Peshawar, and concludes a treaty.

1809.—Fateh Khan, son of murdered Wazir Surfaraz Khan, releases Mahommed and places him on the throne. Flight of Shah Shujah from Peshawar to take refuge with Ranjit Singh at Lahore, the latter extracting from him the famous Koh-i-Nur diamond, but refusing to protect him.

1818.—Murder of Fateh Khan by order of Shah Mahommed and his son Kamran. Country again convulsed with anarchy. Mahommed and Kamran retire to Herat, the rest of the country being divided between the brothers of Fateh Khan, the murdered Wazir, amongst whom Dost Mahommed Khan got Kabul, Jelalabad, and Ghazni.

1826.—Accession of Dost Mahommed, Amir of Afghanistan.

1832.—Lieutenant A. Burnes’ journey to Kabul, Bokhara, Merv, and Meshed.

1833.—Unsuccessful Persian expedition against Herat.

1837.—Persia, instigated by Russia, marches against Herat.

1837.—Siege of Herat and defence by Eldred Pottinger, November 1837, to June 1838.

1837.—Mission of Sir Alexander Burnes to Kabul to make peace between Dost Mahommed and Ranjit Singh, September 1837.

1837.—Russian agent, Vitkievitch, at Kabul, December 1837.

1838.—Wood explores the Upper Oxus to Lake Siri-kol.

1838.—Rupture of relations with Dost Mahommed. Recall of Burnes.

1838.—Beginning of first Afghan War, November 1838.

1839.—Capture of Kandahar.

1839.—Capture of Kabul, flight of Dost Mahommed, and restoration of Shah Shujah (August).

1840.—Rising of Dost Mahommed (September).

1840.—Defeat and surrender of Dost Mahommed at Bamian (November).

1841.—Assassination of Sir A. Burnes at Kabul (November).

1841.—Murder of Sir W. Macnaghten at Kabul (December).

1842.—Siege of British forces in Kabul (December 1841, to January 1842).

1842.—Retreat and massacre of British army (January).

1842.—Advance of British relief column under General Pollock (April).

1842.—March of General Nott from Kandahar to Kabul (August to September).

1842.—General Pollock re-enters Kabul (September).

1842.—Evacuation of Afghanistan (October).

1842.—Dost Mahommed restored to throne.

1854.—Meeting between Ghulan Hydel, Envoy of Dost Mahommed and Sir John Laurence at fort Abbotabad to discuss question of alliance.

1855.—First treaty between Great Britain and Dost Mahommed (January).

1856.—Surrender of Herat to the Persians (October).

1857.—Meeting between Sir John Laurence and Dost Mahommed at Peshawar.

1857.—Second treaty between Great Britain and Dost Mahommed (January).

1857.—Grant of subsidy to Dost Mahommed of 12 lakhs.

1857.—Mission of Major Lumsden to Kandahar (March to April).

1857.—War between Great Britain and Persia upon behalf of Afghanistan (November 1856, to March 1857).

1857.—Appointment of British agent to Kabul. Removal to Kandahar.

1857.—Treaty of Paris between Great Britain and Persia (March).

1858.—Recall of Kandahar Mission: agent remains.

1858.—Russian Mission of Khanikoff to Herat.

1858.—Death of Ghulam Hyder, son of Dost Mahommed; and Shir Ali nominated successor to Dost Mahommed.

1863.—Death of Dost Mahommed (June). Accession of Shir Ali; return to Kabul with British Agent from Kandahar.

1863.—Requests recognition of Mahommed Ali; treaty of peace, and grant of 6000 rupees.

1863-1868.—Civil War in Afghanistan.

Consequent upon the nomination of Shir Ali, serious dissension occurred in the family of Dost Mahommed. Upon the succession of Shir Ali, rebellion broke out, and Azim, brother to Shir Ali by a different mother, fled into British territory. Afzal, the brother of Azim, serving as Governor of Balkh, also revolted. Shir Ali defeated Afzal, imprisoning him in August 1864. Abdur Rahman, the son of Afzal, was pursued by Shir Ali. Abdur Rahman was joined by Azim, the two marching on Kabul, released Afzal and attacked Kabul in 1866. Shir Ali fled to Kandahar, Afzal entering Kabul as Amir on May 21, 1866. Recognised by the Government of India, he died suddenly in 1867. He was succeeded by Azim, who was never recognised officially by the Government of India. Shir Ali then marched against Azim in 1869, defeating him. Azim died in flight to Teheran, the final triumph and the concluding act of the rebellion being the accession to the throne of Shir Ali Khan in 1869.

1865.—Mahommed Ali killed.

1869.—Flight of Abdur Rahman Khan to Samarkand.

1869.—Shir Ali endeavours to obtain recognition by British Government of his son Abdullah Jan as successor. Refused.

1869.—Umballa Conference between Lord Mayo and Shir Ali (March).

1869.—First overtures from Lord Clarendon to Prince Gortchakow about Afghanistan.

1872.—Gortchakow-Granville Agreement as to boundaries of Afghanistan (October).

1872.—Seistan Boundary Commission.

1873.—Evidences of estrangement of Shir Ali from Government of India.

1873.—Abdullah Jan proclaimed heir-apparent. Yakub Khan revolts. Flight to Herat.

1874.—Imprisonment at Kabul of Yakub Khan.

1876.—Cool reception of Mission from Lord Lytton to Kabul.

1876.—Quetta occupied.

1877.—Abortive Conference at Peshawar between Sir L. Pelly and the Prime Minister of Shir Ali, Nur Mahomet Shah (February).

1877.—Estrangement of Shir Ali completed.

1878.—Kauffman threatens invasion of Afghanistan and India (June).

1878.—Pamir column despatched under General Abramoff (June).

1878.—Arrival of Stolietoff mission at Kabul (July).

1878.—Refusal of Shir Ali to allow the Mission under Sir Neville B. Chamberlain, Commander of the Madras army, to enter Afghanistan. Major Cavagnari and party threatened with attack at Ali Musjid if progress through Khyber Pass maintained (September 20 and 21).

1878.—Advance continued, November 21.

1878.—Colonel Grodekoff’s ride from Samarkand to Herat (October to November).

1878.—Denunciation of alliance with Dost Mahommed by Lord Lytton (November 21).

1878.—Second Afghan War begun (November).

1878.—Flight of Shir Ali from Kabul and release of Yakub Khan.

1879.—Death of Shir Ali in February and accession of Yakub Khan (February).

1879.—Treaty of Gandamak with Yakub Khan (June 8).

1879.—Assassination of Sir L. Cavagnari at Kabul, Dr. Ambrose Kelly, Lieut. Hamilton, and Mr. Jenkins and others (September 3 and 4).

1879.—Third Afghan War begun (September 6). March of General Roberts on Kabul.

1879.—General Roberts arrives at Kabul (September 28), and occupies Dakka (September 22).

1879.—Execution of murderers of Sir L. Cavagnari (October 20-24).

1879.—Twenty-five thousand Afghans defeated by Generals Roberts and Gough (December 23).

1879.—Kabul deserted by Afghans; re-occupation by British (December 26).

1879.—Yakub Khan deported to India (December).

1880.—Recognition of Abdur Rahman Khan as Amir (July).

1880.—Disaster of Maiwand (July 27). Defeat of General Burrows by Ayub Khan.

1880.—March of Sir F. Roberts to the relief of Kandahar (leaving Kabul August 8, arriving Kandahar August 31).

1880.—Rejection of Ayub’s terms by Sir F. Roberts and defeat of Ayub at Mazra (or Battle of Kandahar on September 1).

1881.—Evacuation of Kandahar and entry of Abdur Rahman (September 30).

1882-1883.—Surveys of Lessar.

1882.—Moslim agent appointed to represent British Government at Kabul.

1882.—Quetta district handed over on a rent to the British.

1882.—Prince Lobanoff converses with Lord Granville re Prince Gortchakow’s circular of 1873.

1883.—Occupation by Russia of Tejend oasis (October).

1883.—Quetta district ceded to Great Britain.

1883.—Shignan and Roshan occupied by Abdur Rahman Khan.

1883.—Abdur Rahman passes a law concerning the status of women.

1883.—Subsidy of 12 lakhs, granted by Lord Ripon to Abdur Rahman, due.

1884.—Frontier negotiations between Great Britain and Russia. Sir Peter Lumsden proceeds with British Mission to Herat to demarcate Northern Boundary of Afghanistan.

1884.—Recommencement of Quetta Railway.

1884.—Sir P. Lumsden sent as British Boundary Commissioner (October 1884).

1884.—The Russians occupy Pul-i-Khatun (October).

1885.—The Russians occupy Zulfikar and Akrobat, and advance upon Pendjeh (February).

1885.—Fight between the Russians and Afghans at Tash-Kepri on the Kushk (March 30).

1885.—Rawal Pindi conference between Lord Dufferin and Abdur Rahman Khan. Amir received K.C.S.I. (April).

1885.—War scare in Great Britain (April).

1885.—Sir P. Lumsden recalled. Colonel West Ridgeway remains on the scene of activities of Mission.

1885.—British and Russian Boundary Commissioners meet again. First boundary pillar formally erected (November 12).

1886.—Bolan Railway constructed to Quetta.

1886.—Demarcation of Afghan boundary up to separation of Commission (September).

1886.—Return of British Commission through Kabul to India (October).

1887.—Occupation of Karki by Russia (May).

1887.—Negotiations at St. Petersburg continued and concluded (July).

1887.—Final settlement and demarcation of Afghan frontier (winter).

1887.—Escape of Ayub Khan from Persia; failure of rebellion in Afghanistan.

1887.—Surrender of Ayub Khan to General Maclean, Viceroy’s Agent at Meshed, and detention in India.

1888.—Quetta Railway continued to Kila Abdulla (January).

1888.—Revolt of Is-hak Khan against Abdur Rahman Khan (July to September).

1888.—Retreat of Is-hak Khan to Samarkand.

1889.—War scare on the Oxus boundary (February to March).

1891.—Abdur Rahman introduces the Oath of Allegiance on the Koran among his councillors.

1891.—Abdur Rahman appoints Habib Ullah to hold public Durbars.

1893.—Sir Mortimer Durand goes to Kabul to explain drift of negotiations between Great Britain and Russia in connection with Northern frontier and Pamir region.

1893.—Durand Agreement.

1893.—Increase of subsidy granted to Abdur Rahman by six lakhs, and permitted to import munitions of war as required.

1893.—Abdur Rahman recognises British protectorate over Chitral and agrees to respect Bajaor and Swat.

1893.—New Chaman occupied as railway terminus.

1894.—Abdur Rahman invited to England by Queen Victoria; unable to accept.

1895.—Abdur Rahman abolished slavery in Afghanistan.

1895.—Oath of Allegiance accepted from whole of the State of Afghanistan by Abdur Rahman.

1895.—Abdur Rahman adopts title Zia-ul-Millat-ud-Din.

1895.—Visit of Nasr Ullah Khan, second son of Abdur Rahman, to England.

1901.—Death of Abdur Rahman (October 1). Habib Ullah proclaimed (October 3).

1902-1903.—Re-erection of boundary pillars on Perso-Afghan border.

1903.—Construction Quetta-Nushki Railway begun.

1903-1904-1905.—McMahon Mission for delimitation of Seistan boundary.

1904.—Opening of the Orenburg-Tashkent Railway.

1904.—Visit of Sirdar Inayat Ullah to India.

1904-1905.—Mission of Sir Louis Dane to Kabul.

1905.—Opening of the Quetta-Nushki Railway (November).

1905.—Resignation of Lord Curzon of Kedleston. Appointment of Earl Minto as Viceroy of India. Kitchener-Curzon controversy.

1905-06.—Extension of railway to Dakka.

1906.—Shah rejects the award made by McMahon Mission in respect of the waters of the Helmund.

1906.—Rumours of autumn. Visit of Habib Ullah to India.

MAP OF AFGHANISTAN BY Angus Hamilton Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society London: H. Heinemann. Stanford’s Geogˡ Estabᵗ London

INDEX

Abdur Rahman, 91, 152, 247, 253, 258, 355-356, 433

Accession of Habib Ullah and, 432

Administrative system of, 269, 272

Afridi Elders and, 421-422, 424

Army under, 318-321, 325

Chitral crisis and, 415

Decline and death of, 432-434, 439

Lord Dufferin and, 401

Sir M. Durand and, 406

Lord Elgin and, 416, 418, 420

Europeans employed by, 394

Fiscal policy of, 231, 290-291

Foreign relations, 356-357, 403, 446

Frontier disturbances, 419, 422, 424

Gifts to, 402

Gun-running, 397

Sir Lepel Griffin and, 400

Imports of munitions, 407

Indian Government and, 419-425

Invited to England, 409

Mobilisation scheme, 432

Mullahs and, 415-416, 442

Queen Victoria, 433

Reception of Turkish visitor by, 416

Recognition of, as Amir, 400

Refusal to visit India, 403

Refusal to receive Roberts Mission, 405

Lord Ripon and, 400

Shir Afzal, 413, 414

and South African War, 432

Subsidy, 407

Swat-Tochi rising, 417

Theological studies of, 415

Treaties, 406, 412, 455

Tribal affairs, 270-271, 443, 447

Visits Afghan-Turkestan, 402

Warns Viceroy, 409

Western therapeutics and, 389

Abramoff, General, 40

Adiz Abad, 69

Afghan Turkestan, 94, 242, 262

Area of, 247

Coal deposits in, 396

Subjugation of, 250

Visited by Abdur Rahman, 402

Afghan War, First, 148

Second, 151, 152, 448

Afghanistan, administrative system of, 269-287

British relations with, 147-149, 155-156, 187-189, 220, 250, 356, 373, 375, 446, 455, 457, 458

Climate of, 261, 262

Currency of, 283

Ethnographic distribution, 262-263, 267-268

Khanates of, 250-253

Laws of, 275-280

Minerals of, 304

Orology of, 259, 260

Products and manufactures, 298-307

Provinces of, 242-247

Revenue of, 282-287

Rivers in, 260-276 (See Rivers)

Russian relations with, 121-122, 356, 440, 443, 447, 457-458

Trade of, 236, 288-298, 306

Afridis, 264, 408, 417, 418, 419, 423, 446

Agerskski valley, 14

Agreements (See Treaties)

Ahmed Khan, Sirdar, 189

Ahmed, Shah, tomb of, 190, 193

Akcha, 247, 258

Akrobat, 401

Aktash, 174

Ak-Tepe, 117

Aktinbinsk, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14

Alai mountains, 25, 26, 30

Alayar Khan, 62

Alcock, Surgeon-Captain A. W., 156

Alexander II., 60

Alexander of Macedon, 58, 62, 109

Alexandrovski, 18

Alexeieffski, 120, 124

Alichm Pamir, 174

Ali Mardan Khan, 377

Ali Masjid, 419 (See also Khyber)

Ali Yai Khan, remarks of, 445

Alvar, 259

Amir Ullah Khan, 362, 436

Ampthill, Lord, 452

Amritsar, 202

Amu Daria (See Oxus)

Amu Daria flotilla, 74, 75, 96, 97, 98, 102-104

Anardara, 204

Anderab, 244, 253

Anderson, Mr., 409

Andijan, 6, 11, 43, 49, 59, 110

Andkhui, 173, 242, 247, 258-259

Anglo-Afghan Boundary Mission, 155

Anglo-Russian Boundary Mission, 138, 141

Annenkoff, General, 7, 76

Annenkovo, 76, 77

Aral sea, 10, 16, 95, 96

Ardewan pass, 126, 157

Aris, 11

Army, 308-326

Under Abdur Rahman, 318-321, 325

Under Dost Mahommed, 308-311

Under Habib Ullah, 321-324

Under Shir Ali, 311-318

Askhabad, 3, 4, 5, 11, 70, 103, 173

Aslam Khan, Colonel, 419

Asmar valley, 403, 408, 425

Auckland, Lord, 1, 148

Aulie-ata, 8

Ayub Khan, 152, 187

Baber, 346

Badakshan, 242, 243, 244, 250-253, 405

Badghis, 156

Bad-i-sad-o-bist roz, 223

Badjira, 129

Baghdad, 237, 238

Baglan, 253

Bairam Ali, 77, 78, 79

Bajaur-Mohmands, 408, 412, 413, 414, 417

Bakhtiaris, 204

Bakwa plain, 181

Bala Murghab, 119, 135, 142

Balfour, Mr. A. J., speeches of, 457

Balkan hills, 96

Balkash, 8

Balkh, 173, 177, 242, 247, 250, 256-257, 260, 310-311

Balkh-Herat route, list of marches, 329-330

Baluchis, 204, 226, 227, 228, 241

Baluchistan, 189

Bam, 237

Bamian, 182, 243, 247

Band-i-Turkestan, 258

Bangash, Upper, 243

Bannu, 429

Barak pass, 228

Barakail, 250

Barkhani, 76

Barnaul, 8

Baroghil pass, 244

Barton, Captain, 419

Basawul, 359

Basra, 238

Basra-Baghdad-Kermanshah-Teheran route, comparison of, with Nushki-Seistan route, 237, 238

Belgian customs in Seistan, 235

Beetroot in Chimkent district, 19

Bell, Captain R. C., 241

Bellew, cited, 197

Benadar Kalan, 185

Benn, Major, 232

Ber Kazan, 10

Bibi Halima, 360, 361, 366, 369

Biggs, General Yeatman, 419

Binket (See Tashkent)

Bird, Major, 357, 358, 394, 395

Bird, General Corrie, 416

Bish Agatchski, 49

Black Sands of Bokhara (See Kara Kum)

Blood, General Sir Bindon, 417, 425

Bodorodski, 59

Bokhara, Khanate of, 25-39

City, 2, 6, 30, 36-39, 49, 52, 70-71, 104

Bazaars, 34, 44

Commercial relations, 70, 71

Imports from Kandahar, 203

Irrigation, 94

Masjid-i-Jama, 36

Medjidi Kalyan, 35

Medresse Mir-i-Arab, 36

Minai Kalan, 36

Population, 26, 29, 30, 33

Products, 29-30

Registan, 34

Soil, 29-30

Submission to Russia, 150

Walls of, 30

Water difficulty, 25, 26, 33, 72

Women in, 33, 34

Bolan pass, 230

Bombay, imports from, into Kandahar, 201-202

Bori valley, 260

Bozai Gumbaz, 85

British agent in Kabul, 374

Agent at Koh-i-Malik-Siah, 234

Interests in Persia, 220 in Seistan, 241

Merchants at Bunder Abbas, 237

Relations with Afghanistan, 147, 148, 149, 155, 156, 220, 250, 373-375, 446, 454, 457, 458

Relations with Russia, 1-3, 187, 188, 189, 448

Support of Abdur Rahman as Amir, 356

Brett, Lieutenant, 241

Brodrick, Mr. St. John, 452

Brooke, Captain Victor, 453

Brown, The Misses, 354, 395, 399

Bruce, Mr., 409

Buluna Khel, 408

Bunder Abbas, 234, 237

British merchants at, 237

Rate of camel-hire, 234

Buner, 408

Burnes, Alexander, 147-148

Burrows, General, 152, 187

Bushire, 237

Bustan, 69

Butkhak, 243

Cameron, Mr., 394

Campbell, Lieutenant, 310-311

Canals:

Angar, 48

Balungar, 65

Bos Su, 11, 59

Emperor Nicholas I., 59

Khani Yab, 114

Russki, 61

Shari Rud, 33, 73

Tchüli, 18

Tokhtamish, 79

Tumen, 10

Caspian Sea, 4, 95, 96

Cavagnari, Sir Louis, 347

Central Asian railway, 8, 11, 15, 18, 70, 75, 103, 155, 173

Chageh, 231, 232, 234, 408

Chahil Dukteran, 112, 125

Chakdara, 414, 417

Chakmakchak, 182

Charasia, 152

Chardar, 67

Charhardeh valley, 346

Charjui, 8, 74, 75, 76, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109

Charog, 86, 90, 91, 174

Chasma Sabz, 126

Chelyabinsk, 23

Chemen-i-Bed, 120

Chernaieff, General, 20, 48, 60, 61

Chernaievo, 59, 60, 61

Chigman, 49

Chilas, 408

Chiltan hills, 226

Chimkent, 6, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23

Chitral, 408, 413, 414, 415

British occupation of, 403

Military establishments of, 427

Relief of, 414

Shir Afzal, Mehtar of, 413, 414

Christie, cited, 169

Chushka, 173

Cidj Duvan, 69

Clarendon, Lord, 445

Clarke, Mr., 406

Clements, Mr., 394

Cleveland, Major, 394, 399, 354, 399

Mrs., 354, 399

Coldstream, Lieutenant, 410

Coal, 14, 396

Communications, 91, 92, 93, 329-341

Connaught, T.R.H. Duke and Duchess of, 401

Connolly, cited, 169

Copper, 14

Cotton, 30, 69, 73, 78, 117

Court, cited, 197

Cranbourne, Lord, 451

Currency, 436

Curzon, Hon. George Nathaniel, M.P., 427

Literary works of, 427

Visits Kabul, 427

Curzon of Kedleston, Lord, 426, 439, 452

Abdur Rahman’s death and, 440

Dane Mission, 453, 454, 455

Habib Ullah, 451

N.-W. F. Province, 431, 432

Reforms of, 427

Customs, Belgian, in Seistan, 235

Dakka, 359, 429

Daly, Mrs., 391, 392, 394, 395

Dane, Sir Louis, 453, 454-456

Mission, 189, 348, 353, 357, 360

Treaty, 373, 455, 456

Darband, 90

Darwaz, 25, 29, 30, 93, 244

Dawar valley, 260

Dasht-i-Margo, 221

Daulatabad, 129

Deane, Major, 425

Dehdadi, 177, 257

Dera Ismail Khan, 409, 429

Dera Ismail Khan-Kandahar, list of marches between, 335-337

Deregez valley, 129

Dersai, 89

Deserts:

Bolshiye sands, 9

Bolshiye Barsuki sands, 12, 13, 14

Golodnaya, 62

Kara Kum, 1, 6, 18, 44, 73, 76, 77, 96, 129, 156

Maliye Barsuki, 9

Desert shrubs (See Saxaoul)

Dir, 408, 417

Mir of, 413

Diseases:

Cholera, 450

Malaria, 18, 33, 50, 61, 114, 117, 124, 135

Filaria Medinesis, 33

Diwal Khol, 182

Djilgi valley, 11

Djulek, 10, 18

Djuma, 66

Dobbs, Mr. H. R., 453

Donald, Mr., 406

Donovan, Mr., 354, 394

Dost Mahommed, 169, 249, 269, 250

Afghan army under, 308, 311

Death of, 150

and Great Britain, 149

Dress, 379-384

Dufferin, Marquess of, 401, 402, 403

Durand, Major E. L., 155

Sir Mortimer, 405, 406, 446

Durani, Ahmed Shah, 249, 263, 264

Duranis, 178, 197, 263, 264, 344

Nurzai, 179

Durbadam, 129

Edrisi, 96

Education, 388-389

Edwards, Mr., 394

Elgin, Earl of, 409

Abdur Rahman, 416, 418, 420

Administration of, 439

Elles, Major-General Sir Edmond, 417, 418, 419

Ellis, Colonel, 406

Elphinstone, 348

cited, 197

Erivan, 130

Ersaris, 29, 111, 264

Europeans in Kabul, 394

Faizabad, 177, 242, 244, 253

Farab, 73, 74, 75, 96, 101, 103, 104, 129

Farah, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186, 249, 250

Strategic importance of, 181

Farkhar, 244

Fazindaz, 182

Fenn, Major, 406

Feramorz Khan, 162

Ferghana, 65

Ferozkhois, 264

Ferrier, cited, 169, 197

Ferries on the Oxus, 108

Festivals:

Asad, 388

Barat, 387

Id, 387, 416

Nauroz, 387, 415

Ramasan, 387

Fever, Kushk valley, 124

Murghab valley, 135

(See Malaria)

Filaria Medinesis, 33

Finlayson, Mr., 347, 354, 394

Fishing industry, Aral basin, 16

Firuza, 129

Fleischer, Mr., 392, 394

Murder of, 358-360

Fleischer, Mrs., 360, 397-398

Forts, list of, 326-328

Fowler, Sir Henry, 409, 415

Frontier, N.-W.: activity on, 403

Province, 429, 430, 431

Galkin, Colonel, 156

Gandamak, 402

Treaty of, 151

Gardan Diwar, 182

Garmab, 182

Gee, Mr., 416

Gerard, Major-General M. G., 155

Germany, antagonism of, 217, 218

Misrepresentations of Press, 218, 219

Ghaoch Khol, 182

Gharan, 90, 91, 93, 244

Ghazis, 388

Ghazni, 243, 260, 262, 305, 343-345

Ghilzais, 197, 263-264, 344

Trade with Kabul, 243

Ghorband, 243

Ghori, 244, 253

Ghorian, 248

Ghulam Ali Khan, Sirdar, 177, 247

Ghulam Haidar Khan (Sipah Salar) 403, 406, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 425

Abdur Rahman and, 410

Kafiristan, 413

Umra Khan, 413

Ghulam Hussein (Sipah Salar), 453

Giers, M. de, 445

Gilgit, 414

Agency, 427

Military establishment of, 427

Girdi Tallao, 228

Girishk, 178, 182, 185, 186, 187, 250

Girishk-Seistan, list of marches between, 341-342

God-i-Zirreh, 211

Gold, 14

Goldsmid, Sir Frederic, 212

Mission, 213, 216, 217, 218

Golodnaya steppe, 59, 62

Gomul pass, 343, 344, 345

Gomul valley, 260, 413, 429

Gore, Captain St. George, 155

Gortchakoff, Prince, 445

Grant, Mr., 394, 409

Gray, Dr. J. A., 389, 391, 392, 394, 395

Griffin, Sir Lepel, 400

Gulriz, 369

Gumesli, 123

Gun-running, 397

Guthrie, Mr. T. B., 375

Guzar, 173

Habib Ullah, Amir, 355, 360, 361, 362, 415, 432, 446

Abdur Rahman and, 433, 450

Accession, 434, 435, 436

Afghan envoys, 452

Army under, 321-324

Border tribes and, 446, 447

Dane Mission and, 454, 456, 457

Death of Abdur Rahman, 434

Europeans employed by, 394 received by, 354-358

Gun accident to, 357, 358, 394

Hadda Mullah and, 441, 442, 443, 448

Harem of, 362-369

Id festival and, 439

Inayat-Ullah and, 452

Islamism, 387

Khawas Khan and, 447

Nazr Ullah and, 338, 447

Pedigree of, 365

Policy of, 247, 291, 370-371, 388, 397

Priestly influence upon, 362

Quetta-Chaman Railway, 441

Russia, 440-441, 444, 457

Shiahs and, 386

Subsidy, 441, 446, 450

Sunnis and, 386

Hadda Mullah, 415, 417, 422, 425, 441, 442, 443, 446, 448

Hafiz Ullah Khan, 253

Haibak, 243, 254

Haji Khak pass, 182

Hamilton, Lord George, 431, 445, 448

Miss Lillias, 389, 390, 391, 394

Hardinge, Sir Arthur, 219

Hastings, Mr. C., 410

Hari Rud, valley of, 156

Hayat Ullah Khan, 247, 362, 369

Hazaras, 169, 243, 264, 344, 402, 403, 405

Hazrat Ali, 82, 257

Imam, 253

Helmund river, 107, 178, 182, 185, 260-261

Fords and ferries, 185

Seistan boundary and, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216

Herat City, 110, 111 119, 124, 125, 130, 166, 169, 178, 180, 181

Citadel of, 161

Defences of, 157-162

Description of, 157, 158

Deterioration of, 170

Garrison of, 162

Population of, 169, 170

Strengthening of, 401

Herat:

Expedition to, 147, 148, 149

Independence of, declared, 148

India and, 136

Persia and, 148, 149, 249

Restoration of, to Afghanistan, 149

Russia and, 162, 165, 173

Strategic position of, 173

Trade of, 170, 173

Trans-Afghan Railway and, 189

Herat-Balkh, list of marches between, 329

Herat-Kandahar route, list of marches, 331-335

Herat-Maimana, list of marches between, 341

Herat, province of, 156, 248-249

Hindu Kush mountains, 1, 89, 90, 92, 242, 243, 244, 247, 259, 260

Hindus, 29, 33, 169, 197, 198, 230, 255, 256, 259, 344, 379

Hissar, 173

Holdich, Colonel Sir Thomas, 410, 413, cited, 197

Colonel T. H., 155

Major T. H., 155

Hough, cited, 197

Hunza, 403

Husseinabad, 223, 224

Huzar, 129

Ibrahim Khan, Sirdar, 362

Id festival, 387, 439

Idgah mosque, 387, 439

Igdy wells, 96

Ikan, 11

Ikram-ul-Mul, 129

Ilek, 7

Iletsk, 8, 13

Mines, 13

Ilijik, 104

Ilyan Uta defile, 62

Imam Baba, 117

Kuli, 129

Nasar, 129

Inayat Ullah Khan, 357, 362, 369

Visit to India, 452

Indekki palace, 406

Indian Government, border tribes, 447

Correspondence with Abdur Rahman, 401, 406, 416, 418-425

Claims of, 408

Relations with Kabul, 148-149, 250, 373-375, 446, 454, 457-458

Indian plague and Seistan, 235

Trade with Afghanistan, 295-297

Trade with Seistan, 235

Indus river, 260, 261, 429

Irghiz, 16

Iron, 14, 244

Irvine, Major W., 241

Isazais, 403

Ishkashim, 86, 90, 91, 93, 244

Ivanoff, General, 39

Jagdalik, 242

Jamshidis, 136, 169, 264

Jandol, Khan of, 413

Jan Mahommed, 169

Jelalabad, 243, 261, 408, 410

Jerome, Monsieur, 394

Jews, 29, 33, 114, 119, 169, 256, 259

Jizak, 43, 61, 62

Julfa, 130

Jusufzais, 264

Kabadian, 253

Kabir Jan Khan, 362

Kabul, 416

Arms traffic, 396-397

Bala Hissar, 347, 348

Bazaars of, 376-380

British agent in, 374

British occupation of, 148, 152

Cholera, 450

Europeans employed in, 394

European medical advisers, 390-395

Evacuation of, 1842, 148

Nauroz festival, 440, 442, 443

Industries:

Leather Factory, 396

Ordnance yards, 396

Postin, 305

Tanning yards, 396

Workshop, 396

Military Academy, 388

Palaces:

Dekusha, 347

Durbar Hall, 353

Erg, 348, 349

Indekki, 353

Shah Ara, 353

Russian emissary visits, 444, 445

Russian influence at, 148

Russian Mission, 148, 150, 151

Russian representative at, 448

Secret Intelligence Branch established at, 443

Shirpur cantonment, 346, 348

Situation of, 345-346

Temperature, 262

Trade of, 170, 203, 294, 345

University, Lahore College and, 388

Kabul-Kandahar, list of marches between, 338

Kabul-Oxus river, list of marches between, 338-340

Kabul-Peshawar, list of marches between, 340

Kabul province, 242-243

Kafarkala, 259

Kafiristan, 415

Kagan, 70

Kainar, 234

Kaisar, 259

Kakuris, 197, 204

Kala Bar Panja, 81, 82, 91, 173, 174, 176

Drosh, 414

Kala-i-Zist, 185

Kala-i-Mor, 119

Kala Kafir, 129

Kala Nao, 138, 249

Panja, 81, 82, 89, 176

Wamar, 174

Wanj, 174

Kandahar, 178, 180, 181, 187, 189, 190, 193, 242, 250

Area of, 250

Bazaars of, 197-198

British occupation of, 148

Intervention in, 250

Beggars in, 198

Climate of, 208-210

Connection with proposed railway, 187, 189

Defences, 190

Description of, 189-194

Diseases prevalent in, 210

Fruit industry of, 345

Horse trade of, 204, 207

Population, 194, 197

Products of, 298, 304-306

Relief of, 152

Revenue of, 250

Strategic importance of, and situation, 189, 190

Temperature, 262

Trade of, 198-208, 294

Kadahar-Dera Ismail Khan, list of marches between, 335-337

Kandahar-Herat route, list of marches, 331-335

Kandahar-Kabul, list of marches between, 338

Kara Kliss, 130

Kul, 30, 73

Kum, 1, 6, 18, 44, 73, 76, 77, 93, 94, 96, 129, 156

Teppe, 124

Karabyl hills, 117

Karategin, 93, 94

Karaul Kuyu, 76

Karawal Khana, 138

Karez, 235

Karki, 8, 43, 97, 98, 102, 109, 129, 173

Karmakchi, 10, 15

Karshine oasis, 26

Kashan valley, 119, 137

Kashtalinski, Colonel, 146

Kataghan, 93, 244

Katta Kurgan, 66, 67

Kauffman, General von, 47, 48, 58, 68

Kauffmanskaya, 58

Kaunchi, 59

Kazalinsk, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18

Keane, Lord, 148

Kelat, Khan of, 232

Kelat-i-Ghilzai, 250, 342

Kelif, 96, 97, 98, 102, 109, 173

Kelly, Colonel, 414

Kennedy, Mr., 445

Kerbela, 238

Kerman, 237

Kermanshah, 237

Kermine, 69

Kettechinar, 129

Khanabad, 247, 254

Kharkoff, 5, 19

Khash, 250

Khawas Khan, Habib Ullah and, 447

Khidarzais of Zhob, 403

Khiva, 6, 8, 15, 75, 81, 94, 96, 101, 147

Russian conquest of, 151

Khokand, 6, 11, 43, 49, 173

Khan of, 48

Khoja Daolet, 73

Kul, 14

Khojakand, 259

Khojand, 43

Khorassan, 124, 203, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 240

Khost, 260, 433

Khudadad, 358

Khulm, 242, 247, 254, 260

Khudrud, 182

Khurram Sarbag, 254

Khwaja Amran, 402, 403

Sala, 109, 247

Khwaja-ali, 215

Khyber pass, 417, 418, 419, 428, 429, 446

Abandonment of, 417

Afridi attack upon, 418

Militia in, 417, 419

Khyber Rifles, 428, 454

Kieff, 5

Kila Abdulla, 402

Kin Asu defile, 14

King, Mr., 409

Kirghiz, 13, 14, 15, 18, 29, 33

Steppe, 1, 6

Kirshul, 59

Kishingi, 229

Kishm, 244

Kizil Rabat, 174

Steppe, 69

Kluchevi fortress, 61

Kohak, 213, 232

Kohat pass, 429

Koh-i-Malik-i-Siah, 213, 215, 232, 234

Koh-i-Mulla Khwaja, 157

Kohistan, 262

Kokcha valley, mines of, 244

Kok Tash, Samarkand, 43

Komaroff, Lieut.-General, 118

Konevski, Staff-Captain, 39

Konnogvardeiski, 59

Konstantinovitch, Grand Duke Nicholas, 59

Kopal, 8

Krasnovodsk, 11, 59, 70, 74, 79, 111, 155

Kuchan, 129

Kah-i-Khwajah, 213

Kukchinski, 49

Kulab, 93, 253

Kum Asu pass, 9

Kunar, 243

Krutorogin, Captain, 156

Kunduz, 173, 253, 260

Kungrad, 8, 96, 97

Kurak, 249

Kurban Kala, 77

Kurgan, 23

Kur Kulduk, 58

Kuropatkin, General, 62, 118, 120, 173, 440

Kuropatkino, 62, 65

Kurram Valley, 260, 414, 429

Militia, 429

Kushk (Afghan), 137

Valley, 80

Extent and population of, 136-137

Irrigation of, 137

Prevalence of fever in, 124

Trade of, 137

Kushkinski Post, 5, 111, 112, 124, 173, 187

Russian garrison at, 120-123

Station, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126

Strategic value of, 124

Kuyu Mazar, 69

Lakes:

Berkazan, 10

Chakmaktin, 82, 91

God-i-Zirreh, 211

Hamun, 180, 182, 211, 212, 213, 218, 260

Issyk-Kul, 8

Koss Kue, 13

Sara Kamish steppe, 96

Tchelkar, 9, 14

Victoria, 82, 85

Landon, Lieutenant C. P., 241

Langar Kisht, 85, 86, 89, 90, 174

Lansdowne, Marquess of, 402, 403, 406, 409

Lapis-lazuli mines, 244

Lash, 180

Liebertziet, Frau, 397

Lockhart, General Sir William, 413, 423, 424

Logar, 243

Lomakin, General, 61

Lomakino, 61

Low, General Sir Robert, 414

Lughman, 243

Lumsden, Sir Peter, 155, 401

Lundi Khana, 358

Dane Mission arrives at, 453

Udny Mission at, 409

Lundi Kotal, 359, 419

Lytton, Lord, 431

Macdonald, Sir John, 147

Macnaghten, Sir William, 377

Macpherson, Captain, 223

Mahommed Afzul Khan, 310, 311

Akbar Khan, 250, 253

Alum Khan, 250, 253

Mirza Shah, 147

Mahmud Shah, 253

Mahsud-Wagiri operations, 439

Mai Libash, 10

Maimana, 173, 242, 247, 253, 258-260

Maimana-Herat, list of marches between, 341

Maitland, Captain, 155

Maiwand, 152, 187

Malakand, 414, 417

Military establishment of, 427

Malaria in:

Bokhara, 33

Imam Baba, 117

Kushk region, 124

Merv, 50

Perovski, 18

Murghab valley, 112, 117

Jizak, 61

Malleson, Major W., 453

Mangan defile, 142

Manners-Smith, V.C., Captain, 406

Mardar, not Mirdar, 226

Margelan, 43, 49, 173

Martin, Mr. F. A., 358, 392, 394

Sir Acquin, 375, 394

Maruchak, 138, 141, 142, 173

Valley, 138

Masjid-i-Jama, 36

Masson, cited, 197

Mastang, 231

Maude, Fort, 419

Mayo, Lord, 150

Mazar-i-Sharif, 177, 247, 257, 369, 440, 451

Mazar-tepe, 85

McDermot, Mr., 283, 394

McMahon, Captain H. (See Colonel Sir Henry)

Colonel Sir Henry, 214, 215, 241, 406

McNabb, Surgeon-Captain, 410, 413

McSwiney, Captain E. F. H., 155

Measures, table of Afghan, 306-307

Medjidi Kalyan, 35

Medresse, Mir-i-Arab, 36

Menzikoff, Prince, 147

Merv, 4, 5, 11, 50-56, 80, 110, 173, 440

Annexation of, 155, 401

District of, 76

Old, 52, 78, 114

Station of, 79, 111, 112

Merv-Herat road, 156-157

Meshed, 3, 52, 129, 130, 203, 234, 239

Russian commercial influence in, 236

Various routes to, 236-239

Meshed-Askakbad, proposed railway, 129

Meshed-Bunder Abbas, rate of camel-hire, 234

Middleton, Mr., 394

Mikhailovsk, 96

Miller, M., Russian Consul at Nasratabad, 214

Misrepresentation of, 217, 218, 219

Milyautinskaya, 62

Minar Kalan, 36

Mineral deposits of Afghanistan, 304

Minerals:

Coal, 14, 396

Copper, 14

Gold, 14

Iron, 14, 244

Lapis-lazuli, 244

Salt, 13, 244

Saltpetre, 181

Sulphur, 244

Mines of Aktinbinsk, 14

Iletsk, 13

Minjan, 244

Miranzai valley, 403

Mirza, Abbas, 147

Mahommed, 147

Missions:

Afghan Boundary, 1884; 155, 401, 402, 405

British visit to Jelalabad, proposed, 403-404

Bruce, 409, 413

Cavagnari, 151, 152, 347

of Condolence, 436, 440, 441

Dane, 453, 454, 455

Durand, 405, 406, 407

Goldsmid, 213, 216, 217, 218

Pamir Boundary, 155, 407, 415

Pamirs, 155

Roos-Keppel, 452

Roberts, proposed, 405

Udny, 409, 414, 452

Mitana Pefshanba, 67

Mohmands, 264, 408-409, 412-413, 425

Mongols, 264

Moscow, 4, 5

Bourse Gazette, statements of, 444

Mountains:

Alai, 25, 26, 30

Asmai, 345, 346

Badakshan, 91

Bend Chengurek, 120

Chupan Ata, 39, 65

Djaksi, 14

Djaman, 14

Gilkoh, 343

Go Um Tau, 65

Hindu Kush, 1, 89, 90, 92, 242-244, 247, 259, 260

Hissar, 25, 29, 30, 43, 44

Kara, 120

Kara Tau, 73

Karatavski, 23

Koh-i-Baba, 156, 182, 242, 259, 260

Kizi Kurt, 11

Mirdah, 226

Mugodjarski, 9, 12

Mustagh, 243

Nura Tau, 6, 62

Nuratinski, 62

Paropamisus, 120, 125, 156, 157

Sarikol, 243

Siah-koh, 213, 216

Sufed Koh, 242

Takht-i-Shah, 345

Tian Shan, 47

Trans Alai, 25, 93

Mouravieff, Count, 431

Mullagori country, 429

Mullah Powindah, 442

Said Akbar, 442

Multan, 202

Muminabad, 253

Munitions of war, 403, 407, 432, 433, 449, 450

Murad, Amir, 78, 146

Khan, 228, 229

Murgak, 72

Murghab Imperial estate, 78

River, 76, 80, 91, 93, 107, 111-114, 117, 119, 131, 136, 138, 146, 156

Valley, 80, 117, 131-146, 260

Prevalence of fever, 124

Railway, 3, 110, 111, 112, 120, 130

Trade of, 137

Murghabi, Fort, 174

Nadejdinski, 59

Nagornaya, 66

Naizar marsh, 211, 213

Namagut, 90

Namangan, 43

Naphtha, 14, 60

Narmashir, 237

Nasratabad, 179, 214, 217-219, 223-225

Garrison of, 225, 226

Russian Consul at, 214, 217, 218, 219, 224

Nasratabad-Nushki route, 226, 231-232

Naus, M., and Persian Customs, 235

Nawagai, 413

Nazr Ullah Khan, 360, 369, 386, 388, 415, 433, 436, 443, 447

Neh, 237

New Bokhara, 70

Chaman, 187, 189

Nialbash, 58

Ni-Amat Ulla, Shah; Wani of Kirman, 122

Nijni Volinski, 59

Nikolævski, 59

Nikolski, 49

Ningrahar valley, 408

North-W. F. Province, 429, 431

Novo Astrakhanski, 18

Novoe Vremya, statement of, 443-444

Nukus, 94, 96

Nushki, 229, 230, 429

Nushki-Quetta trade route, 226-229

Railway, 226

Nushki-Seistan trade route, 226, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235

Camel-hire, revision of charges, 234, 335

Comparison of, with alternative routes, 236, 237, 238, 239

List of marches, Nushki-Nasratabad, 233

Trade facilities of, 234

Returns, 233

Nut, 89

Obeh, 249

Obi, 8

Siab ravine, 65

Obrutcheff, General, 61

Obrutchevo, 61

Obyetovanni, 59

Odessa, 5

Old Tashkent (Stari Tashkent), 58

Merv, 78

Omar Khan, Sirdar Mahommed, 360, 361, 366, 369, 436

Omsk, 8

Orakolow, Lieutenant, 156

Orakzais, 264, 403

Orenburg, 6, 8, 12, 15, 23

Orenburg-Tashkent, old post-road, 6, 7

Railway, administration of, 12

Alternative schemes to, 7, 8

Branch line to Syr Daria, 10

Construction of, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 50

Double track proposed, 11

Markets of Central Asia, 23, 24

Opened by General Kuropatkin, 440

Route followed by, 7, 8

Water-supply, 9, 13, 14, 16

Orsk, 6

Osh, 3, 4, 6, 43, 49, 173

Otrar, 11

Oxus flotilla, 74, 75, 96-98, 102-104

Region, temperature, 262

River, 8, 25, 26, 29, 43, 73, 74, 75, 76, 95, 96, 260, 261

Fall of, 98

Ferries and fords, 107, 108

Mines in valley of, 244

Mouths of, 94, 95

Navigation of, 96, 98, 104, 107

Russian and Afghan communications along, 91, 92

Russian military disposition along, 174, 175

Proposed railway to, 129

Source of, 81, 82

Trade upon, 104, 107

Upper, 82 (See Panja)

Oxus-Kabul, list of marches between, 338-340

Pack, Mr. E. T., 375

Paghman hills, 182, 346

Paiwar Kotal, 151

Palankoh route, 234

Pamir, Alichur, 405

Boundary Mission, 4, 155

Fort, 405

Great, 82

Little, 82

Sarez, 405

Pamirs, 4, 25, 81, 82, 91, 92, 405, 407

Afghan position in, 407

Russian force in, 174

Panafidine, M., 156

Panja River, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

Paropamisus mountains, 120, 125, 156, 157

Parsiwans, 197

Pathans, 263, 264 (See also Ghilzai)

Patta Hissar, 75, 96, 97, 98, 102, 107, 173

Peacocke, Captain, 155

Pendjeh, 110, 111, 112, 119, 129, 145, 156, 173, 401

Fight at, 405

Pendjeh-Tanur-Sangi branch line, 80

Perovski, 6, 7, 10, 16-18

Count, 17

Fort, 17

Persia:

Designs upon Herat, 148, 149

Interests in Seistan, 213, 214

Obstruction to Seistan Boundary

Commission, 215, 216

Relations with Afghanistan,

Great Britain, and Russia, 147-149, 214

Perso-Afghan War, 147, 148, 149

Persians, 29, 33, 111, 114, 119, 198, 258, 264

Peshawar, 149, 429, 440, 449, 453

Peshawar-Kabul, list of marches between, 340

Pesski, 176

Petro-Alexandrovsk, 75, 96, 108

Pitniak, 94

Plague, Seistan and Indian, 235

Pollock, General, 377

Poltavski, 120, 124

Polytimætus (See Zerafshan)

Postins, manufacture of, 305-306

Practitioners, native, 392, 393

European, 394

Ptuk, 86

Pul-alak, 185

Pul-i-Khatun, 129, 401

Pul-i-Khisti, 117

(See Tash Kepri)

Pukhtun (See Pathans)

Pyne, Mr. (See Sir Salter)

Sir Salter, 373, 394, 396, 405, 408

Quetta, 187, 189, 215, 226, 228, 429

Railway, extension of, to New Chaman, 402

Quetta-Nushki railway, 226, 230, 231, 234

Route, 226-229, 291

Ragh, 244

Railways:

Across Persia, 130

Askhabad-Meshed, 129

Central Asian, 8, 11, 15, 18, 70, 75, 103, 155, 173

Indian, Kabul river, 429

Khyber, 429

Nowshera-Dargai, 428

Quetta-Chaman, 402, 441

Sakkur-Sibi, 401

Thau-Kushalgarh, 429

Murghab valley, 3, 110-130

Orenburg-Tashkent, 3-50

Russian, in Afghanistan, 457, 458

Saratoff-Uralsk, 8

Trans-Afghan, 189

Trans-Siberian, 7, 8, 11

Ramasan, 387

Ramsay, Captain, 241

Rang, 85, 86, 89

Ranjit Singh, British alliance with, 148

Ravania, 76, 77

Registan, Bokhara, 34

Samarkand, 40

Religion, 386-387, 388

Repetek, 76

Riches, Mr., 394

Ridgeway, Colonel Sir West, 155

Ripon, Marquess of, 400, 403

Rivers:

Ab-Dilawar, 182

Ab-i-Siah, 182

Ab-i-Wakhan, 82, 85

Abs-i-Panja, 82, 85, 93

Aksarai, 94

Ak-su, 19, 82, 91, 93

Alabass, 14

Argand-ab, 185, 260

Arghesan, 260

Arisi, 11, 19

Atrek, 129

Badam, 19

Balkh, 256

Bartang, 91, 93

Bolshoi, 9

Bugun, 19

Buraldai, 19

Burdjar, 19

Burgutai, 85

Burl, 14

Burt, 14

Chirchik, 47, 48, 49, 58, 59

Darban, 94

Djus, 14

Doaba, 255

Donguz, 13

Elshanka, 13

Embi, 9, 13

Farah Rud, 180, 211, 260

Farkhan, 254

Ghazni, 343

Ghori, 94

Ghund Daria, 90, 91, 174

Hari Rud, 130, 156, 248, 260, 261

Harud, 178, 211

Helmund, 107, 178, 182, 185, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 222, 260, 261

Ilek, 7, 13

Irtish, 8

Khargosh, 85

Kabul, 260, 261, 345, 346, 429

Kafirnahan, 94

Kaisar, 229

Karanzyak, 10

Kashan, 131, 137

Kashka, 25, 26

Keless, 11

Keshef Rud, 129, 130

Khabd, 14

Khanabad, 94

Khash, 211

Kizil-su, 94

Kokcha, 94, 247, 260

Krash, 221

Kuban, 14

Kubele, 9, 13

Kulab, 94

Kulden, 13

Kuljur, 9, 14

Kunar, 260

Kunduz, 94, 101, 108, 254

Kushk, 111, 113, 117, 119, 120, 131, 137, 138

Kutchuk-sai, 14

Little Pamir, 85

Logar, 260, 345

Mali Karagandi, 9

Maloi Khabd, 14

Murghab, 76, 80, 91, 93, 107, 111-114, 117, 119, 131, 136, 138, 146, 156

Narpai, 67, 68

Obi, 8

Oxus (See Oxus)

Pamir, 82, 85, 86

Panja, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93

Panj-Kola, 414, 425

Panjsher, 242, 260

Salar, 11, 58

Sangalak, 258

Sanzar, 61, 62, 65

Shakh Dana, 91

Sherinab, 228

Suchan Daria, 91, 93

Surkan, 29, 94

Syr Daria, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 59

Taldik, 94, 95

Tchayan, 19

Tejend Rud, 130

Temir, 9, 13

Teress Butak, 14

Tezin, 182

Ulkan, 94

Ural, 7, 8, 9, 13

Wakhan Daria, 85

Wakhan-su, 85

Wakh-jir, 82, 85

Waksh, 29, 94

Yani Su, 94, 95

Zerafshan, 25, 26, 33, 39, 65, 67-69, 72, 73

Zirreh, 211

Robat, 232

Roberts, General Sir Frederick (See Lord Roberts)

Lord, 151, 152, 403, 404, 405, 408

Robertson, Dr. Sir George, 414

Romanovski, 89

General, 61, 62

Roos-Keppel, Major, 452, 453

Rosebery, Earl of, 409

Roshan, 25, 253

Rostovtseff, Count, 65

Rostovtsevo, 65

Rubies, 244

Rudbar, 213

Russia:

Afghanistan and, 121-122, 148-150, 151, 162, 165, 173, 356, 405, 440, 441, 443, 444, 447, 452, 457, 458

Agents of, 444

and Great Britain, 1-4, 147, 187, 188, 189, 448

Imperial Bank of, 70, 129

Khorassan in, 236

in Mid-Asia, 2, 3-4, 5, 55-57, 149, 150, 174, 401

Oxus river and, 91, 149-150, 174, 175

Pamirs in, 405

Persia and, 147, 158

Seistan and, 214, 215, 217, 219, 236, 241

Russian Railways:

Askhabad-Meshed, 129, 130

Murghab Valley, 110-130

Railway schemes, 1, 126, 129,188, 189, 237

Trade with Afghanistan, 179, 295-298

Russo-Chinese Bank, 70

Russo-Persian War, 147

Rustak, 93, 244, 253

Saad-ud-Din Khan, 362

Sabzawar, 178, 179, 181, 186, 240, 249

Safi Mullah, 442

Said Akbar, 415

Saids of Peshin, 204, 207

St. Petersburg Bourse Gazette, 444

Sais Khaneh ravine, 62

Sakhir, 182

Sakis, 58

Salaam Khana, 387

Salisbury, Marquess of, 431

Salt, 13, 244

Saltpetre, 181

Samana, 414, 418, 429

Rifles, 429

Samara, 7

Samarkand, 3, 5, 6, 11, 39-44, 49, 52, 65, 110, 155, 173

Bazaars of, 43, 44

Bibi Khanum, 43

Capture of, by Russia, 149

Gur Amir, 43

Ivanovski Square, 39

Kok Tash, 43

Old town, 40, 43

Population, 39, 40

Registan, 40

Shir Dar, 40

Station of, 66

Tillah Kori, 40

Tomb of the Shah Zindeh, 43

of Timur, 43

Trade of, 40, 43, 66

Ulug Beg, 40

Urda, 43

Samchan, 89, 90

Samungli, 228

Sand shrubs (See Saxaoul)

Saraghari, fort, 423

Sarakhs, 111, 129, 130, 156, 401

Saratoff-Uralsk railway, 8

Sarhad river, 82, 85, 247

Sari Agatch pass, 11

Saripal, 258

Sari Tchegonak, inlet, 10

Yazi, 117, 145

Sarlor Fakir, 415, 417

Sarshela ravine, 211

Sarts, 29, 111, 114

Sarwar Khan, Shahgassi Mahommed, 361, 362

Sauran, 20

Saxaoul, (desert shrub), 73, 75, 76, 77

Sayid Mozaffrar Eddin, Amir, 68

Sazan Bulak, 91

Seistan, 179, 186, 211, 212, 213, 214, 240, 241, 242

Afghan, 250

Afghan interests in, 213, 214

Belgian customs and, 235

Boundary Mission, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 241

British interests in, 241

Indian plague in, 235, 236

Irrigation of, 222

Persian interests in, 213-214

Population of, 213

Russian interests in, 214, 215, 236

Taxes and revenue of, 222, 223

Trade with India, 235

Seistan-Girishk, list of marches between, 340-341

Seistan-Nushki, overland route, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235

Sekuha, 213

Semipalatinsk, 8

Semut, 86

Shabkaddar, 417

Shah Maksud, 306

Zindeh, tomb of, Samarkand, 43

Shaikhantaurski, 49

Shakhri oasis, 26

Shar-i-Sabz, 129, 173

Shezand, 230

Shiahs, 169, 258, 386, 387

Shibirghan, 247, 258

Shignan, 25, 82, 91, 203

Shikarpur, 230

Shinwaris, 264

Shirabad, 129

Shir Afzal, 413-414

Ali, 150, 151, 250, 269-270

Conference with Lord Mayo at Umballa, 150

Refusal to admit British representatives to Kabul, 151

Reform of Afghan army by, 311-318

and Stolietoff Mission, 448

Dar, Samarkand, 40

Darwaza, Mrs., 345, 346

Shirtar, 86, 89

Shiwa, 244

Shoemaker, cited, 51

Shujah, Shah, 1, 48

Shuturket, 59

Shveikovski, Major-General Povalo, 156

Sibzyarski, 49

Sikandur Khan, 444

Si Khanah, 89

Simpheropol, 5

Skobeleff, 7, 10

Skobelevski, 18

Slave trade in Kandahar, 207-208

Slee, Mr., 231

Sokovnin, Colonel, 39

Somatash, 405

South African War, 439

Spies, Russian, in Mazar-i-Sharif, 451

Staal, M. de, 431

Stari Tashkent (Old Tashkent), 58, 59

Stewart, Lieutenant-General Sir Donald, 151, 152, 400

Lieutenant A. E., 241

Mr., 394

Stolietoff Mission, 448

Strabo, 95

Stroieff, M., 129

Sulphur, 244

Sultan-i-band, 114, 146

Sundukli, 73

Sunnis, 258, 386, 387

Superstitions, Afghan, 385-386

Swat, 408, 417, 427

Syabz oasis, 26

Syr Daria, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 59

Province, 81

Darinskaya, 59

Tabriz, 130, 237, 239

Tagis, 433

Taimanis, 169, 180, 264

Tajiks, 29, 30, 244, 258, 259, 264, 344

Takhta Bazar, 118, 119

Takht-i-pul, 173, 177, 257

Takht-i-rawan, 446

Talbot, Captain the Hon. M. C., 155

Talikhan, 253

Talkhatan Baba, 113

Tamerlane, Ark of, 65 (See also Timur)

Gates of, 62 (See also Timur)

Tanur Sangi, 80, 112, 119, 138, 173

Tarnak, 189, 260

Tartars, 18, 119

Tashkent, 4-7, 11-13, 15, 16, 20, 23-24, 43-50, 74, 79, 110, 173, 440

Alexandrovski Park, 48

Angar canal, 48

Capture of, by Russians, 60

Cathedral, 44, 47

Climate, 47, 49

District, 23

Population, 16

Dukhovskaya, 48

Fortress Esplanade, 49

Gospitalnaya, 48

Irrigation of, 12

Kailuski Prospekt, 48

Konstantinovski Square, 47

Native quarter, 49

Oasis of, 12

Old (See Stari Tashkent)

Orenburg-, railway (See Orenburg-Tashkent railway)

Population, 49, 50

Romanovski Street, 48

Russian garrison, 48-49

Quarter, 44, 48, 49

Sobornaya Boulevard, 48

Station of, 11

Town revenues, 48

Trade returns, 24

Turkestan Public Library, 48

Water difficulty, 48

Tash Kepri, 117-119, 135, 401

Tashkurgan, 174, 242, 247, 254, 255

Population of, 255

Tasker, Mr., 394

Tate, Mr., 241

Teheran, 130, 147, 237-239

Routes to, 237-239

Tejend, 111, 129, 156

Tekkes, 77, 114, 117

Temir Utkul, 13

Termes, 3, 8, 97, 129, 173

Thana, 417

Thornton, Mr. E. T., 354, 392, 394

Tian Shan mountains, 47

Tiflis, 130

Tigris river, 237

Tillah Kori, Samarkand, 40

Tilleri, 228

Timur, 11, 40, 43, 249 (See also Tamerlane)

Tomb of, Samarkand, 43 (See also Tamerlane)

Tirah operations, 423, 425, 426

Tirogkhoi plateau, 259

Tochi, 414, 416, 429

Torashekh, 119

Torkhana, 453

Trade of Afghanistan, 288-298, 306

Traku, 185

Trans-Afghan railway, proposed, 187

Trans-Atai mountains, 25, 93

Trans-Caspian Gazette, 218-219

Trans-Caspian railway, 3-6, 110, 111

Trans-Siberian railway, 7, 8, 11

Treaties:

Anglo-Russian, 1873, 406

Dost Mahomed and British, 149

Durand, 231, 373, 407, 408, 412, 446

Gandamak, 402

Khyber, 481

Trebizond-Tabriz-Teheran route, comparison of, with Nushki-Seistan route, 239

Trench, Major, 223, 232

Tribal affairs, 270-271, 443, 447

Troitzki, 49

Tuckatoo hills, 2260

Turbat, 237

Turbat-i-Naidari, 235

Turcomans, 29, 33, 52, 258, 264

Turkestan, 7, 10-11, 20, 23, 179

Afghan (See Afghan Turkestan)

Cotton Company, 67

Public Library, Tashkent, 48

Russian, 11, 20, 23, 39, 44, 47, 68

Turgai province, 13

Turkish Emissary to Abdur Rahman, 416

Turkoman Expedition, 61

Twakim-ud-Din, 415

Uch Udja, 76

Udny, Mr. (See Sir Richard Udny)

Sir Richard, 410, 412, 417-419, 452

Proclamation, 410, 412, 413

Ulia Jancah, 362

Ulug Beg, Samarkand, 40

Ulyanin, Colonel, 111

Umra Khan, 413, 425

Upper Oxos (See Panja river)

Ural Cossacks, 18

Uralsk, 8

Urda, Samarkand, 43

Urt plateau, 182

Urta Chul steppe, 30

Urumbai, 59

Usef Khan Barakzai, 362

Ushturket, 59

Utch Tubeh, 59

Uzbegs, 30, 33, 258, 259, 264

Uzboi channel, 96

Vaganzi, 69

Vambéry, cited, 169, 170

Vani Kurgan, 20

Venice Sanitary Congress, 235

Verevkin, General, 20

Verkhni, 59

Verni, 8, 11, 20

Victoria, lake, 82, 85

Viedomosti, statements of, 444

Vrevskaya, 58

Wahab, Lieutenant-Colonel R. A., 155

Wakhan, 91-93, 242, 244, 247, 253

Valley, 85, 86

Wakh-jir pass, 82, 85

Walter, Mr., 394

Walters, Major H. F., 241

Wanliss, Major, 453

Wano, 345, 413, 414, 416

War, Afghan, First, 148

Second, 151, 152, 448

Perso-Afghan, 148-149

Ward, Mr., 241

Ware, Captain Webb, 232

Waziris, 264

Waziristan, 408, 413, 416, 429, 439

Weights, Afghan, 307

Welman, Doctor, 156

Women in Afghanistan, 197, 383-385

in Bokhara, 33, 34

Wood, Lieutenant, 82, 85

Wood’s Lake (See Victoria Lake)

Woodside, Mr., 231

Yaghistan, 408

Yaims, skirmish at, 407

Yakatut, 72

Yakshi Kargach river, 14

Yakub Khan, 151, 152

Yarkand, 255

Yate, Colonel A. C., 182, 449

cited, 170

Lieutenant A. C., 155

Major C. E., 155

Yezd, 237

Yonoff, Captain, 405

Young, Mr., 231

Yulatan, 111, 113, 114, 145, 146

Zakka Khels, 446

Zamindawar, 178, 186

Zangi-ata, 58

Zarghun hills, 226

Zarghim, 226

Zebak, 244

Zerafshan river, 25, 26, 33, 39, 65, 67-69, 72, 73

Ziadin, 68, 69

Zirabulak, 68

Zhob valley, 260, 403

Zulfikar, 129, 401

Zung, 86, 89

Printed by Ballantyne & Co. Limited Tavistock Street, London

Transcriber’s Note:

Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the chapter. Footnotes [27], [56] and [57] have multiple anchors. A few anchors are positioned at the beginning of the sentence.

Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. Obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. Misspelled words were corrected. Where spelling varies between an index entry and the text of the book, the index entry was adjusted to match the text. Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or missing letters and punctuation, were corrected. Use of italics was made consistent in various lists. Final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added.

Columns and rows were reversed for two tables on page 293. When a table does not display completely on small handheld devices, tapping the screen may present the entire table in miniature.

The pedigree chart in Chapter XIV was converted to a descendant format to fit electronic screens. Spouses are indented between the male's name and their children. An image of the original chart was added.

There may be a digit not printed in Appendix X, last column for entry of Mercery, &c.

Mimosa, _Acacia_ was changed to Mimosa, Albizia.