A History of Sculpture.
Reading edition
BY
ALLAN MARQUAND, Ph.D., L.H.D.
AND
ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., Ph.D.
Professors of Archæology and the History of Art in Princeton University.
With Frontispiece and 113 Illustrations in half-tone in the text, Bibliographies, Addresses for Photographs and Casts, etc.
Henry W. Kent, Curator of the Seater Museum, Watkins, N.Y.
“Like the other works in this series of yours, it is simply invaluable, filling a long-felt want. The bibliographies and lists will be keenly appreciated by all who work with a class of students.”
Charles H. Moore, Harvard University.
“The illustrations are especially good, avoiding the excessively black background which produce harsh contrasts and injure the outlines of so many half-tone prints.”
J. M. Hoppin, Yale University.
“These names are sufficient guarantee for the excellence of the book and its fitness for the object it was designed for. I was especially interested in the chapter on Renaissance Sculpture in Italy.”
Critic, New York.
“This history is a model of condensation.... Each period is treated in full, with descriptions of its general characteristics and its individual developments under various conditions, physical, political, religious and the like.... A general history of sculpture has never before been written in English—never in any language in convenient textbook form. This publication, then, should meet with an enthusiastic reception among students and amateurs of art, not so much, however, because it is the only book of its kind, as for its intrinsic merit and attractive form.”
Outlook, New York.
“A concise survey of the history of sculpture is something needed everywhere.... A good feature of this book—and one which should be imitated—is the list indicating where casts and photographs may best be obtained. Of course such a volume is amply indexed.”
Notre Dame Scholastic, Notre Dame, Ind.
“The work is orderly, the style lucid and easy. The illustrations, numbering over a hundred, are sharply cut and well selected. Besides a general bibliography, there is placed at the end of each period of style a special list to which the student may refer, should he wish to pursue more fully any particular school.”
LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., Publishers,
91 & 93 Fifth Avenue, NEW YORK.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preface
List of Illustrations (Figures 1–157) xi
CHAPTER I.
Primitive and Prehistoric Architecture 1
CHAPTER II.
Egyptian Architecture 6
CHAPTER III.
Egyptian Architecture, Continued 16
CHAPTER IV.
Chaldæan and Assyrian Architecture 28
CHAPTER V.
Persian, Lycian, and Jewish Architecture 35
CHAPTER VI.
Greek Architecture 43
CHAPTER VII.
Greek Architecture, Continued 60
CHAPTER VIII.
Roman Architecture 74
CHAPTER IX.
Roman Architecture, Continued 88
CHAPTER X.
Early Christian Architecture 110
CHAPTER XI.
Byzantine Architecture 120
CHAPTER XII.
Sassanian and Mohammedan Architecture—Arabian, Moresque, Persian, Indian, and Turkish 135
CHAPTER XIII.
Early Mediæval Architecture in Italy and France 155
CHAPTER XIV.
Early Mediæval Architecture in Germany, Great Britain, and Spain 172
CHAPTER XV.
Gothic Architecture 182
CHAPTER XVI.
Gothic Architecture in France 196
CHAPTER XVII.
Gothic Architecture in Great Britain 218
CHAPTER XVIII.
Gothic Architecture in Germany, the Netherlands, and Spain 237
CHAPTER XIX.
Gothic Architecture in Italy 254
CHAPTER XX.
Early Renaissance Architecture in Italy 270
CHAPTER XXI.
Renaissance Architecture in Italy—The Advanced Renaissance and Decline 288
CHAPTER XXII.
Renaissance Architecture in France 308
CHAPTER XXIII.
Renaissance Architecture in Great Britain and the Netherlands 326
CHAPTER XXIV.
Renaissance Architecture in Germany, Spain, and Portugal 338
CHAPTER XXV.
The Classic Revivals in Europe 354
CHAPTER XXVI.
Recent Architecture in Europe 368
CHAPTER XXVII.
Architecture in the United States 383
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Oriental Architecture—India, China, and Japan 401
Appendix 417
Glossary 429
Index of Architects 431
Index 435
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
A few illustrations include links to larger versions. Figure 24 has been reformatted for this e-text; it was printed vertically, with the Plan below the Section. Figure 138 is shown as printed.
The authorship of the original drawings is indicated by the initials affixed: A. = drawings by the author; B. = H. W. Buemming; Bn. = H. D. Bultman; Ch. = Château, L’Architecture en France; G. = drawings adapted from Gwilt’s Encyclopædia of Architecture; L. = Lübke’s Geschichte der Architektur; W. = A. E. Weidinger. All other illustrations are from photographs.
PAGE
Frontispiece. The Parthenon Restored (from model in Metropolitan Museum, New York)
1 Section of Great Pyramid (A.) 8
2 Section of King’s Chamber (A.) 9
3 Plan of Sphinx Temple (A.) 9
4 Ruins of Sphinx Temple (A.) 10
5 Tomb at Abydos (A.) 11
6 Tomb at Beni-Hassan (A.) 11
7 Section and Half-plan of same (A.) 12
8 Plan of the Ramesseum (A.) 14
9 Temple of Edfou. Plan (B.) 17
10 Temple of Edfou. Section (B.) 17
11 Temple of Karnak. Plan (L.) 18
12 Central Portion of Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (from model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 20
13 Great Temple of Ipsamboul 21
14 Edfou. Front of Hypostyle Hall 23
15 Osirid Pier (Medinet Abou) (A.) 24
16 Types of Column (A.) 25
17 Egyptian Floral Ornament-Forms (A.) 26
18 Palace of Sargon at Khorsabad. Plan (L.) 30
19 Gate, Khorsabad (A.) 32
20 Assyrian Ornament (A.) 34
21 Column from Persepolis (B.) 37
22 Lion Gate at Mycenæ (A.) 44
23 Polygonal Masonry, Mycenæ (A.) 45
24 Tholos of Atreus; Plan and Section (A.) 46
25 Tholos of Atreus, Doorway (after Clarke) (A.) 46
26 Greek Doric Order (A.) 48
27 Doric Order of the Parthenon. (From cast in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 49
28 Greek Ionic Order, Miletus (A.) 51
29 Side View of Ionic Capital (B.) 52
30 Greek Corinthian Order (A.) 53
31 Types of Greek Temple Plans (A.) 54
32 Carved Anthemion Ornament, Athens 57
33 Temple of Zeus, Agrigentum; Plan (A.) 61
34 Ruins of the Parthenon 63
35 Plan of the Erechtheum (A.) 64
36 West End of the Erechtheum (A.) 64
37 Propylæa at Athens. Plan (G.) 65
38 Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. (From model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 67
39 Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens. Plan (A.) 68
40 Plan of Greek Theatre (A.) 70
41 Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (A.) 72
42 Roman Doric Order from Theatre of Marcellus. (Model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 77
43 Roman Ionic Order (A.) 78
44 Roman Corinthian Order. (From model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 79
45 Roman Arcade with Engaged Columns (A.) 80
46 Barrel Vault (A.) 81
47 Groined Vault (A.) 81
48 Roman Wall Masonry (B.) 83
49 Roman Carved Ornament. (Lateran Museum) 85
50 Roman Ceiling Panels (A.) 86
51 Temple of Fortuna Virilis. Plan 89
52 Circular Temple, Tivoli (A.) 90
53 Temple of Venus and Rome. Plan (A.) 93
54 Plan of the Pantheon (B.) 94
55 Interior of the Pantheon 95
56 Exterior of the Pantheon. (Model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 96
57 Forum and Basilica of Trajan (A.) 97
58 Basilica of Constantine. Plan (G.) 98
59 Ruins of Basilica of Constantine 99
60 Central Block, Thermæ of Caracalla. Plan (G.) 100
61 Roman Theatre, Herculanum 101
62 Colosseum at Rome. Half Plan (A.) 102
63 Arch of Constantine. (Model in Metropolitan Museum, New York) 104
64 Palace of Diocletian, Spalato. Plan (G.) 106
65 Plan of House of Pansa, Pompeii (A.) 107
66 Plan of Santa Costanza, Rome (A.) 111
67 Plan of the Basilica of St. Paul-beyond-the-Walls, Rome (A.) 113
68 St. Paul-beyond-the-Walls. Interior 114
69 Church at Kalb Louzeh (A.) 116
70 Cathedral at Bozrah. Plan (A.) 117
71 Diagram of Pendentives (A.) 123
72 Spandril, Hagia Sophia 125
73 Capital with Impost Block, S. Vitale 126
74 Plan of St. Sergius, Constantinople (A.) 127
75 Plan of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (A.) 128
76 Section of Hagia Sophia (A.) 128
77 Interior of Hagia Sophia (full page) 129
78 Plan of St. Mark’s, Venice (A.) 132
79 Interior of St. Mark’s 133
80 Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo. Sanctuary 137
81 Mosque of Kaîd Bey, Cairo 139
82 Moorish Detail, Alhambra 141
83 Interior of Great Mosque, Cordova 142
84 Plan of the Alhambra (A.) 144
85 Tomb of Mahmûd, 147
86 The Taj Mahal, Agra 149
87 Mosque of Mehmet II., Constantinople. Plan (L.) 151
88 Exterior of Ahmediyeh Mosque, Constantinople 152
89 Interior of Suleimaniyeh Mosque, Constantinople 153
90 Interior of San Ambrogio, Milan 157
91 West Front and Campanile, Cathedral of Piacenza 158
92 Baptistery, Cathedral, and Leaning Tower, Pisa 160
93 Interior of Pisa Cathedral 161
94 Plan of St. Front, Perigueux (G.) 164
95 Interior of St. Front (L.) 165
96 Plan of Notre Dame du Port, Clermont (Ch.) 166
97 Section of same (Ch.) 166
98 A Six-part Ribbed Vault (A.) 167
99 Plan of Minster at Worms (G.) 173
100 One Bay, Cathedral of Spires (L.) 174
101 East End, Church of the Apostles, Cologne 175
102 Plan of Durham Cathedral (Bn.) 177
103 One Bay, Transept of Winchester Cathedral (G.) 178
104 Front of Iffley Church (A.) 179
105 Constructive System of Gothic Church (A.) 183
106 Plan of Sainte Chapelle, Paris (Bn.) 184
107 Early Gothic Flying Buttress (Bn.) 185
108 Ribbed Vault, English Type (Bn. after Babcock) 186
109 Penetrations and Intersections of Vaults (Bn.) 187
110 Plate Tracery, Charlton-on-Oxmore 188
111 Bar Tracery, St. Michael’s, Warfield (W.) 189
112 Rose Window from St. Ouen, Rouen (G.) 190
113 Flamboyant Detail, Strasburg 191
114 Early Gothic Carving (A.) 192
115 Carving, Decorated Period, from Southwell Minster 193
116 Plan of Notre Dame, Paris (L.) 198
117 Interior of Notre Dame 199
118 Interior of Le Mans Cathedral 200
119 Vaulting with Zigzag Ridge Joints (A.) 201
120 One Bay, Abbey of St. Denis (G.) 203
121 The Sainte Chapelle, Paris. Exterior 204
122 Amiens Cathedral; Plan (G.) 205
123 Alby Cathedral. Plan (A. after Lübke) 206
124 West Front of Notre Dame, Paris 207
125 West Front of St. Maclou, Rouen 208
126 French Gothic Capitals (A.) 210
127 House of Jacques Cœur, Bourges (L.) 215
128 Plan of Salisbury Cathedral (Bn.) 219
129 Ribbed Vaulting, Choir of Exeter Cathedral 221
130 Lierne Vaulting, Tewkesbury Abbey 222
131 Vault of Chapter House, Wells 223
132 Cloisters of Salisbury Cathedral 225
133 Perpendicular Tracery, St. George’s, Windsor 226
134 West Front, Lichfield Cathedral 228
135 One Bay of Choir, Lichfield Cathedral (A.) 229
136 Fan Vaulting, Henry VII.’s Chapel 231
137 Eastern Part, Westminster Abbey. Plan (L.) 232
138 Roof of Nave, St. Mary’s, Westonzoyland (W.) 233
139 One Bay, Cathedral of St. George, Limburg (L.) 239
140 Section of St. Elizabeth, Marburg (Bn.) 240
141 Cologne Cathedral, Plan (G.) 242
142 Church of Our Lady, Treves (L.) 243
143 Plan of Ulm Cathedral (L.) 244
144 Town Hall, Louvain 247
145 Façade of Burgos Cathedral 249
146 Detail from S. Gregorio, Valladolid 251
147 Duomo at Florence, Plan (G.) 256
148 Duomo at Florence, Nave 257
149 One Bay, Cathedral of S. Martino, Lucca (L.) 258
150 Interior of Sienna Cathedral 259
151 Façade of Sienna Cathedral 261
152 Exterior of the Certosa, Pavia 262
153 Plan of the Certosa, Pavia 263
154 Upper Part of Campanile, Florence 265
155 Upper Part of Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 266
156 Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence 267
157 West Front of Doge’s Palace, Venice 268
158 Capital, Palazzo Zorzi, Venice 275
159 Section of Dome, Duomo of Florence (Bn.) 276
160 Exterior of Dome, Duomo of Florence 277
161 Interior of S. Spirito, Florence 278
162 Court of Riccardi Palace, Florence 279
163 Façade of Strozzi Palace, Florence 280
164 Tomb of Pietro di Noceto, Lucca 282
165 Vendramini Palace, Venice 285
166 Façade of Giraud Palace, Rome (L.) 290
167 Plan of Farnese Palace, Rome (L.) 292
168 Court of Farnese Palace, Rome 293
169 Bramante’s Plan for St. Peter’s, Rome (L.) 294
170 Plan of St. Peter’s, Rome, as now standing (Bn. after G.) 295
171 Interior of St. Peter’s (full page) 297
172 Library of St. Mark, Venice 301
173 Interior of San Severo, Naples 302
174 Church of Santa Maria della Salute, Naples 303
175 Court Façade, East Wing of Blois 311
176 Staircase Tower, Blois 313
177 Plan of Château of Chambord (A.) 314
178 Upper Part of Château of Chambord 314
179 Detail of Court of Louvre, southwest portion 315
180 The Luxemburg Palace, Paris 318
181 Colonnade of the Louvre 321
182 Dome of the Invalides, Paris 322
183 Façade of St. Sulpice, Paris 323
184 Burghley House 327
185 Whitehall Palace. The Banqueting Hall 329
186 Plan of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London (G.) 330
187 Exterior of St. Paul’s Cathedral 331
188 Plan of Blenheim (G.) 332
189 St. Martin’s-in-the-Fields, London 333
190 Renaissance Houses, Brussels 335
191 The Castle, Hämelschenburg 341
192 The Friedrichsbau, Heidelberg Castle 344
193 Pavilion of Zwinger Palace, Dresden 345
194 Marienkirche, Dresden 346
195 Portal of University, Salamanca 349
196 Court (Patio) of Casa de Zaporta 350
197 Palace of Charles V., Granada 351
198 Façade of British Museum, London 357
199 St. George’s Hall, Liverpool 358
200 The Old Museum, Berlin 359
201 The Propylæa, Munich 360
202 Plan of the Panthéon, Paris (G.) 361
203 Exterior of the Panthéon 362
204 Arch of Triumph of l’Étoile, Paris 363
205 The Madeleine, Paris 364
206 Door of École des Beaux-Arts, Paris 365
207 St. Isaac’s Cathedral, St. Petersburg 366
208 Plan of Louvre and Tuileries (A.) 371
209 Pavilion Richelieu, Louvre 372
210 Grand Staircase, Paris Opera House 373
211 Fountain of Longchamps, Marseilles 374
212 Galliéra Museum, Paris 375
213 Royal Theatre, Dresden 376
214 Maria-Theresienhof, Vienna 377
215 Houses of Parliament, London 379
216 Assize Courts, Manchester 380
217 Natural History Museum, South Kensington 381
218 Christ Church, Philadelphia 386
219 Craigie House, Cambridge (Mass.) 387
220 National Capitol, Washington 389
221 Custom House, New York 390
222 Trinity Church, Boston 394
223 Public Library, Woburn (Mass.) 395
224 Times Building, New York 396
225 Country House (Mass.) 398
226 Porch of Temple of Vimalah Sah, Mount Abu. 406
227 Tower of Victory, Chittore 407
228 Double Temple at Hullabîd: Detail 410
229 Shrine of Soubramanya, Tanjore 412