INDEX

(The numbers, unless otherwise designated, refer to paragraphs.)

Aborted, 220, 291.

Absorption, 58, 71, 72;

Exp. 39.

selective, 60.

Accessory buds, 158.

Accessory fruits, 302.

Adaptation, 206, 237.

Adhesive fruits, 20;

Exp. 20.

Adjustment of leaves, 196-202.

Adnate, 374.

Adventitious buds, 65, 158.

Adventitious roots, 37, 83.

Æcidium, 362.

Aëration, 319.

Aërial roots, 88.

Aggregate fruits, 301, 303.

Air space, 114, 116, 184.

Akene, 234, 296, 302, 305.

Albumin, 3.

Albuminous, 56.

Albuminous seed, i.e., containing endosperm; Field work, p. 28.

Aleurone, 3.

Algæ, 333, 336-342.

Alternate leaves, 168.

Alternation of generations, 395, 400, 409, 414.

Analogous, 108.

Anatropous, Fig. 26.

Angiosperms, 15, 18; Fig. 511.

Annuals, 91.

Annulus, 372, 405.

Anther, 213, 235; Figs. 270-274.

Antheridia, 389, 394, 398, 407.

Antheridial, 388.

Antherozoids, 389, 392, 395, 416.

Antisepsis, 355.

Arch of the hypocotyl, 42, 44.

Archegonia, 390, 394, 407, 408.

Archegonial, 388.

Archegoniates, 408, 416.

Archegonium, 391, 394, 398.

Asexual generation, 395, 399, 409, 416.

Asexual reproduction, 394, 395.

Asexual spore, 395, 407, 409, 410, 416.

Assurgent, 95.

Axial placenta, 216, 300.

Axil, 100, 166.

Axillary buds, 145.

Axis, 64, 65, 79, 152, 156, 159, 161.

Bacillus, 348, 349.

Bacteria, 333, 345, 347-353.

Bark, 118, 119, 122, p. 128, (3).

Basidia, 375.

Bast, 116, 119, 122.

Berry, 291.

Biennial, 92.

Bilabiate, 237, 243.

Bilateral regularity, 219.

Bilateral zonation, 326.

Black rust, 360.

Blade of leaf, 165.

Biogenetic law, 253.

Biological factors, 309.

Bordered pits, 114, 117; Fig. 123.

Boreal, 329.

Bract, 161.

Bryophytes, 334, 385-401.

Bud scales, 147-149.

Buds, 145, 155-158.

Bulb, 107.

Button (of mushroom), 370.

Calyptra, 399.

Calyx, 211.

Cambium, 115, 116, 120, 123.

Cap, 372, 373.

Capillarity, 136; Exp. 53.

Capitate, 220.

Caprification, 279, 305.

Caprifig, 279.

Capsule, 298.

Carbon, 27, 28, 62.

Carbon dioxide, 29, 63, 185, 186, 187, 189; Exps. 23, 25.

Carpels, 216, 288.

Caruncle, 13.

Catkin, 161.

Caulicle, 46.

Cedar apples, Fig. 456.

Cell, 6, 7.

collecting, 184.

companion, 114.

Cell sap, 7, 110.

Cell wall, 7, 183.

Central cylinder, 67.

Central placenta, 216, 300.

Chalaza, 13.

Chlorophyll, 186, 341, 366.

Chlorophyll bodies, 184, 186, 382.

Cion, 65.

Classification, 90, 252, 283, 343, 384, 411, 417.

Cleistogamic flowers, 272.

Climatic zones, 329.

Climbing stems, 96-98.

Clipped seed, p. 12 (material).

Closed bundle, 114.

Close-fertilized, 272.

Cluster cups, 362.

Coccus (pl. cocci), 339, 348.

Coiled inflorescence, 162.

Collective fruits, 304.

Colony, 316, 337, 357.

Color of flowers, 276.

Compass plants, 199.

Complete flower, 219.

Composite, 235, 381.

Composite flower, 236.

Compound leaf, 178.

Conduplicate, Figs. 159, 160.

Confluent, 404.

Conifers, 117, 327.

Conjugation, 342, 394.

Corolla, 211.

Cortex, 64, 115, 122.

Corymb, 161.

Cotyledon, 11, 12, 18.

Cross cut, 133.

Cross fertilization, 255.

Cross pollination, 255.

Crustaceous lichen, 384.

Cryptogam, 332.

Crystalloids, 60.

Culture medium, 347; p. 306 (material).

Cycle, 217, 219, 229.

Cycle of growth, 50.

Cyme, 162.

Cymose inflorescence, 162.

Cypress knees, 319.

Deciduous, 203.

Declined, 95.

Decurrent, 374.

Definite annual growth, 153.

Definite inflorescence, 160, 162.

Dehiscent fruits, 283, 298.

Deliquescent, 144.

Determinate growth, 153.

Determinate inflorescence, 160, 162.

Diadelphous, 239.

Diastase, 9.

Dichogamy, 269.

Dichotomous, 152; Fig. 155.

Dicotyl, 42, 115, 116, 171, 220.

Dicotyledonous, 12.

Differentiate, 245, 345, 409.

Diffusion, 9, 57.

Digestion, 9.

Dimorphic, 270.

Dimorphism, 270.

Dimorphous, 270.

Diœcious, 268.

Disinfection, 355.

Disk flower, 233.

Dispersal of seed, 19-25.

Dominant, 257, 258.

Dormant buds, 157.

Dorsal; Figs. 390, 391.

Drupe, 292.

Dry fruits, 283, 293-300.

Duct, 67, 111, 114.

Ecological factors, 310.

Ecology, 266, 308, 310.

Edgings, 134.

Egg cell, 251, 391.

Elators, 393.

Embryo, 11.

Embryology, 253.

Embryo sac, 251.

Endodermis, 67 (b).

Endosperm, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 414.

Epicotyl, 45, 46, 47.

Epidermis, 64, 115, 122, 183.

Epigynous, 225, 230.

Epiphyte, 87, 394.

Essential constituents, 62.

Essential organs, 212.

Evolution, 242, 245, 265, 334, 335, 401, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419.

Evolutionary, 253, 413.

Excentric attachment, 372.

Excurrent, 144, 154.

Factors, 54, 265, 310.

Fall of the leaf, 203.

Fascicled roots, 80, 81.

Fats, 1, 3, 4.

Feather-veined, 172.

Ferments, 9, 356.

Fertile, 404.

Fertile flower, 267.

Fertilization, 247, 251, 252, 392, 408, 416.

Fibrous roots, 37, 78, 80, 81.

Fibrovascular bundle, 67, 114, 116, 176, 288.

Fig wasp, 279.

Filament of the stamen, 213;

a hairlike appendage, 341, 361, 369, 393, 396.

Filamentous algæ, 340, 341.

Fission, 338, 394.

Fleshy fruits, 283, 288-292.

Floral envelopes, 211.

Foliaceous lichen, 379, 384.

Follicle, 298.

Forestry, 139-142.

Forked stems, 152.

Formation, 316.

Free, 218, 374.

Free central placenta, 216.

Free gills, 374.

Free ovary, 218.

Free veining, 402.

Freezing, 33.

Frog’s spit, 340.

Frond, 402.

Fruit, 282.

Fruticose lichen, 384.

Function, 41.

Fungi, 333, 343, 344, 345, 346, 378.

Fungus, 86, 364.

Gametes, 394.

Gametophyte, 394, 395, 396, 406, 407, 410, 412, 414, 415, 416.

Gemmæ, 387.

Generative cell, 249, 416.

Geophilous, 321.

Geotropism, 51, 52, 53.

Germ, 2, 11.

Germ cell, 251, 414.

Germination, 32, 35; Exps. 25, 26-29.

Germs, 352, 355.

Gills (of mushroom), 374.

Girdling, 131.

Glutin, 3.

Gourd, 14, 290.

Grain, 11, 297.

Grain of timber, 133, 134, 135.

Gravity, 52.

Growth, 48-52, 179.

Guard cell, 183.

Gymnosperms, 15, 18, 117, 414.

Gymnosporangium, Fig. 456.

Halophyte, 317, 323.

Haustoria, 85.

Hay bacillus, 348, 349.

Head, 161.

Heartwood, 131.

Heliotropic, 200.

Heliotropism, 198.

Herbaceous, 90, 94, 115, 116.

Heredity, 264, 265.

Hilum, 12, 13, 14.

Homologous, 108.

Host plant, 85.

Humus, 75, 86.

Hybrid, 256.

Hybridization, 256, 257, 263.

Hydrophytes, 317, 318, 319.

Hymenium, 375.

Hymenomycetes, 375.

Hyphæ (sing. hypha), 369, 380.

Hypocotyl, 11, 12, 14, 46.

arched, 42, 44.

straight, 44.

Hypogynous, 218, 225.

Imbibition, 136.

Imperfect flower, 219, 231, 267.

Impure hybrid, 258, 259.

In-breeding, 254.

Incomplete flower, 219.

Incubation, 354.

Indefinite annual growth, 153.

Indefinite inflorescence, 160, 161.

Indefinite number of parts, 229.

Indehiscent fruit, 283, 294.

Indeterminate growth, 153.

Indeterminate inflorescence, 160, 161.

Indusium, 404.

Inferior ovary, 221, 225.

Inflorescence, 159.

Insectivorous plants, 208-210.

Internode, 46, 110; Exp. 35.

Invasion, 328.

Inverted seed, 14.

Involucre, 161, 232.

Involute, 373; Fig. 251.

Iodine solution, Exp. 3.

Irregular flower, 219, 237.

Irritability, 201.

Joint, 110, 113.

Keel, 238.

Knots, 137.

Lamina, 209.

Laminæ, 368, 374.

Lateral, 372, 398.

Lateral buds, 145.

Leaf attachment, 167.

Leaf cups, 202.

Leaf scars, 146.

Leaf traces, 146.

Legume, 299.

Lenticels, 106, 118, 288.

Lichen, 379.

Life cycle, 359, 364.

Loam, 75.

Lobing, 177; Figs. 210-212.

Locule, 216.

Loment, Fig. 394.

Lyrate, Fig. 197.

Medulla, 119, 122.

Medullary rays, 64, 116, 121, 122, 134, 135.

Megasporangia, 409.

Megaspore, 409, 414.

Mendel’s law, 258.

Mesophyte, 317, 324.

Metabolism, 193.

Microbe, 351, 355.

Micrococcus, 339.

Micropyle, 12, 13, 14, 15, 45.

Microsporangia, 409.

Microspore, 409, 414.

Midrib, 172.

Mixed forest, 139, 324.

Modification, 100-108, 206, 207, 289.

Molecule, 136.

Monadelphous, 239.

Monocotyl, 110, 112, 171, 217, 221, 418.

Monocotyledonous, 11.

Monœcious, 268.

Monopetalous, 211.

Monosepalous, 211.

Morphology, 108.

of the flower, 244.

Mosaic (leaf), 197.

Mosses, 334, 396-401.

Muck, 75.

Multiple fruit, 304, 305.

Mushroom, 333, 367.

Mutation, 264.

Mycelium, 343, 359, 369.

Mychorrhiza, 86.

Neck canal, 391.

Net-veined, 171.

Neuter, 267.

Neutral flower, 231, 267.

Nitrogen, 62, 63, 188.

Nitrogenous food, 188.

Node, 46, 65, 110, 113.

Nucleus, 7, 341.

Numerical plan, 217, 229.

Nut, 295.

Nutriment, 3, 186.

Nutrition, 50, 54, 179, 193.

Nyctitropic, 200.

Obsolete, 220.

Oil, 1, 3, 8.

Oöspore, 393, 394, 395.

Open bundle, 116.

Operculum, 399.

Opposite leaves, 168.

Organ, 41.

Organic foods, 4.

Organs of reproduction, 40.

of vegetation, 40.

Osmosis, 56, 57.

Ovary, 214, 216, 223.

Ovule, 216.

Oxidation, 27; Exps. 21, 22.

Oxygen, 62, 63, 186, 187; Exps. 22, 66.

Palisade cells, 184.

Palmate veining, 172.

Panicle, Fig. 171.

Papilionaceous, 237, 238.

Pappus, 234.

Parallel veining, 171.

Paraphyses, 375, 398.

Parasitic, 5, 345, 364.

Parasitic plants, 85, 343, 382.

Parenchyma, 110, 114, 115.

Parietal, 216.

Pathogenic, 352, 353.

Pedicel, 159.

Peduncle, 159, 288.

Pentamerous, 229.

Pepo, 290.

Perennial, 93.

Perfect flower, 219.

Perianth, 211.

Pericarp, 288.

Perigynous, Figs. 301, 302.

Persistent, 166.

Petals, 211.

Petiole, 165.

Phanerogams, 331, 332.

Phloem, 114, 116.

Photosynthesis, 186, 192, 193.

Phototropism, 195.

Phyllotaxy, 168, 169.

Pileus, 373.

Pinna, 402.

Pinnate veining, 172.

Pinnule, 402.

Pioneer plant, 316, 319, 320.

Pistil, 212, 214, 223, 228, 240.

Pistillate, 267.

Pitcher plant, 209.

Pith, 110, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122.

Pitted ducts, 114.

Placenta, 216, 288, 298, 300.

Plant society, 316.

Plasmolysis, 59.

Pleurococcus, 337.

Plicate, 155.

Plumule, 11, 12, 14, 45, 46.

Pod, 298.

Pollen, 213.

Pollen grains, 213.

Pollen sac, 213.

Pollen tubes, 249, 250.

Pollination, 215, 247.

Polycotyledons, 15, 45.

Polymorphic, 365.

Polymorphism, 365.

Polypetalous, 211.

Polysepalous, 211.

Pome, 288.

Prefoliation, 155.

Primary, 396.

Primary root, 42, 79.

Pronuba, 278.

Prostate, 95.

Protection, 199, 204, 207, 280, 287.

Proteins, 3, 8, 33, 188, 204.

Prothallium, 407.

Protonema, 396.

Protoplasm, 6, 7, 57, 58, 67, 110, 116.

Pteridophytes, 335, 411, 412.

Puccinia, 360.

Pure dominant, 258, 259.

Pure forest, 139, 324.

Pure recessive, 258, 259.

Pycnidia, 363.

Quartered cut, 135.

Raceme, 161.

Rhachis, 178.

Radial section, 132, 135.

Radicle, 46.

Rhaphe, 13.

Ray, 161, 391.

Ray flowers, 231.

Receptacle, 211, 288, 289, 388, 390, 398.

Recessive, 257, 258.

Red rust, 359.

Regular flower, 219.

Reproduction, 338, 351, 358, 383.

Respiration, 30, 31, 191, 192.

Resting spore, 338, 342, 358, 394.

Reticulation, 172, 402.

Retrogressive evolution, 418.

Revolute, 373, 404.

Rhizoids, 379, 386.

Rhizome, 105.

Ringing, 127.

Rings of growth, 122, 123, 134, 135.

Rogue, 260.

Root cap, 39.

Root hairs, 38, 67.

Root pressure, Exp. 49.

Root pull, 69.

Rootstock, 105.

Root system, 89.

Root tubercles, 63, 300.

Rosette, 197.

Rotation of crops, 24, 327.

Runner, 95.

Samara, 296.

Sap movement, 125, 126, 128, 129.

Saprophyte, 86.

Sapwood, 131.

Scale leaves, 101, 106, 107, 147-149, 207.

Scape, 107, 159.

Scorpioid inflorescence, 162; Figs. 173-176.

Screenings, 20; p. 28, Qn. 22.

Secondary roots, 37, 42, 79.

Seed, 11-18, 332, 415.

Seed coat, 12, 14, 15, 43.

Seedless fruits, 285, 286.

Seedlings, 36, 42, 43, 45.

Seed plants, 331, 414.

Seed vessel, 282.

Selection, 260, 265, 286.

artificial, 262.

natural, 261.

Self-fertilization, 254, 271.

Sepals, 211.

Sessile, 167, 214.

Seta, 399.

Sexual generation, 395, 396, 406, 410, 416.

Sexual reproduction, 394, 395, 410.

Sheath, 67, 116.

Shrinking of timber, 136.

Sieve tube, 114.

Slabs, 134.

Sleep movements, 200.

Soils, 75, 77.

Sori, 404.

Spathe, 221.

Specialization, 237.

Spermatophytes, 331, 335, 394, 414.

Spermatozoid, 389.

Spermogonia, 363.

Spike, 161.

Spirillum, 348.

Spirogyra, 341.

Sporangia, 390, 405.

Spore, 332, 349, 350, 377, 406, 410.

Spore case, 390, 393, 405.

Spore print, 376.

Sporidium, 361.

Sporogonium, 393, 399.

Sporophyll, 406, 414.

Sporophyte, 393-395, 399, 406, 410, 412, 414, 416.

Sport, 264.

Stamen, 212, 213.

Staminate, 267, 268.

Staminodia, 244.

Standard, 238.

Starch, 3, 4, 187, 204, 288; Exps. 69, 70.

Stems, 90-99.

Sterile flower, 267.

Sterilization, 354.

Stigma, 214.

Stigmatic surface, 223.

Stimulus, 98, 186, 201.

Stipe, 240, 372, 402.

Stipule, 149, 165, 166.

Stolon, 95.

Stoma, 181, 182, 183.

Stomata, 181, 182.

Stone fruit, 292.

Storage of food, 2, 3, 4, 17, 70, 103, 104-107, 287.

Strangling fig, 88.

Strobile, 411.

Strobiliaceous, 411.

Style, 214.

Succession, 327.

Sugars, 3, 4, 204, 288.

Summer spores, 360.

Sundew, 210.

Superior ovary, 218, 221, 225.

Supernumerary buds, 158.

Suppressed, 220.

Survival of the fittest, 261.

Suture, 216, 298, 299.

Swarm spore, 349.

Swelling of timber, 136.

Symbiosis, 309, 382.

Symmetrical flower, 219.

Sympetalous, 211.

Syncarpous, 300.

Synsepalous, 211.

Systematic botany, see Appendix.

Tangential cut, 132, 134.

Tap root, 79.

Teleutospore, 360.

Tendril, 96, 97.

Terminal bud, 145, 154.

Testa, 14.

Thallophytes, 333.

Thallus, 333, 341, 343, 379, 380, 381, 385.

Tillage, 76.

Tissue, 60, 61.

Toadstools, 367.

Toxins, 345.

Tracheids, 114, 117.

Trailing, 95.

Trama, 375.

Transpiration, 179, 180.

Trifoliolate, Figs. 215, 216.

Trimerous, 217.

Trimorphic, 270.

Tuber, 106.

Tumbleweeds, 23.

Turgidity, 7.

Turgor, 179.

Twining, cause of, 98; Exp. 55.

Twining stems, 96; Exp. 54.

Type, 18, 260, 263, 265, 336, 411.

Umbel, 161.

Umbonate, 373.

Underground stems, 104-107.

Unicellular, 337.

Unisexual, 267.

Uredo, 359.

Uredospore, 359, 360.

Variation, 263, 264, 265.

Vascular bundles, 111.

Vascular cryptogams, 403, 411, 412.

Vascular cylinder, 64.

Vascular system, 111, 113, 335.

Vegetative reproduction, 358.

Veil, 371.

Veins, 173-176.

Venter, 391.

Ventral, Figs. 390, 391.

Vernation, 155.

Vessels, 111.

Vexillum, 238, 239.

Vibrio, 348.

Vitality of seeds, 34; Exp. 30.

Volva, 371.

Water roots, 39, 84.

Whorled leaves, 168.

Wind pollination, 274, 275.

Wings, 238.

Winter spores, 360.

Xerophyte, 317.

Xerophyte societies, 317, 320-322.

Xylem, 114, 116.

Yeast, 356.

Yeast colony, 357.

Yellow trumpets, 209.

Yucca, 278.

Yucca moth, 278.

Zonation, 325, 327.

bilateral, 326.

concentric, 326.

horizontal, 326.

vertical, 326.

Zones of vegetation, 325.