INDEX

N. B.—The most important references are in heavy-faced type; technical names of genera and species are italicized, though most of the specific names are omitted as unnecessary. Extinct groups are indicated by a dagger (†).

Aard Vark, 60

†Abderites, 627, 641 (jaw fig.)

†Achænodon, 273, 361, 369 (skull fig.), 370

†Achænodonts, Bridger, 369;

Uinta, 369;

Wasatch, 370

†Acœlodidæ, 477

Adaptive radiation, 655

†Adinotherium, 462, 473, 474 (restoration)

†Adpithecus, 462

†Ælurocyon, 517, 551

†Ælurodon, 517, 527

Ælurus, 546

Africa, 184, 245, 328, 332, 417, 419, 421, 422, 426, 442, 458, 481, 551, 579, 642, 656;

elephants of, 138;

mammals of, 145;

zoölogy of, 146

Agassiz, L., 129

Age, geological, 15

Agouti, 185 (fig.)

Agouti, 183 (fig.), 185

Agoutis, Pleistocene, 218

†Agriochœridæ, 247, 250, 361, 383, 484, 652;

Eocene, 383;

John Day, 250, 383;

Oligocene, 383;

Uinta, 267, 385;

White River, 268, 383

†Agriochœrids, see †Agriochœridæ

†Agriochœrus, 252 (restoration), 361, 383 (skull fig.), 384 (restoration), 385 (manus fig.)

Alachua stage, 127, 225

Alaska, 103, 106, 197, 199, 202, 203, 332, 418, 419, 420, 427, 433;

†Mammoth in, 40;

Miocene of, 118;

Oligocene of, 113;

Pleistocene glaciation in, 131;

volcanoes, 133;

Pliocene of, 125

†Albertogaudrya, 509, 512

Alce, 65, 151, 156 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 411, 412

Allen, J. A., 141, 161

Alligators, 102

†Allothere, Paleocene., 642 (skull fig.)

†Allotheria, 59, 627, 642

Alouatta, 578, 585

Alps, Arctic animals and plants of, 193;

Eocene, 104

†Alticamelus, 224, 362, 388, 391;

restoration, 236

Amazon, 585;

as barrier to species, 137

†Amblypoda, 60, 443, 508;

Bridger, 269, 445;

Eocene, 443;

Puerco, 286, 454;

Torrejon, 285, 453;

Wasatch, 277, 452;

Wind River, 274, 450, 452

†Amblytatus, 592

Ameghino, F., 228, 263, 467, 471, 476, 496, 497, 613

America, connections of North and South, 123

American †Mastodon, 196;

restoration, 195

Americas, marsupials of, 138

Amherst expedition, 487

Amphibia, 55;

as ancestral to mammals, 643

†Amphicyon, 517, 524, 525, 530

†Amphicyons, 558

†Amphidolops, 627

†Amphiproviverra, 627, 637;

skull fig., 637

†Amynodon, 272, 291, 340, 348, 349

†Amynodontinæ, 291, 340, 341, 346, 350, 351, 353;

Bridger, 272, 350;

Oligocene, 339;

Uinta, 266, 348;

White River, 255, 346.

†Amynodonts, see †Amynodontinæ

†Anacodon, 277, 554, 561

†Analcitherium, 592

†Anaptomorphidæ, 578, 583

†Anaptomorphus, 281, 578, 581;

head restored, 581

†Anchitherium, 290, 299

Ancon sheep, 660

†Ancylopoda, 60, 291, 353;

Bridger, 357;

Miocene, 238, 355;

Pliocene, 224, 355

Andes, 178, 179, 180, 185, 189, 211, 213, 322, 548;

Eocene, 112;

Miocene, 124;

Pleist. glaciation, 133, 134;

Plioc. 128, 129

Andrews, C. W., 422, 435

Antarctic continent, 103, 123, 638

Ant-Bear, 91, 187, 188 (fig.), 206, 591, 355, 600, 601, 615

Anteater, Collared, 187, 188 (fig.);

Lesser, 591;

tree, 591;

Two-toed, 188

Anteaters, 60, 75, 94, 187, 189, 591, 593, 596;

Pleistocene, 218, 596;

Santa Cruz, 245, 596;

scaly, 60, 353;

spiny, 57, 59

Antelope, 202;

bones of, 35;

Mioc. restored, 237;

Prong-horned, 5, 162 (fig.)

Antelopes, 54, 60, 222, 312, 362, 409, 416, 418;

flat-horned, 417;

goat-horned, 417;

Miocene, 235, 417;

Old World, 202;

Pleistocene, 202;

Pliocene, 224;

S. Amer., 213, 215, 221, 418, 466;

strepsicerine, 225, 417;

Tertiary, 419;

twisted-horned, 417

†Anthracotheres, see †Anthracotheriidæ

†Anthracotheriidæ, 259, 266, 361, 370, 381, 384, 386

†Anthracotherium, 259, 361, 371

Anthropoidea, 60, 578, 579, 580, 582

Anthropoids, see Anthropoidea

Antigua, 134

Antilles, Eocene, 112;

Miocene, 123;

Oligocene, 117;

Pliocene, 128

Antillia, 112;

Oligocene, 117

Antilocapra, 162 (fig.), 202, 225, 362, 416, 417

Antilocapridæ, 362, 416

Antilopidæ, 416

Antler, 411

Antwerp, 37

Apar, 592

Apes, 60, 577, 578, 582, 583;

night, 585

†Aphelops, 291

Aplodontia, 153, 233 (see Sewellel)

Aplodontiidæ, 249

Appalachian Mts., 101, 150, 153

Aquatic habits, 2

Araucanian stage, 128

Arboreal animals, 2, 77, 84

Archæan period, 15

†Archælurus, 249, 517, 541, 543

†Archæohyracidæ, 462

†Archæohyrax, 462

†Archæopithecidæ, 462, 477

†Archæotherium, 259, 361, 367;

manus fig., 367;

restoration, 252, 260;

skull fig., 367;

teeth fig., 368

Arctic, archipelago, 125;

islands, 210;

fauna in Pleisto., 128;

mammals, 109;

regions, 128;

Cretac. climate of, 26;

Sea, 106;

shells, Pleisto., 27;

species, distribution of, 141;

zone, 147 (map), 148

†Arctocyonidæ, 554, 557, 561, 575;

Torrejon, 285;

Wasatch, 561

†Arctotherium, 211, 517, 549, 553;

head restor., 549

Argentina, 180, 185, 211, 213, 215, 218, 219, 245, 324, 391, 418, 436, 463, 466, 531, 586, 596, 597;

drought in, 33;

plains of, 133;

Pliocene of, 20, 128;

spread of horses and cattle in, 142

†Argyrohippus, 476

Arid province, 164

Aridity, evidences of, 24

Arikaree age, or stage, 17, 120, 235, 259, 356

Armadillo, 5, 162, 591;

6-Banded, 189 (fig.), 592;

7-Banded, 592;

9-Banded, 190 (fig.), 592, 593;

11-Banded, 592;

Bridger, 268, 616;

Giant, 190, 592, 612, 656;

Pygmy, 592;

restoration of Santa Cruz, 243, 480

Armadillos, 60, 97, 141, 185, 189, 592, 593, 594, 595, 610, 623, 624, 625;

Araucanian, 226;

Casa Mayor, 282, 595;

Deseado, 262, 595, 616;

Paraná, 228;

Pleistocene, 218, 596, 612, 613;

Santa Cruz, 245, 596, 612.

(See also Dasypoda and Dasypodidæ)

Artiodactyl, †primitive, restoration, 252

Artiodactyla, 54, 55, 60, 69, 247, 284, 310, 355, 358, 402, 459, 460, 491, 507, 514;

Araucanian, 226, 227;

Blanco, 222;

Bridger, 273;

classification, 361;

John Day, 250;

Miocene, 231, 235, 239;

Neotropical, 176;

North American, 176;

Old World, 176, 362;

Pleisto. N. Amer., 201;

S. Amer., 213;

Pliocene, 224;

†Primitiva, 60, 361, 370;

Uinta, 266;

Wasatch, 281;

White River, 255, 257;

Wind River, 275

Ash, volcanic, 29

Asia, 106, 239, 254, 258, 280, 317, 321, 328, 332, 352, 355, 369, 386, 390, 408, 413, 414, 417, 418, 419, 422, 426, 546, 550, 552, 579, 644;

circumpolar area, 148;

elephants of, 138;

hyracoids of, 138;

Minor, 458;

Pleisto. glaciation of, 130;

zoölogy of, 146

†Asmodeus, 462

Asphalt, 31

Ass, 52

Asses, 213, 292, 308

†Asterostemma, 592, 623

Astragalus, 88

†Astraponotus, 509, 512;

Beds, 20, 281, 282, 476, 479, 487

†Astrapothere, Santa Cruz, restoration of head, 243

†Astrapotheres, see †Astrapotheria

†Astrapotheria, 60, 489, 508, 514;

of †Astraponotus Beds, 282;

Casa Mayor, 283, 512;

Deseado, 264, 512;

Patagonian, 512;

Santa Cruz, 247, 508

†Astrapothericulus, 509, 512

†Astrapotheriidæ, 509

†Astrapotherium, 243 (restor. of head), 509, 510 (restor. of head)

Ateles, 578, 584

Atlantic coast, Eocene, 104, 111, 117;

Miocene, 117, 120;

Oligocene, 113, 116;

Paleocene, 101;

Pliocene, 125;

Tertiary mammals of, 369

Atlantic Ocean, 106, 109;

connection with Pacific, 104

Atlas, 70 (fig.)

Auditory bulla, 66

Australia, 14, 21, 57, 58, 138, 140, 307, 340, 426, 461, 520, 550, 634;

marsupials of, 626;

Miocene, 123;

Permian glaciation, 25;

Pleistocene, 632, 634;

rabbits introduced, 142;

zoölogical peculiarity of, 145

Australian region, 640

Axis, 71 (fig.)

Axis, 46, 412

Azara, 34

Baboons, 577, 582

Bad Lands, 107 (fig.)

Badger, 153, 162, 163, 168 (fig.), 517

Badgers, 174, 213, 518, 550, 551, 552;

Pleistocene, 203, 204, 205

Bahia Blanca, 129

Bandicoots, 626

Barriers to spread of mammals, 139

†Barytheria, 60

Basal Eocene, 99

Bassariscus, 517, 546, 547

Bat, 89

Bates, H. W., 585

†Bathyopsis, 275, 443, 450, 451, 455

Bats, 59;

absence from Amer. Tertiary, 39;

in European Tertiary, 39;

West Indian, 191

Bear, Alaska Brown, 156 (fig.);

African, 548;

Black, 90 (pes fig.), 548 (teeth fig.);

Pampean, 622;

Polar, 148 (fig.), 548;

†Short-faced, 549 (restor. of head);

South American, 552;

Spectacled, 172 (fig.), 176, 517, 548

†Bear-dog, 222;

Miocene, 525 (restoration);

primitive, 523 (skull fig.)

†Bear-dogs, 523, 524, 530, 554, 558;

John Day, 249;

Oligocene, 526;

Pliocene, 222;

Pleistocene, 524

Bears, 4, 59, 90, 152, 163, 517, 518, 519, 548, 553, 554;

Old World, 204;

Old World origin of, 518, 549;

Paraná, 227;

Pleistocene, 203, 204, 549;

Pliocene, 223;

polar, 141;

†Short-faced, 210, 211, 517, 549;

true, 211, 527, 549.

(See also Ursidæ)

Beast, 1

Beasts of prey, 59, 92

Beaver, 2, 44, 157 (fig.);

dentition, 96 (fig.);

†Giant, 195 (restoration), 205, 311, 222

Beaver Creek, Wyo., 12 (fig.)

Beavers, 60, 95, 153, 182;

John Day, 249;

Miocene, 238;

Pliocene, 222;

White River, 254

Beddard, F. E., 580, 587

Bedded rocks, 6

Bering, Sea, 100, 101;

Strait, 197, 588;

opening and closing of, 23;

Pliocene, 125

Berridge, W. L., 160, 171, 174, 175, 181, 183, 184, 185, 189, 320, 584, 633

Bicuspids, 93

Big Horn Basin, 107, 108, 109

Bighorn, 419

Binomial system of nomenclature, 42

Biogenetic law, 648

Birds, 655;

distribution of, 141;

migrations of, 143;

Santa Cruz, 244

Bison, 4, 152, 162, 358;

American, 154 (fig.);

entombment of, 36;

European, 152, 154 (fig.);

Wood, 162, 419

Bison, 202, 362, 420;

B. bison, 152, 154 (fig.), 419;

B. bonasus, 152, 154 (fig.), 420;

B. †crassicornis, 203, 420;

B. †latifrons, 203, 420;

B. †occidentalis, 589

Bisons, 409, 416, 418, 419

Blanco age and stage, 17, 127, 221, 388, 413, 551

Blarina, 163, 173

Blastoceros, 180 (fig.)

†Blastomeryx, 224, 241, 362, 414 (restoration), 657

Boar, Wild, 45 (fig. of sow and young), 46, 363

Bogs, burial of mammals in, 33

Bolivia, 178, 184, 215, 225, 436;

Pleistocene, 20, 211;

Pliocene, 129

Bones, gnawed, 36;

Pleistocene, 40;

preservation of, 36;

Tertiary, 40

†Boöchœrus, 361, 367

Boreal, fauna, 178;

region, 150;

subregion, 150;

zone, 147, 148 (map), 162, 164, 551, 588

†Borhyæna, 244, 494 (restoration), 627, 635, 637 (skull fig.)

Borneo, 137, 327

†Borophagus, 517, 524, 530

Bos, 70

†Bothriodon, 252 (restoration), 259, 361, 370, 371 (restoration)

Bovidæ, 362, 418

†Bow-Tooth, 463

Brachyodont teeth, 95

†Brachypsalis, 517

Brackett, C. F., 368

Bradypus, 186 (fig.), 187, 591

Brain-casts, fossil, 41

Brazil, 118, 181, 190, 201, 213, 215, 218, 219, 221, 245, 324, 391, 436, 527, 530, 552;

caverns of, 19, 30, 133, 211, 218, 221, 586, 596;

Miocene, 596;

Pleistocene, 20

Brazilian subregion, 164, 170 (map), 191

Bridger age and stage, 17, 30, 109, 110, 340, 380, 386, 568;

restorations of mammals, 271

British Columbia, Miocene, 118;

Oligocene, 113;

Pleistocene glaciation, 131;

Pliocene, 125

Brocket, Wood, 181 (fig.)

Brockets, 181

Brown, B., 210

Brown-tailed Moth, 143

Budorcas, 418

Buffalo, 36, 152

Buffaloes, 409, 416

Bulgaria, 316

†Bunælurus, 517, 551

Bunodont teeth, 360

†Bunomeryx, 361

Buno-selenodont teeth, 371

Buried valleys, 132

Burmeister, H., 496, 497

Burrowers, 45, 79

Burrowing mammals, 77

Bush-Dog, 174, 212, 527, 530, 552

Cabassous, 592, 614, 616

Cacajao, 578, 585

Cacomistle, 162, 517, 546

Cænolestes, 58, 190, 284, 626, 640 (skull fig.), 641, 642

Cænolestidæ, 627

†Cænopus, 238, 252 (restoration), 256 (do.), 291, 333, 336 (molar and skull fig.), 339 (front teeth fig.), 342, 351

†Calamodon, 274

Calcaneum, 88

California, Eocene, 104, 111;

marine Pleisto., 132;

Mesozoic, 23;

Miocene, 118, 121, 127;

Pliocene, 125

Callithrix, 218

Caluromys, 631

Cambrian period, 15;

glaciation in, 25

Camel, 48, 54, 60, 70, 79, 358, 490;

distribution, 138;

family, 178;

Miocene, 232 (restoration);

tribe, 13;

True, 178;

White River, 252 (restor.)

Camelidæ, 362, 386;

distribution, 138

Camel-like animals, 386

Camels, 56, 81, 84, 87, 90, 257, 258, 312, 362, 373, 386, 421, 461, 651, 655;

Bridger, 273, 398;

browsing, 388, 393;

Eocene, 397, 398, 402, 659;

grazing, 393;

John Day, 250, 394;

Miocene, 231, 232, 235, 241, 391;

Old World, 231;

Oligocene, 394, 402, 659;

phyla of, 650;

Pleistocene, 196, 202;

Pliocene, 224, 388;

true, 13, 386, 387, 390, 391;

Uinta, 267, 397;

White River, 257, 394

Camelus, 70, 138, 362, 387

Canada, 257, 357, 565;

Eocene climate, 111;

Paleocene, 102;

White River, 113;

zoölogy, 146

Canadian fauna, 151;

subregion, 147, 150

Canidæ, 173, 223, 517, 518, 520;

fox-like, 529

(See also Dogs)

†Canimartes, 517

Canine teeth, 93

Canis, 152, 517, 522, 529;

C. †dirus, restor., frontispiece, 204, 521;

C. †indianensis, 204;

C. latrans, 162, 165 (fig.), 632;

C. nubilis, 159 (fig.);

C. occidentalis, 62 (skull fig.), 64 (skull fig.), 162.

(See Wolves)

Cannon-bone, 84, 91 (fig.), 410 (fig.)

Cape Fairweather stage, 128

†Capromeryx, 362, 417

Capromys, 184

Capybara, 205.

(See also Carpincho and Water Hog)

Capybaras, Pleistocene, 218

Carboniferous period, 15

Caribbean, region, Miocene, 123;

Sea, Oligocene, 113

Caribou, 4, 181, 202, 207, 208, 210, 412, 413;

Barren-ground, 148;

Pleistocene, 27, 413;

Woodland, 152, 157 (fig.)

Carnivora, 43, 59, 83, 90, 244, 268, 282, 284, 285, 459, 516, 634;

Araucanian, 226;

Blanco, 222;

Boreal, 152;

distribution, 138;

Eocene, 554;

John Day, 249, 528;

marine, 59;

migration to S. Amer., 508, 518;

Miocene, 229, 233, 238;

Neotropical, 173;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 203, 210;

S. Amer., 211;

Plioc., 222;

Sonoran, 163;

Uinta, 265;

White River, 254, 312

Carnivores, see Carnivora

†Carolozittellia, 462, 488

Carpincho, 183 (fig.), 185.

(See also Capybara and Water Hog)

Carpus, 82

Casa Mayor age and stage, 20, 112, 281, 488, 499, 512

Cascade Mts., 121;

Oligocene craters of, 116

Castle, W. E., 657, 660

Castor, 96, 153, 157 (fig.)

†Castoroides, 195, 205

Cat, 222;

Domestic, 546 (manus fig.)

Catamarca age and stage, 20, 129, 226

Catarrhina, 583, 587, 588

Cats, 54, 59, 90, 176, 517, 518, 519, 530, 532, 553, 568;

cursorial, 543;

Miocene, 545;

Native, 634, 638, 640;

Oligocene, 530;

Pleistocene, 545;

Pleisto. S. Amer., 211, 212;

Pliocene, 223, 545;

South America, 552;

true, 249, 517, 530, 543.

(See Felidæ)

Cattle, 95;

spread of, 142

Caves as sources of fossil mammals, 30

Cavia, 183 (fig.), 185

Cavicornia, 328, 411, 412, 416, 421

Cavies, see Caviidæ

Caviidæ, 185, 657;

Araucanian, 226;

Pleistocene, 218;

Santa Cruz, 245

Cavy, Rock, 183 (fig.)

Caxomistle, see Cacomistle

Cebidæ, 172, 578, 584, 585

Cebus, 218, 578, 584 (fig.), 585

Celebes, 579

Cement, 96

Cenozoic era, 15, 16, 17, 18, 99;

South America, 19

Centetes, 173

Central, 83

Central America, 123, 164, 178, 179, 320, 585;

Eocene, 104, 112;

geology, 120;

mammals, 141;

Oligocene, 113, 117;

Paleocene, 103;

tapirs, 137;

Tertiary, 22;

zoölogy, 146

Central American subregion, 164, 170 (map), 191

Cerdocyon, 171 (fig.), 174, 517, 552

†Cervalces, 195 (restoration), 208, 209 (restoration), 362, 413

Cervicornia, 411, 421

Cervidæ, 362, 411, 661;

Neotropical, 179.

(See also Deer)

Cervulus, 412

Cervus, 208, 362;

C. canadensis, 151, 155 (fig.), 202, 208, 411, 412;

C. elaphus, 151;

C. eustephanus, 151.

(See Deer)

Cetacea, 60, 442;

Miocene, 123, 125

Chætomys, 184

†Chalicothere, 240 (restoration), 356 (manus fig.)

†Chalicotheres, see †Chalicotheriidæ

†Chalicotheriidæ, 60, 247, 291, 354, 383, 385, 458, 484, 651;

Bridger, 357;

John Day, 250, 357;

Miocene, 231, 235, 238, 356;

White River, 257, 357

†Chalicotherium, 354

Chamberlin, T. C., 130

Chamois group, 202, 417;

subfamily, 152

†Champsosaurus, 102

Cheeta, 542, 543

Chelodactyla, 60, 290

Chevron-bones, 73

Chevrotains, 54, 60, 408

(see also Mouse-Deer and Tragulina)

Chili, 124, 184, 436;

marine rocks, 112;

Pleistocene, 20;

Pleisto. glaciation, 133

Chilian subregion, 164, 170 (map)

Chinchilla, 184 (fig.), 185

Chinchilla-family, Araucanian, 226

Chinchillas, 185;

Santa Cruz, 245

Chipmunks, 141, 153

Chironectes, 626, 627

Chiroptera, 59

Chlamydophorus, 190, 592

†Chlamydotherium, 218, 592, 596, 612, 614

Cholœpus, 74, 187 (fig.), 591

Chronology, geological, 10;

of rocks, 6

Civet cats, 518, 558

(see Viverridæ)

†Cladoclinus, 627

†Cladosictis, 243 (restoration), 627, 638, 639 (restoration)

†Clænodon, 554, 561

Classification of mammals, 50

Clavicle, 77 (fig.)

Clawed mammals, 59, 74, 456, 459, 460, 492, 514

Climate, as barrier to species, 140;

determining distribution, 24;

Cretaceous, 26;

Eocene, 109, 448;

Miocene, 122;

Mioc. of Patagonia, 124, 244, 586;

Oligocene, 116;

Paleocene, 102;

Pleistocene, 116, 134, 192;

Pliocene, 127;

vicissitudes of, 100

Climatic changes, 14;

affecting distribution, 140;

evidences of, 24;

Pleisto., effects on migrations, 207

Coast Range, elevation, 122;

Miocene, 113, 125

Coati, 162

Coatis, 76, 213, 517, 546, 552

†Cochlops, 592

Coendou, 182 (fig.), 184

†Colodon, 257, 291, 327

Colombia, 626, 640

†Colonoceras, 272, 291, 347, 350

Colouration, animal, 45

†Colpodon, 462

Columbia River valley, Miocene, 118

Comparative Anatomy, 647

Conard Fissure, 30, 210

†Condylarth, 278 (restoration), 457 (skeleton fig.), 459 (restoration)

†Condylarthra, 60, 443, 456, 484, 492, 499, 508, 514, 515, 653;

Puerco, 286, 460;

Torrejon, 285, 459;

Wasatch, 277, 457;

Wind River, 274, 456

Condylura, 152

Conepatus, 174 (fig.), 213, 517, 552

Conies, 60, 458, 481

Conifers, 103

Continental deposits, Eocene, 106, 112;

Miocene, 120;

Oligocene, 113, 117;

Paleocene, 101;

Pliocene, 127, 128

Continental islands, 140

Continuity of development, 660

Convergence, 650, 653, 655, 656

Cope, E. D., 306, 343, 399, 400, 401

Coracoid, 76

†Coryphodon, 275, 277, 279 (restoration), 285, 443, 452, 454, 456

†Coryphodontidæ, 285, 443, 454;

lower Eocene, 456

†Coryphodonts, see †Coryphodontidæ

Costa Rica, 181;

Pliocene, 128

Cotton-rats, 163

Coyote, 162, 165 (fig.)

Coyotes, Pleistocene, 218

†Cramauchenia, 489

†Creodont, 252 (restoration), 563 (restoration)

†Creodonta, 59, 516, 519, 527, 529, 554, 574;

Bridger, 268, 271 (restoration);

Eocene, 633;

Paleocene, 633;

Puerco, 286;

Torrejon, 285;

Uinta, 265;

Wasatch, 276;

White River, 253;

Wind River, 274.

(See Flesh-eaters)

Cretaceous period, 15, 16, 103, 112, 117, 261, 281, 443, 460, 514, 642, 643;

climate, 26

Crocodiles, 122, 244;

absent from John Day, 116;

Eocene, 111;

Paleocene, 284;

White River, 116

Crown of tooth, 95

Crustal movements, Miocene, 122

Ctenomys, 184

Cuba, 173, 185;

junction with Central America, 128, 598;

Miocene, 123;

Pleistocene, 134, 604;

Pliocene, 128, 605

Cuboid, 89

Culebra Cut, Tertiary rocks, 22

Cuneiform, 83, 89

Cuvier, G., 44, 654

Cyclopes, 591

†Cyclopidius, 361, 376

†Cynodesmus, 517, 522 (skull fig.), 523, 530

†Cynodictis, 254, 517, 529 (restoration), 530, 547

Cyon, 213, 517, 527

†Cyonasua, 517

Dama, 412

†Daphœnodon, 517, 525 (restoration), 526, 530

†Daphœnus, 254, 517, 523 (skull fig.), 524 (manus and teeth fig.), 526, 528, 530, 537, 546

Darwin, C., 33, 35, 52, 136, 137, 143, 193, 217, 463, 489, 490, 491, 492

Dasypoda, 189, 592, 610.

(See also Armadillos)

Dasypodidæ, 592

Dasyprocta, 185 (fig.)

Dasypus, 189 (fig.), 592, 611, 614, 616

Dasyures, Australian, 638

Dasyuridæ, 632, 634, 640

Deep River age and stage, 17, 121, 233

Deer, 46, 54, 60, 95 (molar fig.), 222, 312, 319, 360 (molar fig.), 362, 409, 411, 461;

American, 153, 162, 202, 208, 409, 412, 414, 420, 657;

Axis, 412;

Barking, 412;

Black-tailed, 5, 202;

Chinese Water-, 412;

earliest, 658;

Fallow, 412;

Florida, 179 (fig.);

Hog, 412;

hornless, 414;

Marsh, 179, 180 (fig.);

Miocene, 232, 235, 414 (restoration);

Mule, 46 (fawns fig.), 167 (fig.);

Musk-, 224, 412, 658;

Neotropical, 179;

North American, 179;

Old World, 151, 179, 181, 202, 412, 415;

Pampas, 180;

Patagonian, 91 (pes fig.), 410 (manus and pes fig.);

Pleistocene, 202, 208, 412;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;

Pliocene, 224, 226;

South American, 415, 418, 466;

southern, 412, 413;

Tertiary, 412, 419;

Virginia, 4, 166 (fig.), 179, 202, 412

†Deer-Antelopes, 202, 224, 362, 417;

Miocene, 232, 235, 414, 415 (restoration);

Pleistocene, 417

Degu, 184

†Deltatherium, 554

Dental formula, 93

Dentine, 96

Deposits, continental (see Continental deposits);

lake, 37;

river, 36

Dermoptera, 59

Deseado age and stage, 20, 117, 282, 283, 474, 475, 477, 479, 481, 485, 486, 487, 508, 511, 512, 586, 587

Desiccation, Miocene and Pliocene, 128

†Desmathyus, 361

†Desmatippus, 290

†Deuterotherium, 489

Development, convergent, 446, 499;

parallel, 499;

per saltum, 661.

(See also Evolution)

Devonian period, 15;

glaciation in, 25

Dhole, 213, 249, 517, 527, 530

†Diadiaphorus, 248, 489, 501 (skull fig.), 502 (restoration), 503 (pes fig.), 505, 507, 508

†Diceratheres, see †Diceratherium

†Diceratherium, 238, 239 (restoration), 250, 256, 291, 333, 334, 350, 444

Dicerorhinus, 327, 329

†Dichobunidæ, 361, 398

Didelphia, 57, 59, 626

Didelphiidæ, 627, 630

Didelphis, 161, 626, 627, 631;

D. marsupialis, 161 (fig.), 631

†Didolodidæ, 489

†Didolodus, 489

†Didymictis, 555, 558

Digit, 90

Digital reduction, 658

Digitigrade, 90

†Dinictis, 254, 517, 538, 539 (restoration), 541 (pes fig.), 542, 546

†Dinocerata, 443

†Dinocynops, 517

†Dinocyon, 524

†Dinohyus, 239, 361, 366

†Dinosaurs, 103, 284

†Dinotheres, see †Dinotherium

†Dinotherium, 435, 438, 486

†Diplacodon, 266, 291, 313, 317 (head restored)

Dipodomys, 163 (fig.)

Diprotodonta, 59, 627, 640;

Deseado, 642;

Paraná, 641;

Pleistocene, 641;

Pliocene, 641;

Santa Cruz, 640, 641;

South American, 640

Discontinuity of development, 660

Dispersal of species, 143

†Dissacus, 554, 560

Distribution, discontinuous, 127, 138, 193;

geographical, of mammals, 135

Divergence, see Evolution

†Dœdicurus, 212 (restoration), 219, 618, 619 (restoration)

Dog, 90, 553;

family, 558;

fox-like, 529 (restoration)

Dogs, 90, 173, 517, 519, 520, 548, 553, 554, 558;

Blanco, 522;

early, 550;

John Day, 249, 523, 528, 529;

Miocene, 229, 234, 238, 522, 527, 528, 529;

Oligocene, 523, 547, 553;

Paraná, 227;

Pleistocene, 521;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 212;

Pliocene, 522;

Plioc. S. Amer., 226;

†primitive, 537;

†short-faced, 530;

South American, 552;

Uinta, 265;

White River, 254, 529.

(See also Canidæ)

†Dolichorhinus, 272, 291

Dolichotis, 185

Dolphins, 37, 60, 94, 656;

Miocene, 123

Domesticated plants, history of, 288

Douroucoulis, 578, 585

Drainage, the Pleistocene changes of, 132

Drift-sheets, 25, 132

†Dromocyon, 269 (restoration), 271 (restoration), 554, 559

†Dromomeryx, 235, 237 (restoration), 362, 417

Drought, effects of on mammals, 33

Duck-billed Mole, 57, 59

Dugong, 60, 442

Duplicidentata, 59

Dust, volcanic, 29;

wind-blown, 33

East Indian Archipelago, 191

Echidna, 57

Echimys, 184

Ecuador, 178, 284, 391, 548, 626, 640;

Pleistocene, 20, 211;

Pliocene, 129

Edentata, 60, 72, 75, 91, 97, 120, 185, 267, 355, 591;

Araucanian, 226;

armoured, 60, 592, 610;

Casa Mayor, 283, 592, 595;

Deseado, 261, 595;

distribution, 138;

Eocene, N. Amer., 597, 616;

hairy, 60, 591;

Old World, 185, 591;

Paraná, 227;

Pleisto., N. Amer., 205;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 596;

Plioc., N. Amer., 225, 597;

Plioc., S. Amer., 226, 596;

Santa Cruz, 245, 596;

South American, 276, 625

Edentates, see Edentata

†Edvardocopeia, 509

Egg-laying mammals, 59

Egypt, 254, 370, 422, 432, 442, 450, 587;

Eocene, 234;

Oligocene, 234, 264, 583

Ei-á, 585

Eigenmann, C. H., 654

†Elachoceras, 443, 449, (skull fig.), 450, 451, 455

†Elasmotherium, 350, 351

Elephant, 590;

African, 423 (molar fig.);

†Columbian, 195 (restoration), 197, 198 (restoration), 427, 430;

East African, 425;

†Imperial, 199, 427, 485;

Indian, 97 (section of tooth fig.), 197, 423, 425 (manus fig.), 426 (section of fore foot fig.);

tribe, 82;

West African, 425

Elephantidæ, 432

Elephants, 45, 60, 73, 91, 92, 95, 97, 215, 264, 312, 436, 446, 448, 465, 487, 654;

American, 430;

cranial bones of, 63;

distribution, 138;

hairy, 448,

proboscis of, 65;

Pleistocene, 196, 211, 426;

Siberian Pleisto., 39;

true, 423, 438, 439;

tusks of, 97

Elephas, 436, 437 (head and tooth fig.);

E. †columbi, 195 (restoration), 197, 198 (restoration), 427;

E. †imperator, 199, 427, 485;

E. maximus, 97 (section of molar fig.), 197, 423, 425 (manus fig.);

E. †primigenius, 196, 207, 332, 426

Elk, 50, 141, 151, 155 (fig.);

Scandinavian, 151

Elms, 102

†Embrithopoda, 60

Embryology, 648

Emigrants from N. Amer. to Old World, 255, 256, 456

Enamel, 96

England, early Man in, 588;

Paleocene flora, 103;

Pliocene, 127

†Enhydrocyon, 517, 528, 530

†Entelodon, 369

†Entelodontidæ, 250, 361, 366, 445;

Wasatch, 281

†Entelodonts, see †Entelodontidæ, also †Giant Pigs

†Entelonychia, 60, 247, 462, 482, 652;

Casa Mayor, 282;

Deseado, 263.

(See also †Homalodotheres)

Entrerios, 128

†Eoanthropus, 588

†Eobasileus, 443, 449, 451, 455

†Eocardia, 243

Eocene epoch, 17, 104;

climate of, 26;

close of, 111;

Europe, 262, 370, 452, 562, 661;

North America, 104, 105 (map), 201, 250, 251, 253, 273, 287, 291, 325, 369, 421, 519, 529, 554, 557, 574, 644;

South America, 20, 112, 261, 281, 477, 481, 482, 485, 487, 488, 508, 509, 512, 514, 625, 642

†Eodidelphys, 627

†Eohippus, 280, 290, 302, 303 (restoration), 304, 305 (skull fig.), 307 (manus and pes fig.), 308

†Eohyus, 281

†Eomoropus, 291, 357

†Eotitanops, 275, 291, 315

†Eotylopus, 257, 362

†Epigaulus, 223 (restoration)

†Epihippus, 290, 301, 302

†Epithelium, 227, 489, 508

Epoch, geological, 15

†Eporeodon, 361, 375, 379

Equidæ, 290, 291.

(See also Horses)

Equus, 95, 199, 213, 223, 291, 295, 305 (skull fig.), 306 (manus and pes fig.);

American species, 296;

E. asinus, 52;

E. burchelli, 200;

E. caballus, 52, 199, 213, 295;

E. †fraternus, 199;

E. †giganteus, 200, 201, 295;

E. †occidentalis, 200;

E. †pacificus, 201;

E. †pectinatus, 200;

E. przewalskii, 52, 292 (fig.);

E. †scotti, 195 (restoration), 200 (do.);

E. †semiplicatus, 200;

South American species, 307;

E. †tau, 199, 295

Equus Beds, 33, 131, 133, 200, 205.

(See Sheridan)

Era, geological, 15

Erethizon, 151 (fig.), 153, 182, 184, 205

†Eriodes, 578

Ermine, 152, 159 (fig.)

Ethiopian region, 146

†Euceratherium, 202, 362, 418

†Eucholœops, 607

†Eucinepeltus, 592, 623

†Euprotogonia, 457, 459

Eurasia, 110, 548

Europe, 253, 254, 255, 267, 272, 276, 277, 280, 281, 284, 287, 291, 303, 323, 324, 325, 340, 350, 351, 354, 356, 357, 369, 370, 380, 417, 418, 419, 421, 422, 432, 435, 452, 456, 486, 534, 538, 543, 545, 546, 552, 554, 557, 561, 642, 644;

caverns of, 30;

circumpolar area, 148;

Eocene, 104;

Eoc. separation from Asia, 104;

human habitation of, 588;

loess of, 133;

mammals of, 145;

†Mammoth in, 197;

pre-Eocene immigration into, 108;

Miocene, 235;

Mioc. climate, 122;

Pleisto. glaciation, 133;

tapirs in, 138;

Triassic, 642;

zoölogy of, 146

†Eusmilus, 254, 517, 538

†Eutatus, 592, 596, 612, 613

Eutheria, 57, 59

†Eutrachytherus, 263, 462, 477

Extinction of species, 13, 211

Evolution, of †Amblypoda, 454;

of camels, 400;

convergent, 649, 650, 655;

of †Creodonta, 574;

divergent, 18, 139, 650, 655;

of Fissipedia, 553;

of horses, 305, 325, 400;

irreversibility of, 541, 656;

modes of Mammalian, 645;

of †oreodonts, 381;

parallel, 393, 649, 655;

of Proboscidea, 436, 437 (diagram);

of rhinoceroses, 351;

of tapirs, 324;

of †titanotheres, 316, 325

Fallow Deer, 46

Families, distribution of, 138

Fauna, 56;

Araucanian, 226;

Bridger, 265, 267, 273, 315;

Deseado, 261, 638;

mid. Eocene, 267;

John Day, 249;

low Miocene, 237;

Neotropical, 283, 610;

Oligocene, 237;

Paraná, 227;

Pleistocene, N. America, 193, 207;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 211, 226, 597;

Puerco, 285;

Santa Cruz, 26, 124, 242, 638;

Torrejon, 284;

Uinta, 265, 273;

Wasatch, 276;

White River, 251, 265, 266;

Wind River, 274, 275, 315

Faunas, Casa Mayor, 281, 283;

Eocene, N. Amer., 265;

Eoc., S. Amer., 281;

Miocene, 229;

Oligocene, N. Amer., 249;

Oligo., S. Amer., 261;

Paleocene, 283, 286, 644;

Pliocene, N. Amer., 221;

Plioc., S. Amer., 225;

Quaternary, N. Amer., 193;

Quat., S. Amer., 211;

successive mammalian, 192;

Tertiary, 221;

Tertiary, S. Amer., 461

Fawns, 46 (fig.)

Fayûm, 432

Felidæ, 54, 517, 518, 530

Felinæ, 54, 254, 535, 542, 543, 650;

Miocene, 229, 234, 238, 541, 545;

origin of, 659;

Pleistocene, 204, 545;

Pliocene, 545

Felis, 54, 517, 543, 545, 546;

F. †atrox, 204, 545;

F. concolor, 168 (fig.), 544 (skull fig.), 545 (dentition fig.);

F. domestica, 546 (manus fig.);

F. †imperialis, 204;

F. leo, 204;

F. onca, 176, 177 (fig.), 552;

F. pardalis, 176 (fig.), 552

Femur, 84, 85 (fig.)

Ferret, Black-footed, 160 (fig.)

Fiber, 153

Fibula, 86, 87 (fig.)

Field-mice, 141

Filhol, H., 534

Fisher, 152

Fishers, 141, 518

Fishes, Florissant, 121;

Green River, 109;

Panama marine, 23;

South American fresh-water, 652;

teeth of, 92

Fissipedia, 59, 516, 517, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 563, 576

Flesh-eaters, †primitive, 59, 554;

Santa Cruz, 637

Florida, island, 122;

Miocene, 117;

Oligocene, 113;

Paleocene, 101;

Pliocene, 125, 127

Florissant formation, 121

Flower, W. H., 389, 390, 411, 412, 419

Flying Lemur, 59

Forests, Oligocene, 538;

Paleocene, 102;

petrified, 122

Fort Union stage, 17, 99, 102, 642

Fossils, 7, 29;

classification, 55;

entombment, 29;

evidence of climate, 25;

mammals, 61

Fossorial habits, 2

Fox, 191;

Arctic, 148, 149 (fig.), 150 (fig.);

Grey, 165 (fig.), 517;

Red, 158 (fig.), 517

Foxes, 141, 173, 518, 520, 530, 552;

grey, 162;

Pleistocene, 204;

red, 152;

White River, 254, 529

France, 256, 333, 364, 441, 574;

Eocene, of, 108;

Oligocene, 617

Frankstown Cave, 30

Friasian fauna, 509

Fürbringer, M., 655

Gait, varieties of, 90

Galapagos Archipelago, 136

†Ganodonta, 625

†Garzonia, 627, 641 (jaw fig.)

†Garzoniidæ, 627

Gazelle, bones of, 35

†Gazelle-Camel, 241, 242 (restoration), 393, 394, 408

Genera, origin of, 654

Generic area, 137

Genetic series, 56

Genetics, 648

Genus, 53

Geographical changes affecting distribution, 139

Geology, 5

Geomys, 163

Geomyidæ, 265

†Giant Pig, 252 (restoration), 260 (do.)

†Giant Pigs, 250, 259, 266, 361, 366;

Bridger, 273, 370;

John Day, 259, 367;

Miocene, 239, 366, 369;

Oligocene, 281, 368;

Uinta, 369;

Wasatch, 281, 370;

White River, 259, 367

Gidley, J. W., 33, 202, 642

Giraffe, 70, 79, 358, 389

†Giraffe-Camel, 236 (restoration), 391, 392 (restor.)

†Giraffe-camels, 235, 388, 394;

Miocene, 231, 241, 394;

Pliocene, 224, 388

Giraffes, 54, 389, 409, 411

Glacial, accumulations, 25;

climate, 25, 26;

periods, 14, 25;

stages, 17, 130;

theory, 129

Glaciation, Pleistocene, 25, 130;

causes of, 134

Glaciers, Pleistocene, 131

†Glossotherium, 602

†Glyptodon, 212 (restoration), 219, 592, 618, 619 (restor.), 621

†Glyptodont, Santa Cruz, 243 (restoration), 606 (do.)

†Glyptodontia, 60, 245, 246, 592, 593, 594, 595, 617;

Araucanian, 226;

Astraponotus, 281, 595, 625;

Deseado, 262, 595;

Pampean, 212 (restorations), 619 (restorations), 623;

Paraná, 227;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 206, 211, 597, 598;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 221, 596, 597, 620, 624;

Pliocene, N. Amer., 221, 225, 596;

Plioc., S. Amer., 596, 622, 624;

Santa Cruz, 245, 596, 622, 623

†Glyptodontidæ, 592

†Glyptodonts, see †Glyptodontia

†Glyptotherium, 221, 592

Gnawing mammals, 59

Goat, Rocky Mt., 152, 158 (fig.), 202, 416

Goats, 362, 409, 416

†Gomphotherium, 229, 430, 431 (head restored), 434, 436, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439

Gopher, †Horned, 223 (restoration)

Grasses, 273;

Paleocene, 284

Grassy plains, spread of, 233

†Gravigrada, 91, 120, 355, 591, 592, 598, 612;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 597;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 598;

Santa Cruz, 605, 607, 609, 610.

(See also †Ground-Sloths)

Great Basin, 322;

Pleistocene of, 131

Great Britain, 21, 140, 418

Great Plains, 33, 200, 229, 235, 322, 386, 432;

Miocene, 121;

Oligocene climate, 116;

Pleistocene, 131

Greenland, 101, 103, 210;

Pliocene, 125

Green River stage, 109

Gregory, J. W., 35

Gregory, W. K., 641

Grison, 175 (fig.), 517, 552

†Ground-Sloth, giant, 195 (restoration), 603 (restoration);

Pleistocene of Cuba, 598;

Santa Cruz, 243 (restor.), 606 (restor.);

skin of, 40, 602

†Ground-Sloths, 75, 91, 120, 267, 355, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 598;

Araucanian, 226;

Astraponotus, 595;

Casa Mayor, 284, 595;

Deseado, 262, 595;

Miocene, 609;

Mioc., N. Amer., 597;

Pampean, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 605, 608, 609;

Paraná, 227;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 205, 206, 211, 219, 597;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 218, 219, 221, 596, 598, 604, 605;

Pliocene. N. Amer., 221, 225, 597;

Plioc., S. Amer., 596, 598;

Santa Cruz, 245, 246, 596, 598, 605, 608, 609.

(See also †Gravigrada)

Ground-squirrels, 164, 181

†Grypotherium, 592, 602

Guanaco, 60, 139, 178, 389 (fig.), 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.), 490, 491;

destruction by cold, 36;

distribution, 138

Guiana, 179

Guianas, Miocene, 596

Guinea-Pig, 185;

four-toed race, 657, 660

Gulf-coast, Eocene, 104, 111, 117;

Miocene, 117;

Pliocene, 125

Gulf of Mexico, Eocene, 106, 113;

Oligocene, 113, 117;

Paleocene, 101

Gulf Stream, Oligocene, 113

Gulo, 152, 155 (fig.), 237, 517

Gypsy Moth, 143

Haeckel, E., 648

Hairless skin, 45

Halicore, 442

†Halmarhiphus, 627

Handwriting, development of, 9, 13, 14

Hapale, 578

Hapalidæ, 172, 578, 582, 583

†Hapalops, 243 (restoration), 592, 605, 606 (restor.), 609 (pes fig.)

Hare, Arctic, 150

Hares, 59, 181, 245, 249;

Miocene, 229, 238;

Plioc., N. Amer., 222;

Plioc., S. Amer., 226;

tailless, or whistling, 153

†Harpagolestes, 554, 559, 560, 571

Harrison stage, 120, 235

Hatcher, J. B., 337, 523, 524

Hayti, 173, 185;

junction with Centr. Amer., 128;

Miocene, 123;

Pliocene, 128

Hedgehogs, 59, 276;

White River, 253

†Hegetotheriidæ, 462, 472

†Hegetotherium, 462, 479

†Helaletes, 272, 291

†Helohyus, 273, 361, 365

†Hemiacodon, 578

†Hemipsalodon, 253, 565

†Henricosbornia, 462

†Heptodon, 275, 291, 327

Herbivora, 516

Herbivorous mammals, 45;

large, 44

†Hipparion, 291

†Hippidion, 212 (restoration), 213, 214 (restor.), 291, 296, 307, 308 (skeleton fig.)

Hippocamelus, 91 (pes fig.), 180, 410 (manus and pes fig.)

Hippopotamus, 45, 54, 60, 70, 92, 358, 654

Hogs, ruminating, 372

Holarctic region, 146, 147, 150, 588

†Homacodon, 273, 361, 398

†Homalodontotheriidæ, 462;

Casa Mayor, 283

†Homalodontotherium, 462, 482

†Homalodothere, 482

†Homalodotheres, 462, 482, 509

†Homo heidelbergensis, 588;

H. †neanderthalensis, 588;

H. sapiens, 588

†Homunculus, 578, 586

Hoofed animals, 74, 77, 81, 83, 89, 312, 313, 461;

Araucanian, 227;

Bridger, 269, 273;

Casa Mayor, 282;

clawed, 651;

Deseado, 262, 264;

massive, 654;

Miocene, 229, 234;

Paraná, 228;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;

†primitive, 492;

Santa Cruz, 246;

Torrejon, 285;

Uinta, 273;

Wasatch, 277;

Wind River, 274

(see Ungulata)

Hoofed mammal, clawed, 484

Hoofed mammals, 60, 456, 459, 460;

even-toed, 54, 60;

odd-toed, 60;

White River, 255

(see Ungulata)

Hooker, J., 193

†Hoplophoneus, 252 (restoration), 517, 535, 536 (restoration), 539, 540, 543

Horn-cores, 416

Horse, 44, 48, 52, 62, 76 (scapula fig.), 79 (humerus fig.), 81 (fore-arm bones fig.), 85 (femur fig.), 87 (leg-bones fig.), 95 (molar fig.), 294, (manus and pes fig.), 359;

Asiatic Wild, 52, 292 (fig.);

†Dawn, 302, 303 (restoration);

†forest, 200;

†Pampas, 212 (restoration), 214 (restoration), 308 (skeleton fig.);

†Texas, 195 (restoration), 200 (restoration);

†three-toed grazing, 298 (restoration);

True, 199, 213, 295;

†White River, 252 (restoration), 300 (restoration).

(See also Equus)

Horses, 56, 60, 81, 95, 97, 289, 290, 291, 312, 319, 330, 353, 360, 382, 397, 458, 461, 499, 504, 651, 653, 655, 656, 658, 661;

Blanco, 222;

bones of, 33;

Bridger, 272, 302;

browsing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;

Eocene, 304, 307;

grazing, 223, 231, 235, 297, 298;

John Day, 299;

Miocene, 295, 297, 298, 231, 232, 234, 238, 301;

North American, 39;

Oligocene, 299;

phyla of, 289, 650;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199, 208, 211, 213, 221, 295, 304, 307;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215, 307;

Pliocene, 223, 295, 307, 331;

South American, 307;

spread of, 142, 143;

three-toed, 33, 501;

tridactyl, 658;

true, 292, 308;

Uinta, 301;

Wasatch, 280, 302;

White River, 257, 299, 300;

Wind River, 275, 302, 303, 396.

(See also Equidæ)

Horsfall, R. B., 42

Hrdlička, A., 589

Hudsonian fauna, 151

Hudson’s Bay slope, interglacial forests, 131

Huemul, 180

Humerus, 78 (fig.)

Humid province, 164

Humidity, effect on distribution, 141

Hungary, 316

Hutias, 184

Huxley, T. H., 28

Hyænidæ, 518

†Hyænodon, 252 (restoration), 253, 555, 562, 563 (restoration), 564 (skeleton fig.), 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth fig.), 567, 576

†Hyænodont, primitive, 567 (restoration)

†Hyænodontidæ, 253, 555, 557, 562, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (teeth fig.), 569, 573, 575;

Bridger, 268;

Eocene, 254, 566, 576;

Wind River, 274

†Hyænodonts, see †Hyænodontidæ

†Hyænognathus, 522, 524, 530

Hydrochærus, 183 (fig.), 185, 205

Hydropotes, 412

Hyena, bones of, 35

†Hyena-dogs, 222, 249, 527, 530

Hyenas, 518, 527, 553, 554

Hyoid arch, 67

†Hyopsodonta, 59

†Hyperhippidium, 213, 291, 307

†Hyperleptus, 607

†Hypertragulidæ, 267, 362, 386, 402, 414;

Eocene, 408;

John Day, 251, 404, 407;

Miocene, 241, 258, 404;

White River, 258, 406, 408

†Hypertragulids, see †Hypertragulidæ

†Hypertragulus, 241, 258, 267, 362, 407, 408

†Hypisodus, 258, 362, 408

†Hypohippus, 291, 297, 300

Hypsodont teeth, 95 (fig.);

prevalence of, 232

†Hyrachyus, 271 (restoration), 272, 291, 339, 344 (restor.), 345 (skull fig.), 346, 349, 350

†Hyracodon, 252 (restoration), 255, 266, 291, 341 (restor.), 343 (manus fig.)

†Hyracodontidæ, 291, 403

†Hyracodontinæ, 291, 340, 341, 346, 350, 351, 352;

Bridger, 272, 343;

Eocene, 342;

Uinta, 266, 343;

White River, 255, 256, 341;

Wind River, 275, 276, 344

†Hyracodonts, see Hyracodontinæ

Hyracoidea, 60, 458, 481, 492, 514;

distribution, 138

Hystricomorpha, 245, 262

Ice Age, 25

Ichthyomys, 182

Icticyon, 174, 212, 517, 527, 552

†Ideodidelphys, 627

Ihering, H. von, 124

†Ilingoceros, 362

Ilium, 77

Immigrants from Old World to N. America, 229, 276, 279, 316, 365, 370, 386, 416, 417;

artiodactyls, 201, 202, 259;

bison, 420;

Carnivora, 203;

felines, 258;

†hyænodonts, 254;

insectivores, 253;

mustelines, 238, 254;

otters, 234;

Proboscidea, 422;

rhinoceroses, 234;

sheep, 419;

from North to South America, 171, 211, 226, 227, 242, 461;

from South to North America, 205, 206, 233

Immigration, 266;

Eocene, 324;

Miocene, 233;

Pleistocene, 151;

Pliocene, 151

Incisors, 93

India, 14, 213, 327, 390, 412, 418, 430, 527, 542, 551;

Permian glaciation of, 25

Indian Ocean, 442

Indians, pre-Columbian, 590

†Indrodon, 580

Insect-eaters, 92

Insectivora, 59, 191, 249, 459, 580;

Bridger, 268;

Miocene, 238;

Neotropical, 172;

Paleocene, 284;

Puerco, 286;

Santa Cruz, 245, 587;

Torrejon, 285;

Uinta, 265;

Wasatch, 276;

White River, 253;

Wind River, 274

Insectivores, see Insectivora

Inserts, 141;

Florissant, 121;

Green River, 109

Interglacial stages, 17, 130, 207;

climate of, 134;

mammals of, 131

†Interatheriidæ, 462, 476, 479

†Interatherium, 462, 481, 636 (restoration)

Irreversibility of evolution, 541, 656

†Ischyrocyon, 517

†Ischyromyids, Bridger, 270;

Uinta, 265;

Wasatch, 280

†Ischyromys, 254

†Isectolophus, 291

†Isotemnidæ, 462, 485

†Isotemnus, 462

Isthmian region, geology, 120;

Pliocene, 128

Isthmus of Panama, 170;

geology, 21, 22;

Miocene, 123;

Oligocene, 117, 123;

Pleistocene, 122, 134

Jackal, bones of, 35

Jaguar, 176, 177 (fig.), 212, 545, 552

Jamaica, Miocene, 123;

mongoose introduced, 142

Japan, 135

Java, 21, 140, 327

Jefferson, T., 206, 597

Jerboas, 90

John Day age and stage, 17, 30, 116, 375, 543

Jumping Mouse, 153, 160 (fig.);

mice, 182;

shrews, 59

Jurassic period, 15, 16, 642, 643

Kangaroo-rats, 163 (fig.), 182;

Miocene, 238

Kangaroos, 59, 626, 640

Kinkajou, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552

Klipdasses, 458, 481

Knight, C. R., 42, 470, 478, 480, 481, 494, 502, 506, 606, 636, 639

Kowalevsky, W., 233, 503

Kudu, 225

Labrador, Pliocene, 125

Lagidium, 185

Lake, Argentine, 36;

Bonneville, 131;

Callabonna, 34;

Lahontan, 131;

Ontario, invasion by sea, 132

Lakes, relation to glaciation, 132;

sediments of, 37

Lama, 138, 362, 388;

L. huanacus, 178, 389 (fig.);

L. vicunia, 178 (fig.)

†Lambdaconus, 489

†Lambdotherium, 275, 291, 315

Land-bridges, 18

Land-connections, how ascertained, 20;

Cuba and Centr. Amer., 128;

Hayti and Centr. Amer., 128;

N. Amer. and Asia, 18, 125, 588;

N. Amer. and Europe, 18, 106, 108, 109, 118, 120;

N. Amer. and Old World, 21, 23, 109, 115, 249, 251, 267, 276, 287;

N. and S. Amer., 100, 120, 123, 233;

S. Amer. and Africa, 103, 112, 124, 587;

S. Amer. and Antarctica, 112, 124;

S. Amer. and Australia, 103, 123, 638;

S. Amer. and Old World, 262;

West Indies and Mediterranean lands, 120

La Plata, estuary, 34

Last Hope Inlet, 60

Latax, 517

Lava-fields, the Columbia River, 121, 127

Lavas, Miocene, 118, 121, 122;

Pleistocene, 133;

Pliocene, 127

Leche, W., 63

Leidy, J., 372

Lemming, 148

Lemmings, 141, 153

Lemur, †monkey-like, 581 (head restored)

Lemur, 578

Lemuroidea, 60, 284, 459, 577, 578, 588;

Bridger, 270, 578;

Eocene, 579;

Wasatch, 281, 580;

Wind River, 275

†Leontiniidæ, 462, 475

†Leontinia, 263 (head restored), 462, 475

Leopard, 45;

Hunting, 543

†Leptarctus, 517, 547

†Leptauchenia, 258, 361, 377 (skull fig.), 378 (restoration), 381

†Leptochœridæ, 361

†Leptochœrus, 361

†Leptomeryx, 258, 267, 362, 407 (skull fig.), 409, 563 (restoration), 657

†Leptoreodon, 362

†Leptotragulus, 267, 362

Lepus, 164

†Lestodon, 602

†Limnocyon, 555, 573

Linnæan system, 51, 56, 57

Linnæus, C., 1, 51, 52, 55, 578

Lion, 45, 48, 92, 204;

cubs, 46

Lions, 210, 212

Lipotyphla, 59

†Listriodon, 364

†Litopterna, 60, 469, 489, 514, 651, 653;

Araucanian, 227;

Casa Mayor, 283;

Deseado, 264;

Pampean, 212 (restoration), 216 (do.);

Paraná, 228;

Pleistocene, 215, 221;

Santa Cruz, 243 (restorations), 247

Lizards, 102;

Santa Cruz, 244

Llama, 54, 60, 490, 491;

distribution, 138

Llama-like animals, 386

Llamas, 13, 90, 241, 257, 362, 386, 388, 390, 391, 421, 461;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 202;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;

Pliocene, 224;

South American, 231

Loess, 133

Loncheres, 184

Loomis, F. B., 487

†Lophiodontidæ, 257, 272, 291, 319, 325, 326, 341, 343, 348;

Eocene, 326;

Oligocene, 339;

Wasatch 280, 326;

White River, 257, 326;

Wind River, 275, 315

†Lophiodonts, see †Lophiodontidæ

Loricata, 592, 610

Loup Fork age and stage, 17, 121

Loup River stage, 127

Lower Sonoran zone, 148, 164

Lowest Eocene, 99

Loxodonta, 423 (molar fig.)

Lucas, F. A., 337

Lull, R., 437

Lunar, 83

Lutra, 152, 160 (fig.), 164, 175, 213, 517, 551

Lutreola, 152 (fig.)

Lydekker, R., 150, 181, 389, 390, 411, 412, 419

Lyncodon, 175, 552

Lynx, 153, 163, 169 (fig.), 517, 544 (dentition fig.)

Lynxes, 141, 176, 543, 544, 552;

Pleistocene, 204

†Machairodontinæ, 54, 530, 535, 542;

cursorial, 543;

Oligocene, 535

†Machairodonts, see Machairodontinæ, also see †Sabre-tooth tigers

†Machairodus, 517, 534 (skull fig.), 536

†Machairoides, 555, 573

†Macrauchenia, 212 (restoration), 215, 216 (do.), 217, 227, 248, 489, 493, 495, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 498

†Macrauchenid, Santa Cruz, 494 (restoration)

†Macrauchenidæ, 248, 489, 496 (skull fig.), 497 (do.), 651;

Deseado, 264, 499;

Eocene, 499;

Paraná, 228, 496;

Pleistocene, 489;

Pliocene, 493;

Santa Cruz, 248, 493

†Macrotherium, 354

Madagascar, 173, 530;

Pleistocene, 579;

zoölogy of, 146

Magnum, 83

Malagasy region, 146

Malay Archipelago, 146, 191, 580;

islands, 281, 327, 408;

Peninsula, 137, 281

Malleolar bone, 87

Mammal, defined, 1

Mammalia, classification, 50;

evolution of, 645;

geographical distribution, 135;

skeleton and teeth of, 61

†Mammoth, 39, 196, 207, 332, 426, 427, 429;

Siberian, 44

Man, 60, 62, 66, 76 (scapula fig.), 77 (clavicle fig.), 79 (humerus fig.), 80 (fore-arm bones fig.), 82 (manus fig.), 84, 88 (pes fig.), 90, 93, 577, 578, 582;

American Pleistocene, 589;

European Palæolithic, 197;

European Pleistocene, 39, 588;

origin of, 588;

in Western Hemisphere, 588

Manatee, 207, 442

Manatus, 442

†Manteoceras, 272, 317 (head restored)

Manus, 82 (fig.)

Maples, 102

Mara, 185

Marine, fauna, Miocene, 117;

Oligocene, 117;

Pliocene, 127;

habit, 2;

mammals, 37, 45;

rocks, 37;

shells, Pleistocene, 132;

Pliocene of England, 127

Marmosa, 632

Marmoset, 584 (fig.)

Marmosets, 172, 578, 582, 583

Marmot, 150, 152 (fig.)

Marmota, 152 (fig.), 153

Marmots, 60, 141, 153, 181, 245;

Miocene, 229;

Pliocene, 222

Marsh, O. C., 318

Marsupial, †allotherian, 286 (head restored), predaceous, Santa Cruz, 243 (restoration), 494 (do.), 636 (do.), 639 (do.)

Marsupialia, 43, 57, 59, 459, 626;

Araucanian, 226, 634;

Australian, 145, 632, 638;

Bridger, 268;

carnivorous, 59;

Casa Mayor, 282, 638, 642;

Deseado, 261, 638, 642;

distribution, 138;

flesh-eating, 553;

herbivorous, 59;

insectivorous, 59;

Miocene, S. Amer., 226;

Paleocene, 284;

Paraná, 227, 634, 641;

predaceous, 627, 632;

Puerco, 286, 642;

Santa Cruz, 244, 635, 640;

South American, 190, 638;

Torrejon, 285, 642;

Wasatch, 276;

White River, 251

Marten, 551

Martens, 152, 231, 517, 550, 551;

Miocene, 229;

Pleistocene, 204

Martes, 517

†Mastodon, 207, 426, 590;

American, 195 (restoration), 196, 207, 229 (molar fig.), 428, (restoration), 429, 437 (head fig.), 438, 439, 448;

Miocene, 431 (head restored)

†Mastodon, 429, 430, 437 (head and molar fig.);

†M. americanus, see †Mastodon, American;

†M. andium, 436

†Mastodons, 60, 264, 430, 438;

Blanco, 222;

early, 432;

Miocene, 229, 234;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196, 211;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 215, 221, 436;

Pliocene, 225;

Tertiary, 429

Matthew, W. D., 241, 257, 407, 409, 414, 531, 532, 540, 542, 546, 547, 565, 566, 657, 659

Mazama, 180, 181 (fig.), 362

Meadow-mice, 153, 182, 218

Mediterranean, Eocene, 104, 106

†Megalictis, 517, 551

†Megalocnus, 592, 604

†Megalonychidæ, 592, 598, 610

†Megalonychotherium, 592

†Megalonyx, 195 (restoration), 206, 219, 221, 592, 597, 604, 607

†Megamys, 226

†Megatheriidæ, 591, 598, 607

†Megatherium, 206, 212 (restoration), 220 (do.), 591, 597, 599, 602, 604, 608

Mellivora, 551

†Meniscotheriidæ, 457, 458

†Meniscotherium, 457, 458, 459 (restoration)

Menotyphla, 59

Mephitis, 153, 167 (fig.), 517, 552

Merriam, C. H., 140, 141, 147, 148, 150, 161

Merriam, J. C., 31, 32, 538, 543

†Merychippus, 291, 297, 298

†Merychyus, 232, 361, 372, 373, 374, 377, 381, 382

†Merycochœrus, 241, 361, 372, 373 (head restored), 374, 376, 381, 382 (manus fig.)

†Merycodontidæ, 362, 414

†Merycodus, 224, 362, 414, 415 (restoration), 417

†Merycoidodon, 252 (restoration), 258, 259 (do.), 361, 379 (skull fig.), 382 (manus fig.), 536 (restoration)

†Mesatirhinus, 271 (restoration), 314 (do.)

Mesaxonic symmetry, 359

†Mesocyon, 517, 528, 530

†Mesohippus, 252 (restoration), 290, 300 (restor.), 302, 305 (skull fig.), 308 (manus and pes fig.), 326, 342, 343, 396, 397, 505

†Mesonychid, 269 (restoration), 271 (do.)

†Mesonychidæ, 554, 556, 558, 574;

Bridger, 268, 559;

Torrejon, 285, 560;

Uinta, 265, 559;

Wasatch, 277, 560;

Wind River, 274

†Mesonyx, 554, 559 (teeth fig.), 561

†Mesoreodon, 361, 372, 378

Mesozoic era, 15, 16, 18, 23, 103, 284, 574, 632, 643

Metacarpal, 84

Metacarpus, 83

†Metacheiromys, 592, 616

†Metamynodon, 255, 291, 346, 347 (restoration), 352, 510

Metapodial, 90

Metatarsal, 89

Metatarsus, 89

Metatheria, 626

†Meteutatus, 592

Mexico, 33, 179, 181, 199, 200, 207, 229, 419, 427, 585;

Eocene, 104;

lowlands, 142, 146, 164;

mammals, 135, 141, 142;

Miocene, 118, 121;

plateau, 142;

Pliocene, 125

†Miacidæ, 527, 530, 554, 555, 556, 557, 562, 576;

Bridger, 268;

Torrejon, 285;

Uinta, 519, 558;

Wasatch, 277, 279;

Wind River, 274

†Miacis, 555, 558

Mice, 60, 244;

groove-toothed, 182;

John Day, 249;

jumping, 182;

Miocene, 229;

Pleistocene, S. Amer., 218;

vesper, 182;

white-footed, 153, 164, 182;

White River, 254

†Microbiotherium, 627

Microtus, 153, 218

Midas, 578

Migration, of birds, 143;

of mammals, 18, 19, 143;

of †hyænodonts, 567;

between N. and S. Amer., 129;

Oligocene, 254;

Pleistocene, 207, 211;

pre-Wasatch, 108;

of Proboscidea, 441;

White River, 116

Milk-dentition, 94

Mink, 152 (fig.)

Minks, 213, 518, 550;

Pleistocene, 204

Miocene epoch, 17, 33, 112;

North America, 117, 119 (map), 233, 249, 251, 284, 386, 420, 421, 438, 554, 658, 661;

European, 235, 364, 435, 441, 550;

South American, 20, 123, 242, 261, 553, 640

†Miohippus, 290, 299

†Miolabis, 362, 391

Mississippi, Embayment, 104, 117;

Valley, loess of, 133

Missouri River, drowning of bison in, 36

Mitchell, P. Chalmers, 52

†Mœritherium, 434, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 450

Molars, 93

Mole, 2;

Star-nosed, 152

Moles, 59, 77, 89;

American, 163;

Bridger, 268;

golden, 245;

White River, 253

Mole-shrews, 153

Mongoose, 142

Monkeys, 2, 60, 141, 282, 283, 284, 577, 578, 582;

Bridger, 270;

eastern hemisphere, 172;

howling, 578, 585;

Neotropical, 172, 586;

New World, 583, 587;

Old World, 583, 587;

Pleistocene, 218, 586;

Santa Cruz, 245, 586, 587;

South American, 578, 583, 587;

spider, 578, 584;

Wind River, 275

Monodelphia, 58, 59, 145

Monotremata, 59;

distribution, 138

Monte Hermoso age and stage, 20, 129, 226, 479, 499, 508, 634

Moose, 4, 65, 141, 151, 156 (fig.), 181, 202, 208, 411, 412, 413

Moraine, Great Terminal, 131

Moraines, 25

†Moropus, 238, 240 (restoration), 291, 356 (manus fig.)

†Morphippus, 462

Moschus, 412

Mt. Hood, 121;

Kenya, 134;

Tacoma, 121

Mountain Lion, 153, 168 (fig.)

Mountain ranges, as barriers to mammals, 142;

history of, 23

Mouse, Jumping, 153, 160 (fig.)

Mouse-Deer, 54, 60, 358, 408.

(See also Chevrotains and Tragulina)

†Multituberculata, 642

Mummies of Pleistocene rodents, 40

Muntjac, Indian, 412

Muntjacs, 412, 414, 658

Musk-Ox, 148, 149 (fig.), 202, 207, 211, 418

Musk-Oxen, 27, 141, 208, 210

Muskrat, 2, 151, 153, 182

Mustela, 159 (fig.), 160 (fig.), 517

Mustelidæ, 174, 222, 265, 517, 518, 550, 553, 554;

John Day, 249;

Miocene, 238, 551;

Old World origin, 550;

Pleistocene, 551;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;

Pliocene, 223, 551;

South American, 552;

White River, 254, 551

Mustelines, see Mustelidæ

Mutation, 662

Mycetes, 585

†Mylagaulidæ, 222, 229, 233

†Mylagaulids, see †Mylagaulidæ

†Mylodon, 206, 212 (restoration), 219, 592, 597, 601, 602, 603 (restoration), 604, 607, 608 (pes fig.)

†Mylodontidæ, 206, 592, 598, 602;

Deseado, 610;

Santa Cruz, 605, 607, 609

†Mylodonts, see †Mylodontidæ

Myocastor, 184

Myodes, 153

Myrmecophaga, 91, 187, 188 (fig.), 206, 355, 591, 600

Myrmecophagidæ, 591

Mystacoceti, 60

Nasua, 162, 176, 213, 517, 546, 552

Nasuas, 141

Navicular, 88

Navidad formation, 124

†Necrolestidæ, 245

†Nematherium, 592, 607

Neogæa, 145

Neogæic realm, 146, 164

†Neohipparion, 33, 291, 298 (restoration), 299 (skeleton fig.)

†Neoplagiaulax, 627

Neotoma, 153, 164

†Neotragocerus, 362

Neotropical region, 146, 147, 164, 170 (map), 322, 363, 418, 436, 461, 552, 583, 591, 630

†Nesodon, 243 (restoration), 462, 467 (skull fig.), 470 (restoration), 473 (pes fig.), 474, 475, 478, 482, 483, 498, 510, 511

Neumayr, M., 663

New Guinea, 634

New York Zoölogical Society, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154-169, 176-180, 182, 183, 186, 188, 189, 190, 292, 389, 584

Newfoundland, Pliocene, 125

New Zealand, 284;

Miocene, 123

Nicaragua, 218

†Nimravus, 249, 541, 542 (skull fig.), 543

Nomenclature, 50

North America, the circumpolar area, 148;

mammals of, 145;

zoölogical divisions, 146, 147 (map)

†Notharctidæ, 578

†Notharctus, 578, 579

†Nothocyon, 530

†Nothrotherium, 592

†Notohippidæ, 262, 462, 475

Notohippus, 462, 476

Notopithecidæ, 462

†Notopithecus, 462

†Notostylopidæ, 282, 462, 485

†Notostylops, 462

Notostylops Beds, 20, 281

Notoungulata, 461, 489

Nova Scotia, Pliocene, 125

Nyctipithecus, 578, 585

Oaks, 102

Ocelot, 176 (fig.), 212, 552

Ochotona, 153

Octodon, 184

Octodontidæ, 184

†Octodontherium, 262

Odocoileus, 95 (molar fig.), 153, 162, 202, 208, 360 (molar fig.), 362, 413;

O. hemionus, 46 (fawns fig.), 167 (fig.);

O. virginianus, 166 (fig.), 179, 412;

O. virg. osceola, 179 (fig.)

Odontoceti, 60

Okapi, 45

Old World, 101, 258, 266, 295, 327, 331, 332, 335, 341, 351, 353, 358, 386, 390, 413, 420, 426, 518, 550, 554, 558, 562, 583;

camels, 138;

horses, 201;

mammals, 120, 121, 142;

separation from N. A., 146

†Oligobunis, 517, 551

Oligocene epoch, 17;

Europe, 324, 352, 370, 543, 552, 661;

North America, 113, 114 (map), 204, 224, 265, 287, 378, 576, 658;

South America, 20, 117, 282, 456, 485, 508, 512, 625

†Omomys, 578

†Onohippidium, 307

Ontogeny, 648

†Oödectes, 555, 558

Opossum, 161 (fig.), 627;

Water-, 627, 631

Opossum-like forms, Cretaceous, 638

Opossums, 2, 58, 59, 141, 161, 249, 626, 627, 630;

Araucanian, 226;

Bridger, 268;

Casa Mayor, 282;

Cretaceous, 631;

Eocene, 631;

European, 631;

North American, 631;

Oligocene, 631;

Paleocene, 631;

Paraná, 227;

Pleistocene, 221;

Santa Cruz, 244;

South American, 190, 221, 631;

White River, 251;

Wind River, 274;

woolly, 631

Opsiceros, 327, 329, 330, 332, 350, 351

Orders, distribution of, 138

Ordovician period, 15

Oreamnos, 152, 158 (fig.), 202, 416

†Oreodon, 379

†Oreodont, White River, 252 (restoration), 259 (do.), 536 (do.)

†Oreodontidæ, 250, 361, 372, 383, 384, 385, 404, 436, 652, 661;

Eocene, 372, 381;

grazing, 232;

John Day, 250, 375, 377, 379;

Miocene, 231, 235, 241, 372, 374;

Pliocene, 225, 373;

Uinta, 267, 380;

White River, 258, 377

Oriental region, 146

Ornithorhynchus, 57

†Orohippus, 272, 290, 302

Osborn, H. F., 18, 59, 102, 193, 194, 199, 207, 235, 241, 265, 273, 288, 297, 331, 340, 341, 345, 357, 406, 409, 414, 427, 450, 554, 655

Otocyon, 656

Ottawa valley, marine invasion of, 132

Otter, 2, 160 (fig.), 175, 213

Otters, 152, 164, 516, 517, 518, 550, 551;

Miocene, 229, 234;

Pleistocene, 204;

South American, 552

Ovibos, 149 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 418

Ovis, 152, 419

Ox, 70

Oxen, 54, 60, 362, 409, 416, 418

†Oxyæna, 274, 277, 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 571, 572 (restoration), 573

†Oxyænidæ, 555, 568, 575;

Bridger, 268, 568, 573;

Uinta, 265, 573;

Wasatch, 277, 571;

Wind River, 274, 571

†Oxyænodon, 555

†Oxyclænidæ, 554, 561, 562, 568, 574

†Oxyclænus, 554

†Oxydactylus, 241, 362, 391, 392 (restoration), 393 (skeleton fig.)

Owen, R., 217, 463, 467, 510, 603, 608

Paca, 183 (fig.), 185

†Pachyæna, 274, 277, 554, 560

†Pachycyon, 522

Pachydermata, 44, 490, 492, 654

†Pachyrukhos, 227, 462, 478, 479, 639 (restoration)

Pacific Coast, Eocene, 104, 111;

mingling of mammals, 140;

Miocene, 117, 120;

Oligocene, 113;

Paleocene, 101;

Pleistocene, 132;

Pleisto. volcanoes, 133

†Palæarctonyx, 555

†Palæomastodon, 432, 434, 435, 436, 437 (head and molar fig.), 438, 439, 440, 441, 450

†Palæonictis, 277, 555, 574

Palæontological method, 9, 11, 29

Palæontology, 29, 649, 660, 663

†Palæosyops, 272, 291, 314 (molar fig.), 317 (head restored), 318 (manus fig.)

†Palæothentes, 627

†Palæotherium, 490, 492, 661

Palæozoic era, 15

†Palæpanorthus, 627

Paleocene epoch, 17, 99, 108, 253, 273, 276, 291, 443, 453, 454, 456, 459, 460, 519, 554, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562, 568, 578, 580, 625, 642

Palms, 103, 111, 116, 122

†Paloplotherium, 661

Pamir, 419

Pampas, 133, 142, 211, 213, 218, 219, 596

Pampean Beds, 19, 133, 136, 228, 248, 463, 471, 478, 489, 493, 496, 498, 586;

mammals, 212 (restorations), 489

Panda, 546

Pangolins, 60, 353

†Panochthus, 592, 618, 620

†Pantodonta, 443, 451

†Pantolambda, 285 (restoration), 453, 454

Paraguay, 164, 178, 189

†Parahippus, 290, 297

†Parahyus, 281, 361, 370

Parallelism, 397, 649, 652, 653

†Paramylodon, 592

†Paramys, 270, 271 (restoration), 280

Paraná age and stage, 20, 128, 242, 493, 499, 507, 635

Paraná River, 34

†Parapithecus, 583, 587

†Parastrapotherium, 509, 512

Paraxonic symmetry, 359

Patagonia, 30, 40, 139, 178, 180, 184, 185, 189, 190, 191, 242, 263, 463, 467, 477, 586, 596;

Cretaceous, 117, 632;

Eocene, 112, 117;

marine rocks, 112;

Miocene, 123, 613;

Oligocene, 117;

Pleistocene glaciation, 133;

Pliocene, 128;

Tertiary, 20

Patagonian age and stage, 20, 123, 474, 475, 479

Patella, 86 (fig.)

†Patriofelis, 271 (restoration), 274, 555, 568, 569 (restoration), 570 (pes fig.)

†Paulogervaisia, 462, 488

Peace Creek stage, 127, 221, 322

Peccaries, 141, 178, 361, 363, 461;

Bridger, 273, 365;

John Day, 250, 365;

Miocene, 232, 235, 239, 365;

Oligocene, 365;

Pleistocene, 201;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 213, 215;

Pliocene, 224, 226, 364;

Uinta, 266, 365

Peccary, 33, 60, 161, 177 (fig.), 222, 360 (molar fig.)

Pecora, 54, 60, 362, 387, 402, 409, 420, 421;

Neotropical, 179;

Oligocene, 421;

Pleistocene, 201

†Pelecyodon, 592

†Peltephilidæ, 592

†Peltephilus, 592, 613 (skull fig.), 615

Pelvis, 77

†Pelycodus, 578, 580

Penck, A., 134

†Peraceras, 332

Perameles, 58

Peramys, 631

†Peratherium, 627, 631

†Perchœrus, 361, 365

†Periptychidæ, 443

†Periptychus, 443, 454

Perissodactyla, 60, 247, 248, 284, 288, 310, 353, 354, 358, 359, 360, 383, 402, 450, 458, 484, 485, 491, 499, 507, 514, 651, 653;

Bridger, 270, 344;

†Clawed, 60, 353;

Eocene, 289, 338, 339, 352, 354, 359;

John Day, 250;

Miocene, 230, 234, 238;

Neotropical, 176;

normal, 291, 355;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 199;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 213;

Uinta, 266;

Wasatch, 280;

of western hemisphere, 322;

White River, 255;

Wind River, 275

Perissodactyls, see Perissodactyla

Permian period, 15;

climate of, 24, 25;

glaciation, 25

Peru, 178, 179, 180, 184, 356, 393, 548

Petrifaction, 40

Petrified forests, 122

Phacochœrus, 363

Phalangers, Australian, 244, 626, 640, 641, 642

Phalanges, 84

†Pharsophorus, 627

†Phenacodontidæ, 457

†Phenacodus, 277, 278 (restoration), 285, 457 (skeleton fig.), 458, 459

Philippines, 579

Philology, 646

†Phlaocyon, 238, 517, 547

Pholidota, 60, 353

Phylogeny, 648

Phylum, 56

Pichiciago, 190, 592, 611

Pig, 359 (fore-arm bones and manus fig.), 360 (pes fig.);

Wild Texas, 161

Pigs, 281

Pikas, 59, 153, 181

Pilosa, 60, 591, 592

Pinnipedia, 59, 516

Pisiform, 83

Pithecia, 578, 585

Pitheculus, 578

Placenta, 58

Placental mammals, 58, 59, 145

†Plagiarthrus, 481

†Plagiaulacidæ, 627

Plagiodontia, 185

†Planops, 591

Plant-feeders, 92, 95

Plantigrade, 90

Plants, distribution, 141;

Florissant, 121, 122;

Green River, 109;

Miocene, 122;

Miocene of Andes, 124;

Mioc. of Europe, 122;

Oligocene of Alaska, 116;

Oligo. of Europe, 116;

Pliocene, 127

Plateau region, 101, 111, 122;

Pleistocene upheaval of, 133

Plateaus as affecting spread of mammals, 142

†Platygonus, 33, 202, 222, 361, 364

Platyrrhina, 578, 583, 587

Pleistocene epoch, 17, 129, 130, 172, 229, 239, 245, 246, 263, 264, 299, 324, 332, 335, 336, 350, 351, 354, 364, 365, 386, 391, 412, 413, 415, 416-419, 426-429, 436, 438, 439, 448, 485, 499, 518, 524, 530, 531, 545, 549, 551, 552, 586, 588, 614, 631, 632;

climate, 25;

effects of climate on animal distribution, 192;

glaciation, 25;

European, 661;

lowest, 127;

mammals, 195 (restorations);

South American, 19, 20, 133, 296, 465, 476, 479

†Pleurocœlodon, 462

†Pliauchenia, 362

Pliny, letter on eruption of Vesuvius, 30

Pliocene epoch, 17, 112, 125;

North American, 126 (map), 199, 201, 202, 229, 233, 238, 242, 245, 246, 248, 258, 263, 282, 295, 298, 299, 324, 327, 333-336, 340, 353, 354, 356, 357, 364, 365, 370, 372, 373, 386, 388, 390, 391, 413, 414, 416, 417, 421, 427, 429, 430, 435, 436, 485, 486, 493, 499, 507, 508, 524, 527, 530, 531, 534, 536, 545, 546, 547, 549-552, 554, 598, 612, 614, 632;

South American, 20, 128, 466, 467, 479

†Pliohippus, 291, 296, 307

Pocket-gophers, 163, 164, 182;

John Day, 249;

Miocene, 229, 238;

Pliocene, 222;

Uinta, 265

Pocket-mice, 191

†Poëbrotherium, 252 (restoration), 257, 362, 394 (restor.), 397, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)

†Pogonodon, 535, 541

†Polydolopidæ, 627, 642

†Polydolops, 627

†Polymastodon, 286 (head restored), 627

Polyprotodonta, 59, 627, 630, 640, 641

Pompeii, 30

Poplars, 102

Porcupine, Brazilian Tree, 182 (fig.);

Canada, 5, 151 (fig.), 153, 182, 205;

Short-tailed, 150, 182, 205

Porcupine group, 182, 262;

suborder, 245

Porcupines, 59, 184;

short-tailed, 141;

tree, Pleistocene, 218;

tree, Santa Cruz, 245

Porpoises, 3, 37, 45, 60, 94, 442, 656

Port Kennedy Cave, 30, 210

Port St. Julian, 489

Portugal, caverns, 40

Potos, 175 (fig.), 517, 546, 552, 558

Pouched mammals, 57, 59.

(See also Marsupialia)

†Prœuphractus, 592

Prairie-Dog, 169 (fig.)

Prairie-dogs, 164, 181

Praopus, 611

Pre-Cambrian eras, 15

Premolars, 93

Pre-occupation, 142

†Prepotherium, 591, 607, 608

†Preptoceras, 202, 203 (restoration), 362, 418

Primates, 60, 577;

Bridger, 270;

Eocene, 577;

Santa Cruz, 587;

South American, 587;

Wasatch, 281, 580

Priodontes, 190, 592, 610, 612, 614, 616

†Proadinotherium, 262, 462

†Proasmodeus, 462

†Proborhyæna, 627, 638

Proboscidea, 60, 230, 254, 264, 269, 422, 442, 446, 448, 449, 454, 455, 469, 487, 488, 514;

African origin of, 234;

American, 485;

Eocene, 434;

Miocene, 234, 238, 430;

Oligocene, 432, 441;

Pleistocene, N. Amer., 196;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 436.

(See also Elephants and †Mastodons)

Proboscis, 65

†Procamelus, 232 (restoration), 362, 391, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)

†Procladosictis, 627

†Procynodictis, 517, 529, 530

Procyon, 163, 175, 213, 517, 546, 547;

P. cancrivorus, 552;

P. lotor, 153, 166 (fig.), 547 (dentition fig.), 552;

P. †ursinus, 552

Procyonidæ, 517, 518, 546;

Miocene, 238, 547;

South American, 552

†Prodasypus, 592

†Proectocion, 489

†Proeutatus, 592, 614, 615 (skull fig.)

†Proglires, 59

†Promerycochœrus, 235, 251, 361, 375, 376 (restoration)

†Pronesodon, 262, 462

Prong Buck, 202, 225, 416, 417, 420. (See Antelope, Prong-horned)

†Pronomotherium, 231, 361, 374, 375 (head restored), 376, 381

†Propalæohoplophorus, 243 (restoration), 592, 606 (restor.), 623

†Propolymastodon, 627

†Propyrotherium, 462, 487

†Prosthennops, 361

†Protagriochœrus, 267, 361, 383, 385

†Protapirus, 257, 291, 323 (skull fig.), 324 (head restored), 325 (teeth fig.)

†Proteodidelphys, 627

†Proterothere, single-toed, 506 (restoration);

three-toed, 502 (restor.)

†Proterotheres, see †Proterotheriidæ

†Proterotheriidæ, 227, 248, 489, 499, 507, 653;

Araucanian, 227, 508;

Deseado, 264, 489;

Paraná, 228, 499;

Santa Cruz, 248, 501

†Proterotherium, 248, 489, 504

†Protheosodon, 489, 499

†Prothoatherium, 489

†Prothylacynus, 243 (restoration), 244, 627, 635, 636 (restor.), 637

†Protitanotherium, 266, 313

†Protobradys, 592, 595

†Protoceras, 252 (restoration), 258, 362, 405 (restor.), 406 (skull fig.), 407, 445

†Protodonta, 59

†Protogonodon, 457

†Protohippus, 291, 305 (skull fig.), 306 (manus and pes fig.)

†Protolabis, 362, 391

†Protomeryx, 241, 251, 362, 391

†Protopithecus, 218

†Protoreodon, 267, 361, 380 (skull fig.), 381

Prototheria, 57, 59, 76

†Protylopus, 267, 362, 397, 399 (skull and tooth fig.), 400 (manus fig.), 401 (pes fig.)

†Protypotherium, 243 (restoration), 462, 479, 480 (restor.)

Province, zoölogical, 145

†Prozaëdius, 592

†Pseudælurus, 517, 545

†Pseudocladosictis, 627

†Pseudolabis, 362

†Pseudolestodon, 592

†Pterodon, 253, 555, 565 (teeth fig.), 566 (do.), 567, 576

†Ptilodus, 627, 642 (skull fig.), 643 (head restored)

Pudu, 180

Pudua, 180

Puerco age and stage, 17, 99, 101, 454, 460, 561

Puma, 168 (fig.), 212, 544 (dentition fig.), 545 (skull fig.);

South American, 552

Pumas, 153, 163, 176;

Pleistocene, 204

Pyramidal, 83

Pyrenees, 104

†Pyrotheres, see †Pyrotheria

†Pyrotheria, 60, 462, 485, 500;

Casa Mayor, 283, 488;

Deseado, 262, 485

†Pyrotherium, 264, 462, 485, 486 (head restored)

Pyrotherium Beds, 20, 117, 261, 486

Quadrumana, 582

Quadruped, 1

Quaggas, 292

Quaternary period, 15, 17, 61, 100, 129, 267, 319;

South America, 19

Quicksands, burial of mammals in, 37

Rabbit, 218

Rabbits, 59, 141, 142, 164, 245;

White River, 254

Raccoon, 153, 162, 163, 166 (fig.), 175, 547 (dentition fig.), 553;

Crab-eating, 552

Raccoon-family, Miocene, 238;

Pliocene, S. Amer., 226

Raccoons, 5, 90, 213, 517, 518, 519, 546, 553;

Miocene, 229, 547;

Paraná, 227;

Pleistocene, 204;

Tertiary, 547

Race, geographical, 52

Radius, 80

Raised beaches, 113, 134

Rancho La Brea, 31

Rangifer, 70, 152, 157 (fig.), 202, 208, 362, 412

Ratel, 551

Rats, 60, 245;

fish-eating, 182;

Pleisto., S. Amer., 218;

spiny, 184

Rattlesnake stage, 127

Ray. J., 51

Realm, zoölogical, 145

Recent epoch, 17, 132, 335, 336;

South American, 19

Reduction of parts, 656

Region, zoölogical, 145

Reindeer, 70, 141, 412;

Lapland, 152;

Pleistocene, 27

Reptiles, see Reptilia

Reptilia, 55;

as ancestral to mammals, 643;

distribution, 141;

Mesozoic, 284;

Oligocene, 117;

Paleocene, 284;

Santa Cruz, 244;

teeth of, 92;

Triassic of S. Africa, 644

Republican River age, 17, 127

Restorations, how made, 42

Rheithrodon, 182

Rhinoceros, 350, 490, 492;

African, 327, 328, 329, 337;

†aquatic, 347 (restoration);

Bornean, 44;

Broad-lipped, 329, 351, 448;

†cursorial, 252 (restor.), 341 (do.), 343 (manus fig.), 344 (restor.);

†hornless, 252 (restor.), 256 (do.), 335 (skull fig.);

Indian, 44, 327, 328, 329;

Javan, 327, 328 (skull fig.), 473;

†paired-horned, 239 (restor.);

†primitive, 271 (restor.);

†small-horned, 230 (restor.);

Sumatran, 327, 329;

White, 329;

†Woolly, 332

Rhinoceros, 327;