Volume 2 / Part 2 — APPENDIX I. NOTES ON COMMERCIAL MATTERS AT ZANZIBAR IN THE YEARS 1857-1859.

There was a great dearth of small change on the Island, and until A. D. 1849 broken sums were paid in Mtama or holcus grain, of which exceedingly variable measures constituted the dollar. The system reminds us of the Mexican cacao money and the almonds of British India. When Capt. Guillain (iii. 376-398) says ‘il existe aux Kiloua une monnaie de compte, nommée Doti,’ he confounds metallic specie with the African substitute of cotton cloth, the Doti, as will appear, measuring 8 cubits = 12 feet, more or less. ‘Shroffing’ was in early days a profitable trade: the Kojahs and Banyans offered the ruler, in later years, a considerable annual sum if he would retain the primitive currency. This infancy of the circulating system endured till 1840, when Sayyid Said imported from Bombay through H. B. M.’s consul some $5000 worth of the small copper coin called pice. Here there are no mints, of which some 16 exist at Maskat—private shops to which any man can carry his silver, see it broken up, and pay for the coining whatever the workmen may charge. At first 132 and even 133 pice were the change for a German crown: presently the shroffs, by buying up the copper, raised its value to 98. 406The discount (34 pice, or more than a quarter) of the salaries paid by the H. E. I. Company at Zanzibar became so great that the minor officials of the Consulate required an increase. When I landed at Zanzibar the German crown fetched in the bazar from 107 to 108 pice; in parts of the mainland where it was accepted, from 112 to 130. This fluctuating state of things was very properly put down with a high hand by Sayyid Majid, who ordered 128 pice to be the legal equivalent of a German crown, assuming it here as in India as equal to two Company’s rupees (1 rupee = 16 annas × 4 pice = 64 pice × 2 = 128 pice). In these lands he who holds the balance of justice must make things find their own level; however hazardous may be the interference with trade, it is sometimes necessary amongst barbarians to prevent it cutting its own throat.

The following statement of our losses at Bombay or Zanzibar may be useful to future travellers who are advised to bring out direct bills to H. B. M.’s Consulate. Here they must buy, despite high prices and roguery, cloth and wires, beads and cattle, or they run the risk of carrying useless stock. A letter of credit from a London banker for £500, payable at Bombay, realized only Co.’s rs 4720, the rate of exchange happening to be low. The value of 100 German crowns at Zanzibar then ranging between Co.’s rs 214 and 220, our letter of credit for Co.’s rs 4720 brought $2205. Thus assuming the rupee at 2s. and the dollar at 4s. (it is worth about 2d. more), our loss upon £500 amounted to £87.

Bills on England are generally purchaseable at a fair rate: until lately $5 have been paid for the pound sterling, and the exchange is now about $4.75. Nothing of the 407kind, however, is permanent at Zanzibar; there is no regular market, and the only rule is manfully to take the best advantage of a neighbour’s necessities.

Usury, made unlawful by the Saving Faith, flourishes as in all the commercial centres of Islam. Foreign houses doing business at Zanzibar cannot afford to part with the ready money requisite to secure their regular and highly-profitable returns of trade. They therefore borrow at 6 to 9 per cent. large sums from the principal Arabs and Wasawahili; when lending they refuse less than 33 per cent. upon the best security, and I have heard of cases in which 40 per cent.—deducted also from the capital—was demanded. Amongst natives moneys advanced on landed security or bottomry bear interest of 15-20 per cent. per annum, and pious Shylock salves his conscience by the sale of an egg or a cucumber. As in Somaliland, Banyans and large traders advance small ventures of goods, such as a bale of cloth to the retail vendor, who during the season barters it upon the coast and in the interior for slaves and ivory, hide, copal, and grain. In these transactions the interest is enormous; consequently the merchant rolls in dollars, and the tradesman manages only to live.

The insurance of vessels is here, as in most parts of the East, a gambling transaction; barratry cannot be guarded against, and all manner of fraud is successfully practised. Kojahs and Banyans underwrite, working upon two systems—‘Fáliserí,’ a corruption of our ‘policy,’ because a regular agreement is written out; and ‘Patán Sulámat,’ (the safety of the keel); in the latter nothing can be claimed unless there be a total loss. It is, however, the popular form: when a vessel has been built and not paid 408for, or when money is wanted to finish her, the creditor insists upon Patán Salámat before she goes to sea. I may here add, that refitting at Zanzibar, as at Mauritius, is exorbitant: a spar worth $15 to $20 will be charged $350 to $370.

Between Sept. 16, 1832, and May 26, 1834, the arrivals of square-rigged vessels were 41 with 7559 tons. Dr Ruschenberger gives the items as follows: United States, 32 (5497 tons), including 4 whalers, and of these 20 were from Salim; English, 7 (1403), French, 1 (340), and Spanish, 1 (319).

Between 1852 and 1857 the Island was visited by a greatly increased number, as is shown by the following table.

’52. TONS. ’53. TONS. ’54. TONS. ’55. TONS. ’56. TONS.

American(U.S.) 36 9,187 30 7,519 36 9,901 28 9,142 24 7,215

English 6 1,627 3 587 2 1,300 5 1,609 3 1,517

Hamburg 10 2,386 14 3,504 15 3,981 15 3,698 20 5,438

French 14 4,522 18 7,452 18 6,598 13 5,523 23 10,579

Arab 5 2,110 9 4,278 5 2,113 3 1,448 12 3,938

Spanish 3 624 1 200 460 2 460 2 460

Portuguese 1 215 2 338 3 930

Hanoverian 1 220

Prussian 1 600

Danish 1 450

Total 74 20,456 76 23,265 81 24,911 66 21,871 89 31,127

79? 21,880

Thus in five years the tonnage show an increase of 10,671. The French ships, however, whose arrivals have greatly increased, mostly came out in ballast, and loaded with sesamum, cocoa-meat, and cloves. Moreover, it became the custom to enter the ship twice: if, for instance, she visited the coast after touching at the Island, she appeared a second time upon the lists after her return. 409Thus, whilst the tonnage was greatly advanced, exportation did not keep pace with it.

In 1858 the returns of merchant shipping arrivals at the port of Zanzibar showed 89 of all nationalities, with 26,959 tons. In the next year this total fell off, owing to the cholera and political troubles, to 80 bottoms, with 23,340 tons. In 1861-2 the commerce was carried on by 55 ships, and 23 men-of-war visited or revisited the Island. In 1862-3 there were 57 trading vessels and 31 cruisers (Commercial Reports recorded at the Foreign Office from H. B. M.’s consuls).

I found it impracticable to obtain any information concerning the average or the total value of native cargoes.

Zanzibar being the general depôt for this portion of the African coast, shows a list of exports contrasting greatly with its industry. The staple productions of the Island are the cocoa-nut and cloves—of these details have been given in the preceding pages. The produce of the coast is contained in slaves, in copal, and in ivory of the finest description, hides and cowries, rafters and red pepper, ambergris and beeswax, hippopotamus’ teeth, and rhinoceros’ horn. In 1859 the export of ivory amounted to 488,600 lbs. (value £146,666); of copal to 875,875 lbs. (value £37,166); and of cloves to 4,860,100 lbs. (value £55,666). These figures are taken from the commercial reports of H. B. M.’s consuls, and are probably much understated. I have already mentioned most of the main items of exports. The following details will complete the list, and for further information I may refer the reader to Appendix No. I. (Commerce, Imports and Exports), the Lake Regions of Central Africa.

Beeswax is produced in small quantities upon the Island; the slaves, however, will not allow the hives to 410remain unplundered—they devour the contents, wax and all. It is also brought from the Chole islet and from the mainland: here, as in Abyssinia and Harar, hives are hung to the tall trees about the villages. The produce is like our ‘virgin honey,’ oily, but very impure: it greatly differs in taste; some of it is excellent, other kinds are almost flavourless. Upon the coast there is a dark and exceedingly sweet variety often found with the small bee smothered in it: the people declare that a spoonful of it will cause intoxication, like the celebrated produce of Asia Minor.

Hippopotamus’ teeth in 1857 were still sent to Europe and to Bombay, principally for making sword hilts and knife handles: in America porcelain was supplanting them at the dentists’. Rhinoceros’ horns, mentioned in the Periplus about Rhapta (chap. xvii.), were exported to Arabia and Central Asia. Hides and skins, chiefly of bullocks and goats, with spoils of the wild cattle, the zebra and the antelope, were brought for exportation from the Northern coast. Ivory was, after slaves, the only produce for which caravans visited the far interior, and both articles, which the expense of free porterage rendered inseparable, were sold to retail dealers on the coast. Sometimes it was dragged over the ground protected by grass and matting, with cords made fast to holes bored in the bamboo or hollow base fitting into the alveolar process. The best in the market was held to be the fine heavy material brought down from Ugogo by the Wanyamwezi porters, who, on their long journey, collect ivories of many different kinds. These are rufous outside, and abnormally heavy—a tusk apparently of 60 lbs. will weigh in the scales 70. The duty varies according to the district which supplies it: for instance, 411that of Unyamwezi is charged $14 for 36 lbs.; Mombasah, Lamu, and Kilwa, $4; the Pangani and Tanga countries $8, and Somaliland only $2. In the African animal the female’s tusk is often longer and thicker than in the long-legged variety of India and Ceylon. At the Cape of Good Hope, where the land is poor, the elephant may reach twelve feet, whilst northwards, where forage abounds, the average is three feet shorter, whilst the tusks are, according to travellers, much bulkier than in the taller beast. This may be explained by the more regular development of the defences where the animal is undisturbed by man. Ivory grows as long as its owner grows. At Zanzibar they declare that the animal which bears monster tusks is not, as might be expected, of mammoth stature: it is a moderate-sized beast, high in the forehand, and sloping away behind, like a hyæna. We have found it necessary to preserve our elephants in Ceylon, but in Africa the grounds extend from N. lat. 10° to S. lat. 25°, and clean across the Continent. There is no present fear of the market wanting supply: the annual deaths of over 100,000 would be a mere trifle considering the extent of country over which the herds roam.

Zanzibar exports her produce to the four quarters of the world as follows:

Europe and the United States take cocoa, Kopra (dried meat of the nut), cocoa-nut oil, and orchilla; copal, ivory, cloves and stems, hippopotamus’ teeth, tortoise-shell, and a little ambergris; cowries, hides, goat-skins, horns, gums, beeswax, and valuable woods in small quantities. The exports to France are chiefly sesamum and Kopra. There is no direct trade with Great Britain. Vessels from the United States usually touch, before going home, at Aden and Maskat, where they fill up with coffee and dates. 412India demands chiefly ivory, copal, and cloves; she also buys hippopotamus’ tusks, rhinoceros’ horns, cocoa-nuts, beeswax, tabkir or snuff, arrow-root, gums, and Zanzibar rafters. It is asserted in a journal of the R. Geographical Society (vol. xii., March, 1856) that Zanzibar Island and Coast have an annual export and import trade of £300,000 with Western, and of £150,000 with Eastern India. Arabia takes the same articles as Hindostan. Madagascar prefers British and foreign manufactured goods and coarse Bombay earthenware, flowered basins, and similar goods. This trade was declining in 1857, and vessels were not allowed to enter any of the ports. The Mrima or African coast requires American domestics, indigo-dyed cloths, cotton checks, common broad-cloths (especially crimson), Indian and Maskat stuffs, Surat and other caps, china and iron wares, brass chains, and brass and iron wires (Nos. 7 and 8). It also imports Venetian beads, a very delicate article of trade, each district having its own peculiar variety; subject also to perpetual change, and refusing to take any of the 400 kinds except those in fashion. Finally, a dangerous commerce, and highly disadvantageous to the white race, was carried on in arms and ammunition: coarse gunpowder was supplied in kegs; and one European house exported, it is said, in a single year 13,000 muskets, thus overdoing the trade. The weapon must have a black butt, and an elephant on the lock, otherwise it is hardly saleable; moreover, the price should not exceed three to four shillings. The old Tower musket was a prime favourite.

The following is a summary of the exports from the port of Zanzibar in 1859, when the East African Expedition left the coast.

413

Exported to Local Money. English Money.

German Crowns. £ S. D.

Great Britain 25,050 5,566 15 0

United States 534,100 118,688 18 0

France 247,500 55,000 0 0

Hamburg 161,000 35,777 15 0

British India 467,500 103,888 18 0

Cutch 313,400 69,644 10 0

Arabia 105,200 23,377 14 6

East Coast of Africa 1,233,900 274,200 0 0

West Coast of Africa 230,000 51,111 2 6

Madagascar 73,850 16,411 2 0

Total Value of Exports 3,391,200 753,666 15 0

The principal articles of export from the port of Zanzibar were as follows:

Names of Articles. Quantities Exported Value in English Money.

Produce of the Island of Zanzibar, and East Coast of Africa. £ S. D.

Ivory lbs. 488,600 146,666 18 0

Cloves ” 4,860,100 55,666 14 0

Gum Copal ” 875,875 37,166 18 0

Hides number 95,000 25,553 12 0

Cowries lbs. 8,016,000 51,444 9 0

Sesamum Seed ” 8,388,360 20,800 0 0

Cocoa-nuts ” 1,750,000 2,711 5 0

Kopra (dried Cocoa-nut) ” 2,450,000 13,333 7 0

Cocoa-nut Oil ” 252,000 4,066 15 0

Rafters number 20,000 1,250 0 0

Red Pepper lbs. 176,000 1,422 ~bb~ 6 0

Value of Local Produce exported 360,082 4 0

Articles of Foreign Manufacture.

American Cottons bales 6,200 103,890 0 0

English Cottons { ” boxes 950 100 } 35,895 0 0

Indian Cottons { bales pieces 1,100 13,200 } 50,089 0 0

Muscat Loongees bales 200 10,000 0 0

Venetian Beads barrels 900 25,555 12 0

Brass Wire ” 225 8,444 9 0

Muskets number 20,400 15,111 2 0

Gunpowder barrels 10,500 11,666 15 0

China and Iron Ware 7,111 0 0

Bullion German crowns 370,000 82,222 5 0

Value of 21 chief Articles of Export £ 710,067 7 0

414The following is a summary of the value of the import and export trade of Zanzibar, borrowed from the consular reports of 1864.

£

1861-62 Imports 361,837

Exports 427,016

Total 788,853

1862-63 Imports 544,903

Exports 467,053

Total 1,011,956

————

Total increase during 1862-63 223,103

The distribution of the above trade was as follows:—

Imports.

From what place. 1861-62. 1862-63. Increase. Decrease.

£ £ £ £

United Kingdom 24,908 24,908

British India 117,790 157,660 39,870

Protected States of India 19,789 18,336 1,453

Arabia and Persian Gulf 10,063 10,572 509

Coast of Africa and adjacent islands 115,856 206,394 90,538

France 29,305 34,500 5,195

Italy 7,263 7,263

United States of America 27,789 26,179 1,610

Hamburg 41,242 52,674 11,432

Total £ 361,837 544,902 183,065

Zanzibar imports from Europe and America silks, cottons, chintzes, and calicoes, muskets and gunpowder, beads and gunny-bags, notions and knick-nacks. The Americans chiefly send ‘domestics’ from the Massachusetts Mills. This year some thousand pieces of English cotton were sold, to the detriment of that specialty, and in 1863 even American merchants were compelled by war to import Manchester goods. French vessels bring out little but specie, there being hardly any demand for French manufactured goods. The total of French imports 415in 1859 was $516,451, of which $400,000 were bullion and $41,000 Venetian beads. Imports from Great Britain pass through India. Hamburg ships are laden with commissioned articles, mostly English,—glass ware and mirrors, English lead, sail-cloth in small pieces, broad-cloths, and similar articles. From India come English manufactured goods, cotton piece-goods, long-cloths, inferior broad-cloths, beads, brass and iron wires, coarse cutlery (English and foreign), bar and round iron, hardware, English muskets, tin, pig-lead, copper, spelter, china and earthenware; cereals in general, but especially rice, ghi, sweet-oil (cocoa), bitter-oil (sesamum), spices and frankincense, sugar and sugar-candy. Maskat supplies principally ornamental cloths (lungi, &c.), salt, sharks’-flesh, and fish-oil. The African Mrima contributes chiefly slaves, ivory, and copal, coffee and tobacco, cocoas and cloves; cereals, especially Jowari or holcus; ghi, cowries, and other shells, Zanzibar rafters and firewood, rhinoceros’ horns and hippopotamus’hippopotamus’ teeth. Small pigs of excellent copper, and malachite of a fine quality, have been brought from the country of the Cazembe, and the analogy of Angola would lead us to expect rich mines in the interior. Madagascar contributes only tortoise-shell and a little rice, the latter husked or parboiled, to prevent it being used as seed by the importers. This custom is connected with some superstition: a few years ago the inhabitants of Socotra sold some she-goats to a ship’s crew, and complained that they were not visited by rain for several seasons. In 1863, wishing to introduce cocoa into Fernando Po, I bought a sack of seed from Prince Island, and found that all had been scalded. The trade with India and Arabia is carried on by ‘Daus’ and Batelas, of 416which there are neither registers nor returns. Weights and measures vary greatly at Zanzibar, where no three exactly correspond. There are no standards: stone is used instead of metal, and the rapacity of the seller has introduced notable differences into the sizes and contents of one and the same denomination.

The Wakiyyah, or ounce, the unit here as amongst most of the Arabic-speaking races, is the weight of a German dollar = Engl. avoirdupois, 15.50 drs.

12 Wakiyyat =1 Ruba Man (¼ Ma¼und)= 11 oz. 10.50 drs.

16 Wakiyyat (& 1 Anna)=1 Ratl (lb.)= 15 8.00

24 Wakiyyat =1 Nisf Man (½ Maund)= 1 lb. 7 5.00

48 Wakiyyat, or German crowns=1 Man (Maund)= 2 lbs. 14 10.00

2 Man ($96 weight) =1 Kaylah (measure)= 5 13 4.00

6 Kaylah =1 Farsaleh (fraisle)= 35 0 0

10 Farásileh =1 Jizleh= 350 0 0

2 Jizleh =1 Kandi (Candy)= 700 0 0

The weight of the German crown thus regulated all others, and of the former 16 may be assumed in round numbers to form the Ratl, or Arab lb. Of course no standard is kept. Without wear the 16 coins should weigh 449.568 grammes, or about 4 grammes less than the English avoirdupois. According to Captain Guillain the average weighs only 442 grammes, and the loss becomes 7 grammes. Thus the Man, which should be 1.348 Kilo., is reduced to 1.326; and the Farsaleh of 12 Man from 16.184 Kilos to 15.912. Practically, in order to facilitate business, the Farsaleh or unit of higher value is made equal to 35 light lbs. avoirdupois or 15.874 Kilos, but the natives still assume the weight of the Man at 48 piastres. The Kandi is the unit of freight: thus the voyage to Bombay is said to cost $4.50 to $5 per Candy. The Kandi for 417ivory = 21 Farasileh (= 333.354 Kilos), for copal and cloves = 22 Farasileh. Tonnage is represented by the Jizleh, a very uncertain weight, of which 2.103 to 3 are equivalent to the Kandi.

The English pound avoirdupois is generally used. The Maskat Maund is 8¾ lbs. or 9 lbs., trebling that of Zanzibar, 2 lbs. 14 oz. 10 drs. Ivory and cloves, coffee, gums, and similar articles are mostly sold by the Farsaleh.^[78]

The measures of length, besides the English foot, which is generally recognized in commerce, are—

2½ Fitr (the short span between thumb and forefinger) } = 1 Zirá’a, or cubit (= 18 inches),

2 Shibr (long spans between thumb and auricularis) } = 1 Zirá’a, or cubit.^[79]

2 Zirá’a = 1 Wár (= 1 yard).

2 Wár (4 Zirá’a) = 1 Ba’a, or fathom.

The Kadam or pace is roughly applied as a land measure. The learned use as itinerary distances the Hindu ‘Kos’ and the Persian Farsakh (parasang), without, however, any regularity. Marches are reckoned by the Sa’at, or hour, somewhat like the pipe of the S. African Boer.

The corn measures are—

1½ Ratl to 2 Ratl = 1 Kibabah.

4 Kibabah = 1 Kayla.

8 Kaylah to 16 Kaylah = 1 Farrah (فره).

60 Kaylah = 1 Jizleh.

112 Kaylah to 120 Kaylah = 1 Khandí.

418The Kaylah, which is the standard, varies from 5 lbs. to 8 lbs., according to the grain or pulse measured. In parts of the Benadir it is a little more than half that of Zanzibar, and expresses only 2.50 Kibabahs. The Farrah also is of many different capacities; it is generally a jar whose capacity is determined by its contents in Kaylahs.

The currency at present is—

8 Pice = 1 Anna (in India 4 pice) here a nominal coin = 3⅛d.

2 Annas = 1 Tumni (6¾d.).

26 Pice = 1 Pistoline, or small Robo.

32 Pice = 1 Robo (Ruba’ kirsh, quarter dollar = 1s. 1½d.).

16 Annas (4 Robos, or 128 Pice) = 1 Riyal or German crown = 4s. 2d. (here equal to the Spanish dollar).

9½ dollars = 1 Half-doubloon.

18 or 19 dollars = 1 Doubloon.

German crowns or Maria Theresa (the standard coin) now becoming rare, the following coins have been declared legal tenders at the rates here specified.

The gold ounce = Maria Theresa $15.00

English sovereign 4.75

Gold Napoleon (20 francs) 3.75

” (10 francs) 1.⁷⁄₈ths

” (5 francs) 0.¹⁵⁄₁₆ths

Silver 5-franc piece 0.94 pice

Indian rupee 0.47

Formerly the Austrian Maria Theresa, coined at Milan, known as Girsh Aswad (black dollar), was the only legal tender. Its weight should be grammes 28.098. The Spanish or Pillar dollar, called Girsh Abyaz (white 419dollar), Abu Madfa’ (the ‘Father of Cannon’ from the columns), Girsh Moghrebi (the western dollar), and Abu Takeh (Father of Window, whence the common trade term ‘Patac’), generally equalled it in value. At times, however, there was an agio of 2 per cent. in favour of the Austrian. The Mexican dollar suffered discount of 5 to 10 per cent. in favour of the Maria Theresa. The Bolivian was unknown. The Company’s rupee was current, but valued at 220 to 223 per 100 Austrians. After abundant dunning on the part of the French, who with scant conscience or delicacy insisted upon their silver being taken, the late Sayyid ordered 110 five-franc pieces to be the equivalent of 100 Maria Theresas: the bazar, however, demanded 112.

It is curious that while the Half-doubloon never varies, the Doubloon is worth sometimes $18, sometimes $19.

Cloth is sold by the following measures:

2 Shibr = 1 Zirá’a, or cubit.

4 Zirá’a = 1 Saub, Tobe, or Shukkah.

2 Saub = 1 Doti, or Duti.

2 Doti = 1 Jurah, here generally pronounced Gora.

20 to 30 yards = 1 Takah.

The Saub or Tobe is at Zanzibar half-size of the Somali country. The Takah or piece varies greatly. That of ‘Merkani,’ American domestics, is generally of 30 yards. The Arabs are no judges of broad-cloth: remnants are usually imported, as none would venture upon a bale: often half a foot will be stolen from the whole length of the cloth, and a false selvage sewed on.

Beads are thus sold—

1 Zirá’a = 1 Kaytab, or Kátá, a string about one cubit long.

35 lbs. = 1 Farsaleh.

420Ghee is sold by the eighth, quarter, or half Maund, or Maund (3 lbs.). The Kiski, or earthen pot, contains from 50 to 52 lbs. Vegetables and manioc are sold by the Pakhacheh بقاجه ‘package,’ or bundle, which varies greatly in size, according as the article is dear or cheap.

Salt is thus sold—

10 Kaylah (60 lbs.) = 1 Kandha (a basket).

17 Farasileh (of Cutch salt) = 1 Kandhi.

22 Farasileh (Surat) = 1 Kandhi.

Coffee is sometimes sold by the Farsaleh of 7½ lbs., because that is the Mocha weight.

Dates are sometimes sold by the Farsaleh of 70 lbs.

Cocoa-nuts by the 100 or 1000.

Timber and hides by the Kurjah, or score. Fuel in little bundles.

The following is a tariff of articles purchasable in the bazar during the month of May, 1857. The reader, however, is warned that the price of almost everything was then exceedingly high.

Grains.

Rice (Bombay best) 17 German crowns per Kandi.

” Bengal 14 ” ”

” Zanzibar best 1 German crown per 5 Kaylah.

” ” 2nd quality 1 ” 5½ ”

” ” 3rd ” 1 ” 6½ ”

” Indian (red) 1 ” 7 ”

Holcus or Jowari (Ar. Durrah and Taam, Kis. Mtámá, Ang. Kafir Corn)—

Coast Grain 1 German crown per 15 Kaylah.

Indian ” 1 ” ” 16 ”

At harvest time even 130 Kaylah may be bought for a dollar.

421

Muhindy or maize—

Coast grain 1 German crown per 16 Kaylah.

Wheat (all imported)—

1st quality 10 German crowns per Kandi.

2nd ” 9 ” ”

Flour (America) 4 ” per barrel.

” (Maskat) 2 to 3 ” ” Juniyah.

Bájri, Arabic Dukhn, Guinea corn, Pennisetum typhoideum (imported) the best from Cutch 1 German crown per 13 Kaylah.

Of this grain not more than 50 sacks are grown on the Island.

Pulse.

Lobiya (best and largest is the white from Mozambique) 1 German crown per 8 Kaylah.

Lobiya (smaller reddish) 1 ” ” 10 ”

” (small red) 1 ” ” 12 ”

” (inferior) 1 ” ” 14 ”

Chaná, Arab. Hummus, Persian Nukhud, Kis. ‘dengu’ Anglo-Indian ‘gram’ from Port. Grão (Mandavie best) 12 German crowns per Kandi.

Chaná (Banjáru red, called black) 8 ” ”

Chaná (Jambusiri yellow, called white) 8 ” ”

Sesamum (Tel, Kunjid, or Futa) 1 German crown per 7 Kaylah.

This article has greatly varied of late in price: from 6 to 8½ Kaylah have been bought for a dollar.

Thúr^[80] (Arab. Túriyán Kis. Baradi) 1 German crown per 10 Kaylah.

Mung (Persian Mash Kis. Chiroko) 1 ” ” 9 ”

(small and green, boiled and eaten in pillows.)

422Urat^[81] (or Papri Kis. P’hawi) 1 German crown per 10 Kaylah.

Mustard seed 1 ” ” 12 ”

Mahogo or Manioc, five small pieces for a pice. It is extraordinarily dear.

Cucumbers—three per pice. They are brought from the coast.

Betel-nut—from seven to eight per pice.

Betel-leaves—the Rabtah of 30 leaves (it sometimes contains 50) for a pice.

Fruits.

Cocoa-nuts—7½ German crowns per 1000.

Mangos now a fancy price—half a dollar will be paid for the Kafír, or basket, which costs 4 or 5 pice in the season.

Jack-fruit—3, 4, or 5 pice a piece.

Oranges now in season. Three pice for 50 or 60 good fruit, and 100 if inferior.

Plantains are out of season. From half a dollar to two dollars per bunch.

Pine-apples rare—5, 6, or 7 pice each. When cheap they are to be had for half a pice.

Dates.

Best quality ¾ German crown per Farsaleh.

2nd ” 11 Annas ”

3rd ” 10 ”

4th ” 9 ”

Ghee.

Best quality 8 German crowns per Farsaleh.

2nd ” 7½ ” ”

3rd ” 6 ” ”

Meats.

Goats’ flesh 1 German crown per 10 lbs.

Mutton 1 ” ” 11 lbs.

Beef is sold by the bullock, costing on an average $8.

Fowls—8 large, 12 half-fowls, or 16 chickens, $1.

Ducks—(the pair), $1.

Geese—(each), $1.

Sharks’ meat, salted—one piece about 1 oz. weight per pice.

Eggs—One per pice; when cheap, three.

Milk—From 6 to 8 pice per bottle.

423

Sugars.

Soft 3¾ German crowns per Farsaleh.

Candy 6 ” ”

Halwa 1 ” per 8 Maunds.

Honey is not procurable at this season. Bees-wax varies from 7 to 8 dollars per Farsaleh.

Salt (imported)—1 German crown per 43 Kaylah. During the season 60 Kaylah may be had.

Coffees.

Mocha 6 German crowns per Farsaleh.

Cochin 5½ ” ”

Tea—A very inferior kind is sold by Kojahs for 4 Annas, and another but little better for 6 Annas, the pound.

Oils.

Sweet (cocoa) 2¾ German crowns per Farsaleh.

Bitter (sesamum) 3¾ ” ”

Turpentine 2 ” per gallon.

Linseed (bad) 1¾ ” ”

Spices.

Black pepper 3¾ German crowns per Farsaleh.

Red ditto now fetches fancy prices.

Cloves 1⅞ German crowns per Farsaleh.

Ginger 1¾ ” ”

Nutmegs 30 ” ”

Garm Masallah.

Zira (cummin) 3 German crowns per Farsaleh.

Garlic 4 ” ”

Coriander 1 ” per 15 Kaylah.

Cinnamon 7¼ ” per Farsaleh.

Cardamoms 27 ” ”

Turmeric,

” best quality 2 ” ”

” second 1¼ ” ”

Ginger 1¾ ” ”

Camphor 6 Annas per pound.

Metals.

Lead 1 German crown per 3 Maunds (9 lbs.).

Tin, best 10 ” per Farsaleh.

” second quality 9 ” ”

Iron (Swedish) 2¼ ” ”

” (English) 1 and 6 Annas ”

424 Brass wire (No. 8) 1¼ German crowns per Maund.

” (No. 7) 1 ” ”

” (fine) ¾ ” ”

Iron wire (No. 8) 5 ” ”

” (No. 7) 4 ” ”

” (fine) 3 ” ”

There is no copper wire, as the Arabs refuse to pay the price; yet some tribes in the interior demand it.

Various articles.

Copal (best) 9 German crowns per Farsaleh.

” (2nd) 7 ” ”

” (3rd) 6½ ” ”

” (inferior) 4 ” ”

Wax Candles 12 Annas the dozen.

Formerly the Americans brought excellent candles; the Arabs, however, fancied that they contained pigs’ grease, and now none are procurable.

French Writing-paper 4 German crowns per ream.

2nd quality 2 ” ”

3rd quality 14 Annas ”

Post-paper 1½ German crowns ”

Portuguese 2½ ” ”

Hides.

Brava 23 German crowns per Korjah (20).

Pemba 10 ” ”

Common 9½ ” ”

Goat-skins.

1st quality 2½ German crowns ”

2nd ditto 1½ ” ”

Soap (European).

20 bars, in box 1¾ German crown.

12 cakes, perfumed 1 ”

”6 cakes, in box ¾ ”

12 cakes, inferior ½ ”

Country soap 1½ ” per Farsaleh.

Potash ¾ ” ”

A few cigars are sold by the shopkeepers. They are 425of very inferior quality, and cost about half a dollar for a bundle of 25.

Paint.

Red, per tub 1¾ German crowns.

Black ” 2 ”

White ” 1¾ ”

Blue ” 2 ”

Pitch 2 ” per Farsaleh.

Tar 1½ ”

426

APPENDIX II. A. B. THERMOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS IN EAST AFRICA.

427

Appendix A.

OBSERVATIONS TAKEN IN ZANZIBAR TOWN, BETWEEN MARCH, 1853, AND JUNE, 1853.

Register. March, 1853. April, 1853. May, 1853. June, 1853.

Extreme height of barometer during the month 30.140 30.100 30.200 30.272

Extreme depression ” ” ” 29.892 29.938 29.990 30.088

Mean of barometer at sunrise 30.044 30.023 30.114 30.166

” ” 10 A.M. 30.061 30.029 30.116 30.189

” ” 4 P.M. 29.985 29.992 30.080 30.135

” ” 10 P.M. 30.016 30.016 30.084 30.157

Extreme height of dry thermometer during the month 90° 87° 86° 81°

Extreme depression ” ” 79° 76° 72° 73°

Mean of thermometer at sunrise 83°.290 80°.766 77°.807 75°.300

” ” 10 A.M. 84°.096 82°.366 79°.450 77°.600

” ” 4 P.M. 85°.193 82°.966 79°.419 78°.800

” ” 10 P.M. 83°.806 82°.166 78°.677 77°.866

Greatest difference between 8° 8° 8° 11°

dry and wet bulbs

least ” ” ” 4° 2° 2° 5°

Extreme fall of rain, inches 1.7 3.76 5.63 none

Total fall of rain, inches 5.34 18.34 24.03 none

General direction of wind at sunrise. N. and E. S.W. S.W. S.W.

” ” 10 A.M. N. and W. S.W. S.W. S.W.

” ” 4 P.M. N. and W. S.W. and S.E. S.W. S.W.

” ” 10 P.M. S.E. and N.E. S.W. and S.E. S.W. S.W. and S.E.

Note. The evaporating dish had not reached Zanzibar when these observations were recorded.

N.B. Medium temperature generally assumed to be 79° (F.), and the mercury rarely rises above 89° (F.)

428OBSERVATIONS TAKEN IN ZANZIBAR TOWN, BETWEEN JULY, 1853, AND FEBRUARY, 1854.

Register. July, 1853. November, 1853. December, 1853. January, 1854. February, 1854.

Extreme height of barometer during the month 30.362 30.184 30.132 30.142 30.104

Extreme depression ” ” 30.112 29.886 29.928 29.900 29.850

Mean of barometer at sunrise 30.227 30.120 30.050 30.035 30.023

” ” 10 A.M. 30.237 30.132 30.068 30.049 30.051

” ” 3 P.M. 30.190 30.050 29.993 29.986 29.961

” ” 10 P.M. 30.181 30.088 30.014 29.977 29.986

Extreme height of dry thermometer during the month 82° 88° 89° 90° 90°

Extreme depression ” ” 70° 75° 77° 82° 78°

Mean of thermometer at sunrise 74°.645 80°.066 82°.030 83°.580 83°.892

” ” 10 A.M. 77°.741 83°.300 84°.483 85°.870 86°

” ” 4 P.M. 78°.483 84°.666 86°.095 86°.741 87°

” ” 10 P.M. 78°.064 84°.433 85°.129 86°.161 86°.535

Greatest difference between 11° 11° 11° 10° 11°

dry and wet bulbs

Least ” ” ” 3° 3° 3° 5° 5°

Extreme fall of rain, inches 0.96 2.34 2.10 2.32 1.84

Total fall of rain, inches 1.38 11.80 7.90 12.14 3.44

General direction of wind S.W. S.E. and S.W. N.E. N.E. N.E.

at sunrise

” ” 10 A.M. S.W. S.E. and S.W. N.E. N.E. N.E.

” ” 4 P.M. S.W. and S.E. S.W. N.E. N.E. N.E.

” ” 10 P.M. S.W. and S.E. S.W. N.E. and S.E. N.E. N.E.

Total evaporation Greatest evaporation Least evaporation

during the month. in any one day. in any one day.

The evaporating dish showed

In January (1857)inches 2.36 .09 .04

February ” ” 2.19 .10 .05

March ” ” 2.49 .09 .06

April ” ” 1.76 .10 .03

429

APPENDIX B.

OBSERVATIONS MADE AT PANGA-NI AND CHOGWE, FEBRUARY 1857.

Date. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. Remarks.

4 Feb. 85° 86° 30′ In house Panga-ni: long upper room, open to E. and S. Clear day, fine breeze from E.

5 ” 87° 86°

6 ” 87° 89° in boat Sky clear. High E. wind. Scud at night.

7 ” 92° hut at Chogwe 91° hut at Chogwe Wind N.E. Stars and moon hidden by scud.

8 ” 89° 30′ 90° 30′ At midnight 74°. Heavy dew. Scud at night. Rain in mountains.

9 ” 78° 30′ 79° Both obs. made in Tongwe Fort.

10 ” 85° Obs. taken in shade of rock. Jungle below Tongwe. Very hot day.

Sums 604° 0′ 522° 0′ B. P. Therm, by Newman at Panga-ni, 212.2 Temp. 85° Chogway 212.1 ” 89° Tongwe, 208.8 ” 81°

Means 86° 17′ 87° 0′

430OBSERVATIONS MADE ON ROUTE TO FUGA, FEBRUARY, 1857.

Date. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. Remarks

11 ” 91° (Nullah) 99° (Do.) N. E. wind. Flaming day. Clear evening and night.

12 ” 86° 30′ (hut at Kohode facing N.) 96° Cloudy morn. Hot day. At night sheet-lightning over Usumbara hills.

13 ” 87° (tree facing N.) 92° (3 P.M.) Wind N. E. Lightning at night. Heavy nimbus from Usumbara, rain coming up against wind.

14 ” 85° (ditto) 81° Pasunga under shed S.W. rainy Monsoon begins. S.W. wind. Cloudy day. Storm at 4 P.M. Therm. 76°.

15 ” 80° (shed) 75° hill-top S.W. wind. Rain in morn and at night. Mists over hills. Clouds.

16 ” 79° (hut Fuga) 73° (hut) N.E. wind. No sun or stars for lights. Rain at night.

17 ” 72° (hut below Fuga in rain) 90° Pasunga S.W. wind. Stormy. Heavy rain 9 to 10 A. M. Canopus visible.

Sums 580° 30′ 606° B. P. at Kohode, 210.7 Therm 80° Msiki Mguru, 209.8 ” 80° Pasunga, 209.8 ” 85° Fuga, 205.0 ” 79°

Means 82° 51′ 86° 34′

431OBSERVATIONS MADE ON RETURN TO CHOGWE, FEBRUARY, 1857.

Date. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. Remarks.

18 Feb. 79° (open air)

19 ” 93° (tree) 84° At Kizanga. N.E. wind. Rained half day. At noon in shade 101°. During storm 76°.

20 ” 89° ditto 90° Hut, Chogwe N.E. wind. Rain ceased. Stinging sun. Cloudy night.

21 ” 87° N.E. wind. Cloudy. Veiled sky.

22 ” 84° Hut, Chogwe 86° Nimbus from S.W. against wind. No rain.

23 ” 92° N.E. wind. Close, cloudy, dusty weather. Hot night.

24 ” 90° Hot air. Close and cloudy. Dust like sand.

Sums 527° 347°

Means 87° 50′ 86° 45′

432OBSERVATIONS MADE ON RETURN TO PANGA-NI, FEBRUARY, 1857.

Date. 10 A.M. 4 P.M. Remarks.

25 Feb. 90° 89° Both in hut, Chogwe. N.E. wind, fine day.,

26 ” 86° 82° Both in boat. N.E. wind. Very hot sun. Clear night.

27 ” 82° 30′ Governor’s House Panga-ni 85° 30′ Governor’s House Leakage, 10 A.M. Hot night. Cold dews.

28 ” 85° 30′ Ditto. Clear hot day. Cloudy night.

1 March 84° 30′ 85° 30′ Ditto. Cloudy morn. Fine clear day.

Sums 343° 427° 30′

Means 85° 45′ 85° 30′

433

APPENDIX II. C. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE IN 1857, 1858, 1859.

434

Appendix C.

OBSERVATIONS MADE FROM KAOLE TO ZUNGOMERO, DURING THE MONTHS OF JUNE AND JULY, 1857.

DAY

June 28 Barometer at 10 a.m., 30.336; at 4 p.m., 30.646. Therm. at 10 a.m., 83°/(81°); at 4 p.m., 97°/(85°). Zungomero. Cold in morning, 68°. Clear. Cumulus and high wind at 10 a.m. Hot midday. Cumulus (5). Wind fell; rose again about 4 p.m.

29 A march. Cold. Pleasant hot clear sun. Clouds, 4 from S.W. At 4 a.m. cool S.W. wind, therm. 84°.

30 Kaole, Kinga-ni, Boma-ni. Barometer at 10 a.m., 30.438; at 4 p.m., 30.232. Therm. at 10 a.m., 83°/81°; at 4 p.m., 80°/78°. Morning hot. At 9 a.m. clouds, cumulus, and nimbus. At 11 a.m. rain. Clouds and heat-showers all day.

July 1 March. Mkwaju la Mvua-ni. Normal weather. Clouds fleecy, misty, came up with sun. Heavy rain, huge drops about 1 p.m. Cloudy during day. Fine night. Wind S.W.

2 March. Morning fine. Nimbus about noon. No rain. Wind S.W.

3 March. Same as yesterday. Wind S.W.

4 Halt. Sick, uncertain. Day as usual. At night, moon, rainbow, thick clouds. Violent rain. Mcho’o, between 2 Masikas, lasts one day, and then goes off for a time.

5 March. Clear morning. Hot sun. Mist clouds and nimbus. Few drops of rain. Splendid night.

6 March. Clear morning. Hot sun. Mist clouds and nimbus. Few drops of rain. Splendid night.

7 Barometer at 10 a.m., 30.078; at 4 p.m., 30.086. Therm. at 10 a.m., 83°/81°; at 4 p.m., 85°/83°. Clear morning. Hot sun. Mist clouds and nimbus. Few drops of rain. High wind.

8 March. Wild day. Rain frequent, and in huge drops. Furious winds. At night cloudy, wind S.W., as usual.

9 March. Alternately hot, cold, and rainy. Violent gusts. Rain heavy before moon rose. Heavy dew. Wind S.W.

10 March. Morning cloudy. Clear and hot about noon. Fleecy clouds. No rain. Wind light and S.W.

11 Barometer at 10 a.m., 29.325; at 4 p.m., 29.320. Therm. at 10 a.m., 76°/76°; at 4 p.m., 78°/76°. Cloudy morning.

12 March. Madege Madogo. Day fine. Wind and clouds from S.W. Clouds, cumulus after 7 and 8. Wind high.

13 March. Kidunda. Day exactly like yesterday.

14 March. Mgeta. Day normal. Cool in morning (70° or 71°), hot in midday, clouds and cumulus from S.W., and cold at night (68°).

43515 March. Kiruru. Day at first misty. Hot sun at noon. Heavy nimbi from S.W. Torrents of rain at night.

16 Halt. Kiruru. Too sick to observe. Steamy hot day. Damp and disagreeable. Nimbi from S.W. at night. About 8 p.m. torrents of rain.

17 Halt. Kiruru. Too sick to observe. Dull day, no sun, wind, or rain. Sky all clouded over from S.W.

18 March. To Duthumî. Day close. Few clouds from S.W. Morning clear. Hot sun. Cloudy afternoon. Cold gusty night.

19 to 23 Halt. Too sick to observe. At Duthumî, perfectly uniform weather. Wind, probably from proximity of hills, from N. and N.E., cold and high. Hot sun. Cloudy morn and afternoon. Cold night, 66°. No rain whatever.

24 March. To Bakera. Red hot day with cold wind. Few cirri from S.W. Cold night.

25 March. To Zungomero. Bright morning. At noon heavy nimbi from S. and S.W. No rain.

26 Halt. Too sick to observe. Little wind. Hot occasional sun. Cloudy from S.W. In hut therm. never varied from between 70° and 80°.

27 Halt. Too sick to observe. Cool cloudy day from the S.W. Impossible to make observations. Very damp country, and mists easily rise.

Remarks.—Air, as Baloch say, lighter and more healthy than Zanzibar.

Showers, accompanied and followed by raffales of cold wind.

436OBSERVATIONS MADE AT ZUNGOMERO, ETC., DURING THE MONTHS OF JULY AND AUGUST, 1857.

Climates—

1. Zungomero and Rivers—Rain every day or night. Violent bursts after every 2 or 3 days. Very unwholesome. S.W. wind. Cold from below.

2. Goma Hills—Fog, mist in morn. Then clear day. Cold S. wind. Wholesome cool nights.

3. In Rufuma and Usagara Hills—Very cold and hot, 50° and 60° at night, and dew, 90° and 100° in day. Rain and drizzle. Cold high E. winds. Healthy, because high.

DATE, JULY AND AUGUST, 1857.

1 Barometer at 10 a.m., 29.320; at 4 p.m., 29.028. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 73°/75°; at 4 p.m., 79°/76°. Direction of wind at sunrise, S.W.; at 10 a.m., S.W.; at 4 p.m., S.W.—Remarks. High wind, S.W. Drops of rain. Clear and sunshine at times.^[82]

2 Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 76°/73°, at 4 p.m., 76°/74°. Direction of wind at sunrise, S.W.; at 10 a.m., S.W.—Rem. Clouds higher. Drops of rain. A rather clear night.

3 Temperature of air at 10 am., 74°/71°; at 4 p.m., 79°/76°. Direction of wind at sunrise, S.W.; at 10 a.m., S.W.; at 4 p.m., S.W.—Rem. Fine morning. Heavy nimbus from S. Day clear. Hot sun. Torrents of rain at night.

4 Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 74°/72°; at 4 p.m., 76°/74°. Direction of wind at sunrise, S.E.; at 10 a.m., S.E.; at 4 p.m., S.E.—Rem. Hot sun. Nimbus from E. Rain from E. and S.E., at 3 p.m.

5 Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 73°/70°; at 4 p.m., 78°/75°. Direction of wind at sunrise, E.; at 10 a.m., E.; at 4 p.m., E.—Rem. Dewy morn. Hot sun. Nimbus from S.E. Rain at 2 p.m. Finer day.

6 Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 75°/72°; at 4 p.m., 81°/71°. Direction of wind at sunrise, S.E.; at 10 a.m., S.E.; at 4 p.m., S.E.—Rem. Dawn, rain. Fine day. Cumuli on horizon. At 2 p.m. tourbillon and dust. No rain. High wind all night.

7 March. Very fine morn. Hot sun. Cloud at 10 a.m. Cold wind near river. Then hot sun. In mountains heavy nimbus at 4 p.m. from S.W. Cleared off. Tourbillon at night about 12 p.m. Cloudless night.

8 Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 80°/78°; at 4 p.m., 85°/81°. Direction of wind at sunrise, E.; at 10 a.m., S.E. Cloudless morn. Clouds about 10 a.m. from E. Fine hot day. Dew very heavy. 59° in morn.

9 March. Direction of wind at sunrise, E.; at 10 a.m., E. Gloomy morn. Clouds at 1 p.m. Fine and clear even. At dawn, therm. 54°. Copious dew. Healthy, cold.

10 Intent. (Chya K’henge.) Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 76°/75°; at 4 p.m., 82°/79°. Direction of wind at sunrise, W. and by N.; at 10 a.m., W.; at 4 p.m., W. Cirrus in morn. All over heavy nimbi from W. at 12, and at 3 p.m. Perfectly clear night. Stars burning brighter every day.—From 8 to 10 in tent Mzizi Mdogo. (No rain in these hills. Cold, fine, and healthy.) Rufuta. Mfuru-ni. Muhama R.

11 March. Clear hot morn. Fleecy clouds at 10 a.m. Heavy nimbi from W. Therm. in shade of tree at 10 a.m.; 87° at 3 p.m.?; at 5 p.m. sky covered. Clear night. Dew, clouds on hill-tops. Cold wind from N. at 10 p.m.

12 March. Clear hot morn. Heat clouds at 7.30 a.m. Wind N. Day, cloudy (cumuli high) with flashes of sun. Night clouded with thin clouds.

43713 March. Wet fog on hill-tops. Therm. 74°. Did not clear till 10 a.m. Fiery hot day. Fine cool night. Heavy dew.

14 March. Cloudy morn. Then heavy nimbi from hill-tops, S.E. Spitting of rain from hills. At 9 a.m. clear. Hot at noon. Fiery sun and clouds.

15 Halt. Sunny day. Few heat-clouds. Hills clear. Cold night. Climate warmer than before.

16 Ditto in all points.

17 March. (Muhama.) Cool morn. Very hot day. At night rain-drops.

18 Halt. Furious hill-wind from S. and S.W. Clouds, and pleasant day. Cold dewy night. No rain. Land dried up.

19 Halt. Fine day. S. wind in gusts and raffales. Clouds as usual when sun strong. Cool dewy night.

20 Ditto. Climate sensibly warmer.

21 March. (Makata.) Cloudy morn at 10 a.m. Cumuli and sun mitigated by high S.W. wind. Night alternately cloudy and clear. Climate warm.

22 March. (M’yombo.) Dewy morn. Fiery sun. High S. wind. In afternoon heavy nimbi from S. Cold dewy night.

23 March. (Mbami.) Fine cool morn. Heavy dew clouds. Very close at 8 a.m. Pleasant S.W. wind at 9. Gentle wind under hills. Cool clear night.

24 March. (Kadétamare.) Cloudy dawn. Hot sun. Fiery afternoon. Few high cirri. Cool evening. Very cold night. Therm. 58° and 60°. Dew heavy.

25 March. (Muinyi.) Cold, clear, dewy morn. Then fiery sun and a few cirri. S. winds. Cool pleasant night.

26 Halt. Morn cloudy. Heavy nimbi. Violent S. wind. Night cool and pleasant. Hill-tops. Misty morn. and even.

27 March. (Nidabi.) Cloudy morn. Then small rain from hills. Cold raw wind from S.E. Furious heat at morn. Few cirri. Hot till 12, then cool. Pleasant night.

30 Barometer at 10 a.m., 28.400; at 4 p.m., 28.331. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 74°/71°; at 4 p.m., 75°/73°. Direction of wind at sunrise, S.W.; at 10 a.m., S.W.—Rem. Moderate rain in morning. Very heavy at 12. Fearful burst at 3 p.m.

31 Barometer at 10 a.m., 28.468; at 4 p.m., 28.340. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 74°/72°; at 4 p.m., 76°/74°. Direction of wind at sunrise, S.W.; at 10 a.m., S.W.—Rem. Bad rain all night.

August 28. Halt. Fine morn. At 10 a.m., cloud on hills. Spitting of rain. At noon, cloudy. At 4 p.m., hot sun. Cool night after 10 or 11 p.m., before hot.

29 March. (Rumuma.) Fine morn. Dew clouds in E., on hills obscuring sun. On hill-top, Sarsar wind. Then clear sky and fiery sun. Wind, S. At night in tent therm. 56°.

30 Halt. Morn, clear and little dew. Day sunny and cloudy; climate of Italy. Therm. at 2 p.m. in tent, 95° (40° variation in day). Nights cool and pleasant.

31 Halt. Cool morn. Clear day. Fiery sunset. Morn, hazy. Cool and pleasant night.

ALT. OBSERVATIONS ON GOMA HILLS.

Rufuta River (5.45 p.m.) 28.932. Alt. 77°, Det. 75°. Then cloudy evening.

Half up Pass (6.15 a.m.) 28.700. Alt. 77°, Det. 72°. Misty morn. Fog.

On Goma (8.30 a.m.) 27.994. Alt. 78°, Det. 75°. Clearer, sun and clouds.

On summit (9.30 a.m.) 27.400. Alt. 82°, Det. 84°. Clear and fine.

Mfuruny (5.15 p.m.) 27.388. Alt. 80°, Det. 74°. Fine clear evening.

438OBSERVATIONS MADE AT INENGE AND UGOGI DURING THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1857.

DAY

1 Heavy rain in morn at dawn. Then clear and cloudy. At 10 a.m. sky all clouded. Long shower of small drops. (Halt. Rumuma.) In night spitting of rain. Close night. Wind E.

2 March. (Marenga.) Drizzle for 1 hour. Nimbi in morn from E. Then cold wind and clouds. At Marenga furious E. wind. Cumuli high. Sun moderate. At sunset, wind sank. Came up with moon, furious at night. Sky clear, but table-cloths on hills.

3 March. (Jungle.) Clear morn. Wind fell with dawn. Gusts at 7 a.m. Very hot sun. Asses rushing under the shade. Fine, clear, cold night; all wet with dew. A few clouds (mists) and gusts.

4 March. (Inenge.) Fine cool morn. Very hot, and few clouds till 9. Then pleasant breeze. Clouds at 10, but not sun. Clear and burning at 4. Night at first warm, then cold.

5 Halt. Barometer at 10 a.m., 26.432; at 4 p.m., 26.412. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 77°/76°; at 4 p.m., 77°/75°. Cool morn. Clouds from hills till about 4 p.m. Sun then burning. Misty, dewy night. Wind E. and dusty.

6 Halt. Barometer at 10 a.m., 26.688; at 4 p.m., 26.616. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 87°/73°; at 4 p.m., 79°/76°. Hot morn, sun. Wind from N. and E. Very hot at 4 p.m. Exceedingly cold and clear night. Wind at sunset raw and dangerous.

7 Halt. Barometer at 10 a.m., 26.458; at 4 p.m., 26.450. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 75°/75°; at 4 p.m., 75°/73°. Hot morn. Wind very variable. Feels killingly cold. Yet therm. high. At 4 begins to be feverish.

8 Halt. Barometer at 10 a.m., 26.480; at 4 p.m., 26.400. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 82°/78°; at 4 p.m., 76°/78°. Fine cool morn. Terrible sun afterward from 10 to 2. Wind very variable. Fine night.

9 Halt. Barometer at 10 a.m., 26.418; at 4 p.m., 26.392. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 80°/78°; at 4 p.m., 79°/76°. Cool day. Cloudy and windy. Fine night as usual, very damp. Wind E. and N.—5 to 9. Pitched in hollow at foot of Pass.

10 March. Cold morn. Then great heat. Ascending Inenge mount. Fine cool wind. Cold night. Sun very hot at 4 p.m. Wind E. and N.

11 Halt. Rubeho. Cold heavy fog in morn. Barometer at 10 a.m., 25.100; at 4 p.m., 25.070. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 78°/79°; at 4 p.m., 76°/73°. Hot sun. At 10, fleecy, cloudy. Fierce heat at 12. Cool night, foggy, and no wind.

12 March 2nd. Rubeho. Heavy fog. Cleared at 9. At night, 64° in tent. Barometer at 4 p.m., 24.468. Temperature of air at 4 p.m., 73°/75°. Very high wind at 10; lasted all day; fell with the sun; rose again, and lasted all night. Rarefied and very cold.

13 Halt. Rubeho. Foggy morn. Barometer at 10 a.m., 24.462; at 4 p.m., 24.438. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 71°/71°; at 4 p.m., 70°/70°. Like rain. Cold day, but sun hot. Fog heavy. E. wind. Sun fierce. Wind and cold. Little dew in all these places. All fog. Dates, 12, 13 (Sept.) above Pass.

14 March. Exceedingly foggy morn. Sun bright and hot about noon. Barometer about 4 p.m., 24.644. Temperature of air at 4 p.m., 70°/72°. 439Therm. in tent at dawn, 50°. High E. wind. At night, raw, windy, and foggy.

15 March. Jungle. Fog in morn. Bright hot sun. Few clouds after 1 p.m. High E. wind. Terrible night. Pitched on hill-side, with a draft to the hot plains below. Dates, 14, 15 (Sept.). Descent.

16 Halt. Little Rubeho. Fog, mist (almost rain), and wild wind in morn. High E. wind all day. Sun exceedingly hot. Too occupied to observe.

17 March. (Jungle.) Fog, mist, and wind from E. Very hot in day. Sun furious, and sky cloudless. Fine clear night. No dew whatever.

18 March. (Ugogi.) Cool morn. Hot sun. No clouds. Pitched in gully, where wind comes from every quarter. Mild night.

19 Halt. Day exactly as yesterday. Barometer at 10 a.m., 27.364; at 4 p.m., 27.310. Temperature at 10 a.m., 84°/82°; at 4 p.m., 83°/85°. Sun sets in these hills at 4.45 p.m. Warm night.

20 Halt. Clear morn. Barometer at 10 a.m., 27.270; at 4 p.m., 27.248. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 82°/79°; at 4 p.m., 85°/82°. Clouds. Cloudy in afternoon. Fine, clear, warm night. Great sameness of climate.

21 Halt. Cloudy morn. Barometer at 10 a.m., 27.236; at 4 p.m., 27.290. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 76°/74°; at 4 p.m., 78°/77°. Little wind. Drops of heat-rain at noon. Cloudy night. Warm in tent.

22 Tirikeza. Clear day in morn. Barometer at 10 a.m., 27.240. Temperature at 10 a.m., 76°/78°. Clouds at 10 till sunset. Then all clear except mist-bank in W. Fine cool night. Cooler than under hills. Wind E.

23 March. (Marenga M’Khali.) Clear morn. Wind E. at 9 and 10. Clouds thin before noon; then pleasant. Cool night. In tent at dawn. Therm., 51°.

24 Tirikeza. Perfectly clear dawn. Wind E. A few clouds at 1, which increased till sunset. Cool wind (E.) at 4 p.m. Fine dewless night.

25 Tirikeza. Clear dawn. Day cloudy. Wind E. In intervals hot sun. Fine sunset. Cold night. Wind blowing, and dew considerable.

26 March. (Ziwa.) Clear dawn. Barometer at 10 a.m., 26.915; at 4 p.m., 26.900. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 85°/84°; at 4 p.m., 86°/87°. Cold morn. Fearful heat in tent (93°) about 2 to 4. Cold blowy night. Dew heavy.

27 Halt. Clear dawn. Thinnest veil on horizon. Temperature of air at 10 a.m., 87°; at 4 p.m., 90°. Fearfully hot day. No shadow of cloud. High wind. Tent blown down. Cold evening; then hot; then cold towards morn. Wind E. Dew.

28 Halt. Clear dawn. Then sunrise, 54°. At 3 p.m., 95°. No mist on cloud. Gusts from E. and N.E. Warm night. Cool towards dawn.

29 Halt. Clear dawn. Very hot. Cloudless. Wind E., and about 4 p.m. veered round to N.E. Warm night. Windy night as usual. Cold dawn. Heavy dew.

30 Ditto in all points.

Remarks.—From Rumuma to Ugogo Plains. Air rarified. Extremes of heat and cold. Clouds on hills and occasional showers. Very hot sun. Breeze at 9 or 10. Gusts at night. Furious E. wind. Sometimes no dew; sometimes dew like rain. Draft in descent to heated plains.

Ugogi, a new climate. Somaliland near Harar, or Upper Sind. Hot and dry, dewless: wind and dust. Sky intensely blue; stars like young moons. Very healthy. Ugogo similar. Great heat and cold. Dew somewhat copious. No clouds. Furious E. wind from the hills.

440OBSERVATIONS MADE AT UGOGO, ETC., DURING THE MONTH

OF OCTOBER, 1857.

Therm. tied to hind pole of tent, opposite entrance, 2 feet from ground.

DAY

1 Thermometer at sunrise, 66°; at noon, 91°; at 4 p.m., 94°; at sunset, 84°. Direction of wind at sunrise, E. Fine dawn. Fiery sun, cloudless. Heat gradually increased. Banks of thin clouds about W. Furious wind at night. Cool dawn.

2 Thermometer at sunrise, 62°; at noon, 91°; at 4 p.m., 91°; at sunset, 81°. Direction of wind at sunrise, E. Fine dawn. Fiery sun, cloudless. Heat gradually increased. Clouds thicken. Wind veers from S.W. to N.W. Blew hard at night.

3 Thermometer at sunrise, 63°; at noon, 90°. Direction of wind at sunrise, E. and N.E. Windy morn.

4 Thermometer at sunrise, 66°; at noon, 76°; at 4 p.m., 91°; at sunset, 82°. Direction of wind at sunrise, E. and S.E. Windy morn. Fiery sun, cloudless. Heat gradually increased. Clouds. Wind violent, and from every direction; fell at midnight.

5 Thermometer at sunrise. 70°. Direction of the wind at sunrise, E. and S.E. Windy morn. Heat milder. Clouds. Clouds gathering. Wind furious till 10 p.m. Close night.

6 Thermometer at sunrise, 70°. Direction of wind, E. and S.E. Sky all covered. Shower about 8 a.m. Heat less. Clouds.

7 Fine morn. Wind from all round. Great heat. Thermometer at 4 p.m., 94°. At night, wind till 10; then fell; then rose with moon. Tent blown down at 3 p.m.

8 Fine clear dawn. No wind. Great heat. Whirlwind bad at night till about 12 a.m.

9 Thermometer at sunrise, 68°. Clear dawn. No wind. Great heat.

10 March. Fine clear dawn. Hot morn. A few clouds. Breeze as usual at 10. Very hot afternoon.

11 March. Cool dewy morn. Dark day. No rain. Clear as usual about the afternoon. Cold wind. Feverish. Warm night.

12 Hot night. Cloudy day. Very close in the afternoon, with gusts of cold wind.

13 Thermometer 54° in tent at sunrise. Cold morn. Hot wind at 10. A few heat clouds. Pleasant and cool after midnight.

14 Cold morn. Intensely hot day. 97° at noon. No clouds. A little wind from S.E. Fine clear evening. Cold gusts. S.E. wind at night.

15 Thermometer 61° in tent at sunrise. High wind outside; fell at dawn; very cold; rose, as always does, between 8 and 9 a.m.; fell at sunset (wind S.E.); fine night.—6-15. Winds high; rise from 8 to 10 a.m.; blow all day till sunset, very uncertain, generally E. and S.E., also N. and W. A simoom on plains. Cold high winds at night, yet healthy. All our sick recovered.

16 Thermometer at sunrise, 54° in tent, 49° outside; at noon, 101°/96°; at 4 p.m., 93°/93°; at sunset, 80°/81°. Fine dawn. Wind moderate. Puffs of wind, S.E. Fine night.—Ugogo. Therm. always the same, observed once.

44117 March. Cold dawn. Fine morn. Fiery day. Few wind and heat clouds, high up, which increased from W. (against wind) about 3 to 4 p.m. Fine sunset and warm night. Breeze at 10 a.m.

18 Halt. Dawn, fair and cool. Thermometer at noon, 89°/93°; at 4 p.m., 89°/90°. Hot day. No clouds. Fine clear even. At night, coldish wind from S.E.

19 Thermometer at sunrise, 52°/53°. Cold dawn. Hot cloudless day. Fiery wind in gusts. Fine clear sunset, 82° out of tent, 81° in it. Wind E. and S.E. as usual.

20 March. Cold dawn. Hot day. No clouds. Fine cirri, high up. Fine clear sunset. At night, raw E. wind.

21 March. Cold dawn. Clouds at 9 a.m. Cleared away in evening. Windless night.—Gunda M.

22 Jiwe la Mkoa. Clouds at 9 a.m. E. wind all night.

23 March. Kirurumo. Hot morning. Cloudy about 10. Yet burning sun. Fine afternoon. In evening heavy nimbus from W. E. wind. Spitting rain all night. Very cool and pleasant. Thunder and sheet lightning.

24 Clouds and cold. 70° at 7 a.m. About 1, sun struggled through. Mgongo. Thunder at 3 to 4 p.m. Heavy thunder. Rain from 7 to 9 p.m. E. wind, but clouds from W. Clouded again. Air full of damp cold wind at sunset.

25 Cloudy raw morn. Sun half out at 10 a.m. Raw day. Clear fine night. Very cold. Wind E., but not high.

26 High cirri in morn. Cold and high wind. Day hot. Fine warm night.

27 Burning day. Cumulus in even. Wind E.

28 Cool morn. High E. wind at 8. Plenty of clouds. Pleasant day. High wind; rose again after sunset till midnight. At sunset in shed, 81°.

29 Thermometer at sunrise, 65° in shed. Cool morn, 84° in shed, 94° in sun. High E. wind at 8 a.m. Hot day. In morn heavy clouds from W., but high. Night at first warm and cloudy, then cool and clear. Trees bent by wind. Never saw this before.

30 Clear dawn. Fiery day. Simoom gusts at 11. Cool in house, 81° and 82°. Heavy clouds from N. No wind, but direction S.E. Warm fine night. High cumuli. Cool fine midnight to dawn.

31 Cloudy dawn. Cool pleasant day. Beautiful evening and warmish night.

442OBSERVATIONS MADE AT UNYANYEMBE, ETC., DURING THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 1857.

DAY

1 Cloudless dawn, windless. Wind and clouds from E. Cumuli in afternoon. Tolerably clear sunset. Fine moonlight night. Warm and pleasant.

2 Rubuga. Cloudless dawn, windless. Wind and clouds from E. Cumuli after noon. At moonrise cloud and mists, 7 p.m. from S. Then cool E. wind with moon.

3 Cloudless dawn, windless. Very hot day. Cumuli and wind bound up. Cloudy night, cool and comfortable.

4 Ukona. Cloudless morn till 7; then cleared away. Sun hot, and cold wind. Cumuli in day, high up. Fine cool even at dawn. Few clouds, cirri. Wind E. and S.

5 Cloudless morn. High E. and S. wind at 7 a.m.; then fell. Cool night and clear.

6 Unyanyembe. Cloudless morn. Moderate E. wind at 7 and 8. Cloudy day. Cumuli nearly over sky. Wind N.E. and E. during forenoon; veered S. and even W. with sun, and returns E. at night.

7 Too sick to observe.

8 Ditto.

9 Verandah, facing E. Thermometer at sunrise, 72°; at noon, 91°; at sunset, 87°. Cool cloudless dawn. Cloudy, but very close. Profuse perspiration. Pleasant cloudless even. High S.E. wind at night.

10 Verandah, facing E. Thermometer at sunrise, 70°; at sunset, 132°. Cool cloudless dawn. Almost cloudless. In sun at 3 p.m. Pleasant even. Filmy night. Little wind.

11 Verandah, facing E. Thermometer at sunrise, 71°; at noon, 120° in sun; at sunset, 81°. Cool cloudless dawn. Exceedingly hot and close. Pleasant even, but clouds gathering.

12 Thermometer at sunrise, 71°. Cloudy, as if for rain. Warm day. Fine even, but clouds high up, showing wind. Rain expected.

13 Fine dawn. Clouds during day. Exceedingly hot. Rain wanted and expected. Moon and stars halved.

14 Thermometer at sunrise, 79° in tent; at noon, 83° in tent; at sunset, 85° in tent. Fine dawn. Fiery day. Signs of rain. Lightning from Azyab, N.E., disappears.

15 Thermometer at sunrise, 78°; at noon, 92°; 89° in even. Verandah, facing E. Very hot cloudy day. Rain at 3 p.m.; and at night; very little fell.

16 Thermometer at sunrise, 72°; at noon, 92°; at sunset, 91°. Verandah, facing E. Clear dawn. Very hot. People expect rain with this heat. Very clear night. Wind E.

17 Fine dawn. Thermometer at 10 a.m. 90° in verandah (E.); at 4 p.m., 91°. Climate too uniform for Europeans. Cloudy day. Rained for about 1 hour at night.

18 Cloudy day. Exceedingly hot. Thunder all afternoon till night. No Hilal seen yet. Cool, clear, and pleasant night.

19 Bright dawn. (Sick.)

20 Bright dawn. Clouds during day. Rain in afternoon, and high wind.

44321 Clear dawn.

22 Thunder and rain at 3 p.m.

23 Thunder all afternoon. Rain at 3 p.m.

24 Rain at 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. Wind from W., cold, raw, and damp. The storms from Azyab, N.E. Cloudy all day. Rain, thunder, and lightning all night.

25 Cloudy dawn and forenoon. Storm at night, 7 to 9.

26 Cloudy. Thunder and storm at 4 p.m. Violent rain and storm, distant about 3 miles, at night. No wind.

27 Cloudy day and dawn. All looks like rain. Grumbling of low thunder all day.

28 Very cloudy dawn. Cleared at 8.

29 Violent rain at night. Surly weather. Signs of rain, flying ants.

30 Thermometer at sunrise, 80° in verandah. Clear cool day, a few clouds. Rain in evening.

31 Too sick to observe.

Remarks.—Air of Unyanyembe intensely dry; sometimes does not rain for months. Soil fertile by proximity of water; rains every 15 or 16 days. Lightning from S.E. We had very steady rain. Thunder and lightning like chota barsát in Upper India. About the 30th inst. country well sopped. All began to plant; rice about end of month, and Jawari after.

Rain, as at Zanzibar, every day. Generally deep cloudy morns. Cold wind, and very damp. Therm. 70°. Sun at 10 a.m., hot. Clouds partially dispersed. About 2 p.m. showers, with thunder and lightning, increase till dark, when become very violent. Bolts fell one night. Climate unwholesome as the Kinga-ni river. Almost all our men had fever. Wind generally E., but changing to S.W.

This rain in Dec. is called Muaka, or the year. We experienced it on the coast, in the Elphinstone, and the Riami. All are cultivating.

444OBSERVATIONS MADE AT UNYAMWEZI LAND, KAZEH, AND ZIMBILI, DURING THE MONTH OF DECEMBER, 1857.

DAY

1 to 15 Uyanyembe and Kapunde. Too sick to observe. Climate precisely the same.

16 Thermometer at sunrise, 70° in tent. Rain at 2 p.m. Thunder and lightning. Night cool and cloudy. Day cold. Want very warm clothing. Wind raw.

17 Thermometer at sunrise, 70°. Cloudy morn.

446OBSERVATIONS MADE AT UJIJI, ON THE LAKE TANGANIKA, DURING THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1858.

DAY

1 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 71°; at 12, 75°; at 6 p.m., 76°. Means of ‘Cox’ and pocket therm.

2 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 71°; at 12, 73°; at 6 p.m., 73°.

3 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 68°; at 12, 76°; at 6 p.m., 75°. Cool day. Heavy clouds. No rain.

4 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 69°; at 12, 79°; at 6 p.m., 77°. Fine clear day. No rain.

5 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 69°; at 12, 78°; at 6 p.m., 77°. Fine day, showing that monsoon is drawing to close.

6 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 69°; at 12, 80°; at 6 p.m., 76°. Fine day.

7 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 70°; at 12, 80°; at 6 p.m., 76°. Fine day.

8 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 68°; at 12, 78°; at 6 p.m., 76°. Weather exceedingly damp. No rain.

9 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 70°; at 12, 76°; at 6 p.m., 76°. Started for Uvira. Twice rain in night.

10 Thunder, lightning, and rain, all day. Very damp and cold on Lake.

11 Violent rains and E. wind all night; tent blown down. Raw cold.

12 Heavy rain in midday and hot sun. Damp excessive.

13 On Lake.

14 Ditto.

15 Sun very hot. Morn and even clouded with nimbus.

16 Cold, not of low temperature, but humid atmosphere. Fiery sun and rain during day.

17 Alternate bursts of burning sun and cold. Rain all day.

18 Purple clouds from N., sign of heavy rain, showers occasional.

19 On sea, smooth at first. Fine sky. About 9 a.m. wind sprang up. Hot sun. Heavy dew.

20 Fine, hot, rainless day.

21 Fine, hot, rainless day. Even perfectly clear.

22 Cold, raw, and uncomfortable.

23 Fine day and night. S.E. wind at 7 p.m. Heavy nimbi after midnight. Rain at sunrise.

24 Fine day.

25 Fine day. S.E. wind, raw at night.

26 Clear day. W. wind, high. Waves foaming. Heavy dew. No clouds.

44727 Clear and windy. Driven off sands by sea rising.

28 Fine day. Occasionally cloudy. No rain.

29 Fine day. Occasionally cloudy. No rain.

30 Fine day. Occasionally cloudy. No rain.

31 Violent rains in night and all morning.

Remarks.—Rains at Kazeh, began on 14th November.

At Ujiji about 2 months earlier. At Msene 1 month earlier.

Not heavy at first; no burst of monsoon, as in India, but invariably accompanied by violent thunder and lightning.

The sun of the rains is considered very sickly; it burns with a violent and nauseating heat, truly uncomfortable.

The wind during this month, N. after midnight till sunrise, when it becomes raw and cold. During the day warmer, and veered round to S.E. This was constant point. In evenings, and often at nights, it became a complete blast.

Direction of rain in Ujiji, generally either from N., from S.E., and from S.W. But it was, as everywhere, very variable. The S.E. and E. wind seems to prevail everywhere, from Ugogo to the Lake.

448OBSERVATIONS MADE AT UNYANYEMBE, Lat. S. 5° 4′ 12″, Alt. 3436 ABOVE S. L., DURING THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1858.

‘Cox’ hung in verandah. See Sept. (same place).

DAY

1 Rusigi River. Cold and very dewy morn. Hot sun. Few cumuli and cirri.

2 Hot day. Clouds at noon. Fine, clear, and cold night.

3 Cold morn. Hot sunny day.

4 Slight shock of earthquake at 11.15 a.m. Fine hot day.

5 Fine, hot, and breezy morn. Wind, as usual, E.

6 Fine, hot, and breezy morn.

7 Muggy and cloudy night. Hot sun till clouded at noon. Air still. Splendid night.

8 Cool morn. Usual raw wind. Splendid night.

9 Cool morn. Raw high wind at noon. Fleecy clouds.

10 Splendid night. Cool morn. Raw high wind at noon. Fleecy clouds.

11 Cold wind and burning sun all day.

12 Cold wind and burning sun all day.

13 Slight shocks of earthquakes at repeated intervals.

14 Misty morn. Hot clear day. Cloudy even.

15 Misty morn. Hot clear day. Cloudy even.

16 Cold morn. Stinging sun.

17 Cold morn. Stinging sun.

18 Cold morn. Stinging sun. Raw wind at 10 a.m. Light breezes during day.

19 Kazeh. Cold morning. Stinging sun.

20 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 67°; at 12, 83°; at 6 p.m., 80°. Nothing remarkable, but cold E. wind.

21 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 66°; at 12, 83°; at 6 p.m., 78°. Same remark.

22 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 63°; at 12, 83°; at 6 p.m., 78°.

23 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 64°; at 12, 80°; at 6 p.m., 78°. Weather the same. Air exceedingly dry. At dawn a cold W. breeze that chills the blood. About 10 a.m. changes E.

24 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 66°; at 12, 86°; at 6 p.m., 80°. Raw and violent E. wind, which causes abundant sickness. Day clear till 1 p.m., then cloudy.

44925 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 67°; at 12, 87°; at 6 p.m., 82°. Clouds from E.; sometimes clear away at sunset; sometimes last all night. Invariable cloud-bank of purple nimbus in W.

26, 27 On both these days tourbillons, or devils, of light dust, filling houses.

28-31 Too sick to observe.

Remarks.—Early summer. The earth is dried up with want of moisture; and in Unyanyembe the dews, except during the rains, are light.

The weather is monotonous. The morn cold, raw, and bright. The sun begins to tell at about 9 a.m., and at 10 a.m. rises a high wind from the N. and E., cooled by evaporation, and pouring from the hill-lines that flank the plains. It is considered very unwholesome. Fleecy clouds appear at noon, increase in volume and depth, and disappear about sunset, which is bright and clear, except when a thick cloud-bank occupies in straight line the western horizon. Nights often cool, and sometimes still and ‘muggy.’

The Kaus, or S.W. monsoon, is supposed to blow from April to the end of November, when it is succeeded for 4 months by the Kazkazi, or N.E. monsoon. Such are the seasons at Zanzibar. In Unyamwezi, however, the E. wind seems to last all the year.

450OBSERVATIONS MADE AT UNYANYEMBE, MASUI, AND NGEMO, Lat. S., 5° 5′ 12″, Alt. 3436 FT. ABOVE S. L., DURING THE MONTH OF SEPT., 1858.

‘Cox’ hung in a passage, and after the 8th in an open verandah pointing E., and exposed to reflection of sun.

‘Newman’ hung in empty tent from ridge-pole, one fold defended from air; average of 8 days, observed at 6 a.m., 65°; at 9 a.m., 85°; at 12, 108°; at 3 p.m., 107°; at 6 p.m., 80°; extreme, 50°; from 63° to 113° (highest at noon).

DAY

1 Kazeh.

2 Thermometer at 9 a.m., 76°; at 12, 85°; at 3 p.m., 85°; at 6 p.m., 83°.

3 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 73°; at 9 a.m., 76°; at 12, 85°; at 3 p.m., 88°; at 6 p.m., 83°.

4 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 73°; at 9 a.m., 76°; at 12, 83°; at 3 p.m., 87°; at 6 p.m., 83°. Wind cold. Several persons taken ill.

5 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 73°; at 9 a.m., 75°; at 12, 83°; at 3 p.m., 87°; at 6 p.m., 85°.

6 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 71°; at 9 a.m., 75°; at 12, 84°; at 3 p.m., 85°; at 6 p.m., 84°. Dark, warm, and cloudy. Cold blasts at times. Rain in distance.

7 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 75°; at 9 a.m., 76°; at 12, 83°; at 3 p.m., 85°; at 6 p.m., 84°.

8 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 74°; at 9 a.m., 75°; at 12, 83°; at 3 p.m., 85°. Purple clouds from E., with thunder and lightning. A few drops on first shower, augurs an early monsoon.

9 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 75°; at 12, 86°; at 6 p.m., 83°. Clouds, but no rain. Night clear.

10 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 72°; at 12, 88°; at 6 p.m., 83°.

11 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 69°; at 12, 88°; at 6 p.m., 84°. Nights generally clouded before 12.

12 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 68°; at 12, 90°; at 6 p.m., 84°. Rain.

13 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 72°; at 12, 90°; at 6 p.m., 85°.

14 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 75°; at 12, 90°; at 6 p.m., 79°.

15 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 72°; at 12, 92°. Cloudy night; could not observe.

16 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 74°; at 12, 89°; at 6 p.m.6 p.m., 85°.

17 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 72°; at 12, 90°; at 6 p.m., 85°. Hot cloudy day. Cold blasts. Rain somewhere.

18 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 75°; at 12, 90°; at 6 p.m., 79°. Cloudy, muggy night.

45119 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 72°; at 12, 92°; at 6 p.m., 85°. Purple clouds. Thunder, and a few drops of rain at 10 p.m.

20 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 74°; at 12, 92°; at 6 p.m., 86°. At 9 p.m., thunder, and a few drops of rain. Clouds from W., wind from E.

21 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 73°; at 12, 89°; at 6 p.m., 85°. Clear hot day and night.

22 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 73°; at 12, 90°; at 6 p.m., 85°. Normal day. Remarks. Very bright moon.

23 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 74°; at 12, 92°; at 6 p.m., 88°. Wind always E.

24 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 75°; at 12, 90°; at 6 p.m., 86°. Sun fiery.

25 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 70°; at 12, 88°; at 6 p.m., 84°.

26 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 71°. (Last at Unyanyembe.) Marched this day.—26 to 28 at Masui.

27 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 70°; at 12, 82°; at 6 p.m., 71°. Therm. hung in hut to pole alt. Violent cold wind all evening.

28 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 70°; at 12, 80°; at 6 p.m., 82°. 5 ft. fronting S. No refracted heat. At Ngemo.

29 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 72°; at 12, 80°; at 6 p.m., 82°. In hut, on wall, fronting S.E. alt.

30 Thermometer at 6 a.m., 72°; at 12, 80°; at 6 p.m., 83°. 5 ft., no refraction.—29, 30, at Ngemo.

Remarks.—Midsummer. Despite the drought, beasts and birds begin to couple, and trees to put forth leaves.

The E. wind becomes milder, the weather better, especially at night, and the whirlwinds diminish. The change of seasons, which brought so much sickness, passed away in the latter third of July. In Sept., Unyamwezi is tolerably healthy.

The normal day, at this season, is a cold high E. wind, rising shortly after the sun has heated the ground. It pours from the far Usagara Mountains. The sky is clear and sparkling, with a few high cirri, and on the horizon white cumuli. Shortly after noon clouds obscure the sun and confine the wind, which, however, sometimes blow throughout the evening and the night. The nights are cool about 11 p.m., till which hour the air is still, warm, and genial. It much resembles the end of an Italian summer day. The winds, however, with their prodigious loads of dust, if a little less puffy, and more continuous, would rival the gales of Sind.

452OBSERVATIONS MADE AT MGUNDA, MKHALI, AND UGOGO, DURING THE MONTH OF NOVEMBER, 1858.

DAY

5 Tura. Temperature of air at sunrise, 66; at midday, 91; at sunset, 94. N. D. At night, lightning in E. A violent wind-storm at 9 to 10 p.m.

6 Temperature of air at sunrise, 64; at midday, 82; at sunset, 84. Cloudy morn.

7 Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at midday, 83; at sunset, 78. Furious E. wind at 10 a.m. Sun fiery.

8 Kirurumo in Desert. Temperature of air at sunrise, 64; at midday, 82; at sunset, 80. Furious E. wind at 10 a.m.

9 Temperature of air at sunrise, 62; at midday, 100; at sunset, 83. Furious E. wind at 10 a.m.

10 Temperature of air at sunrise, 63; at midday, 100; at sunset, 76. E. wind early, 9 a.m.

11 Temperature of air at sunrise, 59; at midday, 100; at sunset, 78. E. wind at 8 a.m.

12 Temperature of air at sunrise, 58; at midday, 99; at sunset, 79. Warm night. Tourbillon at 9 p.m.

13 Temperature of air at sunrise, 66; at midday, 90; at sunset, 86. Hot day. Rain appears gathering.

14 W. Frontier of Ugogo. Temperature of air at sunrise, 64; at midday, 100; at sunset, 81. Hot and clear.

15 Temperature of air at sunrise, 65; at midday, 89; at sunset, 82. Wind N.E., high and cool. People sowing in readiness for first rains.

16 Khoko. Temperature of air at sunrise, 66; at midday, 92; at sunset, 84. Showers from E. at 5 p.m., large heavy drops and spitting. Night windy.

17 Temperature of air at sunrise, 66; at midday, 90; at sunset, 72. Clouds from noon to 5 p.m. Cool windy night.

18 Temperature of air at sunrise, 63; at midday, 96; at sunset, 80.

19 Usekhe. Temperature of air at sunrise, 64; at midday, 87; at sunset, 84.

20 Temperature of air at sunrise, 66; at midday, 84; at sunset, 86.

21 Temperature of air at sunrise, 67; at midday, 84; at sunset, 84.

22 Kanyenye. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at midday, 96; at sunset, 82. Violent tourbillon and dust after sunset.

23 Temperature of air at sunrise, 68; at midday, 97; at sunset, 83. High wind in morn.

24 Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at midday, 94; at sunset, 84. High wind all night.

25 Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at midday, 92; at sunset, 88.

45326 Temperature of air at sunrise, 68; at midday, 96; at sunset, 84. Calm day, windy night.

27 Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at midday, 100; at sunset, 83. Calm hot morn and afternoon; cold and windy even.

28 Temperature of air at sunrise, 63; at midday, 100; at sunset, 85. Spitting of rain during the night.

29 Temperature of air at sunrise, 73; at midday, 96; at sunset, 80. Spitting of rain in morn. Cloudy day. Hot afternoon. High gusts at night.

30 Kifukuro. Temperature of air at sunrise, 68; at midday, 100; at sunset, 83. Cool cloudy day. Heavy nimbi from E. at night. Rain predicted.—14 to 30 Ugogo.

Remarks.—Therm. hung to fore-pole of ridge tent, mercury height of man’s eye. Tent always facing N.

Morning fine, cool, clear, and still.

Clouds, chiefly cumulus. E. wind sets in between 10 to 11, with clouds. Noon, fleecy clouds, cirri, and cumuli, sun obscured, cool air, and high cold E. wind. Sun fiery between clouds, which, when thick, arrest wind. Evening clear, cool, and pleasant. Wind sometimes veers to W. Hottest part of day, because wind arrested between noon and 3 p.m. often a veil of mist-cloud. Night still and cloudy, with raffales of cold high E. wind. Nimbus and cumulus. Air often mild and genial. Night, wind sometimes mild, and W. but rarely. Often a film of mist, and the moon and stars in haloes.

In Ugogo the E. wind is sensibly warmer than Umyanwezi, and presents less contrast with the surrounding atmosphere. Tourbillons are frequent and violent. The average heat at 9 a.m. was 97°; at 3 p.m., 100°.

454OBSERVATIONS MADE AT MARENGA MK’HALI, UHEHE, WESTERN USAGARA, AND UZIRAHA IN KHUTU, DURING THE MONTH OF DECEMBER, 1858.

DAY

1 Ziwa. Temperature of air at sunrise, 68; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 80. Cool, cloudy morn. Hot, close, glaring day. Cool evening.

2 Marenga Mk’hali. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 101; at sunset, 82. Air cooled by distant rain. Fiery bursts of sun. Heavy clouds at night. Lightning from N. and E.

3 Marenga Mk’hali. Temperature of air at sunrise, 69; at 4 p.m., 101; at sunset, 80. Cloudy morn till 8. Clouds at noon. Heavy shower with thunder and lightning from E. at 1 p.m.

4 Marenga Mk’hali. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 101; at sunset, 82. Clouds at 10 a.m. Clear day. Hot sun. Cool night.

5 Marenga Mk’hali. Temperature of air at sunrise, 68; at 4 p.m., 97; at sunset, 84. Cloudy morn. Gusty day. Cold night. Draughts of air from Dungomaro ravine in Ugogi all night from midnight.

6 Ugogi. Temperature of air at sunrise, 66; at 4 p.m., 90; at sunset, 80. Warm morn and even. Cool wind at 9 p.m. Heavy showers and gusts at night. Masika, or rainy monsoon, according to some, begins.

7 Ugogi. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 82. Still, cool morn. Clouds and wind from E. Storm of rain and thunder at night.

8 Enter Uhehe and Usagara. Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 90; at sunset, 80. Hot morn. Clouds at 9 a.m. Stormy night.

9 Temperature of air at sunrise, 73; at 4 p.m., 92; at sunset, 82. Hot morn in hills. Wind E. Rainy, clammy night.

10 Temperature of air at sunrise, 75; at 4 p.m., 90; at sunset, 84. Air close, damp, and stormy.

11 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 94; at sunset, 84. Cool at dawn. Hot, clear day. Wind E. and N.E. Halo round moon.

12 Temperature of air at sunrise, 73; at 4 p.m., 93; at sunset, 82. Hot, clear morn. Sky cleared by rain. At 2 p.m., clouds. At midnight, haze and halo. Wind E. and high.

13 Inena. Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 84; at sunset, 72. Hazy, muggy morn. Clouds, but no wind. At 4 to 6 p.m., heavy rain from a gap in southern hills.

14 Temperature of air at sunrise, 67; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 74. Nimbus cumulus and heavy sky. Spitting at noon. Still even. Spitting at 7 p.m., and at 3 a.m., heavy rain.

15 Maroro. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 96; at sunset, 78. Muggy morn. Hot sun through nimbus and cumulus. Thunder at midday. Spitting at sunset.

16 Maroro. Temperature of air at sunrise, 67; at 4 p.m., 94; at sunset, 80. Cloudy morn. Windy day. Cool even. Wind, rain, and dust at sunset. Hot night. Starry, and very heavy dew.

17 Temperature of air at sunrise, 69; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 82. Cool morn. East wind at 8 a.m. No rain. Clouds high. Cirri and cumuli. Dew very heavy.

18 Kiparepeta. Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m. 83; at sunset, 45578. Dew clouds tabling E. hills. Sky elsewhere clear. Breeze at 8 a.m., when sun dispersed all clouds, stratus, &c.

19 Kisanga. Temperature of air at sunrise, 68; at 4 p.m., 88; at sunset, 78. Stratus on E. hills. Cold E. wind. Hot sun at noon. Fine, clear even. Clouds, and heavy shower at night.

20 Kisanga. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 89; at sunset, 80. Dew clouds in morn. Clear, hot day. Pleasant E. wind. Cloudy even.

21 Kisanga. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 90; at sunset, 80. Dew clouds in morn. Clear, hot day. Fine night.

22 Ruhembe. Temperature of air at sunrise, 71; at 4 p.m., 92; at sunset, 82. Clouds spitting at 7 to 8 a.m. Clear, hot day. Cool night.

23 Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 93; at sunset, 78. Dewy morn. Day clear, and cloudy after 10 a.m. Dewy even. Clouds at midnight.

24 Kikobogo. Temperature of air at sunrise, 73; at 4 p.m., 94; at sunset, 80. Dewy morn. No breeze. Mist from marshes.

2525 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 98; at sunset, 82. Dewy morn. No breeze. Thunder and rain at night. Rain heavy drops.

26 Temperature of air at sunrise, 76; at 4 p.m., 97; at sunset, 88. Dewy morn. Clouds at 10 a.m. Thunder and heavy rain at noon. Night hot, then after spitting rain, cool.

27 Temperature of air at sunrise, 71; at 4 p.m., 97; at sunset, 82. Cool, misty morn. Hot sun. Dewy, misty night.

28 Kirengwe (Khutu). Temperature of air at sunrise, 76; at 4 p.m., 84; at sunset, 80. Sun mist-veiled at 10 a.m. Wild weather, and heavy rain in day. Land stinks.

29 Zungomero. Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 84; at sunset, 80. Cloudy morn. Wind E. Heavy rain. Cloudy even. Heavy rain like that of India at night.

30 Zungomero. Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 74; at sunset, 72. Drizzle till noon. All damp, soppy, and steaming.

31 Zungomero. Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 74; at sunset, 86. Cloudy. Nimbi and cumuli. No rain.

Remarks.—Thermometer suspended in tent, fronting north, as before.

Weather very variable. In Ugogi and Eastern Usagara the Rainy Monsoon appears to have set in on the 6th Dec., 1858.

Until Maroro, the climate had the aspect of the rainy seasons. After that meridian, throughout Eastern Usagara the weather held up; but these masses of hills seem rarely, if ever, to be without rain. The dews are remarkably heavy, forming a contrast with Unyamwezi and the inland regions.

At Zungomero, reached about the end of December, the violent showers which fell like buckets-full, piercing at once the thickest thatches, were called by the people the ‘Sowing Rains.’ All were busy in the fields, and labour was protracted till about the first week in December.

The sea-breeze extends to Zungomero, setting in at 9 to 10 a.m. In foul weather sea-gulls are blown up from the coast. The vicinity of the Duthumi hills to the N. E., which are rarely, if ever, seen in a clear outline, and the mountains of Usagara westward, render this a region of almost perpetual rain. Its summer lasts about one fortnight, beginning in early January, at which time no rain falls.

456OBSERVATIONS MADE IN KHUTU AND UZARAMO, DURING THE MONTHS OF JANUARY AND FEBRUARY, 1859.

DAY

1 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 95; at sunset, 80. Wet, muggy morn. Wind E. Shower at 5 p.m. Cloudy even.

2 Temperature of air at sunrise, 73; at 4 p.m., 98; at sunset, 80. Fine morn. Wind E. Cirro-cumulus. Few high clouds. Fine even and clear night.

3 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 104; at sunset, 80. Fine morn. Sea-breeze and clouds at 10 a.m. Violent rain from E. at 9 p.m.

4 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 109; at sunset, 84. Stratus on earth. Sea-breeze and sun at 10 a.m., and at sunset.

5 Temperature of air at sunrise, 75; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 82. Fine morn. Clouds and breeze at 10 a.m., and at sunset.

6 Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 110; at sunset, 83. Cloudy, dull, muggy morn. Fierce sun. Heavy rain at night.

7 Temperature of air at sunrise, 73; at 4 p.m., 102; at sunset, 82. Cloudy, dull, muggy morn. Fierce sun. Fine even.

8 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 70. Clear, fine morn. Fierce sun. Fine even.

9 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 80. Dirty morn. Spitting of rain. Hot sun. Showery even.

10 Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 98; at sunset, 80. Dull morn. Hot day. Sea-breeze. Fine even.

11 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 101; at sunset, 82. Muggy morn. Sunny and cloudy day. Fine even.

12 Temperature of air at sunrise, 75; at 4 p.m., 97; at sunset, 80. Fine, clear morn. Cirri and high clouds. Fine even.

13 Temperature of air at sunrise, 75; at 4 p.m., 99; at sunset, 80. Day hot and clear. Night cloudy.

14 Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 90; at sunset, 80. Day hot and clear. Night cloudy.

15 Temperature of air at sunrise, 71; at 4 p.m., 88; at sunset, 80. Day hot and clear. Halo at night.

16 Temperature of air at sunrise, 71; at 4 p.m., 110; at sunset, 86. Air misty and thick. No clouds.

17 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 107; at sunset, 88. Air misty and thick. No clouds.

18 Temperature of air at sunrise, 70; at 4 p.m., 104; at sunset, 86. Air misty, but somewhat clearer.

19 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 108; at sunset, 86. Heavy clouds. Muggy morn. Fleecy sky at sunset. Halo at night.

20 Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 108; at sunset, 84. Misty, muggy morn. Heavy clouds from N. and N.E. Tourbillon of wind and dust at 3 p.m. Rain in large drops. Hot even and night. Lightning from N. and N.E. to S.E.—1 to 20, Zungomero in Khutu at head of valley.

21 Marching. Temperature of air at sunrise, 71; at 4 p.m., 88; at sunset, 80. Misty. Sun at 9 a.m. fiery. Steamy day. Fetid air. Rain near.

45722 Marching. Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 90; at sunset, 77. Misty. Sun at 9 a.m. fiery. Storm from S. to N. from 3 p.m. to 8 p.m. Violent rain. Spitting at night. Fetid close air.

23 Marching. Temperature of air at sunrise, 72; at 4 p.m., 90; at sunset, 80. Grey sky. Sun at 9 a.m. hot. Spitting rain from 10 to 12. Light rain at 3 p.m. No sun.

24 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 82. Grey sky. Water and air in equal parts. Spitting at 9 to 11 a.m. Sun hot at 12. Blue sky in north. Heavy rain. Slow clouds from N. at 8 to 10 p.m.

25 Temperature of air at sunrise, 76; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 84. Fine veil of mist. Wind and clouds from E. Four days’ sea-breeze. Fine night, but very hot.

26 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 106; at sunset, 80. Clear, hot day. Wind E. Sea-breeze after 12. Hot night.

27 Temperature of air at sunrise, 76; at 4 p.m., 110; at sunset, 86. Misty morn. Wind E. at 10 a.m. Storm of wind and thunder (no rain) from E.

28 Temperature of air at sunrise, 75; at 4 p.m., 110; at sunset, 84. Misty morn. Day hot and cloudy. Thunder at 4 p.m. Lightning at night.

29 Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 106; at sunset, 86. Misty morn. Hot sun. Heavy cumulus and E. wind. Sea-breeze. Hot even. Still, starry night.

30 Temperature of air at sunrise, 76; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 86. Clear morn. Hot sun. Clouds at 10 a.m. Fiery sun. Clouds at 3 p.m. Wind E. Fine even.

31 Temperature of air at sunrise, 75; at 4 p.m., 99. Clear morn. Clouds and wind from E. Fiery sun. Heavy cumulus. High sea-breeze. Clouds and spitting at 10 p.m.

Feb. 1. Temperature of air at sunrise, 76; at 4 p.m., 100; at sunset, 80. Clear morn. Clouds at 9 a.m. Rain at 10 a.m. Fine day.

2 Ruisi. Temperature of air at sunrise, 74; at 4 p.m., 104; at sunset, 82. Clear morn. Clouds at 7 a.m. Showers at 10 to 11 a.m. Clouds and mist from E. Fine day. Clear night.

3 Konduchi. Temperature of air at sunrise, 77; at 4 p.m., 99; at sunset, 80. Clear morn. Sea-breeze. Fine clear day. Heat great out of sun.

Remarks.—An anomaly was observed at Zungomero. There appeared to be a double sea-breeze, the earlier set in between 9 and 10 a.m. every day. The second rose regularly at sunset, and at times there were gusts from the eastward at night. This phenomenon appears purely local, and caused by the cold winds of the Duthumi hills, which, when the sun disappears, find their way to the still heated head of the Khutu Valley.

Between Zungomero and the Mgeta Ford the sea-breeze is lost in the lower levels. After the Mgeta it sets in strong and regular. The rain also diminishes, though in winter tourbillons are common. When the E. wind blows cold it is a sign that rain is approaching, like the puffs preceding storms on the Zanzibar seas.

Rain in showers not common on the land above the ancient sea-beach; when on the shore there is more. This accounts for superior fertility.

Wind at Konduchi as on the coast generally. Calm morn till 9 or 10 a.m. Sea-breeze till sunset. Calm again till fetid land-breeze sets in at night, and endures until morn.

458