INDEX.

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y

Abies grandis, 96.

Acer dasycarpum, 172.

Acer macrophyllum, 170.

Acer rubrum, 174.

Acer saccharinum, 172.

Acer saccharum, 176.

Agaricus melleus, 236.

Agarics, 234, 236.

Alburnum, 17.

Ambrosia beetles, 242.

Angiosperms, 9.

Animal enemies, 239.

Arborvitae, Giant, 104.

Ash, 182-191, 296.

Ash, Black, 182, 298.

Ash, Blue, 186.

Ash, Hoop, 182.

Ash, Oregon, 184.

Ash, Red, 188, 298.

Ash, White, 25, 190, 298.

Bamboo, 10, 11.

Bark, 10, 13, 14.

Bark borers, 243.

Basswood, 13, 178, 301.

Bast, 13, 15, 16, 20.

Beech, 134, 300.

Beech, Blue, 124, 300.

Beech, Water, 124.

Beech, Water, 162.

Bees, carpenter, 246.

Beetles, 241-246.

Betula lenta, 130.

Betula lutea, 132.

Betula nigra, 128.

Betula papyrifera, 126.

Big Tree, 98, 208, 220.

Birch, Black, 130.

Birch, Canoe, 126.

Birch, Cherry, 130.

Birch, Gray, 132.

Birch, Mahogany, 130.

Birch, Paper, 126.

Birch, Red, 128.

Birch, River, 128.

Birch, Sweet, 130.

Birch, White, 126.

Birch, Yellow, 132.

Bird's eye maple, 36.

Bluing, 234.

Bole, 211, 219.

Borers, 243-246.

Bowing, 47.

Branches, 37, 219, 226, 286.

Brittleness, 53.

Broad-leaved trees. See Trees, Broad-leaved.

Browsing, 240.

Buckeye, 301.

Bud, 14, 16, 36.

Buds, Adventitious, 36, 37.

Bullnut, 118.

Buprestid, 243

Burl, 35.

Butternut, 114, 300.

Button Ball, 162.

Buttonwood, 162.

Calico poplar, 246.

Cambium, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 237.

Canopy, 204, 211.

Carpenter worms, 245.

Carpenter bees, 246.

Carpinus caroliniana, 124.

Catalpa, 296.

Castanea dentata, 136.

Case-hardening, 48.

Carya tomentosa, 118.

Carya porcina, 122.

Carya alba, 120.

Cedar, Canoe, 104.

Cedar Incense, 295.

Cedar, Oregon, 108.

Cedar, Port Orford, 108.

Cedar, Red, 110, 223, 295.

Cedar, Western Red, 104, 206, 207.

Cedar, White, 106, 295.

Cedar, White, 108.

Cells, Wood, 15, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 41, 42.

Cells, Fibrous, 28.

Cellulose, 15.

Cerambycid, 243.

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, 108.

Chamaecyparis thyordes, 106.

Checks, 43, 47, 232.

Cherry, Wild Black, 164, 300.

Chestnut, 136, 298.

Cleaning, 219, 286.

Cleavability of wood, 41, 53.

Coffee Tree, 297.

Color of wood, 18.

Cold, 214, 216.

Coleoptera, 241.

Colors of woods, 17, 18, 290.

Columbian timber beetle, 245.

Comb-grain, 54.

Composition of forest, 197-210, 223.

Compression, 51, 52.

Conch, 235.

Cones, Annual, 19.

Conifers, 9, 10, 12, 24-26, 29, 30, 48, 58-111, 205, 220, 237, 251.

Conservation of forests, 262.

Coppice, 220, 278, 279.

Cork, 13, 19.

Cortex, 13, 15.

Corthylus columbianus, 245.

Cottonwood, 301.

Cover, 211.

Crop, The Forest, 274.

Crown, 211, 227.

Cucumber Tree, 156, 301.

Curculionid, 243.

Cypress, Bald, 102, 213, 295.

Cypress, Lawson, 108.

Decay, 235.

Deciduous trees, 10.

Dicotoledons, 9, 10.

Differentiation of cells, 16.

Diffuse-porous. See wood, diffuse-porous.

Distribution of species, 219.

Distribution of forests, 197-210.

Drouth, 213, 231.

Dry-rot, 234, 238.

Duff, 224, 251.

Duramen, 17.

Elasticity of wood, 41, 53.

Elm, 152-155, 298.

Elm, American, 154.

Elm, Cedar, 303.

Elm, Cliff, 152.

Elm, Cork, 152.

Elm, Hickory, 152.

Elm, Red, 302.

Elm, Rock, 152, 303.

Elm, Slippery, 14.

Elm, Water, 154.

Elm, White, 152.

Elm, White, 154, 302.

Elm, Winged, 303.

Endogens, 10, 17. See Monocotoledons.

Enemies of the Forest, 229-249.

Engraver beetles, 241.

Entomology, Bureau of, 248.

Epidermis, 13, 15.

Erosion, 273.

Evaporation, 42, 47.

Evergreens, 10.

Exotics, 227.

Exogens, 12, 16.

Fagus americana, 134.

Fagus atropunicea, 134.

Fagus ferruginea, 134.

Fagus grandifolia, 134.

Figure, 37.

Fir, 96, 294.

Fir, Douglas, 94.

Fir, Grand, 96.

Fir, Lowland, 96.

Fir, Red, 94, 206, 207.

Fir, Silver, 96.

Fir, White, 96.

Fire, 232, 251-258.

Fire lanes, 257.

Fire losses, 253.

Fire notice, 258.

Fire trenches, 256.

Fire Wardens, 257.

Fires, Causes of, 252.

Fires, Control of, 256-258.

Fires, Crown, 255.

Fires, Description of, 254-256.

Fires, Fear of, 261.

Fires, Opportunities for, 251.

Fires, Statistics of, 253.

Fires, Surface, 252.

Floor, Forest, 213, 224.

Forest, Abundance of, 260.

Forest, Appalachian, 204.

Forest, Atlantic, 197.

Forest, Broadleaf, 202.

Forest, Eastern, 197-204.

Forest, Enemies of, 229-249.

Forest, Exhaustion of, 251-270.

Forest, Esthetic use of, 277.

Forest, Fear of, 260.

Forest, Hardwood, 197, 197 (note, 210), 204.

Forest, High, 281.

Forest, Hostility toward, 260.

Forest, Mixed, 204, 213, 214.

Forest, Northern, 197, 197 (note, 210), 215.

Forest, Pacific, 197, 197 (note, 210), 204-208.

Forest, Productive, 274-277.

Forest, Protective, 271-274.

Forest, Puget Sound, 206.

Forest, Regular Seed, 281.

Forest, Rocky Mountain, 197, 197 (note, 210), 204, 205.

Forest, Seed, 279-282.

Forest, Selection, 280-281.

Forest, Southern, 197 (note, 210), 200.

Forest, Subarctic, 209.

Forest, Two-storied Seed, 282.

Forest, Use of, 271-287.

Forest, Utilization of, 271-277.

Forest, Virgin, 280.

Forest, Western, 197.

Forestry, 271-287.

Forests, Composition of North American, 197.

Forests, National, 228.

Forests and agriculture, 258, 277.

Forest conditions, 211-228, 278.

Forest conservation, 262.

Forest cover, 204, 211, 212, 224.

Forest crop, 274, 276.

Forest devastation, 261.

Forest fires, 251-258, 261.

Forest floor, 213, 224.

Forest improvement, 284-286.

Forest map, 198.

Forest organism, The, Chapter V., pp. 211-228.

Forest ownership, 262.

Forest planting, 282-284.

Forest preservation, 277-284.

Forest products, 276.

Forest Service, U. S., 262, 264, 275.

Fraxinus americana, 190.

Fraxinus nigra, 182.

Fraxinus oregona, 184.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, 188.

Fraxinus quadrangulata, 186.

Frost, 232.

Frost-check, 232.

Fungi, 26, 233-239.

Ginko, 12.

Gluing, 54.

Goats, 240.

Grain of wood, 19, 30, 31, 32-37, 53.

Grain, Bird's eye, 36.

Grain, coarse, 32.

Grain, cross, 33, 53.

Grain, curly, 35.

Grain, fine, 32.

Grain, spiral, 33, 35.

Grain, straight, 33, 53.

Grain, twisted, 33.

Grain, wavy, 34.

Grazing, 239.

Group system, 279.

Grubs, 243, 244.

Gum, Black, 180.

Gum, Sour, 180, 301.

Gum, Sweet, 160, 301.

Gymnosperms, 9.

Hackberry, 297.

Hackmatack, 76.

Hardness of wood, 41, 54.

Hardwoods, 12.

Heart-wood, 13, 17, 18, 19, 290.

Hemlock, 90, 295.

Hemlock, Black, 92.

Hemlock, Western, 92, 206.

Hicoria alba, 118.

Hicoria glabra, 122.

Hicoria ovata, 120.

Hickory, 118-123, 298.

Hickory, Big-bud, 118.

Hickory, Black, 118.

Hickory, Shagbark, 120.

Hickory, Shellbark, 120.

Hickory, White-heart, 118.

High Forest, 281.

Holly, 301.

Honeycombing, 48.

Hornbeam, 124.

Horn-tails, 246.

Hygroscopicity of wood, 41.

Hymenomycetes, 234.

Ice, 232.

Ichneumon fly, 247.

Identification of woods, 289-303.

Improvement of forests, 284-286.

Inflammability of bark, 14, 251.

Insects, 240-248.

Insects, parasitic, 247.

Insects, predaceous, 247.

Intolerance, 217, 219.

Iron-wood, 124.

Juglans cinerea, 114.

Juglans nigra, 116.

Juniperus virginiana, 110.

Key for the distinction of woods, 292-303.

King-nut, 118.

Knot, 35, 37, 38.

Larch, 76.

Larch, Western, 78.

Larix americana, 76.

Larix laricina, 76.

Larix occidentales, 78.

Leaves, 14, 216.

Lenticels, 14.

Lepidoptera, 241.

Light, 217-218.

Lightning, 232, 251.

Lignin, 16.

Linden, 178.

Liquidambar styraciflua, 160.

Liriodendron tulipifera, 158.

Localized Selection system, 281.

Locust, 166.

Locust, Black, 166, 296.

Locust, Honey, 297.

Locust, Yellow, 166.

Long-bodied trunk, 225.

Lumber consumption, 264.

Lumber, 9, 10.

Lumber prices, 267, 268.

Lumber production, 265-267.

Lumber, substitutes for, 264.

Lumbering, conservative, 274, 276.

Lumbering, destructive, 251, 258-263.

Lumberman, 260.

Magnolia acuminata, 156.

Magnolia, Mountain, 156.

Mahogany, 168.

Maple, 170-177, 301.

Maple, Hard, 25, 176.

Maple, Large Leaved, 170.

Maple, Oregon, 170, 207.

Maple, Red, 174, 302.

Maple, Rock, 25.

Maple, Silver, 172, 302.

Maple, Soft, 172.

Maple, Sugar, 176.

Maple, White, 170.

Maple, White, 172.

Medullary rays. See Rays.

Medullary Sheath. See Sheath.

Merulius lachrymans, 234, 238.

Meteorological enemies, 229-233.

Mice, 237.

Microscope, 14, 24-31, 290.

Mine, Forest treated as, 261, 274.

Mockernut, 118.

Moisture, 213.

Moisture in wood, 41, 52.

Monocotoledons, 9, 10, 17. See also Endogens.

Mountain, 216.

Mulberry, Red, 297.

Mushroom, 236.

Mutual aid, 224.

Nailing, 53.

Needle-leaf trees, 12.

Non-porous. See Wood, non-porous.

North Woods, 197, 218.

Nurse, 218, 219.

Nyssa sylvatica, 180.

Oak, 138-151, 298.

Oak, Basket, 142.

Oak, Black, 140.

Oak, Bur, 144.

Oak, Cow, 142.

Oak, Live, 201.

Oak, Mossy-cup, 144.

Oak, Over-cup, 144.

Oak, Post, 148.

Oak, Red, 138.

Oak, Stave, 150.

Oak, White, 150.

Oak, White (Western), 146.

Oak, Yellow bark, 140.

Odors of wood, 18.

Osage Orange, 296.

Organism, Forest, 211.

Padus serotina, 164.

Palm, 9, 17.

Paper pulp, 263.

Parasites, 233.

Parenchyma, 23, 28.

Pecky cypress, 234.

Peggy cypress, 234.

Pepperidge, 180.

Persimmon, 298.

Phanerogamia, 9.

Phloem, 13.

Picea alba, 80.

Picea canadensis, 80.

Picea engelmanni, 86.

Picea mariana, 84.

Picea nigra, 84.

Picea rubens, 82.

Picea sitchensis, 88.

Pigeon Horn-tail, 247.

Pignut, 122.

Pines, 58-75, 295.

Pine, Bull, 55 (note 4), 66, 205-206.

Pine, Cuban, 74.

Pine, Georgia, 68.

Pine, Loblolly, 72.

Pine, Long-leaf, 68, 200.

Pine, Norway, 64.

Pine, Old Field, 72.

Pine, Oregon, 94.

Pine, Red, 64.

Pine, Short-leaf, 70.

Pine, Slash, 74.

Pine, Sugar, 62.

Pine, Western White, 60.

Pine, Western Yellow, 66.

Pine, Weymouth, 58.

Pine, White, 24, 58, 199.

Pine, Yellow, 70.

Pine sawyers, 244.

Pinus caribaea, 74.

Pinus echinata, 70.

Pinus heterophylla, 74.

Pinus lambertiana, 62.

Pinus monticola, 60.

Pinus palustris, 68.

Pinus ponderosa, 66.

Pinus resinosa, 64.

Pinus strobus, 58.

Pinus taeda, 72.

Pith, 10, 13, 15, 16, 23, 32, 39.

Pith ray. See Ray, medullary.

Pits, 26, 292.

Planting, 282-284.

Platanus occidentalis, 162.

Poles, 225.

Polypores, 234.

Polyporus annosus, 237.

Polyporus sulphureus, 236.

Poplar, yellow, 24, 35, 158, 204, 245, 246, 267-268.

Pores, 23, 28, 29, 291.

Powder-post beetles, 244.

Preservation of forests, 277-284.

Prices of lumber, 267, 268.

Primary growth, 17, 22.

Procambium strands, 16.

Protection against fungi, 239.

Protection against insects, 247.

Properties of wood, Chap II., p. 41.

Protoplasm, 14, 16, 23, 41.

Pruning of branches, 286.

Prunus serotina, 164.

Pseudotsuga mucronata, 94.

Pseudotsuga taxifolia, 94.

Quartering a log, 45.

Quartered oak, 22.

Quercus alba, 150.

Quercus garryana, 146.

Quercus macrocarpa, 144.

Quercus michauxii, 142.

Quercus minor, 148.

Quercus obtusiloba, 148.

Quercus rubra, 138.

Quercus stellata, 148.

Quercus tinctoria, 140.

Quercus velutina, 140.

Rainfall, effect on forest, 205, 213.

Rays, medullary, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 31, 37, 44, 53, 291.

Red rot, 234.

Redwood, 100, 207, 220, 295.

Regularity of cells, 24.

Reproduction, 220.

Reserve sprout method, 279.

Resin ducts, 26, 291.

Rhizomorphs, 236.

Rind, 13.

Ring-porous. See Wood, ring-porous.

Rings, Annual, 9, 10, 19, 21, 23, 44, 226, 290.

Rings, False, 19, 231.

Robinia pseudacacia, 166.

Rodents, 239.

Roots, 211, 224.

Rotation period, 279.

Rotting, 234.

Salix nigra, 112.

Sand dunes, 230, 231.

Saplings, 225, 226.

Saprophytes, 233.

Sap-wood, 13, 17, 18, 41, 42, 290.

Sassafras, 296.

Sawyers, Pine, 244.

Seasoning, 42.

Secondary growth, 17.

Section, cross, 21, 22, 29. See also Section, transverse.

Section, radial, 19, 22, 26, 30, 31.

Section, tangential, 19, 22, 26, 30, 31.

Section, transverse, 19, 24, 29, 30.

Sections, transverse, radial and tangential, 12.

Seed forests, 279-282.

Seeding from the side, 279.

Seedlings, 225, 226.

Seeds, 220-223, 226.

Sequoia, 98.

Sequoia, 100.

Sequoia, Giant, 98.

Sequoia gigantea, 98.

Sequoia sempervirens, 100.

Sequoia washingtoniana, 98.

Settler, 258.

Shake, 47, 232, 233.

Shearing strength, 52.

Sheep, 240.

Shelf fungus, 234, 236.

Short-bodied trunk, 225.

Shrinkage of wood, 41, 42-47.

Silver flakes, 22. See Rays, Medullary.

Silvical characteristics, 212.

Silvicultural systems, 278-284.

Slash, 229, 251, 257.

Slash-grain, 54.

Slash-sawing, 45.

Snow, 232.

Softwoods, 12.

Soil, 211, 213.

Specific gravity. See Weight.

Splint-wood, 17.

Splitting. See Cleavability.

Spores, 234.

Spring-wood, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

Sprouts, 220.

Spruce, 80-89, 295.

Spruce, Black, 84.

Spruce, Douglas, 94, 296.

Spruce, Engelmann's, 86.

Spruce, Red, 82, 213.

Spruce, Sitka, 88.

Spruce, Tideland, 88.

Spruce, Western White, 86.

Spruce, White, 80.

Stand, mixed, 213, 223.

Stand, pure, 213, 223.

Standards, 225, 226.

Steamboats, 246.

Stem, diagram of cross section, Fig. 4, p. 13, fig. 5, p. 15; 211.

Strength of wood, 41, 51-53.

Strip system, 279.

Structure of wood, 9-40, 29, 30, 32.

Struggle for existence, 224, 226, 227.

Summer-wood, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

Swietenia mahagoni, 168.

Sycamore, 22, 162, 300.

Tamarack, 76, 296.

Tamarack, Western, 78.

Taxes on forests, 261.

Taxodium distichum, 102.

Tear fungus, 234, 238.

Temperature, 214.

Tension, 51, 52.

Texture of wood, 32.

Thuja gigantea, 104.

Thuja plicata, 104.

Tilia americana, 178.

Timber beetles, 242, 245.

Timber supply of U. S., 264-269.

Timber trees, 10.

Timber worms, 244.

Tissue, 16.

Toadstools, 234.

Tolerance, 219, 220.

Toughness of wood, 41, 54.

Tracheae, 23, 28.

Tracheid, 28, 30, 290, 292.

Trametes pini, 235.

Trametes radiciperda, 237.

Tree, parts of, 211.

Treeless area, 197, 203.

Trees, Broad-leaved, 9, 10, 28, 29.

Trees, deciduous, 10.

Trunk, 13, 211. Long-bodied, 225. Short-bodied, 225.

Tsuga canadensis, 90.

Tsuga heterophylla, 92.

Tulip Tree, 158. See Poplar Yellow

Tupelo, 180.

Turpentine, 263.

Two-storied Seed Forest, 282.

Ulmus americana, 154.

Ulmus racemosa, 152.

Ulmus thomasi, 152.

Utilization of forests, 271-277.

Vegetable enemies, 233-239.

Veneer, 10, 35.

Vessels, 23, 28, 29.

Veterans, 225.

Walnut, Black, 116, 300.

Walnut, White, 114.

Warping, 42, 47.

Waste, Avoidance of, 274.

Waste in lumbering, 263.

Water, 41, 42, 226, 231.

Weeds, Forest, 225.

Weight of wood, 41, 49-51.

Whitewood, 158.

Wilderness, Conquest of, 258.

Willow, Black, 112.

Wind, 229, 252, 253.

Windfalls, 229.

Wood, Diffuse-porous, 23, 30, 300-303.

Wood, Non-porous, 24-26, 58-111, 294-296.

Wood, Primary, 17.

Wood, Properties of, Chap. II., 41-56.

Wood, Ring-porous, 23, 29, 296-299.

Wood, secondary, 17.

Wood, Spring, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

Wood, Structure of, 9-40.

Wood, summer, 20, 21, 24, 30, 32, 44, 53, 54, 291.

Wood borers, 243.

Wood cells. See Cells.

Wood. See Sap-wood, Heart wood.

Wood dyes, 18.

Wood fiber, 28.

Woods, Color of, 17, 18, 290.

Woods, The distinguishing of, 289-303.

Working, 47.

Worm-holes, 243.

Worms, carpenter, 245.

Worms, Timber, 244.

Wound parasites, 234.

Yew, 295.

Yield, 275.

Yucca, 10.