TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTION xxi

BOOK I.

DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY ARRANGEMENT 1

PART I.—Union of Organs 8

CHAPTER I.

Cohesion 9

Cohesion between axes of same plant, 9—Fasciation, 11—Cohesion of foliar organs, 21—Of margins of single organs, 21—Tubular petals, 23—Cohesion of several organs by their margins, 25—Of the sepals, 27—Of the petals, 28—Of the stamens, 29—Of the pistils, 29—Ascidia or pitchers, 30.

CHAPTER II.

Adhesion 32

Adhesion of foliar organs, 32—Of leaves by their surfaces, 33—Of foliar to axile organs, 34—Of sepals to petals, 34—Of stamens to petals, 34—Of stamens to pistils, 35—Miscellaneous adhesions, 35—Of fruit to branch, 36—Synanthy, 36—Syncarpy, 45—Synspermy, 50—Between axes of different plants of same species, 50—And of different species, 55—Synophty.

PART II.—Independence of Organs 58

CHAPTER I.

Fission 59

Fission of axile organs, 60—Of foliar organs, 61—Of petals, 66—Of stamens, 68—Of carpels, 68.

CHAPTER II.

Dialysis 69

Dialysis of margins of individual parts, 70—Of margins of parts of same whorl-calyx, 70—Of corolla, 71—Of stamens, 73—Of carpels, 73.

CHAPTER III.

Solution 76

Solution of calyx from ovary, 77—Of stamens from petals, 82.

PART III.—Alterations of Position 83

CHAPTER I.

Displacement 84

Displacement of bulbs, 84—Of inflorescence, 85—Of leaves, 87—Of parts of flowers, 91—Of carpels, 96—Of placentas and ovules, 96.

CHAPTER II.

Prolification 100

Prolification of the inflorescence, 102—Median foliar, 103—Median floral, 105—Lateral foliar, 106—Lateral floral, 107—Prolification of the flower, 115—Median foliar, 116—Median floral, 119—Axillary prolification, 138—Foliar, 141—Floral, 142—Complicated prolification, 151—Of embryo, 155.

CHAPTER III.

Heterotaxy 156

Formation of adventitious roots, 156—Of shoots below the cotyledons, 161—Adventitious leaves, 162—On scapes, 163—Production of leaves or scales in place of flower-buds, 164—Viviparous plants, 168—Formation of buds on leaves, 170—In pith, 171—On bulbs, 172—Production of gemmæ in place of spores, 173—Of flowers on leaves, 174—Of flower-buds in place of leaf-buds, 176—Of flowers on spines, 177—Of flower-buds on petals, 177—On fruits, 178—In ovaries, 180—Of stamens in ovaries, 182—Of pollen in ovules, 185—Homomorphic flowers of Compositæ, 188—Heterotaxy affecting the inflorescence, 188—Supra-soriferous ferns, 190.

CHAPTER IV.

Heterogamy 190

Change in the position of male and female flowers, 191—From monœcious to diœcious condition, 193—From diœcious to monœcious, 193—From hermaphroditism to unisexuality, 195—From unisexuality to hermaphroditism, 197—Pollen replaced by ovules, 201.

CHAPTER V.

Alterations in the direction of organs 201

Fastigiation, 202—Eversion, 204—Altered direction of leaves, 205—Altered direction of flower, 206—Reflexion, 209—Gymnaxony, 211.

BOOK II.

DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY FORM 213

PART I.—Stasimorphy 216

CHAPTER I.

Persistence of juvenile forms 217

Stasimorphy in leaves of Conifers, 217—Regular peloria, 219.

PART II.—Pleiomorphy 228

CHAPTER I.

Irregular peloria 228

PART III.—Metamorphy 240

CHAPTER I.

Phyllody 241

Phyllody of bracts, 242—In inflorescence of Conifers, 245—Of calyx, 245—Of corolla, 251—Of stamens, 253—Of pistils, 256—Of ovules, 262—Changes in nucleus of ovule, 269—Phyllody of accessory organs, 272—Chloranthy, 273—General remarks on, 278.

CHAPTER II.

Metamorphy of floral organs 281

Sepalody of petals, 282—Petalody of calyx, calycanthemy, 283—Petalody of stamens, 285—Of anther, 291—Of connective, 293—Compound stamens, 294—Petalody of pistils, 296—Of ovules, 297—Of accessory organs, 297—Staminody of the bracts, 298—Of sepals and petals, 298—Of pistils, 299—Of accessory organs, 301—Pistillody of perianth, 302—Of sepals, 302—Of stamens, 303—Of ovules, 310.

PART IV.—Heteromorphy 311

CHAPTER I.

Deformities 311

Formation of tubes, 312—In flower, 314—Spurs, 315—Contortion, 316—Spiral torsion, 319—Of leaf, 326—Adventitious tendrils, 326—Interrupted growth, 327—Cornute leaves, 328—Flattening, 328.

CHAPTER II.

Polymorphy 329

Heterophylly, 330—Dimorphism, 333—Sports or bud-variations, 336.

CHAPTER III.

Alterations of colour 337

Albinism, 337—Virescence, 338—Chromatism, 339.

BOOK III.

DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY NUMBER 340

PART I.—Increased Number of Organs 343

CHAPTER I.

Multiplication of axile organs—inflorescence 346

Multiplication of branches, 346—Plica, 346—Polyclady, 347—Multiplication of branches of inflorescence, 348—Of bulbs, 350—Of florets, 351.

CHAPTER II.

Multiplication of foliar organs 352

Pleiophylly, 353—Multiplication of stipules, bracts, &c., 357—Polyphylly, 358—Increased number of leaves in a whorl, 358—Polyphylly of bracts, 358—Of calyx, 358—Of corolla, 359—Of andrœcium, 361—Of gynœcium, 363—Of flower in general, 365—Increased number of ovules and seeds, 367—Of embryos, 369—Of cotyledons, 370—Pleiotaxy, or multiplication of whorls, 371—Pleiotaxy of bracts, 371—Of calyx, 374—Of perianth, 375—Of corolla (hose in hose), 376—Andrœcium, 379—Andrœcium of Orchids, 380—Pleiotaxy of gynœcium, 388—Increased number of flowers in an inflorescence, 391.

PART II.—Diminished Number of Organs 392

CHAPTER I.

Suppression of Axile Organs 393

Acaulosia, 393—Non-development of peduncle, 393—Nature of calyx-tube (Casimir de Candolle), 394—Suppression of columella, 395.

CHAPTER II.

Suppression of Foliar Organs 395

Aphylly, 395—Meiophylly, 396—Of calyx or perianth, 396—Of corolla, 397—Of andrœcium, 398—Of gynœcium, 399—Of flower, 400—Meiotaxy, 403—Of calyx, 403—Of corolla, 403—Of andrœcium, 405—Of gynœcium, 406—Of ovules or seeds, 407—Of flower, 408—General remarks on suppression, 409.

BOOK IV.

DEVIATIONS FROM ORDINARY SIZE AND CONSISTENCE 413

PART I—Hypertrophy 416

CHAPTER I.

Enlargement 417

Of axile organs, 418—Knaurs, 419—Enlargement of buds, 420—Of flower-stalk, 421—In pears, 423—Of placenta, 424—Of leaves, 426—Development of parts usually abortive, 427—Enlargement of perianth, 428—Of andrœcium, 430—Of gynœcium, 430—Of fruit, 431—Alterations of consistence, 432.

CHAPTER II.

Elongation 488

Elongation of root, 434—Of inflorescence, 434—Of flower-stalks, 435—Of leaves, 437—Of parts of flower, 438—Of thalamus and placenta, 440—Apostasis, 440.

CHAPTER III.

Enation 443

Excrescences from axile organs, warts, 444—Enation from leaves, 445—From sepals, 448—From petals, 448—Catacorolla, 451—Enation from stamens, 453—From carpels, 453.

PART II.—Atrophy 454

CHAPTER I.

Abortion 455

Abortion of axile organs, 455—Of receptacle, 457—Of leaves, 458—Of perianth, calyx, and corolla, 460—Of stamens, 463—Of pollen, 463—Of pistil, fruit, &c., 464—Of ovules, 466—Depauperated ferns, 466—General remarks, 467.

CHAPTER II.

Degeneration 470

Formation of scales, 470—Of hairs, 472—Of glands, 473—Of tendrils, 473.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

General morphology of the leaf and axis, 476.—Homology, 476—Special morphology, 479—Calyx-tube, 480—Andrœcium, 482—Inferior ovary, 482—Placentation, 483—Structure of the ovule, 484—Leaves of Conifers, 484—Relative position of organs, 484—Law of alternation, 485—Co-relation, 486—Compensation, 488—Teratology and classification, 488.

APPENDIX.

Double flowers, varieties of, 491—Causes of production, 491—Relation to variegated foliage, 497—List of plants producing, 499.

NOTE 508

INDEX TO SUBJECTS 511

INDEX OF NAMES OF PLANTS 517