LOS INTERESES CREADOS (continued 2)

DE PEQUEÑAS CAUSAS

De pequeñas causas... illustrates Benavente's satirical vein. It seems to have been written chiefly to amuse; but the plot amply allows for character study. The pettiness of the reason that finally induces Manuel to remain in the ministry reminds the listener or reader of the author's delight in details and in ironical situations. The Teatro de la Princesa, where the comedy was first performed, is on the Calle de Tamayo near the Paseo de Recoletos in Madrid. This theater is devoted to the production of high-class comedy. Contemporary press reports state that De pequeñas causas... was well received. The implication in the title is that from small causes proceed great results.

LOS INTERESES CREADOS

Hardly any of Benavente's plays has made a more favorable impression than Los intereses creados. Not only were the first performances enthusiastically received by the audiences, but they called forth highly flattering criticisms. Praise was showered upon the author for his simplicity and idealism, for the effective symbolism conveyed in the characters, and for purity, clearness, and poetry of style. (See the first note, on el tinglado de la antigua farsa, [39.2].) So great was the admiration that a banquet was given in honor of Benavente. The first performance of the play was in the Teatro Lara, situated on the Corredera Baja de San Pablo, considerably to the north of the Puerta del Sol; the Teatro Lara is devoted to comedy and especially to short productions.

Literally translated, the title is 'Created Interests'; in the course of the play Crispín explains the application of the term.

Los intereses creados is a product of enthusiasm. The author is glad for once to turn away from modern themes and to indulge in the freedom and gayety of the old Italian Comedy of Masks. The masterly prologue explains to perfection the frame of mind in which Benavente approaches the old farces, and it also shows wherein he differs from his models.

Attempts to classify this play with other works of Benavente are almost useless. It can be connected with its fellow productions only by virtue of fundamental qualities, such as clarity of style, irony, character study, etc. It would be stretching a point if we called attention to the nobility of Leandro's character and to the happy ending in order to insert the play among those that show a serious moral purpose. A more logical course would be to attribute Los intereses creados to Benavente's love of romance.

No explanatory or critical statements can rival the prologue. Whatever critics may decide to call it, the characters live and move, and offer amusement and food for thought to all classes of persons.

Admirers of Los intereses creados may receive a shock when they turn to the sequel, La ciudad alegre y confiada, in which a tone of pessimism prevails. Crispín has risen to be the ruler of the city that he had once entered as a servant, but in spite of his magnificence, his life is not as joyous as of old. Leandro is not happy as the son-in-law of Polichinela, nor even as the husband of Silvia. The protagonist of the piece is El Desterrado, a man once exiled by Crispín, but later permitted to return to the city. The play was greeted with enthusiasm, but it does not seem quite to reach the standard of its predecessor. The atmosphere is surcharged with impending disaster. In the prologue to Los intereses creados it is stated that the world has aged since the days of the old farces; we may go further and state that in La ciudad alegre y confiada the world of Los intereses creados has grown old.

Puppet performances go back to the Italian commedia dell'arte (Comedy of the Guild, Professional Comedy) which flourished especially in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. The Italian plays were for the most part mere scenarios; the speeches were improvised by the actors. This kind of performance was peculiarly suited to the histrionic ability of the Italians, and to their genius for gestures. The commedia dell'arte was received with favor in many countries of Europe, and its influence was felt by some of the greatest authors. The modern Punch and Judy show is its direct descendant.

The characters in these old comedies are mostly fixed types with fixed masks and costumes, and often fixed names, that occur, with additions, omissions, and variations, in all the plays. Some of them—notably the braggart soldier, the crafty servant, the lovers, the deceived parents, and the intermediary—are traced through the Renaissance to the comedies of Plautus and Terence and to the New Comedy of Athens, nearly all of which is lost. Others have a later origin. Benavente has achieved remarkable success in preserving the conventional traits of his figures, and at the same time in investing them with modern qualities. The more important masks in Los intereses creados are listed below, with very brief notes designed to point out the usual characteristics of each, and, where necessary, certain modifications introduced by Benavente. It must not be forgotten that each character is carefully delineated both from the old and from the modern point of view.

THE CHARACTERS IN LOS INTERESES CREADOS

Sirena—the elderly woman who lives by her wits and acts as a go-between in love affairs.

Silvia—the typical heroine.

Señora de Polichinela (Punch's wife)—frequently at odds with her husband; rather a colorless figure in Los intereses creados.

Colombina (Columbine, fixed name)—a fairy-like dancer, represented as wooed by Harlequin.

Leandro—the typical hero.

Crispín—the crafty servant.

El Doctor—the pompous, showy, corrupt man of the law.

Polichinela (Punch, fixed name)—one of the most prominent puppet characters, whose general qualities are hard to define; sometimes described as essentially ridiculous; very often represented as deformed and as a knave.

Arlequín (Harlequin, fixed name)—a graceful and acrobatic character, sometimes supposed to be invisible and a spirit of the air; Benavente makes him a poet.

El Capitán—the braggart soldier, considerably toned down in Los intereses creados.

Pantalón (Pantaloon, fixed name)—a silly old man (frequently a merchant) considered a butt of ridicule and fair game for all.

El Hostelero (the Innkeeper)—generally an object of ridicule in all literature; not particularly connected with the commedia dell'arte.

El Secretario—a fit companion for the Doctor; not particularly connected with the commedia dell'arte.

Attention is called to the following remarks

1. The vocabulary is meant to give English equivalents of words and locutions as found in this book, and its scope is therefore limited. Only meanings actually encountered in the text are given except when the definition illustrates a rare or perplexing usage from which the student might be led to infer a general usage.

2. The aim has been to combine clearness and consistency, but when a choice between them has been necessary clearness has been preferred. Thus, if two or more parts of speech are represented by the same word, they are sometimes noted separately, and sometimes put under one heading.

3. When a word found in the text is used both as an adjective and as a substantive the meanings are placed under one heading (the adjective) if the English translation can be made by adding such a word as 'man' or 'person' to the adjective. Otherwise separate headings are allotted. If the word occurs only in the substantive sense, though ordinarily employed in Spanish as a well-known adjective, both meanings are stated.

4. Where abstract nouns are used in the plural an effort has been made to indicate possible translations both in the singular and in the plural if the literal translation does not admit a plural in English.

5. If the same word is used as an adjective and as an adverb separate entries are generally made. But in the case of such words as más, mucho, poco, tanto and todo the meanings are grouped under one heading, because the distinction between the parts of speech in idiomatic phrases is at best a shadowy one, and because the list of idioms is lengthy.

6. Proper nouns are translated only when the same or similar names exist in English.

7. The language to which a foreign word belongs is indicated by an abbreviation unless a reference to the notes follows.

8. References to the notes are limited to certain stage directions and to cases where for special reasons the meaning is not given in the vocabulary.

9. Reflexive verbs are treated variously. If a verb occurs both in its simple and in its reflexive form the translation of the simple form alone is given if the reflexive can be rendered by the English reflexive or by the passive. Otherwise both forms are translated. If a verb occurs only in the reflexive the simple form is not indicated unless it is essential to comprehension of the real meaning or to the avoidance of misunderstanding.

10. Idioms and phrases of various kinds are grouped in alphabetical order varied only in a few cases where one expression seems to belong naturally near another. Under verbs, forms containing the simple infinitive are given first; then come forms with the infinitive and reflexive, and last those where the verb is conjugated.

11. Wherever the word 'to' is merely 'a sign of the infinitive,' it is omitted.

VOCABULARY

A

a to, at, after, by, on, upon, according to, in, for, with, from; not translated before personal direct object; — no fiar tanto if he did not rely so much; al + inf. = in, on, upon, while, etc. + pres. part. or a dependent clause with finite verb; al pasar in passing, when you pass; for meanings of numerous phrases and expressions containing a, see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary abatido, -a dejected, downcast abatimiento m. dejection abdicación f. renunciation abierto, -a (from abrir) open; —a opening into; — de par en par wide open ablandarse be softened, relent abrazado, -a embracing; see abrazar abrazar embrace; see abrazado abrir open abstenerse de refrain from abstuviera see abstener abuelo m. grandfather abusar abuse; — de abuse, presume upon acabar end, finish; — por end by; acabo de + inf. I have just... Academia f. Academy acampar take quarters, take lodgings acariciar caress acaso perhaps; si — well, perhaps acción f. action acepción f. acceptation, opinion, belief aceptable acceptable aceptar accept acerca de about, concerning acercarse approach acertado, -a right, correct, proper; andar — be right; see acertar acertar hit the mark, succeed; see acertado aciago, -a melancholy, sad aclarar make clear acobardarse become frightened, flinch acoger receive; —se a resort to acomodarse a adapt oneself to, put up with acompañamiento m. retinue acompañar accompany, go with aconsejar advise acordarse (de) remember acostaos (acostad + os) acostarse lie down, go to bed acostumbrar be accustomed; —se accustom oneself, become accustomed acreditar accredit, prove actitud f. attitude acto m. act actor m. actor actuación f. operation, proceeding actual actual, present actualmente actually, at present acudir come; — a come to, repair to, attend, have recourse to, resort to acuerdo m. agreement; de — con in agreement or accordance with; estar de — be agreed, agree; ponerse de — come to an agreement acusar (de) accuse (of); — de + adj. accuse (someone) of being adaptar adapt adecuado, -a suited adelantado, -a advanced; por — in advance adelante ahead, forward, onward; ¡—! come in!; más — further on, later; salir — get out, emerge, escape; seguir — go ahead, advance ademán m. gesture, manner además besides adeudado, -a indebted, owed; todo lo — all that is due adiestrar train admirable admirable admirablemente admirably admiración f. admiration; admiraciones admiration, admiring remarks admirar admire, wonder at admitir admit, allow Adonis m. Adonis (according to classical mythology, a beautiful youth; used as a type of masculine beauty) adoptar adopt adoptivo, -a adoptive, adopted adorable adorable adorar adore, worship adquieren see adquirir adquirir acquire, gain, secure aduana f. customhouse advertencia f. notice, warning advertir notify, give notice, warn advierta see advertir adviert-o, -e see advertir afán m. anxiety, eagerness; tener tanto — be so eager afectísimo, -a most affectionate, very affectionate, most sincere afecto m. affection, feeling aficionarse de become fond of afirmar affirm, declare; —se hold fast, take a firm hold afortunadamente fortunately afrentoso, -a ignominious agasajar entertain agasajo m. entertainment agradecer be grateful or thankful for, thank, thank for agradezcan see agradecer agrado m. agreeableness, pleasure agravio m. offense, insult, wrong agrisado, -a grayish agua f. water; tomar las —s take the waters aguantar endure, stand, put up with aguardar await, wait for agudeza f. sharpness, wittiness aguileño, -a aquiline ¡ah! ah! oh! ¡— de la hostería! ¡— de la gente! etc. hallo there, hotel! hallo there, people! etc. ahí there, here; de — from there, from that situation ahora now, presently; de — of the present (moment); hasta — till now; we'll see you again presently; — mismo this very minute ahorrar save, spare airado, -a angry, furious; mano airada assault and battery aire m. air, demeanor; darse —s put on airs ajustar adjust, regulate ala f. wing alabanza f. praise, eulogy; propia — self-praise alargar lengthen, extend; —se be prolonged; —se en palabras say or talk too much alargues see alargar alarmar alarm albergar lodge, shelter alboroto m. disturbance, excitement, tumult alcance m. reach; al — de in or within reach of aldabón m. large knocker, knocker (of a door) aldeano, -a belonging to a village, rustic alegrarse rejoice, be glad; ¡cuánto me alegro! how glad I am! alegre gay, happy, joyous alegría f. joy, gayety algo something, anything; somewhat; — de some, a certain amount of; en — to some extent; cobrarle a uno en — collect something from somebody; para — for some purpose; por — for some reason alguacil m. constable alguacilillo m. (dim. of alguacil) little constable, petty constable alguien somebody, someone algún, alguno, -a some, any; alguna vez occasionally, now and then; algunas veces sometimes; — pron. some, someone aliado m. ally alimentar feed, nourish, support aliviar relieve alma f. soul, heart almuerzo m. breakfast, lunch (first substantial meal of the day) alondra f. lark alrededor around, about; a vuestro — around you alterado, -a disturbed, wrought up; see alterar alterar alter, change; —se be stirred up, be disturbed; see alterado altísimo, -a most lofty, very lofty altivo, -a lofty, noble alto, -a high, tall, eminent, upper; en — on high ¡alto! halt! altura f. height alumno m. pupil, student allegado m. friend, ally allegado, -a related; muy — closely related allí there amable amiable, sweet, kind amanecer dawn; al — at dawn amante m. lover amante loving amantísimo, -a most loving, most affectionate amar love amargura f. bitterness ambición f. ambition ambicioso, -a ambitious amenazar threaten; — con + inf. threaten to ameno, -a pleasing, delightful amenudo often amiga f. friend amigo m. friend amigote m. (aug. of amigo) dear friend, fine friend (ironical) amistad f. friendship; músicos y poetas de mi — musicians and poets of my acquaintance amistosamente in a friendly manner amo m. master amoldarse a shape oneself to, conform to amor love; —es love affairs, love; — propio self-love, self-esteem amoroso, -a loving, affectionate, gentle ampararse de shelter oneself in, take refuge in amparo m. protection amplio, -a ample, broad ancho, -a broad andanza f. event; tristes —s bad fortune andar go, walk, move; be; — acertado be right; — discreto be considerate; no — con rodeos be too out-spoken, take too many liberties andrajo m. rag, tatter anduviera see andar anduvimos see andar angustia f. anguish, affliction angustioso, -a tormenting, distressing animal m. animal animarse become animated or enlivened animus (Lat.) spirit; — belli war-like spirit aniñar make childish anoche last night ante before; — todo before all, above all antecámara f. anteroom antes adv. first, before, formerly, rather; — que rather than; — que todo first of all, above all; — de prep. before; — (de) que conj. before anticipar anticipate; —se a anticipate, forestall Anticristo m. Antichrist antiguo, -a ancient, old, former; de — of old antipático, -a disagreeable, unpleasant, repellent antitético, -a antithetical, opposed antítesis f. antithesis, contrast antojarse take it into one's head, take a notion to; a nuestros padres se les antoja our fathers take it into their heads antología f. anthology antorcha f. torch anuncio m. announcement, advertisement año m. year; a los catorce —s at the age of fourteen years apagar extinguish, allow to die away aparecer appear aparición f. appearance aparte aside; — de aside from apasionarse become impassioned or excited; — por become impassioned at, be enthusiastic about apedrear stone, throw stones at apenas adv. hardly, scarcely; conj. scarcely, as soon as aplazamiento m. postponement apocado, -a low-spirited, discouraged Apocalipsis m. Apocalypse apogeo m. (greatest) height aposento m. room, apartment apreciar appreciate, esteem, value apremiar press aprender learn apresurarse hurry, make haste, hasten aprovechar profit by; —se de take advantage of, profit by aptitud f. aptitude, quality apto, -a apt, fit, suited apuesto, -a elegant, spruce apurar exhaust apuro m. want, trouble, affliction aquel, -la that, former aqu-él, -élla, -ello that one, the one, the former, that aquí here; por — over here, this way; he — behold, here is aquilatar examine, weigh arboleda f. grove arcaico, -a archaic Aretino m. see note [47.1] Arlequín m. Harlequin see page 119 arma f. arm, weapon; dar —s a give arms to, give a handle to, play into the hands of armado, -a armed; a mano armada with arms, with violence aroma m. perfume arrastrar drag; —se crawl arreglar arrange arreglo m. arrangement arriba above, upstairs; hacia — upward; los de — those above; para — and upward arriesgar risk, venture arrojar throw arruinar ruin arte m. (pl. f.) art, artistry, skill; comedia del Arte see page 118 artificio m. workmanship, craft, artifice, pretense; fuegos de — fireworks asado m. roast asaltar assault; — a mano armada assault with arms, commit assault and battery upon asegurar assure, assert, affirm; —se make sure; —se de assure oneself of, make sure of asesinar murder, commit murder asesino m. assassin, murderer así adv. so, thus, of such a nature; conj. even if; un vestido — such a dress; — como just like asiento m. seat, bench, stop; hacer — make a stop or halt asistir a attend, be present at, witness aspiración f. aspiration, ambition aspirar aspire astucia f. cunning asunto m. matter, subject, affair, thing; — concluido the matter is settled asustar frighten, startle atajar intercept, stop atavío m. adornment, finery atención f. attention; llamar la — attract attention; llamar más la — attract greater attention atender a attend to, serve, heed atenerse a abide by, stick to, depend upon atento, -a attentive, courteous, polite atractivo m. attraction, charm atraer attract atrapar catch atreverse dare, venture; — a mucho dare (to do) a great deal; — a tanto dare (to do) so much, venture upon so much; — contra dare to oppose; see atrevido atrevido, -a bold, daring; see atreverse atrevimiento m. boldness, daring, audacity atributo m. attribute atropellar trample upon, do violence to atropello m. abuse, violence; see atropellar audaz bold audiencia f. audience, hearing auditorio m. audience aumentar increase, grow aumento m. increase aun or aún yet, still, even, still more aunque although, even if aurora f. dawn ausencia f. absence ausentarse absent oneself, go away automóvil m. automobile autor m. author autoridad f. authority auxilio m. help, aid avance see avanzar avanzar advance, proceed, go ahead avariento, -a miserly; ¡viejo —! old miser! avaro, -a avaricious, niggardly; un viejo — an old miser avenencia f. agreement, compromise aventajar surpass aventura f. adventure aventurero m. adventurer avergonzarse de be ashamed of, blush for averiguar investigate, find out avestruz m. ostrich avisar inform, notify aviso m. notice, warning avispar rouse, spur; se va avispando he is becoming lively or clever ¡ay! oh! alas! aya f. governess ayer yesterday; — por la tarde yesterday afternoon azaroso, -a hazardous, dangerous azul blue

B

bagaje m. baggage ¡bah! bah! pshaw! bailar dance bailarín m. dancer baile m. dance, ball bajar go down, come down, descend; lower; go toward the front of the stage bajeza f. meanness, vileness bajito, -a (dim. of bajo) short bajo, -a low, despicable, vile bajo adv. meanly, humbly; prep. under balbuceo m. stammering, stuttering; fingir —s pretend to stammer (as if speaking like a child) balcón m. balcony balumba f. heap, pile, bulk banda f. sash, scarf bandido m. bandit bandolero m. highwayman Baralipton see note [93.2] barato, -a cheap barba f. beard Barbara see note [93.2] bárbaro, -a barbarous, barbaric barbilindo m. well-shaved, well-groomed or effeminate man, milksop base f. basis, foundation bastante enough, sufficiently, very, much; lo — enough, sufficiently bastar suffice, be enough; —le a uno con be satisfied to; me basta con I'm satisfied to; ¡basta! enough! ¡basta de! enough of! —se be sufficient unto oneself batalla f. battle; dar la — start the battle or struggle, cast the die beber drink bellaco m. rogue, swindler bellacón m. (aug. of bellaco) big rogue, scoundrel belleza f. beauty belli (Lat.) of war; animus — war-like spirit bello, -a beautiful bergante m. ruffian besar kiss Biblia f. Bible bien m. good, welfare; —es property, wealth Bien adv. well; — os está por you're in a fine fix for; más — rather blanca f. mite (name of old copper coin); estar sin — be penniless; sin soltar — without spending or paying a cent blanco, -a white; poner lo — negro make white seem black blasfemia f. blasphemy bobo m. fool boceto m. sketch boda f. wedding, marriage; —s nuptials, wedding, marriage Bolonia f. Bologna bombarda f. bombard (an ancient piece of artillery) bondad f. goodness, kindness bondadoso, -a kind, generous bonito, -a pretty, attractive, fine borrar strike out, blot out, erase; lo borrado what is blotted out borrón m. blot botarate m. madcap, booby botella f. bottle bravo, -a brave, severe, rude, forceful; acogerse a lo — resort to force or violence brazo m. arm breve brief, short bribón m. rogue, rascal brillante brilliant broma f. joke; echarlo a — make a joke of it buen(o), -a good, kind; de buenas a primeras suddenly; ¡buena la hicisteis! that's a fine thing you've done! ¡ésta es buena! that's a good one! ¡bum! ¡bum! ¡bum! boom! boom! boom! (imitation of sound of artillery) burla f. scoffing, mockery, jest, joke, fun; de — in jest, in fun; estar para —s be in a mood for jokes burlar outwit, evade; —se make fun; —se de make fun of burlón, -ona mocking, mischievous busca f. search, pursuit; en — de in search of; en — nuestra in search of us buscar look for, seek; ir a — go to seek, go for busquemos see buscar

C

cabalgadura f. mount, beast caballero m. gentleman, nobleman, sir cabeza f. head cabizbajo, -a with bowed head, crestfallen cabo m. end; llevar a — carry out, complete, fulfil cada each, every; de — parte on each side; — uno each one, every one cadena f. chain caer fall; — en fall into; — sobre fall upon, chance upon café m. café calidad f. quality, position, rank; dama de — lady of distinction, distinguished lady; persona de — person of distinction calma f. calm, calmness calumniar calumniate, slander callar be silent, become silent, keep silent calle f. street cambiar change, exchange cambio m. change, exchange; casa de — money exchange; en — on the other hand camino m. road, highroad, way; de — on the way, in the course of events; la fruta del — the fruit on the wayside; llevar mejor — follow a better course camisero m. haberdasher, men's clothier campo m. field, country; field (of political activity); Campos Negros Black Fields (name of an imaginary place) canción f. song cansancio m. weariness, fatigue cansar weary, tire; —se get tired cantar sing cantor m. singer capaz capable capitán m. captain capítulo m. chapter, article, heading capricho m. caprice, fancy, whim caprichoso, -a capricious, whimsical, changeable cara f. face; mirarte a la — look at your face ¡caracoles! hallo! is that so! carácter m. character, quality carecer de lack, be without cargado, -a charged, weighed down, full cargo m. burden, load, charge, duty; a — de in the hands of; a tu — in your charge or hands; a mi — corre it is my affair or duty caricatura f. caricature cariño m. affection, love cariñoso, -a affectionate Carlos m. Charles carne f. meat; — de horca, gallows bird carnero m. sheep, mutton caro, -a dear, expensive, costly caro adv. dearly, at a high price carrera f. career carro m. cart, car carroza f. carriage, coach carta f. letter; — de crédito letter of credit, credential; por — by letter cartera f. (ministerial) portfolio cartón m. pasteboard, card-board casa f. house, home; — de cambio money exchange; — de misericordia almshouse; a — de to the house or home of; en — at home casadero, -a marriageable casar marry off, unite in marriage, marry; —se con marry; ¡a casaros! get married! casi almost casita f. (dim. of casa) small house, cottage caso m. case, matter, fact, circumstance, situation; el — es que the fact is that; en ese — in that case; en este — in this case; para el — under the circumstances; creerse en el — de think oneself called upon to; hacer — care; hacer — a pay attention to (a person) castellano, -a Castilian, Spanish castigar punish castigo m. punishment castigu-e, -éis see castigar castillo m. castle casualidad f. chance, accident; da la — it happens by chance, chance has it catorce fourteen; a los — años at the age of fourteen years caución f. surety, security caudal m. fortune, wealth, property, treasure, stock, supply causa f. cause, reason; por mi — on my account; hacer — con make common cause with, join causar cause cayó see caer ceder yield, give up cédula f. slip of paper, paper Celare see page 93, note 2 celebrar celebrate celo m. zeal, ardor cena f. supper Cenicienta f. Cinderella centro m. center ceñudo, -a frowning cerrar close, shut cielo m. sky, heaven, heavens ciencia f. science cierto, -a certain, sure, true; por — certainly; ¿conque era —? so it was true? ¡no es —! it isn't so! un — a certain cierto adv. certainly cigarro m. cigarette cinco five cincuenta fifty cinematógrafo m. moving-picture show circulación f. circulation circunstancia f. circumstance ciudad f. city clamar cry out clamor m. outcry claramente clearly clarín m. clarion, bugle claro, -a clear, bright, radiant; — que it is clear that, clearly claro adv. clearly clase f. class; — de español class in Spanish clásico, -a classical cobrar collect, receive, obtain, get; —le a uno en algo collect something from somebody; —se rehabilitate oneself cocinero m. cook coche m. coach, carriage colectivo, -a collective colegio m. school, college colocar place Colombina f. Columbine see page 119 color m. color coma f. comma combatir fight, struggle combinar combine, unite comedia f. comedy; — del Arte see page 118; Teatro de la Comedia see page 107 comedido, -a moderate, considerate, courteous comedor m. dining room comenzar begin comer eat comerciante m. merchant, trader cometer commit comida f. dinner comisionar commission como like, as, since; — + subj. if, provided that; así — just like; el modo — the way in which; — que seeing that; — si as if; tanto (...) — as much as, as well as, the same as ¿cómo? how? what? comodidad f. comfort compañero m. companion compañía f. company; señora de — companion comparar compare compartir share compasión f. compassion, pity complacer please completo, -a complete cómplice m. accomplice compondrá see componer componer compose, write; fix up, arrange comprar buy comprender understand, comprehend; include, comprise; todo comprendido everything included comprometer compromise; —se a bind oneself to compromiso m. compromise, obligation, engagement compuse see componer común common comunicar communicate comunidad f. community, family comúnmente commonly con with, by, on account of; — + inf. by, although, on account of; — que so; — que + subj. provided, if only; for meanings in various expressions, see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary concebir conceive conceder concede, grant concepción f. conception concepto m. conception, idea, thought, opinion concesión f. concession conciencia f. conscience, consciousness concluir end, finish, complete; — por end by; asunto concluido the matter is settled concurso m. gathering condenar condemn condición f. condition, position, rank, lot, fate, quality conducir conduct, take conducta f. conduct, behavior conferencia f. conference conferenciar have a conference confesar confess confianza f. confidence, trust confiar confide, trust; — en confide in, trust in confieso see confesar conflicto m. conflict conforme alike; estar — be agreed, agree confortar comfort confundir confound, confuse confusión f. confusion Congreso m. House (corresponding approximately to House of Representatives in the United States) conjunto m. whole, ensemble, tout ensemble conjurar, conspire, plot; conjurado, -a in league, in conspiracy conmigo with me conmover move, affect, soften conmueve see conmover conocedor m. knower, one who understands, expert conocer know, be acquainted with, meet, comprehend; — a fondo know thoroughly; ¡cómo se conoce! how easy it is to see! conocimiento m. knowledge, understanding conozcamos see conocer conozco see conocer conquista f. conquest conquistar conquer, gain consagración f. consecration, place of honor consagrar dedicate conseguir obtain; — + inf. succeed in, manage to; — que bring it about that, manage that consejo m. advice; prop. n. Council, Cabinet consentimiento m. consent consentir consent, allow; — en consent or agree to considerando see note [85.3] considerar consider consiente see consentir consigo with himself, with him consigo see conseguir consigu-e, -en see conseguir consintiera see consentir conspiración f. conspiracy constar be clear, be evident; be recorded, be entered constituir constitute, form, make up; constituido por made up of constituy-e, -en see constituir contante counting; moneda — ready money, cash contar count; tell, relate; — con depend upon, rely upon, have at one's disposal, possess, enjoy; no — por nada count as nothing; sin — para nada con without taking any account of contemplar contemplate contemporáneo, -a contemporary contener contain, hold, hold back, restrain, check, stop contentar content, satisfy, please; —se be satisfied, be pleased contento, -a glad, pleased, satisfied; — de pleased with contestación f. reply contestar answer, reply contigo with you continuar continue contra against; atreverse — dare to oppose; en — suya against him; votar en — vote against it, vote on the other side contradicción f. contradiction; en — con in contradiction with, out of touch with contradictorio, -a de contradictory to contrariar contradict, oppose, thwart, vex contrario, -a contrary, opposite; al — on the contrary; llevar la contraria a run counter to, oppose contratación f. trade, enterprise; lonja de — produce exchange contratar contract, give a position to, engage contribuir contribute contrincante m. rival, opponent convencer convince conveniencia f. expedience, utility convenir suit, be fitting, be proper, be helpful, be good, be pleasing, must; conviene ocultarte we must hide you conversación f. conversation conversador m. conversationalist conversar converse convertir convert, change convicción f. conviction convidado m. guest convien-e, -en see convenir conviniera see convenir coquetear flirt corazón m. heart cordelillo m. (dim. of cordel) cord, small rope correr run, hurry; — con take care of, be responsible for; — tierras rove over the world; a mi cargo corre it is my affair or duty; corre de su cuenta it is at his expense correspondencia f. correspondence, mail corresponder correspond, respond, reciprocate, return; belong, be suitable, be proper, be fitting corriente current, ordinary corrillo m. (dim. of corro) group corte f. court, retinue, train; Cortes Parliament, Congress (Senate and House of Spain) cortés courteous cortesano m. courtier cortesía f. courtesy; —s acts of courtesy, favors corto, -a short; — de vista shortsighted, nearsighted cosa f. thing, matter, object cosmopolita cosmopolitan costa f. cost, expense costar cost costilla f. rib costumbre f. custom, habit creación f. creation crear create, establish; intereses creados see page 117 crecer grow, increase crecimiento m. growth, increase credencial f. credential crédito m. credit, money accredited, note; esteem, reputation, confidence; carta de — letter of credit, credential; —s extraordinarios extraordinary credits; persona de — person of good character, responsible person; hacer — a give credit to creer believe, think; — + inf. expect; —se en el caso de think oneself called upon to; ¡no creas! don't you believe it! you mustn't think it! ¡ya lo creo! yes indeed! creyendo see creer creyera see creer creyésemos see creer criada f. servant, maid criado m. servant criar raise, bring up crimen m. crime crisis f. crisis Crispín m. see page 119 crítica f. criticism cromo m. chromo crónica f. chronicle; — de sociedad society news cronista m. chronicler; — de salones society reporter cruel cruel cuadro m. picture; division (of a play), scene cual like, as; el, la —, los, las —es who, which ¿cuál? which? what? which one? cualidad f. quality, good quality cualquier(a) adj. any, any whatever, whatever, any at all; de — modo in any case, however, in any fashion, any old way; de — modo que sea in whatever manner or however it may be cualquiera pron. anybody, any one, anybody at all; whatever, whoever; — que sea el favorecido whoever the favored one may be cuando when; de — en — from time to time; de vez en — from time to time ¿cuándo? when? cuanto, -a how much, as much, all that, whatever, anything that; —s how many, as many, all that, whoever; en — as soon as; en — a as for; unos —s some, certain ¿cuánto, -a? how much? ¿—s? how many? ¡— me alegro! how glad I am! ¡cuántas veces! how often! cuarenta forty cuarto m. room cuatro four cubrir cover cuello m. neck, throat cuenta f. account, affair; bill, note; a mejor — with better expectations; corre de su — it is at his expense; pedir — ask for an account; por tu — on your own account, for yourself; tomar por su — take upon oneself, take charge of; tener — bear in mind; tener en — take into consideration cuenta see contar cuento m. tale, story; — de hadas fairy tale cuesta see costar cuestión f. question cuidado m. care, attention, anxiety; haber — feel anxiety, worry; pasar — worry; quedar en — be anxious; tener — take care, be careful; tener mucho — be very careful cuidadoso, -a careful cuidar care; — de take care of culpa f. fault, blame culpable guilty; los —s the guilty persons, the culprits culpar blame culto, -a cultivated cultura f. culture, cultivation, refinement cumbre f. summit, prime cumplimiento m. fulfillment, accomplishment cumplir fulfill, accomplish; perform one's duty; — con carry out, fulfill; — los veinte años reach the age of twenty years curar cure curia f. tribunal, bar, legal profession; protocolo de — legal document curiosidad f. curiosity cursi pretentious, vulgar cursilería f. pretentiousness, vulgarity, piece of vulgarity cuyo, -a whose

Ch

chafar rumple, cut short, spite chaleco m. vest; — de frac dress vest; — de fantasía fancy vest chic m. (Fr.) style, elegance chifladura f. fancy, whim, notion chiquillo m. (dim. of chico) boy, little boy; —s little children ¡chist! hush! sh! ¡chito! hush! sh! ¡chits! hush! sh! chochear dote, be in one's dotage

D

daca (da + acá) give here; toma y — give and take dama f. lady danzar dance dañino, -a harmful, injurious; viejo — old trouble maker dar give, attribute; cause, excite; take; inflict, hit, strike; — armas a give arms to, give a handle to, play into the hands of; — la batalla start the battle or struggle, cast the die; — con come upon, find; — con nosotros en put us in; — a conocer let know, make understand, show; — en fall upon, chance upon; take a notion to, happen to; — un estirón take a sudden start in growth, shoot up suddenly; — frente a face; — guerra cause trouble; — lugar a give rise to, cause, give an opportunity to; — muerte a kill; — su parte a give (something) its due, recognize the importance of (something); — un paso take a step; — de plano strike directly, hit squarely; — tregua a give a rest to, stop using; —se aires put on airs; da la casualidad chance has it, it happens by chance; me da una lástima it makes me feel sorry; lo mismo da it's all the same, it makes no difference; ¿qué le dio? what struck him? what's the matter with him? Dario see note [93.2] de of, from, by, with, in, at, to, than; for meanings of numerous phrases and expressions containing de see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary debajo de under, beneath deber m. duty; see below deber owe; be obliged to, be about to, be (destined) to, have to, must, ought; — de must: see above debidamente justly, duly, properly, in due form debido, -a due, rightful, proper débil weak debilidad f. weakness decidir decide, settle; — de decide, determine; —se a decide to decir say, tell; — (muy) bien speak (very) sensibly; es — that is to say; — que no say or tell no; querer — mean; —se perjudicado call oneself injured; digo I mean; no digas don't contradict; ¡no se diga! there's no denying it, there's no use talking! no dirás you can't say declarar declare decoro m. decorum, propriety dedicar dedicate dediqué see dedicar dedo m. finger defectillo m. (dim. of defecto) slight fault, slight defect, peccadillo defecto m. defect, fault defender defend, support defiend-o, -e see defender dejar leave, abandon, put down; let, allow; cease, stop; — mal disappoint; — de cease, stop; fail; —se de cease, stop; dejadnos de spare us delante in front delicadeza f. delicacy, refinement; —s refinements, delicacy delicado, -a delicate delincuente delinquent, guilty delito m. fault, crime demanda f. demand, request; en — de calling for demarcar mark out, define demás rest, other; los — the rest, the others, others demasiado too, too much, more than enough demonio m. demon demora f. delay dentro inside, within deponer depose, give testimony depositar deposit depósito m. deposit derecho m. right, law; fee; —s de justicia court fees derecho, -a right; a la derecha, la primera derecha, la segunda derecha see note [39.1] desabrido, -a insipid, sour, sharp, short desagradable disagreeable desagradar displease, offend desahogo m. unbosoming, freedom, frankness desairado, -a graceless desaire m. slight, rebuff, awkwardness, unpleasantness desaparecer disappear desarrollar develop; —se be developed, develop desarrugar unwrinkle, smooth out desatento, -a rude, impolite descanso m. rest, repose descargar discharge, administer, strike (a blow) descargues see descargar descender descend desciende see descender descolgar unhang, take down; —se con come out with descolorido, -a discolored descomedido, -a immoderate, rude descomponer disarrange, break off descompuesto see descomponer desconfiado, -a distrustful desconfianza f. distrust, mistrust desconocer fail to recognize desconozco see desconocer desconsiderado, -a inconsiderate, thoughtless descorrer draw (a curtain) descortesía f. discourtesy descosido m. rip, tear descripción f. description descubierto see descubrir descubrir discover, disclose, unmask, find out; a lo que se descubre as far as we can see descuelga see descolgar descuidado, -a careless, carefree; ir — go without worrying, not worry descuidar make oneself easy, not worry; —se be careless or negligent desde prep. since, from; — ahora from now on; — hoy from this day on, from now on; — que conj. since desdeñar disdain, scorn desdicha f. misfortune desdichado, -a unfortunate, unhappy desdoblar unfold desear desire, wish, want desengaño m. disillusionment deseo m. desire, wish desesperado, -a desperate, despairing; a la desesperada desperately, in despair desgraciado, -a unfortunate, unhappy deshacerse de free oneself from, get rid of desheredar disinherit desistir desist, refrain; el — de tu dimisión the abandonment of your resignation deslucido, -a tarnished, impaired; see deslucir deslucir discredit, bring discredit; — con el mundo bring discredit in the eyes of the world; see deslucido deslumbrar dazzle desmayado, -a fainted away, fainting, unconscious desoír not heed; —se be unheeded desoyeron see desoír despacio slowly; más — later, at greater leisure despacho m. office despedir dismiss, send off; —se take leave, say good-by; —se de take leave of, say good-by to despejar clear, clear away despertar awaken; n. awakening despida see despedir despreciable despicable, contemptible; ¡—! contemptible fellow! despreciar despise desprenderse de dispossess oneself of, give up, get rid of despreocupado, -a easy, unconventional después adv. afterwards, then, next; — de prep. after; — de todo after all desquitarse retaliate, take revenge, get even destemplanza f. immoderation, excess destinar destine, intend, mean destino m. destiny, fate destreza f. skill, dexterity destrozar destroy, break destrucción f. destruction desvelado, -a wakeful desvergonzada f. shameless girl desvergonzado m. shameless fellow desvergüenza f. shamelessness desvivirse outdo oneself, desire anxiously detalle m. detail detendrá see detener detiene see detener detener stop; —se stop determinar determine, fix detrás adv. behind; — de prep. behind di (imper.) see decir d-i, -iste, -ió, -ieron see dar día m. day; al — siguiente on the following day; en estos —s in these days, at the present time diablo m. devil diamante m. diamond diario, -a daily diatriba f. diatribe diccionario m. dictionary dic-es, -e, -en see decir diciembre m. December diciendo see decir dicha f. happiness dicho m. saying dicho, -a said, the said; —s the same (characters who remain on the stage for two or more scenes) dicho see decir dichoso, -a happy, fortunate; blessed (ironical) diente m. tooth dieron see dar diez ten diferencia f. difference difícil difficult, hard dificultad f. difficulty dig-as, -a, -áis see decir dignarse deign, condescend dignidad f. dignity digno, -a worthy digo see decir dij-e, -iste, -o, -eron see decir dile (di [from decir] + le) dilucidar elucidate, explain dime (di [from decir] + me) dimisión f. resignation dimitir resign dineral m. large sum of money, fortune dinero m. money dio see dar diputado m. deputy dir-é, -ás, -á, -éis, -án see decir dirección f. direction, tendency directo, -a direct dir-ía, -íais, -ían see decir dirigir direct, guide; —la palabra a address; —se direct one's steps, go towards discreción f. discretion, prudence discreto, -a discreet, considerate, ingenious; andar — be considerate discurrir reflect, reason discurso m. speech discutir discuss disfrutar de enjoy disgustar displease disgusto m. displeasure, offense, slight, annoyance disimular conceal disparatado, -a absurd, silly, mad disparate m. nonsense, absurdity disparo m. firing, discharge (of guns) disponer arrange, settle; — de dispose of; —se a prepare to, get ready to disponga see disponer dispuesto, -a prepared, ready diste see dar distingo see distinguir distinguir distinguish, esteem, recognize distinto, -a distinct, different, distinguished distraer distract; —se obtain distraction distrajo see distraer ditirambo m. dithyramb diverso, -a diverse, different divertido, -a amusing; see divertir divertir amuse; —se amuse oneself, have a good time; see divertido divierte see divertir divino, -a divine doce twelve docena f. dozen docto, -a learned doctor m. doctor; — jurista doctor of law doctrina f. doctrine doler hurt, ache; —se de regret, be sorry for; see doliente doliente suffering; hacerse del — pretend to be suffering; see doler dolo m. fraud, trickery dominar dominate, prevail Don Mr. usually not translated (used before Christian name) donación f. donation donaire m. grace, elegance, witticism doncella f. girl, maiden; servant, maid donde where; hasta — as far as ¿dónde? where? ¿de —? from where? whence? ¿hasta —? how far? Doña Mrs.; usually not translated (used before Christian name) dos two; los — the two, both doscientos, -as two hundred dosel m. canopy dotar portion, endow, give a dowry to dote f. dowry doy see dar drama m. drama dramático, -a dramatic duda f. doubt; sin — alguna without any doubt dudar doubt; — de doubt; — en hesitate to dueño m. master dulce sweet, soft, gentle dulcemente sweetly, softly, gently dulcificar sweeten, soften dulzura f. sweetness, softness durante during durar endure, last duro, -a hard, harsh, severe

E

e (before i and hi) and ¡Ea! oh! (interj. used to express surprise or to arouse attention) echar throw, throw out, dismiss; —lo a broma make a joke of it; — encima a throw over, throw on, throw on top of edad f. age; tener más — be older edición f. edition educar educate, bring up; educado well-bred; mal educado ill-bred efectivo, -a effective, real; algo — something substantial, some cash efecto m. effect eficacia f. efficacy, usefulness eficaz efficacious, effective ¡eh! eh! here! oh! ejecutoria f. pedigree ejemplar exemplary ejemplo m. example, instance; por — for example, for instance ejercicio m. exercise ejército m. army el, la, lo, los, las the; — de the one with; — que he who, the one who or which, etc.; who, which, that; — mío, — tuyo, etc., see mío, tuyo, etc. él he, him, it elegancia f. elegance elegante elegant, stylish, fetching elegir elect, choose, select elevado, -a elevated, lofty, high; see elevar elevar elevate, heighten, raise; see elevado elogiar eulogize, praise elogio m. eulogy, praise ella she, her, it ellas f. they, them ello it ellos m. they, them embajada f. embassy embajador m. ambassador embargar attach, seize embargo, sin however, yet, nevertheless embobar amuse, fascinate embrollo m. embroilment, entanglement, confusion embuste m. lie, falsehood, fraud Emilia f. Emily Emiliano see note [94.3] empanada f. meat pie; — de gato cat pie (in derision) empañar tarnish, stain emparentar become related by marriage empecemos see empezar empeñar pledge; —se bind oneself (to pay a debt), go into debt; —se en insist upon, persist in empeño m. eagerness, effort, determination; poner uno todo su — direct all one's efforts empezar begin, commence empiece see empezar empiez-a, -an see empezar emplear employ, use; —se busy oneself empleo m. employment, calling, office empresario m. (theatrical) impresario, manager empujar push en in, into, on, upon, at, about, to; for meanings of numerous expressions containing en see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary enamoradillo, -a (dim. of enamorado, -a) slightly in love, mildly smitten enamorado, -a enamored, in love, lover; — de in love with; see enamorar enamorar enamor, inspire love in; —se de fall in love with encantador m. enchanter, magician encantador, -a enchanting, charming, delightful encantar enchant, charm, delight encanto m. enchantment, charm encargo m. order; por — de by order of encarnar take shape encendido, -a burning, on fire encerrar shut in encima adv. above, on top; echar — a throw over, throw on, throw on top of; — de prep. on top of, above encomendar commend, commit, intrust encontrar meet, find encuentra see encontrar encumbrar raise, lift endiablado, -a diabolical, devilish enemigo m. enemy enemigo, -a hostile enfadar anger; —se con get angry at engañar deceive, impose upon, cheat; —se deceive oneself, make a mistake, be wrong engaño m. deceit, deception, mistake enhoramala in an evil hour; cásense — let them marry, bad luck to them enojar annoy, vex, anger; —se be vexed, get angry enojoso, -a annoying, irritating enorgullecerse swell (up) with pride, feel proud enorme enormous, huge enredo m. entanglement, trick, plot ensanchar broaden, widen enseñanza f. teaching enseñar teach, show entender understand, believe, conceive; — en be in charge of, have a hand in; —se understand each other or one another, come to an understanding entendimiento m. intelligence, comprehension, intellect enterar inform, acquaint; —se find out; —se de que find out that; ya estás enterado now you know entero, -a entire, whole; por — entirely entiend-o, -es see entender entonces then, at that time; de — of or belonging to that time entrada f. entry, entrance entrar enter, go in; —se enter entre between, among, in the midst of entregar give, hand, deliver, give up entretanto meanwhile entrevista f. interview entristecer sadden entusiasmado, -a filled with enthusiasm, enthusiastic entusiasmo m. enthusiasm enumerar enumerate envejecer grow old enviar send envidia f. envy; tener — a be envious or jealous of envidiar envy envío m. sending, shipment enviudar become a widower or widow envolver envelop epitalamio m. epithalamium, marriage song época f. epoch, age equidad f. equity equitas (Lat.) see note [100.2] equivocación f. mistake equivocar mistake; —se be mistaken; sigues equivocado you are still mistaken er-a, -as, -an see ser eres see ser errante wandering, vagabond error m. error, mistake es see ser escalera f. stairs, stairway; — de servicio back stairs escalón m. step (of a stair), stepping-stone escapar escape escarmentar take warning, give warning, admonish escena f. scene, stage escisión f. division escoger choose, select escoltar escort, conduct esconder hide; —se hide escote m. décolleté, low-neck dress escribir write escrito see escribir escritor m. writer escrúpulo m. scruple escrupuloso, -a scrupulous; de puro — out of pure scrupulousness or conscientiousness escuchar listen, listen to escudo m. crown (a coin no longer in use) escuela f. school ese, esa that; esos, esas those; por esos mares on the high seas ése, ésa, eso, that one, that; ésos, ésas, those; ¡eso, eso! just that! exactly so! eso es that's it; ¿no es eso? isn't that so? si eso fuera if that were the case; ¡eso no! not that! por eso therefore, for that reason; por eso mismo, for that very reason; eso que although, even though; eso sí yes indeed; eso sí que no certainly not that; llegar a eso come to that, go so far esencial essential, necessary esfuerzo m. effort, exertion, spirit eso see ése espacioso, -a spacious espada f. sword espadachín m. (swaggering) swordsman, bully, ruffian, bravo espalda f. back, shoulder espantar frighten; —se be frightened or startled, take fright España f. Spain español m. Spaniard español, -a Spanish; el — Spanish (the language) especialidad f. special quality, specialty especialmente especially espectáculo m. spectacle espera f. wait, waiting, expectation; en — de in expectation of, in the hope of esperanza f. hope esperar hope, expect, await, wait espetado, -a stiff, haughty, majestic espíritu m. spirit, heart, soul, mind espiritual spiritual esplendidez f. splendor espléndido, -a splendid esposa f. wife esposo m. husband est (Lat.) see note [100.2] estado m. state, estate, position estafermo m. loiterer, idler, graven image estar be; — de acuerdo be agreed, agree; — sin blanca be penniless; — conforme con agree with; — de más be in the way or objectionable; — para be about to, be in a position to or for; — para burlas be in a mood for jokes; — por be inclined toward, have a liking for; — a punto de be on the point of; — en su punto be at its height; — de visita be paying a visit, be calling; —se stand, stay; bien os está por you're in a fine fix for este, esta this; estos, estas these éste, ésta, esto, this one, this; éstos, éstas, these; los fines de éste [estudio] the purposes thereof; esto es this is or that is; esto otro this other thing estético, -a aesthetic estilo m. style estimación f. (high) estimation, esteem estimar esteem, value; —se en value oneself at estipendio m. stipend estirón m. strong pull; rapid growth; dar un — take a sudden start in growth, shoot up suddenly estirpe f. race, stock, lineage estival of summer, relating to the summer, summer... esto see éste estofa f. quality, condition estofado, -a stewed estorbar impede, disturb, obstruct estorbo m. obstruction estoy see estar estrambote m. a tag of two or more verses appended to a sonnet for humorous or graceful effect estratagema f. stratagem, trick estrechez f. poverty estrella f. star estrenar present for the first time (used especially of a theatrical performance) estudiante m. student estudiar study, consider estudio m. study estuv-iera, -iéramos see estar estuv-iste, -o, -ieron see estar eternidad f. eternity eterno, -a eternal europeo, -a European evidencia f. evidence; poner en — make clear, make known, demonstrate, set forth evidente evident evitar avoid, escape exacto, -a exact, precise, accurate exagerar exaggerate exaltación f. exaltation, fervor exceder exceed, surpass excelente excellent excelso, -a elevated, lofty excepcional exceptional exceso m. excess; por — through or by excess exclusión f. exclusion exclusivamente exclusively excusar excuse, avoid exigir exact, require, demand existencia f. existence existir exist éxito m. success experiencia f. experience experto -a expert explicar explain; —se understand exponer expose, show, disclose; es expuesto that's evident expongo see exponer expositivo, -a explanatory expresar express expresión f. expression expresivo, -a expressive expuesto see exponer expuso see exponer extenso, -a extensive extrañar wonder at, be surprised at extraño, -a strange extraordinario, -a extraordinary, unusual; créditos —s extraordinary credits extraviado, -a gone astray, lost, wayward extremar carry to an extreme, exaggerate

F

fácil easy facilitar facilitate, make easy factura f. bill fachada f. façade, front falda f. skirt falta f. lack, want; fault, defect, failing faltar be deficient, be lacking; fail; need, lack; — a fail to, break, be absent from; no te faltaba más que you needed only that, the only thing you lacked was that fama f. fame, reputation, good name familia f. family famoso, -a famous, remarkable fantasía f. fantasy, fancy, imagination, caprice; chaleco de — fancy vest fantoche m. (from Fr.) marionette farsa f. farce favor m. favor, kindness, help; ¡—! help! favorecer favor, help; el favorecido the one favored fe f. faith, confidence; buena — good faith, honesty felices see feliz felicidad f. happiness feliz happy femenino, -a feminine feo, -a ugly, hideous; ¡qué cosa más fea! what a hideous thing! feria f. fair, carnival Ferioque see note [93.2] festejar feast, entertain fiado, -a en trusting in, relying upon; see fiar fiador m. guarantor fianza f. surety, security, bail fiar trust, guarantee; — de trust in, rely upon; — en trust in, rely upon; —se a trust, depend upon; —se de trust, depend upon; a no — tanto de if he did not rely so much upon; no me fío I have no confidence; see fiado ficción f. fiction fiel faithful fiesta f. feast figura f. figure, face figuraos (figurad + os) figurarse imagine figurín m. fashion plate fijar fix, fasten; —se become fixed or stable; notice; —se en fix upon, settle upon; notice filosofía f. philosophy fin m. and f. end, aim, object; al — after all, in short; en — after all, in short; por — at last, at length, finally final m. end, conclusion finca f. estate fingimiento m. feigning, simulation, deceit fingir feign, pretend, dissemble; — balbuceos pretend to stammer (as if speaking like a child) finura f. fineness, exquisiteness firma f. signature firmar sign fisonomía f. physiognomy, face flor f. flower florecer flourish, thrive Florencia f. Florence folio m. folio follaje m. foliage fondo m. bottom, background; conocer a — know thoroughly foragido m. highwayman, out-law forma f. form formal formal, regular; proper, reliable, serious, real formalidad f. formality formar form fórmula f. formula foro m. back (of the stage) fortalecer fortify, strengthen fortuna f. fortune, good fortune, chance; hombre de — soldier of fortune forzar force, compel forzoso, -a necessary, obligatory frac m. dress coat; chaleco de — dress vest francamente frankly francesa f. Frenchwoman Francia f. France franqueza f. frankness fraude m. fraud, imposture frecuentar frequent, visit frente f. front; forehead, face; dar — a face fruta f. fruit; see fruto fruto m. fruit, result, benefit fue see ir and ser fuego m. fire; —s de artificio fireworks fuera adv. outside, without; — la coma away with the comma; — de prep. outside, outside of, away from; except; unlike, contrary to fu-era, -eras, -éramos see ser fuerte strong; plaza — fortress, stronghold fuerte adv. strongly, loudly fuerza f. force, strength, vigor, necessity; —s forces, strength; ser — be necessary fu-i, -iste, -é, -imos, -isteis, -eron see ser and ir Fulanito m. (dim. of Fulano) So-and-so fumar smoke función f. function, discharge of duty, duty; performance (theatrical) funeraria f. undertaker's establishment

G

gabán m. overcoat gabinete m. cabinet, parlor, reception room gala f. gala; —s finery galán m. gallant, courtier, lover galante m. gallant, courtier, lover galante gallant, polished, courtly; ¡qué poco —! how impolite! galantería f. gallantry; —s gallant remarks, compliments galera f. galley gallina f. hen, chicken gana f. inclination, desire; de muy buena — very gladly ganar gain, earn, win; victorias ganadas al turco victories won over the Turk ganga f. bargain garantía f. guaranty, security gastar spend gasto m. expense; hacer — incur expense gato m. cat; empanada de — cat pie (in derision) generación f. generation general general, common, usual generalmente generally, in general género m. kind, variety, class generosidad f. generosity generoso, -a generous genio m. nature, character, genius gente f. people; —s people gentecilla f. (dim. of gente) shabby people, people (in contemptuous sense); — de poco más o menos people of little account gentil genteel, elegant, exquisite gentileza f. elegance, politeness gira f. turn, turn of expression gloria f. glory; tenerlo a — consider it a great honor glorioso, -a glorious gobernar govern gobiernan see gobernar gobierno m. government golpe m. blow; empezar a —s begin to deal blows golpear beat, strike; el golpeado the one struck, the person struck Gómez no English equivalent González no English equivalent gozar de enjoy grabar engrave gracia f. grace, elegance, graciousness, courtesy, joke; —s also thanks, thank you gracioso, -a gracious, pleasing, funny grado m. grade, degree; en el mayor — posible to the greatest possible degree gramatical grammatical grande m. great person, grandee grande great, large, big; los —s the great grandeza f. greatness gratitud f. gratitude grave grave, serious, weighty; el — the serious man gravedad f. gravity, seriousness, weightiness gravemente gravely, seriously gris gray gritar cry, shout grosería f. grossness, discourtesy grosero, -a coarse grotesco, -a grotesque grupo m. group guapo, -a pretty, elegant guardar guard, protect, keep; — respeto show respect guerra f. war; dar — cause trouble guiñolesco, -a pertaining to guiñol, see note [40.3] gustar please, like, enjoy; le gusta he likes; — de be fond of, like, enjoy gusto m. taste, pleasure, choice; con — gladly; a su — to his own taste, according to his own pleasure; por tu — by your own choice gustoso, -a pleasing, joyful, willing

H

h-a, -as, -an see haber haber have; impers. be: hay there is, there are; había there was, there were, etc.; no hay para there is no reason to; — que be necessary to; hay que it is necessary to etc.; no hay que (you) mustn't; haber cuidado worry; — de be about to, need to, have to, be bound to, must, shall, will, etc.; he de I am to, must, etc.; — menester have need, need; — temor be afraid, fear; ha más de un mes more than a month ago habilidad f. ability habitación f. room habla f. speech hablar speak, talk; el — speaking; see razón habr-é, -á, -éis, -án see haber haceos (haced + os) hacer do, make, cause, produce; take; — + inf. cause, make, have, let; — asiento make a stop or halt; — muy bien en do very well to; — caso care; — caso a pay attention to (a person); — causa con make common cause with, join; — crédito a give credit to; — gasto incur expense; — (la) merced de be kind enough to, please; — mérito de make a parade of; — que bring it about that, cause, have; —se be made, take place, become; —se de pretend to be; ¡buena la hicisteis! that's a fine thing you've done! no — más que do no more than, only to; no hace más que sonar el timbre the bell does nothing but ring, the bell is ringing all the time; hace mucho tiempo long ago; no hará tanto que esperan they cannot have been waiting so long; veinte años hace twenty years ago hacia towards; about; — arriba upward hacienda f. estate, property, fortune; prop. n. Treasury; ministra de — ministress of the Treasury hada f. fairy; cuento de —s fairy tale hag-a, -as, -áis, -an see hacer hago see hacer halagar flatter hallar find; —se find oneself, be hambre f. hunger hampón m. rowdy, bully han see haber har-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis see hacer haría see hacer harto enough, sufficiently, quite, very, very much has see haber hasta prep. up to, until, as far as; — ahora until now; we'll see you again presently; — donde as far as; ¿— donde? how far? adv. even hatillo m. (dim. of hato) small bundle hay see haber hay-a, -as, -áis, -an, see haber hazaña f. deed, feat he see haber he aquí behold, here is hecho m. fact hecho see hacer hemos see haber heredar inherit herida f. wound herido, -a wounded, hurt hermana f. sister hermoso, -a beautiful, handsome hermosura f. beauty Hernández no English equivalent héroe m. hero heroico, -a heroic hervir boil, seethe hic-e, -iste, -imos, -isteis, -ieron see hacer hicieras see hacer hija f. daughter hijo m. son; —s sons and daughters, offspring, children hilo m. thread hirviente boiling; see hervir hispánico, -a Hispanic hispano, -a Spanish Hispano-América f. Spanish America hispano-americano, -a Spanish-American historia f. history, story histórico, -a historical hizo see hacer ¡hola! hallo! hombre m. man; — de fortuna soldier of fortune; — de mundo man of the world; todo un — a grown man honor m. honor honrado, -a honest, honorable hora f. hour, time; es — de que it is time that; a estas —s at this time, now; en media — in half an hour; a todas —s all the time; —s y —s for hours and hours, for hours on end horca f. gallows; carne de — gallows bird horrible horrible ¡horror! horrors! hospedar lodge; —se take lodgings, lodge, stop hospedería f. hostelry, inn, hotel hospital m. hospital, asylum hostelero m. innkeeper hostería f. hostelry, inn, hotel hoy to-day; desde — from this day on, from now on; sólo de — le conozco I met him only to-day hub-e, -o see haber hub-iera, -ieras, -iéramos, -ierais see haber huida f. flight, escape, way of escape huir flee, run away humanidad f. humanity humanitario, -a humanitarian humano, -a human; los —s human beings, men humilde humble; los —s the humble, the lowly humillar humble humo m. smoke humor m. humor, temper, disposition; de buen — good-natured; poner de mal — put into a bad humor humorada f. whim, fancy hurtar steal hurto m. theft, petty larceny huyamos see huir huye see huir huyéramos see huir huyó see huir

I

iba see ir idea f. idea ideal m. ideal ideal ideal; el — the ideal idealismo m. idealism; -s ideal thoughts idealista m. idealist idear conceive, contrive, plan ídem the same idioma m. language ignorante ignorant ignorar be ignorant of ilusión f. illusion ilusionar entrance, fascinate, carry away ilustrar illustrate, ennoble ilustre illustrious imaginario, -a imaginary impedir hinder, prevent impertinencia f. impertinence, impertinent thing; decir —s make impertinent remarks; una or alguna — something impertinent impertinente impertinent impide see impedir impiedad f. impiety, impiousness impondré see imponer imponer (a) impose (upon), force (upon) importancia f. importance importante important importar be of importance, concern, matter; te importa más it is more important to you; nada importa it makes no difference; nada me importa de I don't care about anything no me importa I don't care importunar trouble, bother imposible impossible impostor m. impostor imprevisto, -a unforeseen; —s unforeseen expenses impropio, -a de unbefitting improvisar improvise, make up improviso, -a unexpected; de — unexpectedly, suddenly imprudente imprudent; ¡—! rash man! impuesto see imponer impune unpunished, with impunity impureza f. impurity inapreciable inestimable incapaces see incapaz incapaz incapable incesante incessant incivil uncivil, impolite inclinar, incline, dispose incógnita f. unknown quantity incomodar disturb, trouble incomparable incomparable inconveniente m. drawback, obstacle, difficulty increíble incredible incurable incurable indecoroso, -a indecorous, unbecoming indicar indicate, show, point out indiferente indifferent indignación f. indignation indignidad f. indignity indigno, -a unworthy indisponer disarrange indispuesto, -a indisposed indocto, -a uneducated, ignorant inefable ineffable ineficaz ineffective inepto, -a inept, unsuitable infeliz unfortunate, unhappy; este — this unfortunate man infierno m. inferno, hell infinito, -a infinite inflexibilidad f. inflexibility influencia f. influence informar inform ingenio m. genius, talent, mind, brains, cleverness ingenuo, -a ingenuous, simple inglés, -esa English iniciar begin injuria (Lat.) see note [93.1] injusto, -a unjust, unfair inmensamente immensely inmortal immortal innovación f. innovation inocencia f. innocence inocente innocent inquieto, -a restless, uneasy, anxious insigne notable, famous insistir insist insolencia f. insolence insolente insolent; ¡—! insolent fellow! insoportable insupportable, intolerable insostenible unsustainable, indefensible inspirar inspire instalar install instante m. instant, moment insulto m. insult insustituible indispensable inteligencia f. understanding intención f. intention, intent intensidad f. intensity intensificar intensify intentar attempt, try, tend interés m. interest, gain, advantage; interest (monetary); —es creados see page 117 interesante interesting interesar interest ínterin m. interim, meantime interponer interpose interpongo see interponer interpretar interpret intervengo see intervenir intervenir intervene, interfere intimidad f. intimacy intimidar intimidate, daunt intriga f. intrigue intrigante m. or f. intriguer introducción f. introduction inútil useless invención f. invention inventario m. inventory invitar invite ir go, proceed, go on, continue; — + pres. part. go on, be; — + past part. be; — a be going to, go and; — a buscar go to seek, go for; — a ver go to see, visit; — y venir come and go, go to and fro; — de veras be serious; —se go away; ¿quién va? who's there? ¡vamos! come! well! oh! ¡vamos a ver! let's see! ¡vaya! come! well! oh! no vayas a decir don't go and say ironía f. irony irrevocable irrevocable italiano, -a Italian izquierdo, -a left; la primera izquierda, la segunda izquierda see note [39.2]

J

¡ja, ja, ja! ha, ha, ha! jactancioso, -a boastful, vainglorious japonés, -esa Japanese jardín m. garden jefe m. chief, leader joroba f. hump, deformity, defect joven m. young man, youth joven f. young woman, girl joven young joya f. jewel judío, -a Jewish juego m. game, play; poner en — put into play jugar play juicio m. judgment, senses, opinion juntar join, unite, bring together junto, -a united, together; —s together; — con in company with, along with, with junto a prep. next to, close to, near juramento m. oath, vow jurar swear jurisprudencia f. jurisprudence jurista m. jurist, lawyer; doctor — doctor of law jus (Lat.) see note [93.1] justicia f. justice; tomarse — por su mano take the law into one's own hands justicia (Lat.) see note [100.2] Justiniano Justinian see note [94.3] justo, -a just juventud f. youth, youthfulness juzgar judge

L

la f. the; — de that of; — de González Mrs. or Madam González la her, to her, it labio m. lip labor m. labor, work lado m. side, direction; del otro — on the other side; cada uno por su — each one in his own way lágrima f. tear lamentar lament; —se lament; —se de bewail, complain of, regret Lara (Teatro) see page 117 largo, -a long; poner de — put long dresses on largueza f. liberality las the; — de those of las them lástima f. pity; me da una — it makes me feel sorry Laura f. Laura lazo m. bond, tie le him, it, you; to him, to her, to it, to you leal loyal, faithful; ser de los —es be among the faithful lealtad f. loyalty Leandro m. Leander lectura f. reading leer read legal legal legión f. legion, multitude, crowd lejos far lengua f. tongue, language lenguaje m. language lerdo, -a slow, stupid les to them, them letra f. letter letrero m. sign, notice levantar lift, raise, rouse; —se rise; revolt leve light ley f. law; oro de — legal or standard gold leyendo see leer leyese see leer lexicográfico, -a lexicographic liberal liberal libertad f. liberty, freedom; con toda — in complete freedom libranza f. bill of exchange, draft librar free, deliver; ¡no he librado de mala! I've had a narrow escape! libre free licencia f. license, permission; ¡con —! with your permission! by your leave! liebre f. hare; pastel de — hare pie ligar bind ligero, -a slight limitar, limit límite m. limit limosna f. alms, charity linaje m. lineage, family lindo, -a pretty, handsome, fine, charming lisonja f. flattery, compliment; —s pieces of flattery, flattery lisonjero m. flatterer literario, -a literary literatura f. literature lo him, it; one, some, any, so lo neuter the; — de the matter of; — de siempre the constant or usual thing; — que that which, what; a — que according to what, as far as; — que es as for; más de — que + verb more than; todo — que anything that, whatever locamente madly loco m. lunatic, madman loco, -a crazy, insane; ¡loca! mad girl! locura f. madness, folly lógica f. logic lograr attain, secure; — + inf. succeed in, manage to logro m. attainment lonja f. exchange; — de contratación produce exchange los the; — de those of; — que those who, who, whom, which los them lucido, -a brilliant; see lucir lucir display, show off; see lucido lucha f. struggle luchar struggle luego soon, presently, at once; then, later lugar m. place, spot; cause, motive; dar — a give rise to, cause, give an opportunity to Luisa f. Louise Luisita f. (dim. of Luisa) little Louise (it is best to retain Spanish name) lujo m. luxury luminaria f. illumination, festival lights luna f. moon luto m. mourning luz f. light; a la — de by the light of; a poca — by a dim light

Ll

llamar call, knock; — la atención attract attention; — más la atención attract greater attention llegar arrive, come, reach; — a come to, reach, come to the point of, succeed in, arrive at, attain; — a eso come to that, go so far; — a ser come to be, become; — hasta go so far as to; —se arrive llegue see llegar llenar fill lleno, -a full, filled llevar carry, take, bring, conduct, bear; collect, charge; wear, have, contain; persuade, carry away (by argument); — + p. p. have; — a cabo bring to completion, bring into effect, carry out; — la contraria a run counter to, oppose; — la dimisión present one's resignation; — mejor camino follow a better course llorar weep, cry

M

madre f. mother Madrid m. Madrid madrileño, -a belonging to Madrid, Madrid madrugador m. early riser; ser poco — not be a very early riser madurez f. maturity maestro m. master magia f. magic magna (Lat.) see note [100.2] majadero m. bore, fool, booby mal m. evil, wrong, wickedness mal see malo mal adv. badly, poorly, ill, scarcely, with difficulty; dejar — disappoint malandrín m. rascal, scoundrel maldad, f. wickedness, evil deed maldiciente m. slanderer, defamer maldiciente slanderous malgastar squander, waste malherido, -a badly wounded malicia f. malice; —s malicious or shrewd remarks, mischief malicioso, -a malicious, mischievous mal(o), -a bad, wicked; lo — the trouble; ¡no he librado de mala! I've had a narrow escape! malograr waste, lose; —lo con spoil things by maltratar ill-treat malvado m. wicked man, scoundrel malvender sell at a loss, sacrifice mamá f. mamma, mother mamarracho m. grotesque figure, absurdity, ridiculous thing mandar command, order, send manera f. manner, way; de esa — in that way, so; de esta — in this way, thus; de — que so that manifestación f. manifestation mano f. hand; — airada assault and battery; asaltar a — armada assault with arms or violence, commit assault and battery upon; traer a — carry by hand; tomarse justicia por su — take the law into one's own hands mansión f. residence, abode Mantua f. Mantua Manuel m. Manuel mañana to-morrow; pasado — the day after to-morrow mar m. sea; por esos —es on the high seas maravilla f. marvel, wonder maravilloso, -a marvelous, wonderful marcha f. march, course marido m. husband marrullero m. deceiver, cheat marzo m. March mas but más adj. and adv. more, most, rather, other, another; los — the majority; a — de in addition to, besides; — adelante further on, later; estar de — be in the way or objectionable; — bien rather; no... — que only; ni... — que nor... except to; un paso — one step further, another step; (poco) — o menos more or less, about; por — que although, however, however much; ¡qué cosa — fea! what a hideous thing! sin — ni — without further ado; — tarde later máscara f. mask masculino, -a masculine, male matar kill matrimonio m. matrimony, married couple mayor greater, greatest mayoría f. majority me me, to me, myself mediación f. mediation medicina f. medicine medida f. measure, proportion, moderation; sin — disproportionately medio m. middle, midst; measure, way, means; de por — as an intermediary medio, -a middle, half; en media hora in half an hour meditar meditate mejor adj. and adv. better, best; lo — the best, the best part, the best thing; aconsejar lo — give the best advice melancolía f. melancholy, sadness melancólico, -a melancholy, sad menester m. need; haber — have need of, need menester necessary Menganito m. (dim. of Mengano) So-and-so menor lesser, less, least, slightest menos adj. and adv. less, least; except; al — at least; ¡— mal! that's not so bad! por lo — at least menospreciar despise mentar mention mentir lie, tell a falsehood mentira f. lie, falsehood mercader m. merchant mercancía f. merchandise merced f. favor, grace; hacer (la) merced de be kind enough to, please Merceditas f. (dim. of Mercedes) little Mercedes (it is best to retain Spanish name) merecer deserve mérito m. merit, worth, excellence; hacer — de make a parade of mes m. month mesa f. table, desk; poner la — set the table mezcla f. mixture mi my mí (after prepositions) me mientas see mentir mientes see mentir mientras prep. during; conj. while, as long as mil a thousand militar military mimar indulge, spoil mínimo, -a least, slightest, smallest; lo más — in the slightest degree ministerial ministerial ministerio m. ministry; office; de — en — from ministry to ministry ministra f. minister's wife, ministress ministro m. minister mío, -a mine, of mine, my; el mío, la mía etc. mine mirada f. glance, look mirar look, look at, have regard for; —te a la cara look at your face; —se look out, be careful, see to it; mire que look out or, bear in mind that; bien mirado carefully looked at or considered miserable miserable, wretched miseria f. misery mismo, -a same, very, -self; por eso — for that very reason; lo — the same thing, in the same way; lo — da it's all the same, it makes no difference; un — one and the same; uno — one and the same person misterio m. mystery misterioso, -a mysterious mitad f. half moda f. fashion, style modelo m. model modernidad f. modernness, newness modernista modern, up-to-date moderno, -a modern modestia f. modesty modisto m. dressmaker, tailor modo m. way, manner; no... en — alguno by no means; de cualquier — however, in any case, in any fashion, any old way; de cualquier — que sea however it may be, in some way or other; de ese — in that way; de muchos —s in many ways; de (or por) ningún — by no means, not at all; de otro — otherwise; de — que so that; de tal — in such a way; de un — in a way molestar molest, annoy, torment, cause trouble molestia f. annoyance, inconvenience momento m. moment; en este — at this moment, now moneda f. coin, money; — contante ready money, cash monstruo m. monster, marvel monte m. mountain moral moral mordaz biting, sarcastic moreno, -a dark, brunette moribundo, -a dying morir die; —se die mostrar show motivar cause motivo m. motive, cause, reason mover move; —se move moza f. girl, maid mozo m. boy, porter, servant mozuelo m. (dim. of mozo) young man, young fellow muchacha f. girl muchacho m. boy, youth, fellow mucho, -a much, a great deal of; —s many; — fuera que it would be very strange if; tener mucha razón be quite right; mucho adv. much, a great deal mudo, -a mute, silent muere see morir muerte f. death; dar — a kill muerto, -a dead; see morir muestra f. specimen, sample muestr-a, -an see mostrar muevas see mover muev-e, -en see mover mujer f. woman, wife múltiple multiple, complex multitud f. multitude mundo m. world; todo el — everybody muñeco m. puppet, doll muriendo see morir murieron see morir murmurar murmur, whisper música f. music; —s musical performances, music músico m. musician mutación f. mutation, change; change of scene (theatrical) mutuamente mutually mutuo, -a mutual muy very, very much

N

nacer be born, arise nada nothing, nothing at all, at all, anything; — de none of; de — ha de servirle it will do him no good nadie nobody, no one, anybody Nápoles f. Naples natural m. native natural natural naturaleza f. nature naturalidad f. naturalness nave f. ship Navidad f. Christmas; estas —es this Christmas necedad f. stupidity, foolishness, folly necesidad f. necessity, need necesitado, -a needy, poor; see necesitar necesitar need, need to, have to; — de need; see necesitado necio m. fool, simpleton necio, -a foolish, silly negar deny, refuse; —se a refuse to negociante m. business man, merchant negocio m. business, affair negro, -a black; poner lo blanco — make white seem black; Campos Negros Black Fields (name of an imaginary place) negué see negar nervio m. nerve netamente clearly, distinctly ni neither, nor; not even, not; — un día más not another day; —... — neither... nor; — siquiera not even niega see negar nieto m. grandson, grandchild; —s grandsons, grandchildren ningún, ninguno, -a none, not any, no; pron. no one, not any one niña f. girl; desde muy — since you were very young niñeria f. child's play, childish prank niño m. boy, child no no, not; ¡eso —! not that! eso sí que — certainly not that; sabes que — you know that I don't nobilísimo, -a most noble, very noble noble noble nobleza f. nobility noche f. night, evening; de — at night; ser de — be night; esta — to-night; esta misma — this very night nombrar name, mention by name nombre m. name norma f. standard nos us, to us, each other, ourselves nosotros we, us, each other nota f. note notable notable notar note, notice noticia f. notice, news; —s news novecientos, -as nine hundred novedad f. novelty, newness, youth, news novela f. novel novelita f. (dim. of novela) romance novia f. fiancée noviazgo m. engagement, betrothal novio m. fiancé nuestro, -a our, ours, of ours; el nuestro, la nuestra etc. ours nuevamente anew, again nuevo, -a new, fresh número m. number nunca never, ever nupcial nuptial

O

o or obligación f. obligation, binding promise, bond obligar oblige, force, compel; favor obra f. work, deed, literary production, output obrita f. (dim. of obra) little work, short piece obscuridad f. obscurity, darkness obscuro, -a obscure, dark obsequiar entertain, make presents, favor; obsequiada con un regalito presented with a little gift obstante obstructing; no — nevertheless, however obstinarse en persist in obtendréis see obtener obtener obtain, get ocasión f. occasion, opportunity; poner en — de put in a position to, give an opportunity to, enable to ocaso m. setting ocio m. leisure, idleness; —s leisure moments, leisure, idleness ocultar hide ocupación f. occupation ocupar occupy ocurrir occur, happen; ¿qué le ocurre? what's the matter with him? ochenta eighty ocho eight odio m. hatred odioso, -a odious, hateful ofender offend ofensa f. offense; — de palabra offense by word of mouth, spoken insult oficial official oficio m. office, duty, service ofrecer offer ofrezca see ofrecer ofrezco see ofrecer oído m. (inner) ear ¡oh! oh! oír hear ojo m. eye; a mis propios —s in my own eyes olvidar forget; —se de forget ópalo m. opal opinión f. opinion, public opinion opondré see oponer oponer oppose; —se (a) oppose, resist oponga see oponer oposición f. opposition; las —es the opposition (especially of a political party) oprimir oppress; los oprimidos those oppressed oración f. prayer oráculo m. oracle orden m. order, system; poner — en put in order, set straight; por el — in the order; para Orden público to be a policeman orden f. order, command, rank Ordenanza f. decree, ordinance, statute ordenar order, direct, bid, command ordinario, -a ordinary, usual; de — usually orejita f. (dim. of oreja) little ear orgullo m. pride orgulloso, -a proud, vain origen m. origin original original oro m. gold; — de ley standard gold os (from vosotros) you, to you, each other, one another, yourselves osadía f. daring, boldness osado, -a daring, bold; ser — a be bold enough to, dare to; see osar osar dare; see osado ostentar display otro, -a other, another, different; esto — this other thing; de — modo otherwise; —s tales the same kind of; — tanto the same, just the same; —s tantos just as many; enamorarse el uno del — fall in love with each other; otra vez another time, again; otras veces at other times oy-es, -e see oír oyó see oír

P

pabellón m. pavilion paciencia f. patience padecer suffer padre m. father; —s fathers, parents pagar pay, pay for pago m. payment paguéis see pagar país m. country, nation paje m. page, attendant palabra f. word, speech; dirigir la — a address; ofensa de — offense by word of mouth, spoken insult palacio m. palace; en Palacio in the Palace (the Royal Palace in Madrid) paloma f. pigeon, dove palpable palpable Pandectas f. pl. Pandects see note [100.3] Pantalón m. Pantaloon see page 119 papá m. papa, father papel m. paper, securities; rôle papelote m. (aug. of papel) big paper, paper (depreciative) par m. pair, couple par equal; abierto de — en — wide open para for, to; — + inf. (in order) to, to; — ese día by that day; leer — sí read to oneself; — Orden público to be a policeman; — soldado to be a soldier; — que in order that, that; for other expressions containing para see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary parado, -a stopping, standing; see parar parar stop, stay, live; see parado parcial partial parecer m. appearance, looks; al — apparently; see below parecer appear, seem; —se a resemble, look like; ¿qué os parece? what do you think? no parece sino que it seems that you only; ¿no te parece? don't you think so? pareja f. pair, couple parezca see parecer pariente m. relative, cousin París m. Paris parte f. part, portion, share; place, side, direction; party (in a lawsuit); de — de on behalf of, on the part of; de mi — on my part; de su (vuestra) — on his (their, your) behalf or side; de — suya on his part or behalf; por — de on the part of; por mi — for my part, as far as I am concerned; no... por — de ninguno not... on anybody's part; de cada — on each side; por otra — moreover; de otras —s from other places or directions; en todas —s everywhere; no... en — alguna not... anywhere; ¿de qué —? on which side? dar su — a give (something) its due, recognize the importance of (something); ser — en have a share in, have a hand in particular particular, private particularmente privately partida f. game partido m. (political) party; match pasado, -a past; — mañana the day after to-morrow; el verano — last summer; see pasar pasar pass, spend, give, hand; feel, endure; go, proceed, enter, come in; happen; — cuidado worry; — por pass for, be considered; go through, stand, endure; me estoy pasando I'm becoming passée, I'm growing old; see pasado pasear promenade, walk, stroll pasillo m. (dim. of paso) passage, corridor pasión f. passion pasioncilla f. (dim. of pasión) trivial or fleeting passion pasmarote m. person stunned by astonishment, graven image paso m. passage, step; dar un — take a step; un — más one step further, another step pastel m. pie; — de liebre hare pie patrimonio m. patrimony pecar sin; — de + adj. be too... ; — por exceso sin by excess, go too far pecuniario, -a pecuniary, monetary pedir beg, demand, ask, ask for; — cuenta de ask for an account of pegar hit, strike; fight, quarrel peinadora f. hairdresser peinar comb, dress (the hair) peligro m. danger peligroso, -a dangerous pellejo m. skin, hide pena f. difficulty, trouble, toil; valer la — be worth the trouble, be worth while penoso, -a toilsome, painful, difficult pensamiento m. thought pensar think, think about, expect, plan; — en think of or about, expect to peña f. rock, cliff; Peñas Rojas Red Cliffs (name of an imaginary place) peor adj. and adv. worse, worst Pepe m. (fam. for José) Joe Pepito m. (dim. of Pepe) little Pepe or Joe (it is best to retain the Spanish name) pequeño, -a small, little; en — on a small scale percibir perceive, hear perder lose, destroy, ruin; — de vista lose sight of; —se ruin oneself, be lost, come into disfavor perdición f. perdition perdiz f. partridge perdón m. pardon perdonar pardon, forgive perfectamente perfectly perfecto, -a perfect perfil m. profile periódico m. newspaper, journal perjudicar injure; decirse perjudicado call oneself injured perjuicio m. injury, damage, harm; sin — de without prejudice to, without (its) preventing (you) from permanecer remain permanencia f. stay, continuance permitir permit, allow, let pero but; see note [12.5] perro m. dog persa Persian perseguir pursue persigue see perseguir persona f. person, individual; —s also people; — de crédito person of good character, responsible person; — de valimiento person of influence personaje m. personage, character personal personal personalidad f. personality personalmente personally perteneciente belonging pertrechar equip pesado, -a heavy, wearisome; ¡no seas —! don't be a nuisance; see pesar pesar m. sorrow, regret, concern; a — de in spite of; a — mío to my regret; a nuestro — in spite of ourselves pesar grieve, cause pain or regret see pesado peseta f. peseta (a coin = about twenty cents) pesimista pessimistic peso m. weight pez f. pitch, tar piadoso, -a pious, merciful; acogerse a lo — resort to pious means Picardía f. Picardy picardía f. knavery, roguery pícaro m. knave, rogue pícaro, -a rascally, roguish pidamos see pedir pid-o, -e, -en see pedir pie m. foot; de — on foot piel f. skin piens-e, -es, -e, -en see pensar piens-o, -as, -a, -an see pensar pierd-e, -en see perder pintar paint, describe; de lo vivo a lo pintado between life and painting pintura f. painting, picture placer please plácido, -a placid, calm, tranquil plan m. plan, scheme ¡plan! interj. used to imitate sound of drum plano m. plane; primer — fore-ground, forefront plano, -a plain, level, even; dar de — strike directly, hit squarely planta f. sole of the foot, foot plaza f. square, place; — fuerte fortress, stronghold plazca see placer plazo m. term, time, delay, date or limit of payment plebeyo, -a plebeian, common plectro m. plectrum (for playing stringed instruments) plenitud f. fulness pluma f. pen pobre poor, wretched, miserable; el — the poor man; los —s the poor; — de ambiciones lacking in ambition; ¡— de mí! poor me! pobrecito, -a (dim. of pobre) poor; ¡—! poor fellow! pobrete (dim. of pobre) poor; los —s the poor poco, -a little, a little, but little; adv. also very little, not very; —s few, a few; al or en — tiempo in a short time; a — after a little while, soon; — a — little by little, gradually, slowly; — más o menos more or less, about; gentecilla de — más o menos people of little account; un — de a little poder m. power, hands poder be able; can, may; no — con be unable to stand; tanto — be able to do so much, be so powerful poderoso, -a powerful; los —s the powerful, the mighty podr-é, -ás, -á, -án see poder podría see poder poema m. poem poesía f. poetry poeta m. poet poético, -a poetic Polichinela m. Punch; estos viejos polichinelas these old clowns; see page 119 política f. politics político, -a political pon see poner ponderación f. consideration, praise, eulogy, talk pondr-é, -á see poner poner put, put on, place, set; put in, fix, arrange; charge; — lo blanco negro make white seem black; — en evidencia make clear, make known, demonstrate, set forth; — en juego put into play; — de largo put long dresses on; — de mal humor put into a bad humor; — la mesa set the table; — en ocasión de put in a position to, give the opportunity to; — orden en put in order, set straight; — en ridículo make a fool of; — me a riesgo de run the risk of my; — sospecha en cast suspicion upon; —se become, get; put on; —se de acuerdo come to an agreement; —se al alcance de get within reach of; —se en ridículo make a fool of oneself; poned sesenta make it sixty pong-a, -áis see poner pongo see poner popularidad f. popularity populoso, -a populous por for, in exchange for, by, through, about, on account of, for the sake of; — + inf. through, because of; in order to; — + adj. or adv. que however, although; — noble que sea however noble she may be; — que in order that; ¿— qué? why? no tener — qué have no reason to; — sí by himself; — lo tanto therefore; for other expressions containing por see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary porque because portero m. porter, janitor porvenir m. future posada f. inn, lodging house posible possible; todo lo — everything possible posición f. position postrimería f. last period of life; —s last years potaje m. porridge, stew practicable practicable, feasible; puerta — door that opens and shuts (in stage setting) práctico, -a practical preceder precede precio m. price, value precisamente precisely, exactly, just preciso, -a necessary preferible preferable preferir prefer pregunta f. question preguntar ask, question prelado m. prelate prendar pledge, charm; —se de take a fancy to prender seize, arrest; pin, fix, set; take root, catch, be catching preocupación f. worry, care preparado, -a prepared, ready; see preparar preparar prepare; see preparado presencia f. presence, appearance presenciar witness presentar present, introduce, exhibit, give presente present, at hand; de — at present, now presidente m. presiding officer, chairman, president presidir preside, preside over prestar lend, offer; —se a lend or offer oneself to, be ready or willing to presumir presume; — de boast of presunción f. presumption presupuesto m. estimate, budget; —s estimates, budget pretender pretend (to), expect (to), claim (to); try (to), attempt (to); woo, court pretexto m. pretext prevenido, -a prepared, provided, foreseen; see prevenir prevenir prepare, notify; see prevenido previno see prevenir previo, -a previous, prior previsión f. foresight prima f. cousin primeramente first, in the first place primer(o), -a first; lo — the first thing; de buenas a primeras suddenly primero adv. first, at first primitivo, -a primitive, early primo m. cousin princesa f. princess; Teatro de la Princesa see page 113 principal principal príncipe m. prince principio m. beginning, start; principle; a —s de at the beginning of prisa f. hurry, haste; de — hurriedly, fast privación f. privation privanza f. protection, favor privar deprive; —se de deprive oneself of, go without privilegio m. privilege probabilidad f. probability probar try, test, prove proceder proceed procedimiento m. proceeding, legal procedure proceso m. process, case, lawsuit proclamar proclaim, declare producción f. production profesor m. professor, teacher prólogo m. prologue, introduction promesa f. promise prometer promise; see prometido prometido m. betrothed, fiancé pronosticar predict pronto, -a prompt, quick, fast, ready pronto adv. quickly, soon, early; ¡—! quick! de — suddenly propicio, -a propitious propio, -a proper, suitable; own; self; — de suited to, befitting, characteristic of; propia alabanza self-praise; el — Aretino Aretino himself; sí — himself, herself etc. proponer propose; —se purpose, plan, propose proporcionar supply, provide with, furnish proposición f. proposition, proposal propósito m. purpose, intention, object, occasion; a — by the way; ¿a qué —? with what purpose? propuesto see proponer prosa f. prose proscenio m. proscenium, front (of the stage); see note [39.1] protocolo m. protocol, record, document provecho m. profit, advantage, benefit; con — profitably, to advantage proveer de provide with, supply with provincia f. province; de — provincial provisión f. provision, filling provocar provoke, arouse, cause proyecto m. project, plan prudente prudent, wise prueba f. proof prueba see probar publicación f. publication publicar publish público m. public pudding m. (Eng.) pudding pud-e, -iste, -o, -ieron see poder pud-iera, -iéramos see poder pueblo m. town, village; populace, people, common people pueda see poder pued-o, -es, -e, -en see poder puente m. bridge; Puente Nuevo see note [39.3] puerta f. door puerto m. port, harbor; llegar a buen — reach a safe port or haven of refuge pues well, then, so puesto m. post, place puesto see poner pulcro, -a neat, graceful punta f. point; en — pointed punto m. point, dot, spot, place; al — immediately, straightway; estar a — de be on the point of; estar en su — be at its height puntualizar give a detailed account of, tell in detail, specify puntuar punctuate puramente purely, simply, merely pureza f. purity, simplicity puro, -a pure, simple pus-e, -o, -imos, -ieron see poner

Q

que rel. pron. who, which, that; el, la, los, las — who, which, that; the one who, he who, etc.; lo — that which, what; see lo ¿qué? what? ¡—! what! what a! how! ¿a —? for what? for what purpose? why? ¡— de! how many! ¿por —? why? no tener por — have no reason to; no sé — something or other que adv. than, as que conj. that; for, because; until; es — the fact is that, it's because; no es — it isn't that, it isn't because; for other meanings and uses see Notes and other headings in this vocabulary quebrantar break quedar remain, stay, be left, be; — + p. p. remain, be; — bien (mal) con remain or be on good (bad) terms with; — en agree to; — en cuidado be anxious; —se remain, stay; —se sin remain without, lose; no me quedan otros medios I have no other means left queja f. complaint quejarse complain; — de complain of querella f. complaint, dispute querellante m. complainant, disputant querer want, wish, desire; — a love, like; — decir mean; ¡quiera el Cielo! may heaven grant! quisiera I should like; see querido querido, -a beloved, dear; see querer querrás see querer quien who, whom; the one who, he who, etc.; hay — dice there are some who say, it is said ¿quién? who? whom? quier-as, -a see querer quier-o, -es, -e, -en see querer quis-e, -iste, -o, -ieron see querer quis-iera, -iéramos, -ierais, -ieran see querer quitar take, take away, rob

R

rabia f. rage, wrath, anger rabiar rage; — por long eagerly to Ramón m. Raymond ¡ran! (interj. used to imitate sound of drum) rápido, -a rapid, quick, swift raro, -a rare, uncommon, extraordinary raso m. satin rastrear rake ¡rataplán! (interj. used to imitate sound of drum) rayar border on, begin; rayaba el día day was breaking razón f. reason, right, justice; cause, motive; razones words, talk, argument; hablar en — talk sensibly or logically; ser — be right or proper; tener — be right; tener más — be more correct; tener mucha — be quite right razonable reasonable, fair, just real royal; Teatro Real see note [5.3] realidad f. reality, truth realista realistic realizar realize realmente really rebajar lower, cheapen recibir receive recitar recite recobrar recover recoger gather, collect, pick up, take up, adopt, accept recomendación f. recommendation recomendar recommend recompensar reward reconocer recognize recordar remember, recall, recollect; — de remember recuerd-as, -a see recordar recuerdo m. remembrance, recollection, memory, souvenir recurso m. recourse, resource redimir redeem reducir reduce referir tell, relate, report refinar refine refirió see referir reflexionar reflect regalar make presents, present, give regalito m. (dim. of regalo) small present, little gift regalo m. present, gift; comfort, luxury regañar quarrel región f. region registrar search, examine regocijado, -a merry, joyful, festive regocijo m. joy, gladness, merriment, rejoicing regreso m. return regular regular, common, average; por lo — usually, as a rule rehacer remake, make again, repair reino m. realm, kingdom reír laugh; —se laugh, scoff; —se de laugh at relación f. relation relativo, -a relative relucir shine; salir a — come to light remar row remedio m. remedy, help; ¡qué —! what remedy! what else is to be done! remo m. oar rendirse give oneself up, yield, submit renegar de renounce, disown renovar renew renunciar a renounce, give up reñir quarrel, scold reparación f. reparation, amends reparar repair, compensate, indemnify, make amends for; — en hesitate at, stop for; notice reparto m. distribution, cast of characters replicar reply reponer replace, restore, recover reposo m. repose, rest reprender reprove, scold representación f. representation, performance representante m. representative representar represent, perform reprochar reproach, blame, blame for reproducción f. reproduction repugnar a be repugnant to, oppose; le repugna... he dislikes... reputación f. reputation requerir require residir reside resignación f. resignation resignaos (resignad + os) resignar resign, give up; —se a resign oneself to, submit to; —se con resign oneself to, make up one's mind to endure resistir resist, stand, endure resolución f. resolution, determination resolver resolve, solve, decide respecto a (or de) with respect to respeto m. respect, consideration; guardar — show respect resplandor m. light, splendor, brilliancy, radiance responder respond, answer resultado m. result resultando see note [85.3] resultar result, follow retardado, -a retarded, old-fashioned retirar withdraw; —se retire, withdraw retroceder retreat, draw back reunir collect; —se meet, collect, come together reverencia f. reverence, bow reverenciar revere, venerate revolucionario, -a revolutionary rico, -a rich ridiculizar ridicule ridículo m. ridicule; poner en — make a fool of; ponerse en — make a fool of oneself ridículo, -a ridiculous rí-es, -en see reír riesgo m. risk, danger, peril; ponerme a — de run the risk of my rigurosamente strictly río m. river riqueza f. riches, wealth riquísimo, -a extremely rich, very rich ¡ris! (interj. used to imitate sound of sword cutting) risa f. laughter; —s bursts of laughter, laughter Risela f. no English equivalent risueño, -a smiling; el — the smiling man, merry person robar rob, steal robo m. robbery rodear surround rodeo m. winding, turn, circumlocution, evasion; no andar con —s be too outspoken, take too many liberties rogar ask, beg, beseech rojo, -a red; Peñas Rojas Red Cliffs (name of an imaginary place) romancesco, -a romantic romanticismo m. romanticism romántico, -a romantic romper break, destroy, tear up rosa f. rose rubio, -a fair, blonde ruboroso, -a blushing, bashful rufián m. ruffian ruido m. noise, uproar ruin mean, vile, base ruina f. ruin, destruction ruindad f. meanness, baseness ruinmente meanly, basely ruinoso, -a ruinous, worthless Ruiz no English equivalent