Page 239 INDEX

A

ABC of iron and steel, ix Absorption of carbon, rate of, 83 Air hardening steels, 183 Analysis of high speed steel, 165 Allotropic modifications, 107 Alloy steel, annealing, 76 properties of, 34 Alloys and their effect, 16, 24 in high speed steel, 166 in steel, value of, 16, 24 upon steel, 24 Alpha iron, 106 Annealing, 113, 115 care in, 154, 155 furnace, 190 high-chromium steel, 36 high speed tools, 174 in bone, 77 methods, 122 proper, 117 rifle components, 78 rust-proof steel, 36 steels, 75 temperature, 119 Arrests, 106 Austentite, 108, 111 Automotive industry, application of Liberty engine materials to, 46 temperature control, 225 Axles, heat treatment of, 61

B

Balls, making steel, 61 Barium chloride process, 178 Baths for tempering, 157 Bessemer converter, 2 Beta iron, 106 Blending compounds, 103 Blister steel, 81 Blue brittleness, 56 Bone, annealing in, 77 Boxes for case hardening or carburizing, 80 Breaking test gears, 126 Brinell hardness, 22 Broach hardening furnace, 188 Brown automatic pyrometer, 224 Burning, 65

C

Calorized tubes, 229 Carbon, 13 content at various temperatures, 84 content of case hardened work, 81 in cast iron, ix in tool steel, 149-150 introduction of, 96 penetration of, 95 steel, 11 steel forgings, Liberty engine, 48 steel tools, 145 steels, S. A. E., 10, 39 steels, temper colors, 163 strengthens iron, 13 tool steel, forging, 65 Carbonizing, see Carburizing Carborundum tubes, 229 Carburization, preventing, 93 Carburizing by gas, 88, 93 boxes, 80 compounds, 88, 102 gas consumption by, 101 local, 94 material, 85 nickel steel, 125 or case hardening, 79 pots for, 123 Page 240 Carburizing, process of, ix, 83, 116 short method, 124 sleeves, 132 with charcoal, 81, 88 See Case hardening Car door type of furnace, 190 Case, depth of, 86 Case hardening boxes, 80 cast iron, 89 local, 94 or surface carburizing, 79 treatments for various steels, 92 see Carburizing Cast iron, carbon in, ix case hardening, 89 Cementite, ix, 14 Center column furnace, 186 Centigrade table, 232-234 Chamotte tubes, 228 Chart of carbon penetration, 97 heat treatment, 151 shape, 151 Chrome steel, 26-27 Chrome-nickel steel, 27-28 steel, forging, 66 Chrome-vanadium steel, 28 Chromium, 26-27 steels, S. A. E., 41 Chromium-cobalt steel, 178 Chromium-vanadium steel, S. A. E., 41 Classification of steel, 10 Clay tubes, 229 Cold end compensator, 213 junction errors, 222 shortness, 15, 166 worked steel, 65 Color in tempering, 157 Colors on carbon steels, 163 Combination tank, 90 Comparison of fuels, 191 Compensating leads, 222 Compensator for cold ends, 214 automatic, 214 Composition of steel, 13 Compound, blending, 103 separating from work, 102 Compounds for carburizing, 102 Connecting rods, Liberty motor, 42, 52 Continuous heating furnace, 71 Converter, Bessemer, 2 Cooling curves, 106, 107 Cooling quenching oil, roof system, 74 rate of, for gear-forgings, 51 Copper, effect of, in medium carbon steel, 35 Copper-plating to prevent carburizing, 93 Corrosion of high-chromium steel, 38 of rust-proof steel, 38 Corundite tubes, 229 Cost of operating furnaces, 200 Cracks in hardening, preventing, 106 Crankshaft, Liberty motor, 54 Critical point, 105 Crucible or tool steel, x, 4 Cutting off high speed steel, 172 Cyanide bath for tool steel, 133

D

Decarbonizing of outer surface, 153 preventing, 154 Depth of case, 86 Detrimental elements in steel, 166 Dies, drop forging, 133 quenching, 147 soft spots in, 147 tempering round, 161 Drawing, 114 ends of gear teeth, 127 Drop forging dies, 133 Ductility, 13, 18

E

Effect of alloys, 24 of different carburizing material, 87 of size of piece, 89, 119 of copper in medium carbon steel, 35 Elastic limit, 18 Electric process of steel making, 5 Electrode, 5 Elements, chemical, 12 Elongation, 18 Page 241 Endurance limit, 20 Energizer, 81, 88 Enlarging steel, 161 Equipment for heat treating, 121 Eutectoid, 109

F

Fahrenheit temperature table, 232 Fatigue test, 19 Ferrite, 106 File test, 16, 17 Flame shields, 193 Flange shields for furnaces, 197 Forging furnace, 189 high speed tools, 174 improper, 66 of steel, 64 practice, heavy, 195 rifle barrels, 69 Forgings, carbon steel Liberty engine, 48 Formed tools, high speed, 174 Fractures, examining by, 16, 159 Furnace, continuous heating, 71 crucible, 4 data, 199 electric, 5 Heroult, 6 open hearth, 3 records, 129 Furnaces, 185 annealing, 190 broach hardening, 188 car door type, 190 center column, 186 cost of operating, 200 data on, 199 forging, heavy, 195 fuels for, 199 gas fired, 190 high speed steel, 187 lead pot, 185 manganese steel, 198 muffle, 189 oil fired, 186 operating costs, 200 screens for, 192 tool, 187 Furnaces, water cooled fronts, 197 Fuels, comparison of, 191 for furnaces, 199

G

Gages, changes due to quenching, 162 tempering, 161 Gamma iron, 106 Gas, carburizing by, 93 consumption for carburizing, 101 fired furnace, 190 illuminating, for carburizing, 97 Gear blanks, heat treatment of, 115 forgings, rate of cooling for Liberty engine, 51 hardening machine, 130 steel, transmission, 59 teeth, drawing ends of, 127 Gears, Liberty engine, 50 Gleason tempering machine, 129 Grade of steel, 10 Grain, refining, 91, 110 size, 16 Graphitic carbon, ix Grinding high speed steel, 176

H

Hair lines in forgings, 56 Hardening, 111 carbon steel for tools, 145 cracks, preventing, 160 dies, 146 gears, 130 high speed steel, 171 high speed tools, 177 of high-chromium steel, 37 of rust-proof steel, 37 room, modern, 146 Hardness tests, 20 Heating, effect of size, 119 for forging, 64 Heat, judging by color, 114 treating departments, 122 equipment, 121 forgings, 44 inspection of, 125 Liberty motor, 44 Page 242 Heat treating, of axles, 61 of chisels, 151 of gears, 131 of high speed steel, 170 of steel, 105 S. A. E., 134-137 Heat treatment, 105 Heroult furnace, 6 High-chromium steel, 36 annealing of, 36 corrosion of, 38 hardening of, 37 Highly stressed parts of Liberty engine, 49 High speed steel, analysis of, 166 annealing, 75 cutting off, 172 forging, 65 furnace, 187 hardening, 171 heat treatment of, 170 instructions for, 175, 180 manufacture, 166, 169 pack hardening, 172 structure of, 168 Hints for steel users, 159

I

Illuminating gas for carburizing, 97 Impact test, 19 Improper forging, 66 Influence of size on heating, 119 Inspection of heat treatment, 125 Internal stresses, relieving, 154 Introduction of carbon, 96

J

Jewelers' tools, 146 Judging heat of steel by color, 114

L

Latent heat, 105 Lathe and planer tools, 176 tools, high speed, 173 Latrobe temper list, 150 Lead bath, 154 pot furnace, 185 Leeds & Northrup potentiometer 211 optical pyrometer, 220 Liberty engine, highly stressed parts of, 49 Liberty engine materials, application to automotive industry, 46 motor connecting rods, 42, 52 motor, crankshaft, 54 motor piston pin, 57 Local case hardening, 94 Luting mixture, 100

M

Machineability of steel, 72 Machinery steel, annealing, 77 Magnet test, 114 Making steel in electric furnace, 6 Manganese, 16, 33, 107 steel, 29-30 furnace, 198 Manufacture of high speed steel, 169 Marquardt mass tubes, 228 Martensite, 111 Medium carbon steel, effect of copper on, 35 Metallography, 105 Microphotographs, 109 e. s. Microscopic examination, 158 Milling cutters, high speed, 174 Mixture for luting, 100 Modern hardening room, 146 Molten metal pyrometers, 226 Molybdenum, 32 Muffle furnace, 189

N

Nickel, 24 Nickel-chromium steel, 27-28 steels, S. A. E., 40 Nickel, influence of, on steel, 25 steel, 24-26 affinity for carbon, 125 steels, S. A. E., 39 Non-homogeneous melting, 24 Non-shrinking steels, 35 Normalizing, 114

Page 243 O

Oil bath for tempering, 157 cooling on roof, 74 fired furnace, 186 hardening steel, forging, 66 steels, 35 temperature of quenching, 124 Open hearth furnace, 3 Operating costs of furnaces, 200 Outer surface decarbonizer, 153 Over-heated steel, restoring, 137 Overheating, 65 dies, 148

P

Pack-hardening, 87 high speed steel, 173 Packing work for carburizing, 123 Paste for hardening dies, 146 Pearlite, 109, 112 Penetration of carbon, 95 carbon, chart of, 97 in case hardening, 83 Phosphorus, 15, 33 Pickling Liberty motor forgings, 44 Pig iron, ix Piston pin, Liberty motor, 57 Placing pyrometers, 210 Planer tools, high speed, 173 "Points" of carbon in steel, 9 Potentiometer, Leeds & Northrup, 211 Pots for carburizing, 123 Press for testing gears, 126 Preventing carburization, 93 cracks in hardening, 160 Properties of alloy steels, 34 of alloy steels, table, 34 of steel, 12 Protective screens for furnaces, 192 Puddled iron, ix Punches and chisels, steels for, 151 Pyrometers, 202 calibration, 208 copper ball, 202 indicating, 219 inspection, 208 iron ball, 202 molten metal, 226 optical, 206, 220 placing, 210 recording, 216 Siemens, 202 testing, 209 water, 203

Q

Quality and structure of high speed steel, 168 of steel, 149 Quenching, after carburizing, 86-88 dies in tank, 147 obsolete method, 148 oil, temperature of, 124 tank, 89 tool steel, 156

R

Rate of absorption of carbon, 83 Recording temperatures, 127 Red shortness, 14, 166 Refining the grain, 91, 111 Regenerative open hearth furnace, 3 Restoring overheated steel, 137 Rifle barrels, forging, 69 components, annealing, 78 Roof system of cooling oil, 74 Rust-proof steel, 36 annealing of, 36 corrosion of, 38 hardening of, 37

S

S. A. E. carbon steels, 10, 39 chromium steels, 41 chromium-vanadium, 41 heat treatments, 134-137 nickel-chromium steels, 40 nickel steels, 39 screw stock, 39 silico-manganese steel, 41 standard steels, 39 Page 244 Salt bath for tempering, 157 Scleroscope test, 21 Scratch hardness, 20 Screens for furnaces, 192 Screw stock, S. A. E., 14, 39 Sensible heat, 105 Sentinels, melting of, 207 Separating work from compound, 102 Shields for furnace doors, 193 Shore Scleroscope, 21 Short method of carburizing, 124 Shrinking steel, 161 Silica tubes, 228 Silico-manganese steels, S. A. E., 41 Silicon, 15, 33, 107 Silversmiths' tools, 146 Size of piece, effect of, 89, 119 Slags, 7 Sleeves, carburizing, 132 hardening and shrinking, 132 shrinking, 132 Solid solution, 106 Sorbite, 112 Specimens, test, 17 Standard S. A. E. steels, 39 Steel, balls, stock for, 62 bolts, making, 61 composition of, 12 deoxidation, 15 for chisels and punches, 151 forging of, 64 give it a chance, 148 heat treatment of, 105 high speed, 165 making, 1, 6, 15 Bessemer process, 1 crucible process, 4 electric furnace process, 5 open hearth, 1 tools, carbon, in, 149 users' hints, 159 Structure of high speed steel, 168 Sulphur, 14, 33

T

Tables, air, oil and water hardened steel, 38 alloy steels, properties of, 34 carbon content, 84 carbon steels, 39 case hardening, 97 changes due to quenching, 162 chromium steels, 41 chromium-vanadium steels, 41 colors and temperature, 163 composition of steels, 51, 52 cost of furnaces, 200 effect of size, 119 fuels, comparison of, 191 high-chromium steel, 37 nickel-chromium steels, 40 nickel steels, 39 operating cost of furnaces, 200 production cost of furnaces, 201 S. A. E. steels, 49 screw stock, 39 silico-manganese steels, 41 stock for balls, 62 temperature conversion, 232-234 tempering temperatures, 158 weight of steel, 235-237 Tank for quenching, 89 dies, 147 Taylor instruments, 215 Temper, colors of, 157 list, Latrobe, 150 of steel, 10, 149 Temperature recorders, 127 tables, 232-234 Temperatures for tempering, 158 Tempering colors on carbon steels, 163 gages, 161 high speed tools, 177 machine, Gleason, 129 round dies, 161 temperatures, 158 theory of, 114, 156 Tempers of carbon steel, 10, 150 Tensile test, 17 Testing heat treatment, 125 Tests of steel, 16 Test specimens, 17 Theory of tempering, 114, 150 Thermocouple, 204 base metal, 205 Page 245 cold end, 206 placing, 218 protectors, 227 rare metal, 205 Time for hardening, 148 Tool furnace, small, 187 Tool or crucible steel, annealing, 76 Tool steel, cyanide bath for, 133 quenching, 150 Tools, carbon in different, 149 carbon steel, 145 of high speed steel, 173 sulphur in, 14 tempers of various, 150 transformation points, 106 Transmission gear steel, 59 Treatments for various steels, 92 Troosite, 112 Tubes, calorized, 229 carborundum, 229 Chamotte, 228 clay, 229 Marquardt mass, 228 silica, 228 Tungsten steel, 30

U

Ultimate strength, 17 Users of steel, hints for, 159

V

Vanadium steel, 28

W

Water annealing, 155 cooled furnace fronts, 197 Weight of steel bars, 235-237 Working instructions for high speed steel, 175 Wrought iron, ix

Y

Yield Point, 19