THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY. (continued 4)

“7. Stimulation of the medulla oblongata by weak induced currents causes a powerful contraction of the renal vessels.

“8. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, e.g., sciatic, brachial plexus, splanchnic, &c., causes a contraction of the renal vessels simultaneous with the rise in the aortic blood-pressure. Stimulation of the central end of the vagus causes a contraction of the kidney (where the vagus of the other side has been cut to eliminate reflex inhibition of the heart), and the renal vessels contract whether the stimulation of the central end of the vagus cause a rise or a fall of the aortic blood-pressure.

“9. Stimulation of nearly all the roots of the splanchnic in the thorax, and of both larger and smaller splanchnic nerve-trunks causes contraction of the kidney of the opposite side. The extent to which the kidney contracts on stimulation of the splanchnic is usually very considerable. In one case the kidney contracted on stimulating with a strong induced current for three minutes to an extent which was equal to 63 per cent. of the post-mortem volume of the organ.

“10. In nearly every case stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut splanchnic at the point where it passes through the diaphragm causes contraction of both kidneys; the kidney of the side opposite to the nerve stimulated commencing to contract later than the one on the same side as the stimulated nerve.

“11. Stimulation of the central end of a sensory nerve, or of the medulla oblongata, or of the cervical spinal cord, causes a contraction of the renal vessels after both splanchnics have been cut at their point of entrance into the abdominal cavity. Vaso-constrictor influences may therefore pass from the spinal cord to the kidney by some other path than the two splanchnics.

“12. Section of the splanchnic does not always cause an expansion of the renal vessels, a fact which would make it doubtful whether a vascular tonus of the renal vessels emanating from the vaso motor centre or centres in the spinal cord is normally present.

“13. Stimulation of the central ends of the majority of the fine nerves which enter the kidney along with the vessels causes a contraction of the vessels of the kidney.

“14. Stimulation of the peripheral end of each and all of the renal nerves which accompany the vessels causes a contraction of the organ.

“15. After section of all but one of the (usually from 7 to 11) nerves accompanying the renal vessels, stimulation of the peripheral end of the splanchnic or of a sensory nerve still causes a contraction of the kidney which differs but little in amount from that produced by the same stimulation when all the renal nerves were intact, but which takes longer time to show itself after the stimulation.”—Extracts from paper “On the Mechanism of the Renal Secretion,” by C. S. Roy, M.D.; read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, May 23, 1881.

Russo, Antonio. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Palermo University.

Rutherford, William, University, and 14, Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1863 (Thesis Gold Medallist); M.R.C.S. Eng.; (Univs. Edin., Berlin, Vienna, Paris); F.R.S.; Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Edin.; formerly Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. and Roy. Inst. Lond.; Annual Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin. and King’s Coll. Med. Soc.

Author of “Outlines of Practical Histology,” 1877; “A Text Book of Physiology,” 1880; “Influence of the Vagus upon the Vascular System;” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870; “On the Physiological Action of Drugs on the Secretion of Bile;” Ibid., 1879; “Lectures on Experimental Physiology;” Lancet, 1871-72; etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh, Physiological Lecture Room and Laboratory in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-82-83; also a Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics; two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill; and two Certificates for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules, or Asses, in 1878; No Experiments on Horses, Mules, or Asses.

“I will take one instance from certain experiments performed by Professor Rutherford, and reported in the British Medical Journal. I refer to the series of experiments commenced December the 14th, 1878. These experiments were 31 in number; no doubt there were hundreds of dogs sacrificed upon other series of experiments, but now I am only referring to one set beginning as I say on the 14th of December, 1878. There were in this set 31 experiments, but no doubt many more than 31 dogs were sacrificed. All were performed on dogs, and the nature of them was this: The dogs were starved for many hours. They were then fastened down; the abdomen was cut open; the bile duct was dissected out and cut; a glass tube was tied into the bile duct and brought outside the body. The duct leading to the gall-bladder was then closed by a clamp and various drugs was placed into the intestines at its upper part. The result of these experiments was simply nothing at all—I mean it led to no increase of knowledge whatever, and no one can be astonished at that, because these wretched beasts were placed in such circumstances—their condition was so abnormal—that the ordinary and universally recognised effect of well-known drugs was not produced. These experiments were performed without anæsthetics—the animals were experimented upon under the influence of a drug called curari.”—Mr. Reid’s Speech in the House of Commons, April 4th, 1883.

“In your judgment and your own experience, are operations of that description upon a dog to be taken as being evidence of what the effect would be on the human being?—Certainly not, but merely as suggesting what the action would be; that is all. The experiment must also be tried upon man before a conclusion can be drawn.”—Evid. Roy. Com. Q. 2966.

“What is the rule by which you guide yourself in determining whether animals shall be rendered insensible to pain or not?—When the mode of rendering them insensible to pain would interfere with the due result being obtained from the experiment, we do not so render them. Is that any large proportion of the experiments?—I should say a considerable proportion. Would it be more than half the experiments?—I should have a difficulty in saying how many, but I should think about half the experiments that I have done.”—Ibid., 2841-3.

“Where did you study physiology yourself?—I studied it in Berlin chiefly. I had to go there to have a whole course of experiments performed for my special benefit; there was a great expenditure of time and teaching power, and also of animals, to teach me alone.”—Ibid., Q. 2867.

Sanderson, John Burdon, Physiol. Lab. Univ. Mus. Oxford, M.D. Edin., 1851; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1863, M. (Exam.) 1855 (Edin.); LL.D., F.R.S.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; late Jodrell Prof. of Physiol., Univ. College; Waynflete Prof. of Physiol., Oxford; late Phys. Consump. Hosp. Brompton; Asst. Phys. and Lect. Middlesex Hosp.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of Various Papers and Reports. Editor of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory,” 1872.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Brown Institution, and University College, London; also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-83.

“For this purpose (to produce asphyxia) a cannula must be fixed air tight in the trachea.… The phenomena as they present themselves in the dog, may be enumerated as follows:—First minute—Excessive respiratory movements.… Towards the close of the first minute the animal becomes convulsed.… Second minute.… The iris is now dilated to a rim, the eye does not close when the cornea is touched, nor does the pupil react to light; all reflex action to stimuli has ceased.… Third and fourth minutes.—As death approaches, the thoracic and abdominal movements, which are entirely inspiratory, become slower and slower as well as shallower.… In these spasms which accompany the final gasps of an asphyxiated animal, the head is thrown back, the trunk straightened or arched backwards, and the limbs are extended, while the mouth gapes and the nostrils dilate.”—Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory, p. 320.

“In a curarised rabbit, in which artificial respiration is maintained in the usual way, an incision is made in the middle line, extending from the upper third of the sternum to the upper end of the trachea. The external jugular vein of one side is then brought into view, tied in two places, and divided between ligatures.… Both ganglia having been thus prepared with as little loss of time as possible, the sympathetic and vagus nerves are divided, and the medulla oblongata (spinal cord) is then divided.”—Ibid., p. 278.

“Fix the point of the chisel in the middle line of the skull (of a rabbit) just behind the protuberance, and bore through the bone, moving the handle of the instrument from side to side in order to assist its passage, but not pressing with too great force. When the skull has been penetrated, push the chisel downwards and forwards through the cerebellum.… In half-an-hour or an hour afterwards test for sugar.”—Ibid., p. 515.

“The bile in guinea-pigs is secreted in very large quantities.… When the bile-duct is tied the guinea-pigs die in less than twenty-four hours; but when it is not tied they will live for a week.”—Ibid., p. 505.

Savory, Wm. Scovell, 66, Brook Street, W. M.B. Lond. (Univ. Med. Schl.), 1848; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.) 1852; M. 1847; F.R.S.; Mem. Comt. Exam. Roy. Coll. Surg. Eng.; Surg. and Lect. on Surg. St. Bath. Hosp.; Exam. Surg. Univ. Coll.; Surg. Christ’s Hosp.; late Prof. Comp. Anat. and Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.

Author of “Life and Death;” “Essays on Pyæmia, &c.;” St. Bart. Hosp. Reps. and Various Essays in Philos. and Med. and Chir. Trans. and Med. Journ.

Made experiments on dogs—to study the relative temperature of arterial and venous blood.—Lancet, Vol. I., 1857, pp. 371-398.

Schäfer, Edw. Albert, University College, Gower Street, W.C. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Jodrell Prof. of Physiol. Univ. Coll.; formerly Fuller Prof. of Physiol. Roy. Inst.

Author of “A Course of Practical Histology,” London, 1883; Contrib. Proc. Roy. Soc. and Journ. Anat. and Phys., &c. &c.; Editor of Microscopic Part of Quain’s Anatomy, 8th Edition.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, Physiological Theatre, Microscope Room with Ante Room, the Jodrell Laboratory, Physiological Laboratory, and Curator’s Rooms in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80-81-82-83.

“Then may I take it there are a great number of experiments which, supposing a frog to be a sensitive animal, must cause a vast deal of pain, which are not done under chloroform?—There is no doubt of it. And there is no precaution taken to diminish pain, if it suffers pain?—I think I may say no special precaution.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 3,801-2.

Schiff, Moritz. B. at Frankfort, O.M., 1823; Studied at Univs. Heidelberg, Göttingen, and Berlin; Laureate in Med., Gott., 1844; Pupil of Majendie and Longet; formerly Curator of Ornithological Museum, Frankfort; Prof. of Ornith. and Path. Anat., Bern, 1855; Prof. Physiol., Florence, 1872; Prof. Physiol. at Geneva, 1876.

Author of “De vi motoria bascos encephali,” Frankfort, 1845; “Untersuchungen zur Physiologie des Nervensystems,” 1854; “Nerven und Muskel-Physiologie,” Lahr, 1838; “Ueber Zuckerbildung in der Leber,” Wurzburg, 1859; “Sul sistema nervoso encefalico,” Florence, 1865; “Sur la Physiologie de la Digestion,” Turin, 1867; “Sulla Misura della Sensazione,” Florence, 1869; “De l’Inflammation et de la Circulation,” Paris, 1873; “La pupille comme esthesiomètre,” Paris, 1875, etc.

“In Professor Schiff’s work, almost every lecture is accompanied by the sacrifice of some animal; 700 a year, it is stated, thus perish (1343). Calls attention to a discrepancy between two statements of Professor Schiff: one stating that the dogs made no noise because they were not in pain; the other stating that their nerves of vocalisation had been cut “pour les empêcher.… de discréditer ainsi les études physiologiques auprês des habitants du quartier” (1287).”—Digest Ev. Roy. Com., p. 11.

“A number of rabbits were deprived of food until they ate dead frogs thrown into their hutch. The object of this experiment was to show that herbivorous animals could live on animal food (See Schiff, Physiologie de la Digestive, Vol. I., p. 67). What use this information may be put to I leave to the judgment of unbiassed minds to determine. I know that the rabbits suffered very much before they were induced to eat the dead frogs.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 4,888, p. 244.

“After the thousands of experiments made by these gentlemen, by which they are enabled to contradict each other, and after all this fiendish massacre, the latest writer on the nervous system, Moritz Schiff, a man who has gained some notoriety as a vivisector, concludes, from numberless other experiments he has made, that the functions of the cerebellum are altogether unknown.”—Fleming’s Essay, p. 33.

Schmidt, Albrecht. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Dorpat.

Scott, John Alfred, 25, Idrone Terrace, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. L.K.Q.C.P. Irel. and L.M., 1882; L.R.C.S.I., 1881; L.M. Rot. Hosp., Dub., 1880; (Ledw. and Carm. Schs. and Mercer’s and Adelaide Hosps., Dub.); Fell. Acad. Med. Irel.; Mem. Photog. Soc. Irel.; Lect. on Anat. Physiol. Carm. Coll. of Med. Dub.

Held a License for Vivisection at Physiological Lecture Rooms and Laboratory, Carmichael College, Dublin, in 1882 and 1883. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883. No Experiments returned, 1882.

Sedgwick, Wm. T. Ph.B.; Fellow of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.

Contrib. “The influence of quinine upon the reflex excitability of the spinal cord.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 22.

Experiments on frogs.

Senator, Hermann, 7, Bauhofstrasse, Berlin. B. Gnesen, 1834; M.D., Berlin, 1858; Pupil of Johannes Müller, 1875; Direct. Inner Dept. of Augusta Hosp.; and Prof. extraord. Med. Faculty, Berlin.

Co-editor (with Prof. H. Kronecker) of “Centralblatt für die medicinischen Wissenschaften.”

Sertoli, Enrico, Prof. Univ., Milan. Scuola Sup. di Veterinaria.

Severini, Luigi, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera, Corso di Zoojatrice.

Sewall, Henry. B. Sc.; Ph. D.; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.; Assoc. in Biol. Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore.

Contrib. “Experiments upon the ears of fishes with reference to the function of equilibrium.”—“Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. IV., p. 339, &c.

“The experiments to be described were carried on by means of the facilities offered at the Marine Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University during the summer of 1881, at Beaufort, N.C., and again in 1883, on the Chesapeake Bay.… Records were made of experiments performed upon more than ninety individuals (sharks and skate).… The experiments … were performed under unusually favourable anatomical conditions, but it must be confessed that the results obtained are far from forming a solution of the problem investigated.”—Journ. of Physiol., Vol. IV., pp. 338, etc.

Sharpey, William. B. at Arbroath, Forfarshire, 1802; d. 1881. Studied at Edinburgh and Paris; M.D. Edinburgh, 1823; LL.D. Edin.; F.R.C.S. Edin., 1830; F.R.S., F.R.S.E.; a Trustee Hunt. Mus.; Mem. Gen. Med. Counc.; Mem. Senate Univ. Lond.; Emerit. Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. of London, 1836; F.R.S., 1839.

“Has performed experiments on living animals, and sometimes exhibited them (389-91), and considers such experiments absolutely necessary for the progress of physiology (393), and that scientific investigation by competent persons is important for the development of medical and surgical improvement (398-401).”—Digest. Ev. Roy. Com., p. 4.

“The chief use of employing curari is to render the animal quite still; that is the great purpose of it. What Mr. Hutton says is quite true, that it is not generally recognised as an anæsthetic, and, therefore, not used as an anæsthetic.—Then it is a contrivance to save to the operator the trouble which the manifestation of pain by the animal might occasion him? It facilitates the operation at any rate.”—Evid. Roy. Com., Q. 462-3.

Sibson, Francis, 59, Brook Street, W. M.D. Lond. 1848; M.D. Dub. (Hon.) 1867; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Hon. D.C.L. Durh.; F.R.S.; Mem. Senate (formerly Exam. in Med.) Univ. Lond.; Vice-Pres. (late Pres. Council) Brit. Med. Assoc.; late Sen. Phys. and Lect. on Clin. Med. St. Mary’s Hosp.; Goulst. Lect. R.C.P. Lond., 1853; Croon. Lect., 1870.

Author of “Medical Anatomy;” “The Causes which excite Respiration in Health and Disease;” Physiol. Address, 1851, etc., etc.

Sieveking, Ed. Henry, 17, Manchester Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1841; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1852 (Univ. Coll. and Edin.); Pres. Harv. Soc., 1861; Vice-Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc.; Phys. Extraord. to H.M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales; Phys. to St. Mary’s Hosp.; Phys. Hosp. for Paralysis and Epilepsy, etc.

Formerly Editor “Medico-Chirurgical Review;” Author of “Manual of Pathological Anatomy” (with Dr. H. Jones), 1854, etc.

Sihler, Christian, M.D., Fellow of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A.

Author of “On the so-called Heat Dyspnœa,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. II, p. 192.

Placed some dogs with cervical cord cut, in a heated chamber to test experiments made previously by Goldstein.

Silvestri, Luigi, Perugia. Prof. Università Libera Corso di Zoojatrice.

Solera, Luigi. Prof. Catania University.

Soloweitschyk, Isaac, St. Petersburg.

Made experiments on the action of the different combinations of Antimony in the Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Strasburg. Exper. VIII., on a cat weighing about 7¾ lbs. The nervi vagi cut, the animal curarised, and artificial respiration established, electrodes inserted into the spinal marrow and an electric current sent through the nerves.--Archiv. für Exper. Pathol., 12, 5, 6.

Soltmann, O. Prof. Med. Fac. Univ. Breslau.

“With reference to the published works of Fritsch and Hitzig on the motor centres of the cortex, and also (while I am engaged in the same studies) concerning the experiments of Hermann on electrical stimulation in Pflüger’s Archives, Vol. X., I feel called upon to make the following communication:—(1) In newly-born dogs no muscular movements were observed during electrical stimulation of the cortex cerebri; (2) These movements were only observed some days (9-11 days) after birth; (3) The extent and form of the motor centres of the cortex vary; in young animals they differ from those of fully grown animals. The necessary subjects for further experimentation (pregnant bitches and young dogs of all ages) are difficult to obtain so that the experiments only proceed slowly. Breslau, 10 March, 1875.”—Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1875, p. 210.

Stefani, Aristide, Ferrara. Università Libera, Corso di Zoojatrice.

Author (jointly with Weiss) of “Ricerche anatomiche intorno al cervelletto di Comlombi sani ed operati nei Canali Semicircolari,” Com. to Acad. Ferrara, 24 Nov., 1877.

Sternberg, George M. M.D., Surgeon and Major, U.S.A.

Contrib. “Induced Septicæmia in the Rabbit,” Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences, July, 1882; “Experiments to determine the germicide value of certain Therapeutic Agents,” Ibid., April, 1883.

“The object of the present paper is to compare the results obtained in some recently reported experiments upon rabbits (Report to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical Association, by Peter Murray Braidwood, M.D., F.R.M.S., and Francis Vacher, F.R.C.S., Ed., British Med. Journ., Nos. 1,100 and 1,101, 1882) with the writers experiments made last year, under the auspices of the National Board of Health (a fatal form of septicæmia in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva).—National Board of Health Bulletin, April 30, 1881.

“I have demonstrated by repeated experiments that my saliva in doses of 1·25 c.c. to 1·75 c.c. injected into the subcutaneous connective tissue of a rabbit, infallibly produces death, usually within forty-eight hours.”… “The saliva of four students, residents of Baltimore gave negative results; eleven rabbits injected with the saliva of six individuals in Philadelphia gave eight deaths and three negative results; but in the fatal cases a less degree of virulence was shown in six cases by a more prolonged period between the date of injection and the date of death.”—Amer. Journ. of Med. Sciences, July, 1882, pp. 71, &c.

Stevenson, Thomas, Guy’s Hosp., S.E., and 45, Gresham Road, S.W. M.D. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1871; M. 1864; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Guy’s); Lect. on Chem. and Med. Jurisp. Guy’s Hosp.; Analyst Surrey, Bedfordsh., St. Pancras, Shoreditch, etc.; Exam. in Forensic Med. Univ. Lond.

Joint Author “On the Application of Physiological tests for certain Organic Poisons, especially Digitaline;” Proc. Roy. Soc. 1865, and various Papers in Guy’s Hosp. Reps., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital Museum Theatre and Lecture Room in 1881-82-83. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1881-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Stirling, William, Marischal College, Aberdeen. B. Sc. Edin. (1st Class Honours), 1870; D. Sc. (1st Class Honours in Physiol.) 1872; M.B. and C.M. (1st Class Honours), 1872; M.D. (Gold Medallist), 1875; (Edin., Leipsig, Berlin and Paris); Regius Prof. of Insts. of Med. Univ. Aberdeen.

Author of “Text Book of Practical Histology” (plates), 1881; “Outlines of Physiological Chemistry,” 1881; “Effects of Division of the Sympathetic Nerve in the Neck of Young Animals,” “Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,” etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological Department in 1878-79-80-81-82-83; Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1881.

Strauss, J., 10, Rue Madame, Paris. M.D.; Agrégé at Med. Fac.; Physician at the Tenon Hospital.

Author of “Des lésions rénales dans leur rapport avec l’hyperthropethie cardiaque,” Arch. Gén. de Méd., Jan., 1882.

Stroganow, N., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Oxydations processes im normalen und Erstickungs-blute.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XII., p. 18.

Made experiments in the Laboratory of Prof. Hoppe-Seyler in Strasburg.

Dogs asphyxiated with an apparatus constructed by direction of Prof. Hoppe-Seyler after the model of that of Régnault and Reiset.

Studiati, Cesare. Prof. Pisa University.

Suchard (Prof.), 9, Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris. M.D.; Prof. of Gen. Anat., College of France.

Talma, G. Prof. Utrecht University.

Author of: “Ueber die Folgen Arterienverschlusses in den verschiedenen Organen,” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wissenschaften, No. 46 (1879), p. 817; “Zur Genese der Herztöne,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XVIII. (1880), p. 275; “Nog. eens over hart en arterietonen,” Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Geneesk, 1880, p. 661; “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Einflusses der Respiration auf die Circulation des Blutes,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XXIX. (1882), p. 311.

Experiments on dogs and rabbits to study the effect of respiration on the circulation of the blood.

Tamburini (Sig.). Prof. at Institut. Psychiatrique of Reggio.

Joint author (with Seppilli) of “Contribuzione allo studio sperimentale del ipnotismo;” “Rivist. sper. di Psichiat.,” 1882, p. 268; and “Arch. ital. de Biologie,” Vol. II., 1882.

Experiments on hypnotism in the human subject.

Teissier, Junr. (Prof.), 16, Quai Tilsitt, Lyons. Prof. of Clin. Med., Med. Fac. Univ. Lyons.

“Made a series of experiments at the Collége de France to prove the dangers attending the introduction of the negative pole of the battery into the aneurismal sac (M. Ciniselli’s method). These researches were made on dogs.”—Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878, p. 129.

Thin, George, 22, Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, W. M.D., St. And., 1860; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1858 (Edin.), Contrib. on Histological, Pathological, and Dermatological subjects in various Journs. and Trans.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; the New Physiological Theatre and the Rooms comprised in the Physiological Laboratory, together with the Curator’s Room, in 1883. Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill same year.

Tiegel, E. Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg, and Private Prof.

Author of “Notizen über Schlangenblut,” Pflüger’s Arch., Vol. XXIII. (1880), p. 278.

Tigerstetd, R. A. A. Prof. Stockholm University.

Author of “Studien ueber mechanische Nervenreigung,” 1 Abth. Helsingfors, 1880; “Die durch einen Konstanten Strom in den Nerven hervorgerufenen Veränderungen der Erregbarkeit mittels mechanischer Reizung untersucht.”—Mittheil vom physiol. Laborat., Stockholm, Bk. I., 1882, etc.

Tommasi-Crudeli, Corrado. B. at Piere, Santo Stefano, 1834; Prof. extraord. of Path. Hist. at Inst. di Studii Superiori, Florence, 1863; Prof. of Path. Anat. Univ. of Palermo, 1865; Founded Physiol. and Pathol. Inst. at Rome, 1870.

Topinard (Mons.), 103, Rue de Rennes, Paris. M.D.; Prof. at the Institute of Anthropology.

Toussaint, H. Prof. at the Veterinary School, Toulouse; Prof. Physiol. Fac. Sci., Toulouse, 1880.

Author of “Identité de la septicémie expérimentale aiguë et du choléra des poules.”—Compt. Rend., Vol. XCI. (1880), p. 301; “Note contenne dans un pli cacheté et relative à un procédé pour la vaccination du mouton et du jeune chien.”—Ibid., p. 303.

Traube, Ludwig. B. at Ratibon, 1818; d. at Berlin, 1876. Geheimrath.

Trojanow (Dr.), St. Petersburg.

Author of “The influence of extended scalds on the animal organism” (In Russian), St. Petersburg, 1882.

Truman, Edgar Beckit, 31, Derby Road, Nottingham. M.D. St. And., 1861; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1860 (Guy’s); Sen. Exhib. and Gold Medallist in Med., Guy’s; Prizem. Phys. Soc.; F.C.S.; Pub. Analyst, Nottingh. Boro’ and Co.

Contrib. Pop. Sci. Rev., 1863, &c.

Held a License for Vivisection at 31, Derby Road, Nottingham, in 1882 and 1883. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics, 1882 and 1883. No Experiments returned.

Turner, George, High Street, Hoddesdon, Herts. L.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; Sanit. Sci. Cert., Cambridge, 1875; (Guy’s and Montpellier); Prizem. Guy’s Hosp. 1869, 1871; F.C.S.; late Med. Off. Health and Analyst, Portsmouth Boro’; Sanit. Med. Off. Portsmouth; Res. Med. Off. Lond. Fever Hosp. and Chef de Clinique intérimaire, Hôpital St. Eloi, Montpellier.

Held a License for Vivisection at Portsmouth Borough Laboratory in 1878 and 1879. No Experiments returned.

Vacher, Francis, 36, Hamilton Square, and 49, Shrewsbury Road, Birkenhead. F.R.C.S. Edin., 1878; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1867 (Edin.); Hon. Sec. N. Western Ass.; Med. Off. Health; House Surg. Roy. Matern. Hosp. Edin. Contrib. Liverp. and Manch. Med. Surg. Reps. etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at [1]35, Park Road, South Birkenhead in 1878. Certificates dispensing with obligations to kill, and for testing previous discoveries. No Experiments returned.

Valentin, Gabriel Gustav. B. at Breslau, 1810; d. at Geneva, 1883. M.D., Breslau, 1832; Prof. Physiol., Univ. of Berne, 1836 to 1881.

Author of “De functionibus nervorum cerebralium et nervi sympathici,” Berne, 1839; “Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen,” Brunswick, 1846; “Beiträge zur Anatomie und Physiologie des nerven u. des Muskelsystems,” Leipsig, 1863; “Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie der Nerven,” Leipsig, 1864; “Versuch einer physiologischen Pathologie des Herzens und der Blutgefässe,” Leipsig u. Heidelberg, 1866, etc.

Made experiments with strychnine on frogs.—Arch. f. exper. Pathologie, p. 337.

Vallon (Mons.), No. 1, Rue Cabanio, Paris. Phys. Hosp. for Mental Disease.

Valmont (Prof.), 90, Rue de la Boëtie, Paris. Med. Fac.; Prof. of Pharmacol.

Veltà (Prof.), Bologna University.

Verderi (Prof.), Parma University.

Vierordt, K. von. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac., Tübingen University.

Author of “Physiologie des Athmens,” Karlsruhe, 1845; “Die Lehre vom Arterienpuls in gesunden und kranken Zuständen,” 1855; “Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen,” Tübingen, 1861; “Ueber Stehen und Gehen,” Ibid., 1865; “Die Einheit der Wissenschaft,” Ibid., 1865; “Der Zeitsinn nach Versuchen,” Ibid., 1868.

Vincent, E. M.D.; Prof. Med. Fac., Lyons; Chief Surg. La Charité, Lyons.

Contrib. “Plaies pénétrantes intrapéritonéales de la Vessie;” “Revue de Chirurgie,” Vol. I., 1881, p. 556.

Made 29 experiments on dogs. Exp. VII.: Abdominal walls of dog cut open with scissors, bladder drawn out, shot at with revolver. Bladder sewn together; the wound healed, the dog was again used for an experiment on the ossification of the marrow, and at the end of a month killed.

Vintschgau, M. von. Prof. of Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., Innspruck University.

Contrib. to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. Hermann of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.

Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Geschmacksinnes,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vols. XIX and XX. (1879); “Die Physiologische Reactionzeit und der Ortsinn der Haut,” Ibid., Vol. XXII. (1880); “Untersuchungen ueber die Frage ob die Geschwindigkeit der Fortpflanzung der Nervenerregung von Reizstärke abhängig ist,” Ibid., Vol. XXX. (1882).

Virchow, Rudolf. Born at Schivelbein, Pomerania, 1821. M.D. (Berlin) 1843; Prosect. Univ. Berlin, 1847; Public Prof. in Ordinary of Path. Anat., Gen. Path, and Therapeutics Univ. Berlin; Director Path. Inst.; Hon. Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. London, 1850; Corr. Mem. French Acad. of Med., 1859.

Author of “Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Wissenschaftlichen Medicin,” Frankfort, 1856; “Die cellular Pathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre,” Berlin, 1859; “Ueber die Erziehung des Weibes für seinen Beruf,” Berlin, 1865; “Menschen und Affenschädel,” 1866; “Die Aufgabe der Naturwissenschaften in den neuen nationalen Leben Deutschlands,” Berlin, 1871; “Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft im modernen Staat,” Berlin, 1877, &c., &c. Editor of “Virchow’s Archiv.”

Vogt, Carl. B. at Giessen, 1817; Studied Giessen and Bern; M.D. 1839; Found. Scient. Soc. of German Doctors in Paris; Prof. Univ. Giessen, 1847; Prof. Comp. Anat. Med. Fac. Univ. Geneva, 1852.

Author of “Im Gebirge und auf den Gletschern,” Soleure, 1843; “Lehrbuch der Geologie und Petrefacktenkunde,” Brunswick, 1846; “Physiologische Briefe,” Stuttgard, 1845-46; Ibid., Paris, 1875; “Ocean und Mittelmeer,” Frankfort, 1848; “Untersuchungen ueber Thierstaaten,” 1851; “Bilder aus dem Thierleben,” 1852; “Koehlerglaube und Wissenschaft,” 1833; “Vorlesungen ueber den Menschen,” 1864; “Vorlesungen ueber nützliche und schädliche Thiere,” 1856; “Die Mikrocephalen oder Affenmenschen,” 1866, &c.

Voit, Carl von. B. at Amborga, Bavaria, 1831. Studied Med. at Monaco and Wurzburg, and in the Labs. of Pettenkofer, Wächter, and Bischoff. Prof. of Med. Univ. Monaco, 1863; Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., Univ. of Munich, 1883.

Joint author with Prof. Bischoff of “Die Gesetze der Ernährung des Fleischfressers,” Leipsig and Heidelberg, 1860; “Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss des Kochsalzes, des Kaffees und der Muskelbewegungen auf den Stoffwechsel,” Munich, 1860; Editor of “Zeitschrift fuer Biologie,” Munich and Leipsig. Contrib. to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by L. Herrmann of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.

Vulpian, A., 24, Rue Soufflot, Paris. M.D. Paris, 1854; Prof. Path. Anat. Med. Faculty, 1867; Prof. Comp. and Exper. Path., 1872; Mem. Acad. of Sciences, 1876.

Author of “Leçon sur la Physiologie générale et comparée du système nerveux,” 1866; “Leçons sur l’appareil vaso-moteur,” 1874; “Maladies du système nerveux,” 1879.

“M. Vulpian has recently made a large number of experiments to ascertain the degree and character of the mechanical excitability of the grey cortex of the brain. In mammals, dog, cat, and rabbit, in the normal condition, he could never produce in this way the slightest movement either in the limbs of the opposite side, or in those of the same side. The mechanical stimulation was produced by rubbing the surface of the cortex with a small sponge, or a fragment of amadou, or with the points of dissection forceps.… If therefore movement resulted from such stimulation in the experiments of Couty, the effect must have been purely accidental or the consequence of some experimental error. The results were also negative when Vulpian repeated the experiments after having produced inflammation of the surface of the sigmoid gyrus by tincture of cantharides, by essence of mustard or by nicotine.”—Lancet, Sept. 16, 1882, p. 453.

“I have made the section of the facial nerve at its entrance into the internal auditory meatus, in several dogs, … in other dogs I succeeded in dividing the facial nerve near its real origin, below the floor of the fourth ventricle. The results were absolutely identical … I had to undertake other experiments to find out what would be the effect of the inter cranian section of the trigeminal nerve on the chorda tympani. These experiments were made on rabbits. Although numerous, they gave but few significant results, because several of the animals did not live long enough after the operation for the divided nerves to show any very decided changes; or else because in several of them, the section of the nerve was far from being complete.”—Acad. des Sciences, April, 1878.—Archives Gen. de Méd., 1878, p. 751.

Wagner, Rudolf. B. at Bayreuth, 1805. Geheimrath and Prof. Physiol. and Zool., Univ. of Göttingen; Mem. Roy. Soc. of Sciences, Gott.

Walker, James. 214, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.B. Aberd. and C.M. (Highest Honours), 1873 (Univ. Aberd.).

Held a License for Vivisection at University Aberdeen Physiological Laboratory and Materia Medica Department, Marischal College, in 1881. Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1881. No Experiments returned.

Walton, George L. M.D. Boston, U.S.A. Contrib. of “Reflex movements of the frog under the influence of strychnia,” “Journ. of Physiol.,” Vol. III., p. 308; “The physiological action of Methylkyanethine,” Ibid., p. 349.

Experiments on frogs, dogs, and rabbits, made in the Leipsig Physiol. Laboratory.

Waters, William Horscroft, B.A. Camb.

Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, Physiological Laboratory in 1883, also at University Cambridge Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1882 and 1883.

Weber, Arthur, 33, Boulevard des Batignolles, Paris. Prof. Gen. Anat. College of France.

Weir-Mitchell, S. M.D.; Mem. Nat. Acad. of Sciences, U.S.A.

Weisman (Dr.), Prof. of Physiol. and Prosector of Univ., Freiburg in Baden.

Wells, Sir T. Spencer, Bart., 3, Upper Grosvenor Street, W. F.R.C.S. Eng. (Hon.), 1844; M. 1841; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel. (Hon.), 1867; Dub. and St. Thos.’s; Mem. Counc. (Vice-Pres. 1880); R.C.S. Eng.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Roy. Inst., Path. Soc.; Imp. Soc. Surg. Paris; Soc. of Med. Paris, and Soc. of Phys. Sweden; Hon. Mem. several foreign learned Societies; Surg. to Queen’s Household; Cons. Surg. Samarit. Hosp. for Women and Children; late Prof. of Surg. and Path. R.C.S. Eng.; formerly Surg. Roy. Navy.

Author of “Diseases of the Ovaries, their Diagnosis and Treatment,” 1865 and 1872; “Ten Series of 100 cases of Ovariotomy;” Med. Chir. Trans. 1859-80, and numerous contributions to Medical Papers.

“If we could hope in diseased women for the same series of changes as have been observed in healthy dogs and rabbits, we might agree more completely with the conclusions of the German experimenters. But it is one thing to remove a piece of a uterine horn, or a healthy ovary, or a bit of omentum or mesentery, from a dog or a rabbit, and a very different thing to remove a large uterine or ovarian tumour from a woman whose general health has been more or less affected by the growth of the tumour.”—Diseases of the Ovaries, London, 1872, p. 372.

“I made experiments upon animals for which I have been vilified, but for which I do not reproach myself.… They corroborate what was known before, that abdominal wounds well adjusted unite readily. This was not what I wanted. They proved more, and were the visible standing evidence which I did want—that, though the other tissues might be brought together, if the cut edges of the peritoneum were left free, they retracted, direct union did not take place, and secondary evil consequences resulted.… Without this convincing demonstration in my hands, I might have gone on for years, bowing to precepts and oblivious of principles, sometimes taking up the peritoneum and sometimes leaving it loose, with perplexity to myself and danger to my patients.”—Ovarian and Uterine Tumours, London, 1882, pp. 197-98.

“Fifteen years after my first operation (in 1842), T. S. Wells came to Manchester to be present at one of my operations, and made many inquiries, amongst which—‘Did I include the peritoneum in my interrupted sutures?’ I replied, ‘Certainly;’ and gave as my reason, that in two cases where the suture had not included the peritoneum hernial protrusions had followed. I also added, that peritonitis could only be set up once, whether the sutures included the peritoneum or not. I was for some time after in correspondence with Mr. Wells, but never heard of vivisection in connection with ovariotomy, nor can I perceive any advantage that ovariotomy has received from such experiments. All my operations from first to last have shown the same average amount of success—about 75 per cent. I have never practised nor yet countenanced vivisection. I have given up operating after 400 cases and about 100 deaths.”—Letter of Dr. Clay, dated April 6th, 1880.

“The whole progress of abdominal surgery dates from the first successful case of ovariotomy performed by Robert Houston in 1701. Failing to see the lesson taught by this, and led astray by vivisection, no further success was achieved till 1809, by Ephraim McDowell, and it was not till 1867 that any substantial gain was made. Disregarding all the conclusions of experiment, Baker Brown showed us how to bring our mortality of ovariotomy down to 10 per cent., and again, in 1876, Keith proved that it might be still further reduced. The methods of this reduction were such as only experience on human patients could indicate; experiments on animals could and did teach nothing, for operations have been performed on thousands of animals every year for centuries, and nothing whatever has been learnt from this wholesale vivisection.”—Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S., “Uselessness of Vivisection,” p. 27.

Wertheim, G. Prof. Med. Fac. Vienna University.

Roasted 30 living dogs.—Annual Report of Rudolph Institute, Vienna, 1867, pp. 172, 183.

Wilischanin, Paul. M.D., St. Petersburg.

Made experiments in the Clinical Lab. of Prof. Botkin.

Produced fever in dogs and rabbits by injecting decomposed defibrinised blood, to try the effect of warm water injections.—Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., Sept. 22, 1883, No. 38.

Williams, C. J. B., 49, Upper Brook Street, W. M.D. Edin., 1824; F.R.C.P. Lond. 1840; (Edin. Paris, and St. Georg.), F.R.S.; Pres. Roy. Med. and Chir. Soc. Lond.; Phys. Extr. to H.M. the Queen; formerly Prof. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; Pres. (1st) Path. and New Syd. Socs.

Author of “Principles of Medicine,” 1856; Several Courses of Lectures on Physiol. and Clin. Med.; “Medical Gazette,” 1835-45, &c., &c.

Williams, Dawson, 4, Oxford and Cambridge Mansions, Marylebone Road, N.W. M.D. (worthy of gold medal), 1881. M.B. Lond. (Gold Medal in Med.) and B.S. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. (Univ. Coll.)

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New Physiological Theatre and Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms in 1882 and 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, 1882 and 1883. No experiments returned in 1882.

Wirtz, S. H. Prof. Utrecht University.

Wittich, W. von. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Königsberg University.

Contributor to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. Hermann, of Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.

Wolfenden, Richard Norris, 64, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. B.A. Camb. (Honours in Nat. Sci.) 1876; M.B. 1880 (Camb., St. Barthol. and Char. Cross); Lect. on Pract. Physiol. Char. Cross Hosp.; late House Phys. Lond. Hosp.

Author of “Physiological Chemistry for the Laboratory,” 1880; Contrib. “Med. Times and Gaz.,” etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School, No. 62 and 63, Chandos Street, in 1881 and 1882. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in 1882.

Wooldridge, Leonard Charles, 12, Querstrasse, Leipsic, Germany. M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng., 1879; George Henry Lewes Student.

Author of “Zur Gerinnung des Blutes,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, 1883, p. 389 (Physiol. Abtheil); “Ueber die Function der Kammernerven des Säugthierherzens,” Ibid., p. 522.

Made experiments in the Physiol. Inst., Leipsig, on the exposed heart nerves of dogs.

Worm, Müller Jacob. B. at Bergen, 1834. Studied Med. and Nat. Sci. at Christiana; Practised Med. in Christiana from 1860-1865; studied ophthalmology Vienna and Brun, 1866, and then dedicated himself to Physiology; Private Prof. Christiana, 1870; Prof. Extraord., 1873; Prof. in Ord., 1878; Pres. Norwegian Med. Soc.

Contrib. various articles to Pflüger’s “Archiv,” “Untersuchungen aus dem physiol. Lab. in Wurzburg,” “Poggendorff’s Annalen,” etc.

Wurtz, Ch. Adolphe. B. at Strasburg, 1817; d. in Paris, 1884. M.D. Strasburg, 1843; Dean of Faculty of Med., Paris, 1865; Prof. Med. Chemistry; Prof. Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, 1876.

“Mémoires sur les ammoniaques composeés,” 1856; “Sur l’insalubrité des résidus provenant des distilleries,” 1857; “Leçons de philosophie chinique,” 1864; “Traité élémentaire de chimie médicale,” 1864; “Leçons élémentaires de chimie moderne,” 1866; “Dictionnaire de chimie pure et appliquée,” 1868-1878; etc.

Wyatt, William Thomas, 1, Shaftesbury Villas, Stamford Hill, N. M.A. Oxon., 1880; B.A. (1st Class Honours in Nat. Sci.), 1876; M.B. 1880; M.R.C.S., Eng., 1879 (Oxf. and St. Barthol.); Schol. in Anat. and Physiol., 1877; Foster Prizem. in 1878; and Kirke’s Gold Medallist St. Barthol.; formerly House Surgeon and House Phys. St. Barthol.

Held a License for Vivisection at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1878. No experiments returned.

Yeo, Gerald Francis, King’s College, Strand. W.C. M.D. Dub., 1871; M.B. and M.Ch., 1867; Dipl. in State Med., 1871; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878; L.R.C.S.T. 1872 (T. C. Dub., Paris, Berlin, and Vienna); Prof. of Physiol. King’s Coll. London; Lect. on and Exam. in Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.; late. Asst. Surg. King’s Coll. Hosp.; and Lect. on Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med. Dub.; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “Diseases of the Kidney” (awarded Gold Medal of Path. Soc. Dub.); Contrib. to Proc. Path. Soc. Dub., etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London, Physiological Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures and for Dispensing with obligation to Kill in 1878-79-80-81. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and 1883.

“Why repeat the oft-told tale of horrors contained in the works of Claude Bernard, Paul Bert, Brown-Séquard, and Richet, in France; of Goltz, in Germany; and Flint, in America.”—G. F. Yeo, Fortnightly Review, March, 1882.

“I am proud to call him (Goltz) my friend.”—G. F. Yeo, Contem. Review, May, 1882.

[It was reported in the British Medical Journal and the Lancet that at a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International Medical Congress, held in London in 1881, Professor Ferrier had shown two monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed by himself. As Professor Ferrier had no license for vivisection at the time, a prosecution was instituted against him for a breach of the law. When the case was brought into Court, the onus was shifted on to Professor Yeo, who was a licensed vivisector. Below is a comparison between the facts as reported and the sworn evidence of the reporter of the one journal and the editor of the other:—]

British Medical Journal.

Published Report, 20th August, 1881.

The members were shown two of the monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed by Professor Ferrier. Concerning the first of these, Professor Ferrier said it had been his desire to remove as completely as possible the whole of the psycho-motor region. Whether in this he had succeeded perfectly could not be learnt for certainty until after a post-mortem examination had been made.

Reporter’s Sworn Evidence. 17th November, 1881.

Q. Did Professor Ferrier offer to exhibit two of the monkeys upon which he had so operated?

A. At the Congress, no.

Q. Did he subsequently?

A. No; he showed certain of the members of the Congress two monkeys at King’s College.

Q. What two monkeys?

A. Two monkeys upon which an operation had been performed.

Q. By whom?

A. By Professor Yeo.

Lancet.

Published Report, 8th October, 1881.

“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he had operated upon some months previously.”…

“In startling contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right sided hemiplegia, with conjugate deviation of eyes and of head. Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it had never been able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralysed limbs had been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of its auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to its head.”

Counsel’s Statement. 17th November, 1881.

Dr. Wakley, sworn, examined by Mr. Waddy:—

Q. Are you the editor of the Lancet?

A. I am.

Q. Can you tell me who it was furnished his Report?

A. I have the permission of the gentleman to give his name, Professor Gamgee, of Owen’s College, Manchester.

Mr. Waddy: What I should ask is that one might have an opportunity of calling Professor Gamgee.

Mr. Gully: I have my reasons for objecting to this. We have communicated with Professor Gamgee and I know very well that he will say precisely what was said by Dr. Roy.

“At a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International Medical Congress held in London in 1881, Professor Goltz exhibited a dog, and Professors Ferrier and Yeo a monkey; from the brain of the dog a large area of the cortex had been removed without producing any such effect as, according to Professor Goltz, would necessarily result if the theory, as usually held, of the localisation of function of the cortex were true; from the brain of the monkey a definite part of the so-called motor area had been removed, and a localised paralysis produced—a paralysis which, according to Professors Ferrier and Yeo, could not result if that theory were not true.”—“On the Cortical Areas removed from the Brain of a Dog and from the Brain of a Monkey” a Report by Dr. Klein, Mr. Langley, and Professor Schäfer, Journal of Physiology, Vol. IV., 1884, p. 231.

Yule, C. J. F. M.A.; Lecturer on Exper. Physiol., Magdalen Coll. Oxford.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Laboratory, Magdalen College in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, 1878 and 1882.

Zander, Richard. M.D.; Prosect. Anatom. Inst., Königsberg, Prussia.

Contrib. to Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wissenchaften, 1879.

“In the year 1878 I made a series of experiments on the results of section of the vagus in birds, occasioned by the title of the Prize Essay of the Medical Faculty of Königsberg,—According to Blainville and Billroth section of the nervi vagi in birds has no influence on the condition of the lungs. It is to be experimentally proved why birds die after this operation.… As my experiments in many points contradict those of Eichhorst, I will here shortly give the results of over eighty experiments on birds principally pigeons. My completed work, which was awarded the prize by the Medical Faculty on the 18th of Jan., will shortly appear.”—Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1879, p. 99.

Zuntz, Nathan. Prof. of Anim. Physiol. Univ., Berlin; form. Prof. at Bonn; Direct. of the Agricul. Acad., Poppelsdorf.

Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Blutes,” Bonn, 1868; “Innervation der Athmung,” Biol. Centralbl., Vol. II., No. 6 (1882); “Ueber die Bedeutung der Amidsubstanzen für die thierische Ernährung,” Arch. f. Physiol. (1882); “Zur Theorie des Fiebers;” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss., No. 32, 1882, p. 561.

Made experiments with curare on rabbits.—“Ueber den Einfluss der Curarevergiftung auf den thierischen Stoffwechsel,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XII., p. 522.