THE VIVISECTORS’ DIRECTORY. (continued 2)

(Q. 3326.) “I should allow everybody liberty to perform experiments in his own private laboratory. A great many experimenters live in the country, and have no access to a public laboratory, and that would entirely prevent them from carrying on research.—(3327.) Do you think that there are many such persons? Yes.—(3328.) And who are practising in their own laboratories, and unconnected with medical schools do you mean? I used to do so when I lived in the country, in Suffolk, at Bury St. Edmunds. I performed experiments there for my own purposes of research.”

…

(3331.) “Then you experiment at your own house as well as at King’s College, do you? Yes; it would interfere with my professional work if I were obliged to go such a distance from home to perform my experiments.”—Ibid., p. 173.

(3245.) “Now with regard to original research, how would you express yourself on that subject? I should say, that, wherever it is possible to avoid the infliction of pain on animals subjected to experiments, the means should be adopted either by chloroform or ether, or opium or other anæsthetic; but that where the administration of an anæsthetic would prejudice the object for which the experiment was conceived, that the experiment is still justifiable, notwithstanding the fact that it might inflict a certain amount of pain on the animal.”—Ibid., p. 170.

“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he had operated upon some months previously.… In striking contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January, the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the operation right-sided hemiplegia” (paralysis of the right half of the body) “with conjugate deviation of the eyes and head” (eyes and head permanently twisted). “Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg, though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it never had been able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralyzed limb had been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of all auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to the head.”—Lancet’s Report of the Proceedings at the International Medical Congress, Oct. 8, 1881.

“Exper. IV., June 18th, 1873.—The right hemisphere of a monkey had been partially exposed and experimented on for the purpose of localising the region of electric stimulation. The part exposed included the ascending parietal and postero-parietal convolutions, the ascending frontal, and the posterior extremities of the three frontal convolutions. After having been under experimentation for eight hours, the animal recovered sufficiently to sit up and take food. The wound was sewn up, and the animal placed in its cage.

“June 19th.—The animal is apparently as well as ever, eating and drinking heartily, and as lively and intelligent as before. No change was perceptible during the whole of this day.

“June 20th.—The wound was oozing, and the animal was less active; but there was no diminution of sensation or voluntary motion. It closely watched flies buzzing about, and frequently made attempts to catch them. Towards the afternoon it began to suffer from choreic spasms of the left angle of the mouth and of the left hand. There was no loss of consciousness. The animal was apparently annoyed by the spasmodic actions of its mouth, and frequently endeavoured to still them by holding its mouth with the other hand. Towards the close of the day the spasms frequently repeated, became more intense, and exhibited an epileptic nature, the convulsions on the left side of the body becoming general. This state continued till.…

“June 23rd.—…

“June 24th.—Hemiplegia is complete on the left side, hand, foot, and face. The animal moved by means of its left limbs, dragging the right after it.

“The animal died from exhaustion on the 27th.”—Croonian Lecture, “Experiments on the Brain of Monkeys,” Philos. Trans., 1875, pp. 441-42.

“Exper. XVI., Feb. 5th, 1875.—This, though not successful as regards the object intended, yet presents some interesting phenomena. The left occipital lobe was exposed posteriorly, and penetrated at the posterior extremity of the superior occipital fissure by means of hot wires, which were directed with a view to follow the inner aspect of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. There was no hæmorrhage from the sinus. During the operation, the animal was observed to make sighing respiration. The operation was finished at 4.30 p.m. The animal lay in a state of stupor for more than an hour, only making slight movements when disturbed, and then with its left limbs.

“7 p.m.—The animal lies quiet, but indicates consciousness by grunting discontentedly when moved. Struggles with its limbs, chiefly the left, but occasionally with the right. On testing the cutaneous sensibility with the hot iron, reaction was decisive over the whole of the left side, but quite abolished in the right. The animal occasionally opened its right eye, but the left remained permanently closed. The animal passed into a state of coma, and was found dead at 11.30 p.m. The following experiment is a repetition of the last, and was only partially successful.”—Ibid., p. 464.

“These ganglia (corpora quadrigemina) were subjected to experimentation in the following seven cases, viz., V., VI., VIII., IX., X., XII., XIII., with the results:—

“V. In this case the exploration was not sufficiently definite, as the exact position of the electrodes was not observed, and death occurred before a more careful exploration could be made. The application of the electrodes to the ganglia on the left side, caused the animal to utter various barking, howling, or screaming sounds of an incongruous character. The head was drawn back and to the right, and the right angle of the mouth was strongly retracted while the stimulation was kept up. The tail was raised and the limbs were thrown into contortions, but nothing further was ascertained as the animal died from hæmorrhage.”—Ibid., p. 429.

“Experiments on the lower animals, even on apes, often lead to conclusions seriously at variance with well-established facts of clinical and pathological observation.… The decisive settlement of such points must depend mainly on careful clinical and pathological research.… Experiments have led to different views in different hands.”—Ferrier (Functions of the Brain, Preface).

“Physiological experiments conducted in these regions are most indefinite. The usual plan of investigation, viz., that of applying stimuli to the brain substance, leads either to negative results, or, if electrical stimulation is used, to results which, owing to the unavoidable dispersal of the currents in numerous directions, are not sufficiently localised to form the basis for trustworthy conclusions. In place of exact observations after section and stimulation of different regions, we have here the far less refined method of observation after lesions—lesions induced in the most delicate and complicated organ of the body by means so absurdly rough that, as Ludwig has forcibly put it, they may be compared to injuries to a watch by means of a pistol-shot. The results obtained in this way are attributable to the most diverse causes; for, apart from the fact that it is impossible to localise the lesion itself, the results may be due to irritation of centres, paralysis of centres, stimulation of conducting apparatus, or paralysis of conducting apparatus, without our being able to say which. Hence the interpretation of even those phenomena which are constant in their occurrence is always uncertain. The third and best method of investigation which is possible is the observation of cases of disease in which the exact nature of the lesions is accurately ascertained after death.”—Hermann’s Human Physiology, translated by Professor Gamgee, London, 1878. (Chapter on the Functions of the Encephalon), p. 444.

Fick, Adolf. B. at Cassel, 1829. M.D., 1852, Extraordinary Prof., 1856, and later, Prof. of Physiology in ordinary Univ. Zurich; Prof. Physiol. at Wurzburg, 1868.

Author of “Die medicinische Physik,” Brunswick, 1857; “Compendium der Physiologie des Menschen mit Einschluss der Entwickelungageschichte,” Vienna, 1860; “Anatomie und Physiologie der Sinne,” Lahr, 1862; and numerous papers on physiology which have appeared under the title of “Arbeiten aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium der Würzburger Hochschule,” Wurzburg, 1874.

Made experiments on the influence of mechanical stimulation of the cerebro-spinal organs described in “Arch. of Anat. Physiol., 1867,” p. 198.

Filehne, Wilhelm, M.D. Prof. Extraordinary Univ. of Erlangen.

Author of “Die Wirkungen des Amylnitrites,” Mueller’s Archives, 1879, Physiol. Abtheil; “Ueber Apnoë und die Wirkung eines energischen Kohlensäurestromes auf die Schleimhäute des Respirationsapparats und ueber den Einfluss beider auf verschiedene Krampfformen,” Reichert u. du Bois Reymond, Archiv für Anat. u. s. w. Jahrg. 1873, p. 361.

Made experiments in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.

Fiori, Andrea, M.D. Assistant Prof. University, Modena.

Fleming, William James, 155, Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D. Glasgow, 1879; M.B. 1872; F.F.P.S. Glasg., 1875; L. 1872; (Univs. Glasg. and Edin.); Lect. on Physiol. Glasg. Roy. Infirm. School of Med.; Ext. Disp. Surg. Roy. Infirm.; Exam. in Physiol. F.P.S. Glasg.

Contrib. “Behaviour of Carbolised Catgut inserted among Living Tissues,” Lancet, 1876; “The Motions of the Brain” (with illust. graphic tracings), Glasg. Med. Journ., 1877; “Physiology of the Turkish Bath,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.; “Pulse Dicrotism,” Ibid., Vol. XV.

Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to Kill in 1880, Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1882. No Experiments returned in 1883.

Flint, Austin. B. Northampton, Mass., U.S., 1836; M.D., Jeff. Med. Coll., 1857; Prof. Phys. Univ.; Buffalo, 1858; Professor of Physiology and Microscopy, Bellevue Hosp.; Medical College, New York, and Long Island College Hospital; Fell. New York Acad. of Med.; Resident Mem. of Lyceum of Nat. Hist., New York, &c.

Author of “Physiology of Man,” 4 Vols., New York, 1866, etc.; Essay on “The Excretory Function of the Liver,” which received the French Inst. prize of 1,500 fr.; contrib. to “American Journ. of Med. Science,” etc.

“… For some years the author has been in the habit of employing vivisections in public teachings.”—Preface to “Physiology of Man,” Vol. I., p. 8.

“We have long been in the habit, in class demonstrations, of removing the optic lobe on one side from a pigeon.… The experiment of dividing the sympathetic in the neck, especially in rabbits, is so easily performed that the phenomena observed by Bernard and Brown-Séquard have been repeatedly verified. We have often done this in class demonstrations.” “The cerebral lobes were removed from a young pigeon in the usual way, an operation … which we practice yearly as a class demonstration.” “Our own experiments, which have been very numerous during the last fifteen years, are simply repetitions of those of Flourens, and the results have been the same without exception.” We have frequently removed both kidneys from dogs and when the operation is carefully performed the animals live from three to five days.“—Dr. Flint’s Report to the Medical Congress, August, 1881.

“It is not desirable to administer an anæsthetic, and it is much more satisfactory to divide the nerve without etherising the animal, as the evidence of pain is an important guide in this delicate operation.”—Text-Book, p. 641.

Speaking of an experiment by which an animal was caused to vomit from a pig’s bladder which had been substituted for a stomach, Dr. Flint says in his “Physiology of Man,” Vol II., p. 300:—“These experiments were made simply for class demonstrations, and have never before been published.”

Flourens, Jean Pierre Marie. B. at Thezan (Hérault), 1794, D. at Mougeron, near Paris, 1867; M.D., Montpellier, 1813, pupil of De Candolle and Cuvier; Prof. at the Jardin des Plantes; Mem. of Inst. of France; Perpetual Sec. Acad. des Sciences; Mem. Academy of France; Commander Leg. of Hon.; Mem. of principal Litt. and Scient. Socs. of Europe.

Author of “Analyse de la Philosophie Anatomique, où l’on considère plus particulièrement l’influence qu’aura cet ouvrage sur l’état actuel de la Physiologie,” Paris, 1819; “Recherches sur les fonctions du grand sympathique,” 1823; “Recherches expérir mentales sur les propriétés et les fonctions du système nerveux dans les animaux vertébrés,” Paris, 1824; “Expériences sur le système nerveux,” Paris, 1825; “Expériences sur l’action de la moëlle épinière sur la circulation,” Paris, 1829; “De l’instinct et de l’intelligence des animaux,” Paris, 1841; “Recherches sur le développement des os et des dents,” Paris, 1842; “Mécanisme de la respiration des poissons,” Paris, 1843; “Anatomie Générale de la peau et des membranes Muqueuses,” Paris, 1843; “Examen de la Phrénologie, réfutation des doctrines matérialistes de Gall, Spurzheim, et Brouissais,” Paris, 1842; “Théorie expérimentale de la formation des os,” Paris, 1847; “Nouvelles recherches touchant l’histoire de la circulation du sang,” Journal des Savants, 1849; “De la longévité humaine et de la quantité de vie sur la terre,” Paris, 1856; “De la vie et de l’intelligence,” Paris, 1858; “De la raison du génie et de la folie,” Paris, 1861; “Psychologie comparée,” Paris, 1864, and a great number of contributions to the “Comptes rendus de l’acad. des Sciences.”

Made numerous experiments on ruminating animals, on rabbits, on the brains of fishes, and on the semi-circular canals of the brains of ducks, fowls, and pigeons.

“The description given by Flourens of the phenomena resulting from the section of the semi-circular canals in rabbits, is almost entirely inaccurate.”—Cyon, “Fonctions des canaux semi-circulaires,” Bibl. de l’École des Hautes Études, Paris, 1879, p. 51, note 2.

“Flourens supported his bold hypothesis almost solely by experiments on pigeons and other inferior animals. The few experiments on mammals, which he mentions, are very meagrely described and of trifling value.”—Goltz, “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, p. 3.

“I heard M. Flourens, in one of his lectures, state the following:—‘Majendie sacrificed 4,000 dogs to establish the distinctions of the sensory and the motor nerves according to Charles Bell; then he sacrificed 4,000 more dogs to prove that he had made a mistake. I,’ added M. Flourens, ‘had to continue the experiments, and I have proved that Majendie’s first opinion was correct; the reflex motions, which he did not quite understand, had caused his doubts. To arrive at this result, I also have had to sacrifice a great number of dogs.’”—Blatin, Nos Cruautés, pp. 201-202.

Foderholm, A. M.D., Stockholm.

Made experiments on dogs and rabbits with carbon oxide.—Scandinavian Med. Archives, 1874.

Fortunatow, A. Physiol. Inst., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Ueber die Fettresorption und histologische Structur der Dünndarmzotten,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 285.

Experiments on the bile of frogs and lampreys.

Foster, Michael, Shelford, Cambridge. M.D. Lond., 1859; M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D. (Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S.; Fell. Univ. Coll., Lond.; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Camb.; Fell, and late Praelect. of Physiol. Trin. Coll., Camb.; late Fuller Prof. Physiol. Roy. Inst., Great Britain; and Prof. of Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll., Lond. Member of the Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “Text Book of Physiology;” “Primer of Physiology;” joint author of “Elements of Embryology;” “Handbook of Physiological Laboratory.” Editor “Journ. of Physiol.” Contrib. Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place in 1878-79-80-81-82. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, also Two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill in 1878. No experiments returned.

Fothergill, John Milner, 110, Park Street, Grosvenor Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1865; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; L.R.C.P. Edin., 1865; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1865; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Com. Univ. Edin.; Assoc. Fell. Coll. Phys. Philadelphia; Phy. City of Lond. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest; late Asst. Phys. W. Lond. Hosp.; formerly Sen. Res. Med. Off. Leeds Dispensary.

Author of “Digitalis: its Mode of Action and its Use” (Hastings Prize Essay British Med. Assoc.), 1870; “The Heart and its Diseases, with their Treatment, including the Gouty Heart,” 2nd edit., 1879; “The Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment; or the Principles of Therapeutics,” 2nd edit., 1880; “The Antagonism of Therapeutic Agents, and what it Teaches” (Fothergill Prize Essay, Med. Soc.), London, 1878; “Animal Physiology,” 1881, etc., and numerous contribs. to Lancet, Brit. Med. Journal, Brain, Practitioner, etc.

“Our object was to verify the assertions of several authors, but more especially those of Fothergill, who asserts that digitalis occasions a contraction of the small arteries; which he has noticed occurs in the web of a frog’s foot. The experiments which I have made in connexion with this fact have given negative results. With a view to observe this action, I have often examined the webs of frogs’ feet for hours under the microscope without succeeding in observing any change in the small arteries.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. V., p. 168.

Foulis, D., Glasgow. Lect. Path. Roy. Inf. Med. School; M.D.

Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School in 1881. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, 1881. No experiments returned.

Fox, Wilson, 67, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1855; B.A., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1866; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Phys. Extraordinary to H. M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to their R. I. H. the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh; Fell. of Univ. Coll.; Holme Prof. Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; and Phys. Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Corr. Mem. Phys. Med. Gesellschaft, Warzburg.

Author of “Diseases of the Stomach;” “On the Artificial Production of Tubercle” (Lect. R.C.P.), and various contrib. to Med. Chir. Trans., Phil. Trans., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms, in 1882 and 1883; also same years a Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill. No Experiments returned.

“It is not without historical interest that Dr. Wilson Fox has formally confessed his belief in the fallacies of his former experiments, and basing this opinion upon the results of a careful series of similar investigations carried out, at his request, by Dr. Dawson Williams, in Dr. Burdon-Sanderson’s laboratory, he has expressed his belief in the specific nature of the tubercular virus. Dr. Fox has found, on repetition of his former experiments, that any injury to rodents does not cause tubercle, but that it is only produced by the inoculation of tubercular material.”—Brit. Med. Journ., Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1298.

“Wilson Fox operated on a considerable number of animals (117 guinea-pigs and 12 rabbits), and he experimented with every variety of matter whether tuberculous or not.”—Arch. de Méd., 1883, Vol. XI., p. 48.

Fraenkel, Albert. M.D.; Assistant at the Medical School and Private Lecturer at the University, Berlin.

Contrib. to “Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift,” 1883, No. 37, and to Allgem. Med. Central-Zeitung, 1883, Nos. 11 and 62.

Verified the experiments published by Paul Bert in his “Pression barométrique.”

Franck, François, 5, Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris. Prof. Nat. Hist. of Organic Bodies and Physiol., Coll. France.

Author of “Effet des excitations des nerfs sensibles sur le cœur et la circulation artérielle, dans Travaux du Lab. de M. Marcy,” 1876; “Recherches, expérimentales sur les effets cardiaques, vasculaires et respiratoires des excitations douloureuses,” “Comptes rendus” l’Acad. des Sci., 1876-1878. Contrib. Art. “De la Dissociation des filets irido dilatateurs et des nerfs vasculaires au dessus du ganglion cervical supérieur;” to Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 378, “experiments on dogs.” Contrib. “Physiologie expérimentale: innervation du cœur,” Gaz. Hebdom. No. 15, (1879), p. 230; No. 16, p. 246; No. 18, p. 277; No. 19, p. 295; No. 21, p. 326; “Système Nerveux physiologie générale,” Dict. encyclop. des Sciences Médicales, Paris, 1879; also various articles to Gazette Médicale de Paris; Comptes rendus de la Soc. de Biol., and Journal de l’Anat. et de Physiologie.

Inventor of an apparatus for submitting animals to rapid or slow variations of temperature.—Gaz. Méd. de Paris, June 7th, 1879.

Fraser, J. L., Edinburgh. M.D.; Lab. Vet. College, Clyde, Street; Physiol. Class Room.

Fraser, Thomas Richard, 37, Melville Street, and University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1869; M. 1868; (Edin.) F.R.S. Lond. & Edin.; Corr. Mem. Therap. Soc. Paris, etc. Prof. of Mat. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.

Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean:” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. XXIV.; “An Investigation into some previously undescribed Tetanic Systems produced by Atropia in cold blooded Animals,” etc., and various other papers to Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Practitioner, etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Materia Medica Department, in 1878-79-81-82. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics, in 1878-79-81-82. Two Certificates for the same purpose in 1878. No experiments returned in 1878-81-82.

[In Return for 1881 entered as J. L. Fraser.]

Fredericq, Léon. M.D., Prof. in Ord. Univ. of Liège, Belgium.

Author of “Expériences sur l’innervation respiratoire;” Supp. Du Bois Raymond’s Arch., 1883, p. 51; Contrib. to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives, 1883.

Experiments on the innervation of respiratory centres; also on the effects of ice on the exposed spinal cord of rabbits. Has used dogs, rabbits, and ducks for his experiments.

Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor. Born 1819, at Aurich. In 1838 studied at Göttingen; 1842, practised medicine at Aurich, where he acquired some renown as an oculist. Studied also at the Institutions of Prague, Vienna, Holland, Belgium, and France. Private Prof. of Med. in Göttingen. Director of the Academical Hospital, Kiel. Conducted two ambulance hospitals during the Schleswig-Holstein War. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics, Breslau, 1851. Professor of clinical medicine and director of La Charité, Berlin, 1859; councillor and member of the Scientific Deputation for medical affairs.

Author of “Ueber Gallert oder Colloidgeschwülste,” Göttingen, 1847; “Ueber die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit,” Brunswick, 1857; “Klinik der Leberkrankheiten,” Brunswick, 1859-62 (translated into French, English, and Italian). Contrib. numerous articles to Liebig’s, Poggendorf’s, and Wöhler’s Dictionaries of Chemistry, etc.

Fritsch, Gustav Theodor. M.D. B. at Kottbus, 1838. Studied in Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg. Anat. Inst. Berlin, 1867. Extraordinary Prof. same Univ., 1874.

Author of “Drei Jahre in Süd Afrika,” Breslau, 1868; “Ueber das stereoskopische Sehen im Mikroskop,” Berlin, 1873; “Untersuchungen ueber den feineren Bau des Fischgehirns mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Homologien bei anderen Wirbelthierklassen,” Berlin, 1878. Joint author with E. Hitzig of “Ueber elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns,” in Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. Wissensch. III., 1870, p. 300-332.

“By means of perfected electric apparatus G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig were enabled to satisfy themselves that the surface of the brain in the rabbit reacted under the influence of the electric current. They then made a series of experiments on dogs, and published results which did not perhaps attract sufficient attention, and which were in opposition to the opinions till then accepted.”—Art. “Cerveau,” Encyclopédie des Sciences Médicales, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 210.

Fubini, Simon. B. 1841. M.D. Turin; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of Turin; Prof. Univ. Palermo.

Author of “Sulla Condrina, Osservazioni di Moleschott e Fubini, Annotazione sopra la saliva parotidea e sopra il sudore;” “Gemelli xiphoide juncti,” Giornale della R. Accademia di medicina, No. 1 e 2, 1878, &c. Editor of Turin Medical Gazette.

Funke, Otto. B. at Chemnitz, 1828. Studied Univ. Leipsig, 1846; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1854; Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Breslau, 1860; Mem. Academy of Saxony.

Author of “Atlas der physiologischen Chemie,” Leipsig, 1858; last part of “Günther’s Lehrbuch der Physiologie für Akademische Vorlesungen,” Leipsig, 1870; “Lehrbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig, 1880.

Gamgee, Arthur, Owen’s Coll., Manchester, and Oaklands, Bowdon, Cheshire. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1872; M. 1871 (Edin.); F.R.S. London; Brackenbury Professor of Physiol. and Histol. and Dean of Med. Department Owen’s College, Manchester; Exam. in Physiol. Univ. London; late Lecturer on Physiol. Surg. Hall; Physician Roy. Hosp. for Sick Children, and Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.

Author of “A Text Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body,” 1880; Translator and Editor “Hermann’s Elementary Human Physiology;” Joint Editor Journ. of Physiol., Cambridge; also of numerous Papers in various Journs. and Trans. of Learned Socs.

Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, in 1878-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-83. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1878. No Experiments returned in 1881. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or Asses.

“(Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) You are of opinion that in inflicting operations, in themselves very painful, upon living animals, curare ought not to be trusted as taking away sensibility to pain? I should think not. I would add this: I do not believe that physiologists use it for that purpose. It is used in order to eliminate a series of fallacies which obtrude themselves in physiological experiments.”—Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876.

“Nor was I guilty of the want of taste and judgment with which she (Miss Cobbe) taunts me and English physiologists in general, of exonerating themselves at the expense of their continental confrères. ‘Unquestionably’ I said ‘there have been brutal things done by physiologists, never as far as I am aware by English and very rarely by continental physiologists.’”—Manchester Guardian, Feb. 13, 1883.

Gaskell, W. H., Cambridge. M.A., M.D.

Author of “On the Vasomotor Nerves of Striated Muscles,” Studies of the Physiol. Lab. Univ. Cambridge, p. 132.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880-81 and 1882.

“15th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, quite young, weighs 7½ kilogrammes (about 16½ lbs.). Extensor vein prepared on both sides; ligature placed under left crural nerve. Morphia and curare given. Artificial respiration.” &c.

“31st January, 1878.—Dog, weight 8 kilogrammes (about 17⅔ lbs.). Morphia and curare. Artificial respiration. Right extensor vein and right crural nerve prepared.” &c.

“20th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, weight 6¼ kilo (about 13¾ lbs.). Morphia given. Left extensor vein prepared, and left crural nerve cut and ligatured at 4.2 p.m. Between 3.40 and 4.7 p.m., 0·015 grms. curare were injected into jugular vein; artificial respiration.” &c.

“February 18, 1878.—Large sheep dog, weight 20·5 kilo, (about 45¼ lbs.). Morphia given, 0·075 grms. curare, injected into jugular vein. Abdomen opened in middle line, and left abdominal sympathetic trunk cut and ligatured about the fourth lumbar ganglion.” &c.

“March 4, 1878.—Spaniel bitch, weight 13¾ kilo, (about 30¼ lbs.). After the termination of the curve given in Fig. 3, 0·06 grms. curare were injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration was performed, and the left crural nerve was laid free.” &c.—“Further Researches on the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary Muscles,” by W. H. Gaskell, M.A., Trin. Coll. Camb., “Journ. Physiol.” Vol. I., pp. 265-6, 276, 228, 295.

Gautier, E. J. Armand, 72, Rue d’Assas, Paris. B. at Narbonne. M.D., 1862; Agrégé de Clinic., Med. Fac.; Member Acad. de Méd.

Author of “Études sur les fermentations proprement dites et les fermentations physiologiques et pathologiques,” Paris, 1869; “Chimie appliquée à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à l’hygiène et les méthodes de recherches les plus nouvelles,” Paris, 1874.

“Made experiments with the venom of snakes (Naja tripudians).”—Archiv. de med., Vol. 2, 1881, p. 360.

Gavarret, Louis-Denis Jules, 73, Rue de Grenelle, Paris. B. 1809. M.D., 1843; Prof. Med. Physics at Med. Faculty; Mem. Acad. of Medicine, 1858; Inspector-General of Public Instruction for Medicine, 1879.

Author jointly with M. Andral of “Investigations sur la nature du sang et l’organisation physique de l’homme,” 1840-43; “Sur la chaleur produite par les corps vivants,” 1853. “Des Images par reflexion et par refraction,” Paris, 1856. “Physique biologique, les phénomènes physiques de la Vie,” Paris, 1869, etc., etc.

Gergens, E. M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg.

Author of “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 340; “Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung mit dem Influenz-Apparat,” Pflüger, Vol. XIV., p. 65. Joint author (with E. Baumann) of “Ueber das Verhalten des Guanidin, Dicyanidin, und Cyandin im Organismus,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 205. Assisted Prof. Goltz in his work, “Ueber Verrichtungen des Grosshirns.”

Made experiments jointly with E. Baumann on dogs and rabbits, also on the brains of the former.

“… I dissected out the above-mentioned nerves in some of the animals I had used before, and tried direct stimulation. Naturally even a weak current must have a powerful effect, when in immediate contact with the nerve, and the result was as I had anticipated. The animals croaked once and made the wildest efforts to escape.…”—“Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung,” pp. 67-68.

Gerlach, Leo. M.D., Erlangen.

Author of “Ueber die Beziehungen der N. Vagi zu den glatten Muskelfasern der Lunge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII., p. 491.

Made experiments on curarised dogs and rabbits in the Laboratory of Prof. Kühne, in Heidelberg, also in the Physiological Institute at Erlangen.

Gibbes, Heneage, 94, Gower Street, W.C. M.D., Aberd., 1881, M.B. and C.M., 1879; L.R.C.P., Lond. 1879; (Univ. Aberd. and St. Barthol.); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Aberd.; Fell. Roy. Micros., Med., and Zool. Socs.; Mem. Path. Soc., Phys. Met. Disp.; Lect. on Physiol. and Histol. West. Hosp.; late Curator Anat. Mus., King’s Coll.

Author of “Practical Histology and Pathology,” 2nd edit. Contrib. various papers to Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Lancet, etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory and Outhouse in the garden, 94, Gower Street, W.C., 1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill same year. Dr. Gibbes could also perform experiments at the Physiological Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre, King’s College, London.

Gibson, George Alexander, 1 Randolph Cliff, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. Edin., and C.M. 1876; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1880; M. 1879 (Edin. Dub. and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Edin.; F.R.S.E.; F.G.S. Lond.; Hon. Mem. (late Pres.) Dialec. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Brit. Association for Adv. of Sci.; and British Med. Assoc.; Lect. on Med. Anat. and Phys. Diagnosis, Edin. Sch. Med.; formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.

Contrib. to Lancet, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Nature, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.

Held a License for Vivisection at Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh Laboratory and Physiological Class Room in 1879, and at University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1880. Certificates for Testing previous Discoveries in 1879 and 1880. No experiments returned in 1879.

Gierke (Dr.) Asst. Prof. Physiol. Inst., Breslau University.

Glaevecke, Ludwig Christian H. J. M.D. First Asst. Clin. Hosp. at Kiel, 1881.

Author of “Ueber die Ausscheidung und Vertheilung des Eisens im thierischen Organismus,” Kiel, 1883.

Made experiments on animals to ascertain the effects of subcutaneous injections of iron.

Gluck, Theodor. M.D. Asst. Inst. Clinic. Surg. Univ. of Berlin.

Extirpated sections of lungs in rabbits and dogs, and hopes to persuade the medical profession to sanction extirpation and resection of the lungs as a method of operative surgery.—Archiv. fuer Klinische Chirurgie von Langenbeck, Billroth, Gurlt, Vol. 26, p. 916, Berlin, 1881. (See Block.)

Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton, 13, St. Thomas Street, London, S.E. B.A. Lon. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold Medal in For. Med.), 1873; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P. Lond., 1872 (Guy’s and Paris); Prizem. 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist in Chir. Med., and in Chir. Surg., 1873; Mem. Path. and Chir. Socs.; Assistant Surg. and Demonst. of Pract. Physiol., Guy’s Hosp. Contribs. to Lancet, Brit. Med. Journ., Guy’s Hosp. Reps., &c.

Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital School Buildings in 1881; also Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1881. No Experiments returned.

Golgi, M. C. Prof., Pavia.

Experiments on cerebral localization.—Archiv. Ital.

Author of “Di una reazione apparamente nera delle cellule nervose ottenuta col bicloruro di mercurio.”—Arch. p. l. scienze mediche, Vol. III., 1879, N. 11.

Goltz, Friedrich. Direct. of Inst. for Exper. Physiol., Strasburg; formerly prosector Univ. Königsberg, Prussia.

Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Frosches,” Berlin, 1869; “Verrichtungen des Grosshirns,” 1881; “Wider die Humanaster,” 1883; “Ueber die physiologische Bedeutung der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 172.

“I owe the fundamental idea of my method of experimentation to the memory of my experience as prosector at Königsberg. I have often dissected out the arteries of the brain filled with torpid matter.… I resolved to try whether it would be possible to rinse out the living brain and spare the larger veins. The very first effort was so successful that it encouraged me to proceed, and that was the origin of this work.… All my experiments were made on dogs which I chloroformed before the operation. To bare the skull, I generally made first a cut in the centre and separated the skin on one side, so that the muscles of the temples were visible. Then according to the experiment I wished to make, a portion of the muscle was cut away to expose the place in the bone where the hole was to be bored. According to the requirements of the case, one, two, or still more holes were bored, and after making a cut in the head skin, the brain matter was rinsed out. I generally used spring water, heated to the temperature of the blood.… At all events till now, as far as my knowledge of the literature of this subject goes, no one has succeeded in making such extensive destruction of the brain and still preserving life. I have succeeded in a series of experiments made at different intervals, in so seriously injuring one hemisphere, that all the circumvolutions that touched the skull had disappeared. The animal lived for weeks with its crippled brain, and served for many observations.”—Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, pp. 3-8. (A work dedicated to his “English Friends.”)

“It is not often that two physiologists agree in matters relating to the physiology of the brain.”—Ibid., p. 9.

“I do not by any means claim that my researches can be of any value in themselves for the pathology of the human brain. Let the pathologists continue steadily to collect facts, then the apparent contradictions between the experiments on animals and the observations at the bedside will soon be reconciled.”—Ibid., p. 176.

“The fact that both in tortoises and in toads, the extirpation of the cerebellum and the superior two-thirds of the bulbus does not abolish the sense of equilibrium, proves that the too widely generalised theory of Goltz which localises this sense in the cerebellum, as also that of Vulpian, who in the inferior vertebrates, places the seat of this sense in the part corresponding to the annular protuberance of the superior vertebrates, are both equally inexact.—Florence, June, 1883.”—Fano, “Recherches expérimentales sur un nouveau centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo-spinal.”—Arch. ital. de Biol., Vol. III., p. 368.

“It is self evident, that Goltz’s experience, when quoted against the localizations of functions in the cortex of the brain is of no worth.”… (p. 11). “Professor Goltz’s assumption that irritation sets up inhibitory processes, having their seat in the cerebrum, which cause, through paralysis of certain centres situated in the cerebellum and its connections, all the non-permanent disturbances,—this assumption is inadmissible” (p. 13).—Munk, Ueber die Functionen der Grosshirn-Rinde.

“After I had laid bare the bone behind the ear of the pigeon, I bored out, bit by bit, with the help of a sharp hollow chisel, the ear labyrinths on both sides of the head. The bleeding caused by this operation is very considerable. In those cases where I endeavoured to destroy entirely both labyrinths, the birds died soon after the operation with violent rolling movements or somersaults. For this reason I afterwards contented myself with breaking out pieces of the superficial canals. Many of the thus injured birds I have kept alive a long time, and especially two which I had operated upon half a year ago, and which I exhibited at the Congress of Naturalists at Innspruck on 21st September, 1869.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., pp. 177-78.

“The sanguinary part of the operation begins with the insertion of the cannula to supply artificial respiration. Then the right carotid artery is dissected out. Afterwards, while artificial respiration is being set up, a square opening is made in the left wall of the chest with a knife and the bone scissors. The opening is extended far into the right pleural cavity, and widened downwards till it reaches the diaphragm which is severed from the ribs. It is best to make the opening in the chest large enough to avoid any pressure on the heart from the lungs or other neighbouring parts. The pericardium is opened wide so that the greatest possible surface of the heart may be exposed to the action of the atmospheric air. After this sanguinary preparation the catheter is introduced from the right carotis into the aorta, and from thence to the left ventricle of the heart. As soon as it has reached this point (which fact can be ascertained by feeling the exposed heart) the stopper (of the instrument previously described) is withdrawn. The next systole sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is immediately checked by fixing the gutta percha end of the previously set manometer on this conducting catheter. Now begins the observation which richly repays the tedious and bloody preparation. The heart pumps out the manometer with surprising rapidity.… We have repeated this experiment six times.”—“Ueber die Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XVII., p. 113.

Gombault (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Prof. Path. Anat. Practical Courses.

Greenfield, William Smith, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh. M.D. Lond., 1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1872; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. and Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. and Clin. Socs.; Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Prof. of Gen. Path. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; late Asst. Phys. and Lect. on Path. Anat. St. Thomas’s Hosp.; Prof. Superint. Brown Inst.; Phys. Roy. Infirm. for Childr. and Wom., Waterloo Road; Phys. Roy. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest, and Med. Regist. St. Thomas’s Hosp.

Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of Pathological Anatomy.” Author of Sect. on “Renal Pathology,” new Syd. Soc. Atlas of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Allied Diseases” (for Path. Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Contrib. “Lectures on the Pathology of Anthrax and Allied Diseases,” Lancet and Brit. Med. Journ., 1880 and 1881; various papers in Trans. Path. and Clin. Socs. and elsewhere.

Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory Stables and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for Experiments without anæsthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments returned in 1881.

Gréhant, Louis François Nestor, 17, Rue de Berthollet, Paris. B. at Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Asst. curator at the Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris; formerly Mem. Biol. Soc., Paris; préparateur of the Course of Physiol. at Fac. of Sci.

Author of “Tableau d’analyse chimique conduisant à la détermination de la base et de l’acide d’un sel inorganique isolé, avec les couleurs caracteristiques des precipités,” Paris, 1862; “Recherches physiques sur la respiration de l’homme,” Paris, 1864; “Manuel de physique médicale,” Paris, 1869; “Sur l’endomose des gaz à travers les poumous détachés,” Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “Sur l’activité physiologique des reins,” Ibid., 1879; “Recherches quantitatives sur l’èlimination de l’oxyde de carbone,” Ibid.; “Recherches comparatives sur l’exhalation de l’acide carbonique par les poumons,” Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; “Influence de la section des pneumogastriques sur l’exhalation d’acide carbonique par les poumons” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882.

“Dr. Gréhant recently made an interesting communication to the Biological Society, on the quantity of alcohol that would be necessary to produce fatal effect. With this view he performed a series of experiments, the results of which were always identical. By means of an œsophagal tube, Dr. Gréhant injected into the stomach of a dog thirty grammes of alcohol every half hour until the animal died. At the post-mortem examination, he found that the blood of the animal contained a proportion of one part of absolute alcohol to 100 parts of blood.”—Lancet, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. 125.

“I prepared in a large gutta percha balloon a mixture of 100 litres of air and 255 cubic centimetres of pure oxide of carbon, which made 1/392 of poisonous gas; I then opened the jugular vein in a dog of 9 kilos., and with a long india-rubber catheter introduced into the vena cava inferior, drew out 30 centimetres of blood, put it into a flask and defibrinised it by agitating it a few minutes. The animal’s head was then placed in a gutta percha muzzle communicating with the top of the balloon containing the oxide of carbon, and the animal was allowed to breathe into it for half-an-hour. During the last two minutes a second quantity of blood was taken from the vena cava and defibrinised; then the animal was allowed to breathe in the air, and half-an-hour later a third sample of blood was taken.…”—On the absorption of Oxide of Carbon (Note presented to the Acad. of Sc. by M. Gréhant, April 8, 1878,) Archives de Méd., 1878, Vol. I., p. 750.

Griffini, L. Prof. Path. Anat. Lab. Univ. of Messina.

Author of “Sur l’action toxique de la salive humane,” Arch. ital. de Biol., Paris, 1882.

“After the experiments of Vulpian showing that the saliva of a healthy man has a poisonous effect on rabbits, it was necessary to seek for an explanation of this unforeseen result. Therefore, the author of this essay determined to make a series of experiments to explain the malady which is produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva.”—Arch. ital. de Biol., Vol. II., Part I., p. 106.

Groves, J. W., King’s College, London.

Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological Laboratory in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned.

Gruber, A. Prof. Zool. and Zoot., Freiburg, in Baden University.

Grützner, P. Prof. Animal Physiol., Berne University.

Author of “Ueber Verschiedene Arten der Nervenerregung.” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XVII., p. 215; “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Harnsecretion,” Ibid., Vol. II.

Made experiments on dogs and rabbits in the Physiological Institute at Breslau.

“Exp. II. Dog not curarised: spinal marrow cut through at the beginning of the operation; also the vagi severed, nitrate of soda injected.

“Exp. III. Dog strongly curarised, and the medulla stimulated repeatedly by galvanic currents. Injections of nitrate of soda.

“Exp. VII. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, medulla subjected to electric stimulation. The vagi cut through.

“Exp. XI. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through, digitalis and strychnine injected. Result cramps.”—Pflüger’s Archiv. Vol. II., p. 370.

Gscheidlen, Richard. M.D.; Prof. Physiol.; Direct. Physiol. Lab., Wurzburg.

Author of “Ueber einige Physiologische Wirkungen der Calabarbohne,” in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” Leipsig, 1869; “Physiologische Methodik,” 4th edit., Brunswick, 1879.

Forty-one experiments on rabbits and cats.

“… Large doses cause violent cramps and convulsions. The animal struggles for breath, and writhes on the board to which it is fastened, and all the symptoms of the most violent dyspnœa set in. If the skin of the animal is slightly raised, it can be observed that the venous blood-vessels are puffed and swollen and contain dark blood. It soon becomes impossible to see how the animal breathes, and death follows.”—Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Lab. in Wurzburg, 1869, p. 275.

Guareschi, I. Univ. Turin.

Extract of putrified human brains injected into frogs, results resembling those of curare. Communicated to R. Academy Sciences, Turin, May, 1882.

Gubler, Adolphe Goblet. B. at Metz, 1822, d. 1879. Studied Med. Paris; Silver Medallist, 1847; M.D. Paris, 1849; Chef de Clinique of Prof. Bouillaud, 1850; Mem. Acad. Med., 1865; succeeded Prof. G. See, Prof. Therapeutics, 1868.

Founded “Journal de Thérapeutique,” 1874; Author of “Commentaires Thérapeutiques du Codex,” 1867.

Guébhart (Mons.), Paris. Prof. Physics Medical Faculty.

Günther, Albert, Surbiton, Surrey. M.A. and Ph.D. Tübingen, 1853; M.D. 1862; Diploma in Med. and Surg. Stuttgart, 1857; F.R.S.; F.Z. S.; Mem. Royal Soc. Sc. Upsala; Corr. Mem. Bristol Nat. Soc. and Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc.; Assist. Keeper Zool. Dept. British Museum.

Author of “Medical Zoology,” Stuttgart, 1858; Catalogue “Fish,” British Museum, 1859-70, &c.; late Editor “The Record of Zoological Literature.”

Made experiments jointly with L. Brück on the influence of lesions of certain portions of the brain on animal heat.—Pflüger’s Archiv., 1870, p. 578.

“… I requested the students, Messrs. Brück and Günther, to repeat the experiments of Tscheschichin and Sewitzky.… The animals were, as in previous experiments, rabbits. The lesions were invariably made through the unopened skull.… Out of 23 experiments, 11 gave positive, and 12 negative results. These experiments have given us the following facts for further study:—The division of the brain between the pons varolis and the medulla oblongata may produce heightened temperature. Seven experiments of this section were made; in two only the results were as above; but in these two cases the evidence was in a high degree satisfactory. In four cases the temperature sank after the operation; in one the action was so positive that the temperature of the animal which had been bound for seven hours did not sink any lower after the operation, which it is well known generally happens.”—Heidenhain, Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., pp. 579-80.

Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Also Certificate for Experiments without anæsthetics same year.

Hall, Marshall. B. at Basford, Notts., 1790; d. 1857. M.D., Edin., 1812; M. 1827; F.R.C.P., 1841; Lect. on the Theory and Practice of Medicine at St. Thomas’ Hosp.; Consulting Phys. to Moorcroft Lunatic Asylum, Uxbridge; Gulstonian Lecturer Roy. Coll. Physicians, 1842; F.R.S.L., and E.

Author of “The Principles of Diagnosis,” London and Nottingham, 1817; “Medical Essays,” London and Nottingham, 1825; “Diseases of Females,” 1826; “Effects of Loss of Blood,” 1828; “Researches principally relative to the morbid and curative effects of loss of blood,” London, 1830; “An essay on the circulation of the Blood, especially as observed in the minute and capillary vessels of the Batrachia and of Fishes,” London, 1831; “Lectures on the nervous system and its diseases,” London, 1836; “Memoirs on the nervous system,” London, 1837; “Practical observations and suggestions in medicine,” London, 1846; “Essay on the theory of convulsive diseases,” London, 1848.

Hällsten, K. Prof. Physiol. in Helsingfors, Finland.

Author of “Handledning för nybegynnare vid histologiska öfningar” (Manual of practical histology for beginners), Helsingfors, 1878. Contrib. to Scandinavian Med. Archives.

Made experimental researches on the irritability of various parts of the same nerve.

Harley, George, 25, Harley Street. M.D. Edin., 1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1858; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1850; F.R.S.; F.C.S.; Corr. Mem. Roy. Acad. Med. Madrid; Roy. Acad. Sci. Bavaria; Phys. and Med. Soc. Wurzburg; Med. Soc. Halle, and Micros. Soc. Giessen; Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc. Lond.; Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin., etc., etc., formerly Prof. Med. Jurisprudence and Lect. on Histology and Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll.; Pres. Paris Med. Soc.

Editor of “A Year Book of Medicine, Surgery and their allied Sciences,” London, 1860, etc.; author of “On Digestion,” 1859; “Action of Chem. and Phys. Agents on the Blood,” Phil. Trans. 1865; “Jaundice, its pathology and treatment,” London, 1863; “Albuminaria, with and without Dropsy, its different forms and treatment,” London, 1866; “Diabetes, its different forms and different treatments,” London, 1866, etc.

Made experiments on the physiological action of animal poisons, on dogs, cats, and frogs.

“The experiments were performed at University College, in the presence of my colleagues, Professors Sharpey, Ellis, and Williamson.… A large dog was bitten by one of the snakes over the right eye.… In three minutes the dog became very restless, and gave a low whine as if of pain. After moving about the room for ten minutes searching for a comfortable place to lie down on, he placed himself in the coolest part of the chamber, and laid his head on the cold stones, as if to relieve headache. He moaned as if in distress.… As the effects of the poison passed away, the pulse gradually recovered.… The serpent was once more allowed to bite him. The same train of symptoms again appeared, but in a more intense degree, and within twenty-five minutes he had become insensible.… Half an hour after being bitten the second time, convulsive twitchings began to appear in the fore limbs and muscles of the neck. In ten minutes more the whole body became convulsed. The limbs were stretched out and the head jerked backwards.… In two hours and a quarter the animal appeared to be dead, but on making an incision into the thorax, he gave a gasp. After waiting some time without observing any further sign of life, another incision was made, when he again gasped, but only once.”—“On the influence of physical and chemical agents upon the blood,” Trans. Roy. Soc., Vol. 155, p. 700.

Harris, Vincent Dormer, 39, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, London, W. M.D. Lond., 1876; M.B. (Honours), 1874; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and Vienna); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Sen. Phys. Met. Disp.; Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Asst. Phys. Victoria Pk. Hosp.; late Assist. Phys. W. London Hosp.; Casualty Phys., House Phys., Ophth. House Surg. and Regist. St. Barthol. Hosp.

Joint Author of “The Manual for the Physiological Laboratory;” Author of “Remarks on Angina Pectoris,” “Tufnell’s Treatment of Aortic Aneurysm,” “The Diagnostic value of Cardiac Murmurs,” and other papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps.; “Condition of the Spinal Cord in Tetanus;” Path. Soc. Trans.; Contrib. to Lancet, Med. Times Gaz., Path. Soc. Trans., Quart. Micros. Journ., Journ. Anat. and Physiol., &c.

Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880 and 1882.

Harting (Prof.), Utrecht University.

Harvey, Reuben J. D. 1882. B.A. Dublin, 1866; M.D., 1873; M.B. and M. Ch., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879; L. 1876 (T.C. Dublin, Vienna and Wurzburg); M.R.T.A.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub.; Lect. Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med.; Asst. Phys. and Pathol. House of Indust. Hosps.; Phys. Cork Street Fever Hosp.; late Exam. Anat. Univ. Dub.; Phys. for Dis. of Throat; Nat. Eye and Ear Infirm.; Ex-Schol. and Sen. Moderator T.C. Dub.; Ex. Med. and Schol. and Demonstrator of Anatomy Univ. Dub. Contrib. “Histology of Tendon,” Irish Hosp. Gaz. 1873; “Ueber die Zwischensubstanz der Hoden,” Centralblatt, 1875.

Held a License for Vivisection at Carmichael School of Medicine, Dublin Physiological Laboratory, and 212, Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-81; also, Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1881, and Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1880.

Haughton, Edward, Spring Grove House, Upper Norwood. M.D. Edin., 1856; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1855; B.A.T.C.D., 1858; L.M. Combe Lying-in Hosp. Gold Medal in Exper. and Nat. Sci.; Lect. on Med. Jurisprudence Steeven’s Hosp. Med. Sch. Dub., 1859.

Author of “The Laws of Vital Force,” 1869; “Practical Biopathy,” 1881, etc.

Hay, Matthew, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Edin. (Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. and C.M. (First Class Honours), 1878 (Univs. Glasg., Edin., and Strasbourg); Ettles Prizem. 1878; Goodsir Prizem. 1881; Sanitary Research, Sch., 1883; Fell. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin.; Vice-Pres. Chem. Soc. Edin,; Mem. Nat. Sci. Club; Prof. Med. Logic and Med. Jurisp. Univ. Aberd.; formerly Asst. to Prof. of Mat. Med. and Demonstrator of Pract. Mat. Med. Univ. Edin.; Phys. New Town Disp. Edin.

Contrib. “Action of Saline Cathartics,” from Anal. and Physiol. Vol. XVI.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill in 1880-81-82-83.

Haycraft, John Berry. M.B.

Author of “On some Physiological Results of Temperature Variation,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Physiological Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department of Medical Jurisprudence in 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned in 1881.

Hayem, Georges, Rue de l’échelle 9, Paris. B. Paris, 1841. M.D. 1868; Prof. Med. Fac. Paris; Hospital Physician; Sub-Director of the Lab. of Path. Anat. (école des Hautes études); Editor of the Revue des Sciences Médicales.

Author of “Études sur les diverses formes d’encéphalite,” Paris, 1868; “Des Bronchites, Pathologie générale et classification,” Paris, 1869; “Des Hémorrhagies intra rachidiennes,” Ibid., 1872.

Heger, Paul. Prof. Physiol. Univ. Brussels.

Author of “Étude critique et expérimentale sur l’émigration des lobules blancs, envisagée dans ses rapports avec l’inflammation.”

Heiberg, H. Prof. Path. Anat. Christiania, Norway.

Author of “Om Hvirvelsöjlen hos nyfödte og dens Forhold til chorda dorsalis” (The spinal chord at birth and its relation to the chorda dorsalis) Norsk Magas. for Lägevidens-Kab., Vol. VIII. (1879), p. 292.

Made experiments on the cornea of rabbits, rats, cats, fowls, toads, &c.—Vide Appen. Rep. Roy. Com.

Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Heinrich. B. at Marienwerder, West Prussia, 1834. Prof. of Physiol, and Microscopic Anat. Med. Fac. Breslau; Lect. Physiol. Institute.

Author of “Physiologische Studien,” Berlin, 1856; “Die Vivisection im Dienste der Heilkunde,” Leipsig, 1879; “Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Pancreas,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., p. 557; “Ueber die Absonderung der Fundusdrüsen des Magens,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIX., p. 148.

“The following observations, in so far as they relate to temporary fistula, were made in the summer of 1872; … those relating to permanent fistula belong principally to a series of experiments made with the students, Messrs. Jastrow, Langondorff and Körner. The principal results of both series proved that the secretion of the pancreas if arrested may be made to continue; or if present may be rendered more active. However, I must at once observe that the disturbances, the causes of which are still unknown to us, which almost invariably render useless all experiments on the pancreas, were also often present in those I am about to describe.…

“The experiments were invariably made on curarised animals. In such cases we have noticed the striking fact when the rapidity of secretion had been measured before and after curarisation, there was always a diminution during the curare anæsthesia, in contradiction to the result of Bernstein’s experiments; in which the secretion increased under the influence of the poison.” “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Pancreas.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., pp. 606-607.

Permanent fistula of the stomach established in dogs, then they were curarised and the spinal marrow stimulated with electrodes to cause secretion from the pancreas. These experiments were undertaken with the aid of students.

Heinsius von A., M.D., Prof. Physiol., Leyden University.

Author of “Ueber die Eiweisskörper des Blutes,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. II., p. 1; “Ueber Serumalbumin und Eieralbumin und ihre Verbindungen,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 549.

Helmholtz-Hermann, Ludwig Ferdinand von. B. Potsdam, 1821; studied med. La Charité, Berlin; Military Surgeon, Potsdam; Prof. Anat. Acad., 1848; Prof. Physiol., Königsberg, 1849; Prof. Physiol., Bonn, 1855; Heidelberg, 1858; Prof. of Experimental Physics, Med. Fac., Berlin Univ., 1871; Corr. French Acad. of Sciences, 1870; Privy Councillor.

Author of “Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft,” Berlin, 1847; “Handbuch der Phys. Optik.,” Leipsig, 1856-1866; “Lehre von den Tonempfindungen,” Brunswick, 1862, etc.

Henderson, Thomas Beath, 239, Bath Street, Glasgow. M.D., Glasgow, 1878; M.B. and C.M., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.); Mem. Med. Chir. Path. and Clin. Socs. Glasg., and Brit. Med. Assoc.

Contrib. “On the Inhalation of Phosphuretted Hydrogen,” Journ. Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.

Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical School, 1878-79-80. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill, 1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1879 and 1880.

Henle, Frederick Gustav Charles. B. at Furth, Franconia, 1809. Studied med. at Heidelberg and Bonn; M.D., 1832; Prosector Anat. Museum, Berlin, 1837; Prof. of Micros. Anat. and Gen. Path., 1840; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. Zurich, 1844; Prof. Anat. Physiol. Path. and Anthrop., Heidelberg, 1852; Prof. at Göttingen.

Founder of “Journal der rationelle Medizin;” Author of “Ueber Schleim u. Eiterbildung,” Berlin, 1838; “Vergleichende Anatomie des Kehlkopfes,” Leipsig, 1839; “Pathologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1840; “Rationelle Pathologie,” Brunswick, 1846; “Handbuch der Allgemeinen Anatomie,” Berlin, 1841; “Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen,” Brunswick, 1855; etc.

Henry, Arthur. Student at Physiol. Instit., Breslau.

Made experiments with Paul Wollheim at the instigation of Prof. Heidenhain on the pancreatic secretion of herbivorous animals, sheep, and rabbits—during two semesters—by creating biliary fistulas.—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 457, etc.

Hensen, V. Prof. experimental Physiol., Kiel University.

Author of “Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Beobachtung der Tonhöhe eines gesungenen Tones,” Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879, p. 155.

Hering, E. Prof. of experimental Physiol., Prague University.

Author of “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Nerven-und-Muskelphysiologie,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien) Vol. LXXIX., 1879; “Ueber Muskelgeräusche des Auges,” Ibid.; “Zur Erklärung der Farbenblindheit der Theorie der Gegenfarben,” Prag., 1880; “Kritik einer Abhandlung von Donders,” Prag., 1882.

Hermann, Ludimar. Prof. Physiol. and Med. Physics, Zurich Univ.

Author of “Grundriss der Physiolgie des Menschen,” Berlin, 1863; “Untersuchungen ueber den Stoffwechsel der Muskeln,” Berlin, 1867; “Ein Beitrag zum Verständniss der Verdanung und Ernährens,” Zurich, 1869; “Lehrbuch der experimentellen Toxicologie,” Berlin, 1874; “Ueber schiefen Durchgang von Strahlenbündeln, etc.,” Zurich, 1874; “Die Vivisectionsfrage für das grössere Publicum beleuchtet,” Leipsig, 1877. Editor of “Centralblatt f. die Medicinischen Wissenschaften,” Berlin, 1863, etc.

“Our experiments were intended to decide how far the objection raised on several sides was justified, that the results of the experiments made by Fritsch and Hitzig on the cortex of the cerebrum did not arise from the excitation of the cortex itself, but of the more internal parts.… The experiments were made during the summer term of 1874, all on middle-sized dogs, and were carried out successfully.… There were only six; as the results were all the same, there was no reason to make more of these cruel experiments.… I conclude with the remark that the experiments of Fritsch and Hitzig, however interesting and precious they may be, do not justify any conclusions concerning the functions of the cortex.”—“Ueber electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., pp. 78-84.

“The advancement of our knowledge, and not utility to medicine, is the true and straightforward object of all vivisection. No true investigator in his researches thinks of the practical utilization. Science can afford to despise this justification with which vivisection has been defended in England.”—Die Vivisectionsfrage.

Herzen, Alex. B. Russia, 1839. Prof. Physiol., Lausanne University. Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and Switzerland; joined Schiff at Florence, and became one of the promoters of the new scientific and philosophical movement in Italy. He afterwards retired to Sienna, where he pursued in solitude his studies on experimental Physiology. Prof. Physiol. at the Instituto superiore at Florence, 1877.

Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,” London, 1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” Turin, 1864; “Sul l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi fisiologica del libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri i loro prottettori e la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione di Psicologia Sociale,” 1871; “Cos ’è la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1877; “Lezione sulla digestione,” Florence, 1877; “Il Moto psichico e la Coscienza,” Florence, 1877; and in French a volume of “Récits et Nouvelles.”

Hifberg (Dr.), Christiania University.

His, Wilhelm. B. at Bâle, 1831; studied med. at Bâle and Berlin, under J. Müller; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Bâle, 1857; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1872.

Author of “Crania Helvetica,” Bâle, 1864; “Ueber die erste Anlage des Wirbelthierliebs,” Leipsig, 1868; “Unser Körperform und das phys. Problem ihrer Einstehung,” Leipzig, 1875. Contrib. to “Archiv. für Anthropologie” and “Archiv. f. Anatomie;” “Ueber die Anfänge des peripherischem Nervensystems” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., 1879, p. 456; “Abbildungen ueber das Gefässsystem der menschlischen Netzhaut und derjenigen des Kaninchens,” Ibid., Vol. f., 1880, p. 224; “Die Lehre vom Bindesubstanzkeim,” Ibid., 1882, p. 62.

Hitzig, Eduard. B. Berlin, 1838. Studied Berlin and Wurzburg. M.D., Berlin, 1862. Private Instructor in Internal Medicine Univ. Berlin, 1872. Prof. Mental Diseases, Zurich, and Director of the Lunatic Asylum of the Canton, 1875. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics of the brain, Med. Fac., Halle University.

Author of “Krankheiten des Nervensystems,” in “Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie in Therapie;” “Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn,” Berlin, 1874; “Ziele und Zwecke der Psychiatrie,” Zurich, 1876.

“Experiments on the extirpation of the cerebrum, furnished the material of a work in which Goltz imagines he has refuted the opinions expressed by me on the functions of this organ. I had already made jointly with Herr Fritsch a small number of analogous experiments, concerning the portion named by me, gyrus E; but later I carried out the experiments in a systematic manner on the whole convexity of the cerebrum. In the last series some observations are published in which I thought to have given the last and most uncontestable proof of the localisation of the brain.”—“Untersuchungen ueber das Gehirn,” neue Folger, Reichert und Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., 1876, p. 692.

Holmgrén, F. Prof. Physiol., Upsala University.

Contrib. “Ueber die wirkliche Natur der positiven Stromschwankungen bei der einzelnen Muskelzuckung” to Du Bois Reymond’s Archives for 1871; “Ueber den Augenabstand der Farbenblinden,” Arch. f. Ophthalmol., Vol. XXV., p. 135; “Ueber die Retinaströme,” Untersuch. a. d. Physiol. Inst. 3d. Heidelberg, 1880.

“There is a poison (curare) which lames every spontaneous movement, leaving all other functions untouched. This venom is therefore the most cruel of all poisons. It changes us instantly into a living corpse, which hears and sees and knows everything, but is unable to move a single muscle, and under its influence no creature can give the faintest indication of its hopeless condition. The heart alone continues to beat.”—Holmgrén, Physiology of present Times. Future, 1868, p. 231.

Hoppe-Seyler, F. Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Strasburg Univ.; Director of Physiol. Chem. Lab.

Author of “Med. Chem. Untersuchungen,” Tübingen, 1871; “Physiologische Chemie,” Berlin, 1879; “Ueber die Ursache der Athembewegungen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Weis., No. 51; “Ueber das Methämoglobin,” Zeitschr. f. physiol. Chemic, 1882.

Hoppe, I. Prof. extraord. Clin. Med., Med. Fac. Bâle University.

Horsley, Victor Alex. Haden. 129, Gower Street, W.C. Prof. Supt. of Brown Institution, 1884. M.B. Lond. and B.S. (Univ. Schol. and Gold Medallist in Surg.), 1881; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1883; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Surg. Regist. (late House Surgeon) Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Asst. to Prof. of Path. Univ. Coll.

Author of “Report on Septic Bacteria,” Rep. Med. Off. Loc. Govt. Bd.; (with Dr. Mott) “On the Existence of Organisms in Living Tissues,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. III; (with Dr. Bastian) “Arrest of Development of Left Upper Limb associated with an Extremely Small Right Ascending Parietal Convolution,” “Brain,” Vol. III.

Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London; New Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory with Curator’s Rooms in 1881 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures, and for dispensing with obligation to kill in 1882. No experiments returned in 1881.

Horvath, Alexis. M.D., Kieff.

Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie der Respiration,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII.; “Zur Abkühlung der Warmblüter, Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 278.

Dogs and rabbits plunged up to the neck in freezing water.

Houckgeest, van Braam. Military surgeon, Amsterdam.

Author of “Untersuchungen über Peristaltik des Magens und Darmencanals,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. VI., p. 266, 1872.

Cut away the abdominal walls of rabbits, substituting glass, in order to observe the peristaltic action of the intestines. Also placed rabbits in a bath, then cut open the abdomen, keeping the head above water, so as to allow the N. splanchnicus to be dissected out. This nerve, he states, is easier to find in a small, thin male rabbit after it has been kept fasting for 24 hours. Subsequent to this the nerve was acted upon by a Du Bois Reymond’s apparatus. The animals invariably died after a period of from one to five hours.

Hughes, Jas. Stannus, 1, Merrion Square West, Dublin. M.D. Qu. Univ. Irel., 1864; F.R.C.S.T., 1844; L. 1838; L.M. Dub. Lying-in Hosp.; Vice-Pres. Path. Soc. Dub.; Mem. Counc. Surg. and Zool. Socs., Irel.; Corr. Fell. Med. Soc. Lond.; Surg. Lord-Lieut.’s Household, Dub. Castle; Prof. of Surg. R.C.S.T.; Exam. in Surg. Queen’s Univ. Irel.; Surg. Jervis St. Hosp.; Cons. Surg. Coombe Lying-in Hosp.; Surg. Convalescent Home, Stillorgan; formerly Surg. Gen. Disp.

Author of “A Treatise on Diseases of the Prostrate Gland,” 1860; Contrib. “On Diseases of the Spinal Column,” Dub. Med. Press, 1850; “Ulcers of the Lower Extremities, etc.,” Ibid., 1851; “Opium in Peritonitis, with Cases,” Dub. Hosp. Gaz., 1856.

Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons Dublin Physiological Lecture Room in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1881-82-83.

Huiziga (Dr.), Groningen University.

Author of “Ueber die Unerregbarkeit der Vorderen Rückenmarkstänge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 81.

Huxley, Thomas Hy., 4, Marlborough Place, St. John’s Wood, N.W. B. Ealing, 1825. M.R.C.S. Eng., 1862 (Char. Cross); Ph. D. Breslau; LL.D. Edin., Dub. and Cantab.; Knt. of the Order of the North Star (Sweden), Pres. R.S.; Fell. Linn., Geol. and Roy. Med. Chir. Socs.; Mem. Anthrop. Inst. of Haarlem; Corr. Mem. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Roy. Soc. of Sci. Göttingen, Inst. of France, and Acads. of Berlin and St. Petersburg, etc., etc. Prof. Biol. Normal Sch. of Sci. and Roy. Sch. of Mines; late Exam. in Phys. and Comp. Anat. Univ. Lond.; F.R.C.S. 1883.

Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Certificate for experiments without Anæsthetics, 1882.

Author of “The Oceanic Hydrozoa,” 1857; “Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,” 1863; “Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy,” 1864; “Elementary Lessons in Physiology,” 1866-67; “An Introduction to the Classification of Animals,” 1869; “Lay Sermons,” 1870; “Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals,” 1871; “Critiques and Addresses,” 1873; “Elementary Biology,” 1875; “Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals,” 1877; “American Addresses,” 1877; “Physiography,” 1878; “The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology,” 1880; “Science and Culture,” 1881; numerous Memoirs in Trans. Roy., Linn., Zool., and Geol. Socs., etc.

“The following ‘Lessons in Elementary Physiology’ are primarily intended to serve the purpose of a text book for teachers and learners in boys’ and girls’ schools.”—“Lessons in Elementary Physiology,” London, 1866, Preface, p. 1.

“If the vessels of a limb of a living animal be tied in such a manner as to cut off the supply of blood from the limb, without affecting it in any other way, all the symptoms of death will set in. The limb will grow pale and cold, it will lose its sensibility and volition, the animal will no longer have power over it; it will stiffen, and eventually mortify and decompose.”—Ibid., p. 74.

“If in a living animal, the anterior roots of a spinal nerve be cut, the animal loses all control over the muscles to which that nerve is distributed, though the sensibility of the region of the skin supplied by the nerve is perfect.… On the other hand, if the end of the sensory root connected with the trunk be irritated, no apparent effect is produced, while, if the end connected with the cord be thus served, violent pain immediately follows.”—Ibid., p. 268.

Israel, James. M.D.; Chief Phys., Jewish Hosp., Berlin.

“On the 26th of March this year (1883), I inserted a small portion of infected tissue out of the peripleural abscess of a patient suffering from primary aktinomykosis of the lungs through an incision into the abdomen. The rabbit showed no symptoms of illness during life; the patient died.… The rabbit was killed June 12th, 1883. In the abdomen were found a number of swellings from the size of a cherry to that of a grain of hemp seed.… This gives the first proof of the possibility of transmitting aktinomykosis from man to animals.… Evidently the rabbit is not a very favourable subject for the development of this disease.”—Centralblatt für die Med. Wiss., No. 27, July 7th, 1883, p. 481-82.

Jacobson, H. Prof. Med. Fac. Berlin Univ. Lect. Dis. of Heart and Exp. Path., 1883.

Jäger, S. de. Prof. Vet. Coll., Utrecht; formerly Asst. Physiol. Inst., Leyden.

Author of “Over de bloedsbeweging in de Longen,” Leiden, 1879; “Die Lungen circulation und der arterielle Blutdruck,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XXVII., p. 163, &c.

James, Alexander, 11, Albyn Place, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. 1876; M.B. and C.M., 1872; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1877; (Univ. Edin.) Mem. (late Pres.) Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Med. Chir. Soc. Edin.; Lect. on Insts. of Med. and Clin. Med.; Edin. Sch. of Med.; late Med. Off. New Town Disp., House Surgeon Liverp. Infirm. for Childr., Res. Phys. Clin. Wards and Res. Surg. Roy. Infirm. Edin.

Held a License for Vivisection at Surgical Hall, Edinburgh, Dr. James’ Room in 1879 and 1880. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures 1879 and 1880.

Jankowski, K. W., Moscow, M.D.

Author of “Ueber die Bedeutung der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des Oedems.”—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. 93, Part II., Aug., 1883.

“Experiment I., July 24, 1882. Morphium injected into the vein in the front paw of a large dog. Complete narcosis followed immediately. Both hind feet were bound tightly together with an india-rubber band and immersed in water warmed to 70 degrees. The feet were held under the water about two minutes till the hair could be easily pulled out of the skin; then they were taken out of the water and untied. After this, the Nervus ischiadicus on the right side was cut through. About half-an-hour afterwards both feet showed signs of inflammation. They began to swell rapidly, and pustules filled with transparent matter appeared between the toes. On both sides the lymph vessels were now dissected out, and armed with cannulæ. To excite the flow of lymph the legs were pumped up and down every ten minutes for about five minutes at a time.… Two hours after this experiment the dog died, probably from the excessive dose of morphium injected.”—“Ueber die Beudetung der Gefässnerven für die Entstehung des Oedems,” Virchow’s Archiv, Vol. XCIII., p. 269.

Nineteen similar experiments on dogs were made in the Pathological Institute at Leipzig.

Jennings, Chas. Egerton, London Hospital, E.; and Abbey House, Malmesbury, Wilts. L.R.C.P., London, 1881; M.R.C.S. Eng. and L.S.A., 1881 (Lond. Hosp.); Obst. Schol. 1880; Fell. Obst. Soc.; Mem. Brit. Med. Assoc.; Res. Acc. (formerly House Phys.), Lond. Hospital; late Clin. Asst. Roy. Lond. Ophth. Hosp.

Author of “Transfusion; its History, Indications, and Modes of Application.” Contrib. “Treatment of Hydrophobia by Curara,” “Lancet,” 1881; “The Intravenous Injection of Fluid for Severe Hæmorrhage,” Ibid., 1882; “The Morbid Anatomy and Pathology of Hydrophobia,” Ibid., 1882.

Held a License for Vivisection, and performed experiments at the Museum, Theatre, and Lecture Rooms of Guy’s Hospital, up to 2nd December; also, at Physiological Laboratory and Museum of the University of the Durham College of Medicine, 1883. Certificate dispensing with the obligation to kill, same year.

Experiments on transfusion.—Lancet, Vol. II., 1884, pp. 364-6.

Jolyet, F. Prof. Med. Fac. Bordeaux, Exper. Med. 1877.

Author of “Nouvelles recherches sur le nerf pneumogastrique, démontrant que les filets originaires de ce nerf, avant tout anastomoses, possèdent, chez le chien une fonction motrice propre sur l’œsophage et sur l’estomac.”—Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1879, No. 6, p. 72.

Kaess, C. M.D. Prosector, Giessen.

Articles in Eckhard’s Beiträge, X., 1883.

Experiments on dogs.

Kahler, O. Prof. extraor. Univ. Prague; Lect. Dis. of Spine.

Author of “Weitere Beiträge zur Pathologie und pathologischen Anatomie des Central nervensystems” (jointly with Pick) Arch. f. Psychiat., Vol. X., p. 179, 1879; “Ueber die Noë’sche Thermosäule,” Prag. Med. Wochenschr. 1882, No. 47.

Injected wax into the spinal column of dogs to study the effects of pressure on the spine.—Zeitschrift f. Heilkunde (Prague and Leipsig), Vol. III., 1882, p. 187.

Kelsch (Prof.) Prof. Path. Anat. Lille Med. Faculty.

Kinberg, J. G. H., Stockholm. Prof. Med. and Chir. Inst.

Klebs, Edwin. B. 1834, Königsberg. Studied univs. Königsberg, Wurzberg, Jena, and Berlin; Asst. Physiol. Lab. Königsberg; assistant to Virchow, 1861; Prof. Path. Anat., Berne, 1866; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1871; Prof. at Prague, 1873; Lect. on Path. Anat., Path. Histology and Path. Chemistry Med. Fac. Univ. Zurich, 1883.

Author of “Ueber die Aufgaben und die Bedeutung der experimentellen Pathologie” (Inaugural Discourse Univ. Zurich), Leipsig, 1882; “Ueber Symbiose Ungleichartiger Organismen,” Biol. Centrabl., Vol. II., Nos. 10, 11, 13.

Klein, Emanuel, M.D., F.R.S. Assist. Prof. Lab. Brown Instit., Wandsworth Road; Lect. Histol. at Med. Sch. St. Bartholomew’s Hosp.; formerly Prof. Histology Univ. of Vienna.

Author of first section of “Handbook for the Physiological Laboratory;” “Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Structur des Zellkernes und der Lebererscheinungen der Drüsenzellen” in Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 17 (1879), p. 289; “Observations on the Glandular Epithelium and Division of Nuclei in the skin of the newt,” Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci., No. LXXV. (1879), pp. 261-404; “On the termination of the nerves in the mammalian cornea,” Ibid., Oct., 1880, p. 459; “The organ of Jacobson in the dog,” Ibid., July, 1882, p. 299; “The Anatomy of the Lymphatic System,” 1883, London; “Atlas of Histology” (jointly with Dr. Noble Smith), London, 1879.

(Chairman) (3,538): What is your own practice with regard to the use of anæsthetics in experiments that are otherwise painful? (Dr. Klein): Except for teaching purposes, for demonstration, I never use anæsthetics where it is not necessary for convenience. If I demonstrate, I use anæsthetics. If I do experiments for my inquiries in pathological research, except for convenience sake, as for instance on dogs and cats, I do not use them. On frogs and the lower animals I never use them. (3,539). When you say that you only use them for convenience sake, do you mean that you have no regard at all to the sufferings of the animals?—No regard at all. (3,540.) You are prepared to establish that as a principle which you approve?—I think that with regard to an experimenter, a man who conducts special research, and performs an experiment, he has no time, so to speak, for thinking what will the animal feel or suffer. His only purpose is to perform the experiment, to learn as much from it as possible, and to do it as quickly as possible. (3,541.) Then for your own purposes you disregard entirely the question of the suffering of the animal in performing a painful experiment.—I do. (3,542.) Why do you regard it then when it is for a demonstration?—Because I know that there is a great deal of feeling against it in this country, and when it is not necessary, one should not perhaps act against the opinion or the belief of certain individuals of the auditorium. One must take regard of the feelings and opinions of those people before whom one does the experiment. (3,543.) Then am I wrong in attributing to you that you separate yourself entirely from the feeling which you observe to prevail in this country in regard to humanity to animals?—I separate myself as an investigator from myself as a teacher. (3,544.) But in regard to your proceedings as an investigator, you are prepared to acknowledge that you hold as entirely indifferent the sufferings of the animal which is subjected to your investigation?—Yes. (3,546.) Do you believe that that is a general practice on the Continent, to disregard altogether the feelings of the animals?—I believe so. (3,547.) But you believe that, generally speaking, there is a very different feeling in England?—Not among the physiologists; I do not think there is. (3553.)—Min. of Ev. R. Com., London, 1876.

Köbner, Heinrich. Prof. in Berlin.

Author of “Uebertragungsversuche von Lepra auf Thiere.”

Experiments to give leprosy to animals.—Virchow’s Archiv., 88 vol., p. 282.

“One monkey, two guinea-pigs, two young white rats, one white mouse, two rabbits, one pigeon, three eels, one mud-fish, and one frog were inoculated in several parts of the body with leprous matter, and also small portions of tissue impregnated with bacilli were engrafted. Leprosy did not break out in any of the animals.”—Note by O. Israel, Centralbl. f. Wiss. Med. No. 5, 1883, p. 79.

Koch, Heinrich Hermann Robert. M.D. Geheimrath. Direct. of the Pathol. Instit. of Sanit. Med. Berlin.

“You saw the dog which was injected with a minimum quantity of tubercle bacilli. The injection was made in the abdominal cavity, and produced an exquisite tubercular peritonitis. Nevertheless, the dog finally recovered entirely, and seemed perfectly well. Then the same dog was used again, and a large number of bacilli were introduced into the abdominal cavity. You will see that the dog is fatally ill. Now, if one attack conferred immunity, it ought to have been impossible to produce this second attack. Hence I do not think it possible to prevent the disease in that way, nor do I think it necessary to try it.”—“Dr. Robert Koch interviewed,” Med. Times, Aug. 26th, 1882, p. 255.

“The result of Koch’s inoculation experiments he (Dr. Formad) discredited, because the successful ones had been made only on animals that have a very strong predisposition to tuberculosis, and contract it from inoculation of non-specific substances, while others, which were claimed to be successful, he regarded as cases of pseudotuberculosis. The view in regard to the bacilli tuberculosis to which Dr. Formad inclined, was that they do not cause the disease, while it is likely that they do ‘condition the fatal disease.’ The remarks were received with marked interest, and were followed by a brief discussion, participated in by Drs. Wood, Gross, Tyson, Bartholow, Cohen, and others. Some of the speakers seem to have adopted Koch’s views, and it was spoken of as a matter of congratulation that one so well fitted as Dr. Formad should have presented the arguments against them, since the truth would be arrived at all the more surely if the new doctrine were put upon its defence, and not allowed to establish itself without due scrutiny.”—Philadelphia Med. News, Oct. 28, 1882. (Reprinted in Med. Times, Dec. 2, 1882.)

“Dr. Koch’s conclusions enjoy a very considerable succès d’estime, but that esteem would perhaps be less were it clearly understood that the original intention, and indeed the justification, of the method of dry cultivation has been quietly dropped, while the method itself has been put to a use for which it is not at all suited.”—Med. Times, July 15, 1882, p. 78.

“As yet we have no certain instance of animals falling spontaneously ill of cholera in periods of cholera. All experiments also, which have hitherto been made on animals with cholera substances, have either given a negative result, or, if they were said to give a positive result, they were not sufficiently supported by evidence, or were disputed by other experimenters. We occupied ourselves, nevertheless, in the most careful and detailed manner, with experiments on animals. Because great value must be laid on the results on white-mice obtained by Thiersch. I took fifty mice with me from Berlin, and made all kinds of experiments on them,” but … “our mice remained healthy. We then made experiments on monkeys, cats, poultry, dogs, and various other animals that we were able to get hold of; but we were never able to arrive at anything in animals similar to the cholera-process.… Hence, I think, that all the animals on which we can make experiments, and all those, too, which come into contact with human beings, are not liable to cholera.… We must, therefore, dispense with them as a material for affording proofs.”—Koch’s “Address to the German Board of Health,” “Brit. Med. Journ.,” Sept. 6, 1884, p. 454.

Kölliker, Rudolph Albrecht. B. 1817, at Zurich; Studied Univs. Zurich, Bonn, and Berlin; For. Asst. to Henle, M.D., Zurich, 1843; Prof. Physiol. and Comp. Anat., Zurich, 1845; Prof. at Wurzburg, 1847.

Author “Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, für Aertzte und Studirende,” Leipsig, 1852; “Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen und der Höheren Thiere,” Leipsig, 1861; “Untersuchungen ueber die Letzten Endigungen der Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862 (in progress).

Krabbe, H. M.D.; Prof. of Physiol. and Anat. at Roy. Vet. Coll., Copenhagen.

Kraft (Dr.), Breslau. Asst. Prof. at the Path. Institute.

Kries, J. Von. Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Baden; Lec. Physiol. Movement and Sensation, Physiol. Inst.

Author of “Untersuchungen zur Mechanik des quergestreiften Muskels,” Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol., Vol. for 1880; “Die Gesichtsempfindungen und ihre Analyse,” Arch. f. Physiol., 1882 (Supplement).

Krivoratow, M., Moscow. Medical Student Strasburg; pupil of Prof. Goltz.

Kronecker, H., 35, Dorotheenstrasse, Berlin. Prof. Extraor. Physiol. Univ. Berlin; Lect. Exper. Physiol.

Author of “Die Unfähigkeit der Froschherzspitze, elektrische Reize zu summiren,” Verhandl. d. physiol. Gesell. zu, Berlin, May 16, 1879; Co-editor (with Senator) of “Centralblat für die medicinischen Wissenschaften.”

Made experiments jointly with Dr. Theodore Cash in the Physiological Institute in Berlin.

Kueltz, E. Prof. Med. Fac. Marburg University; Exam. in Physiol. Lect. on Physiol. of Sensory Organs, 1883.

Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von der Glycogenbildung in der Leber,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XXIV., 1880; “Ueber die Schicksale des Chloralhydrates und Butychloralhydrates im Thierkörper,” Ibid., Vol. XXVIII., 1882.

Made experiments in the Physiol. Lab. Univ. of Marburg.

Kühne, W. Prof. of Experimental Physiol. Med. Fac., Heidelberg University.

Author of “Ueber künstlichen Diabetes bei Fröschen,” Göttingen, 1856; “Myologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin, 1860; “Ueber die peripherische Endorgane der motorischen Nerven,” Leipsig, 1862; “Untersuchungen ueber das Protoplasma und die Contractilität,” Leipsig, 1864; “Ueber das Verhalten des Muskels zum Nerven;” Untersuchungen aus dem physiol. Institute d. Universität, Heidelberg, Vol. III., 1879; “Notiz ueber die Netzhautfarbe belichteter menschlichen Augen,” Ibid., Vol. III., 1879; “Beobachtungen ueber die Absonderung des Pancreas” (jointly with Lea), Ibid., Vol. II., 1882.

Kussmaul, Adolf. B. 1822, at Graben, near Carlsruhe; studied at Heidelberg and Wurzburg; Military surgeon in Baden, 1848; Prof. extraord. Univ. of Heidelberg, 1857; Prof. Med. Erlangen, 1859; Prof. Freiburg, 1863; Prof. Strasburg, 1876.

Author of “Die Entwickelungs—Phasen der exacten Medicin,” “Ueber die Ursachen und den Gang unseres Ablebens,” Freiburg, 1866; “Zwanzig Briefe über Menschenpocken und Kuhpockenimpfung,” Freiburg, 1870; jointly (with Tenner); “Untersuchungen zur Natur-Lehre des Menschen und der Thiere,” 1856; “Untersuchungen ueber Ursprung und Wesen der fallsuchtartigen Zuckungen bei der Verblutung so wie der Fallsucht überhaupt,” Frankfort, 1857.

“For all those who do not hold the view that words and thoughts originate from sources above and outside the nerve substance, the localization of the functions of speech in portions of the cortex follows as a necessary postulate of logic.… Physiological Experiment, as we might expect, leaves us here in the lurch.”—Art. “Disturbances of speech,” Ziemssen’s Cyclopedia of Medicine, Vol. XIV., p. 720.

Laborde, J. V., 15, Rue de l’École-de-Médecine, Paris. Prof. Pract. Physiol., Pract. Courses.

Chief Editor of the “Tribune Médicale.”

Experimented (30th April, 1884), with the head of the decapitated criminal, Campi, by transfusing the blood of a living dog into it, bringing back a hideous semblance of lifelike motions.

Lacerda (M.) de, Rio de Janeiro.

Injected snake poison under the skin of dogs, rabbits, monkeys, and guinea-pigs to try the effect of permanganate of potash as an antidote.

Landois, Leonard. B. Munster, 1837; Stud. and Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Greifswald; Prof. extraord., 1868; Prof. in ord. Physiol. and Dir. Physiol. Inst., 1872; Prof. Micros. Anat., Histol., and Exper. Physiol. Med. Fac., same place, 1883.

Author of: “Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen,” Vienna, 1879-80; “Ueber tönende Vocal-flammen,” Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss. No. 18, 1880, p. 321.

Lankester, Edwin Ray, M.A., F.R.S. B. 1847, London; Educated St. Paul’s School, and Christ Ch., Oxon; Fell. and Lect. Exeter Coll., Oxford, 1872; Prof. Zool. and Comp. Anat. Univ. Coll., Lon., 1875; Fellow Roy. Soc., 1875.

Author of: “A Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of the old red Sandstone of Britain,” Part I., 1870; “Comparative Longevity,” 1871; “Contributions to the Developmental History of the Mollusca,” 1875; and the English Edition of Haekel’s “History of Creation.” Contrib. to “Athenæum, Academy, Nature,” Chief Editor of “Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science.”

“… He has taken a prominent part in the defence of Scientific Experiment on live animals.”—Men of the Time, 10th Edit., p. 604.

“If you allow experiment at all, you must admit the more of it the better, since it is certain that for many years to come the problems of physiology demanding experimental solution will increase in something like geometrical ratio instead of decreasing.”—E. Ray Lankester, Spectator, Jan. 10, 1874.

Lange, O. B. 1834. Path. Lect. Univ. Copenhagen, 1877; formerly Asst. to Prof. Schiff, Physiol. Lab., Florence.

Editor of “Hospital Journal.”

Langendorff, Oscar. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac. Univ. Königsberg.

Author of “Versuche ueber die Pancreas-Verdauung der Vögel,” Mueller’s Archiv., 1879; Contrib. to Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., Archiv. fuer Anat. u. Physiol., etc.

Found by experiment that after frogs had been immersed for several hours in oil or water, or after they had been suffocated by ligature of the aortic bulb, their muscles had an acid reaction.—Med. Centralb., 1882, No. 50.

Langley, J. N. M.A., St. John’s Coll., Camb.

Author of “The action of Pilocarpin on the sub-maxillary gland of the dog,” Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part III., 1877, p. 42. “On the changes in serous glands during secretion,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 261; “On the structure of serous glands in rest and activity,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 377; “Preliminary account of the structure of the cells of the liver and the changes which take place in them under various conditions,” Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. XXXIV., 1882, p. 20.

“The sub-maxillary gland of the dog was chosen for experiment, owing to its exposed condition, and the comparative ease with which its nerves can be isolated; a few experiments were made on the parotid, but these were not increased in number, since there seems little reason to doubt that that which is true for one salivary gland is also true for the rest.… In observing the flow of blood all the veins going to the jugular were tied, except the veins coming from the gland; then either the jugular was tied and cut across on the peripheral side of the ligature, and the blood allowed to run into a narrow test tube…; or a cut was made just at the division of the jugular, the jugular itself clamped, and the blood collected as before.… The pilocarpin was injected sometimes into the saphena vein, and sometimes through the facial artery direct into the gland, in the manner described by Heidenhain.… In every case the stimulus used was a Daniell’s Cell with a Du Bois Reymond’s induction apparatus.”—Studies from the Physiol. Lab. Camb., Part III. (1877), pp. 44, 45, 46.

Also experiments on dogs, rabbits, frogs, and toads.

Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill in 1879.

Lannegrace (Dr.), Montpelier. Prof. Physiol. Med. Fac., Montpelier.

Lanzillotti-Buonsanti, Nicola. B. Ferrandina, 1846; Studied Salerno and Naples; Chir. Asst. Milan, 1871; Prof. 1873; Phys. and Vet. Sur. Basilicate; Direct. Chirurg. Clinic and Prof. of Surg. and Exper. Physiol. High School for Vet. Med., Milan.

Author of “Sulla struttura dei tendini, ricerche istologische,” Milan, 1871; “Manuale di Ostetricia Veterinaria,” Milan, 1872; “Trattato di Patologia e Terapia chirurgica generale e speciale degli animali domestici,” Milan, 1873; “La Medicina sperimentale e le Scuole Veterinaria,” Milan, 1873, &c. Founded, 1878, the journal “La Clinica Veterinaria, Rivista di Medicina e Chirurgia practica degli Animali domestici.”

Lapper, Edwin, 36, Highfield Road, Rathgar, Co. Dublin. L.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1876 (Ledw. Sch. Dub.); Fell. Chem. Soc. Lond.; Lect. on Chem. Ledw. Sch. of Med.

Contrib. to Dub. Journ. Med. Sci. 1876.

Held a License for Vivisection at Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Physiological Laboratory and Lecture Room in 1878. No experiments returned.

Lassègue, Jean Louis. B. Paris, 1800.

Author of “Recherches Physiologiques et Chimiques pour servir à l’histoire de la digestion,” Paris, 1825.

Bound the thoracic duct of dogs, death following 50 days after the operation.

Latschenberger, Joh. M.D.; Prof. extraord. Physiol. Chem. Univ. Freiburg.

Joint Author, with Deahna, of “Beiträge zur lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung der Gefässmuskeln,” Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XII., p. 157.

Made experiments jointly with Deahna.

“We first set ourselves the task of studying the effects of blood pressure in long continued stimulation of the ends of sensory nerves. The animals experimented upon were rabbits, dogs and cats.… The nerves experimented upon were the N. vagus, N. depressores, and N. ischiadicus. After the nerve was cut through, the central end was stimulated. The nerves in the neck were in most cases drawn outwards and laid upon the electrodes in such a manner that the stimulated portion should be completely surrounded by air.”—Beiträge zur Lehre von der reflectorischen Erregung, &c., pp. 159, 160.

Lautenbach, B. F. M.D.; Ph. D. Asst. Physiol. Lab. Geneva.

Author of “On absorption without circulation,” Journ. of Physiol., Vol. II. (1879), p. 110; “The physiological action of heat,” Ibid., pp. 1 and 302; “Saponin in its relation to Physiology,” Journ. of Nerv. and Mental Diseases, Vol. IV. (1879), No. 3 (N. Series), p. 393.

Made experiments, with the assistance of Prof. Schiff, by tying the portal veins of dogs, &c., which caused death in one or two hours in the dog, and less in cats and rabbits.—Philadelphia Med. Times, May 26th, 1877.

Lazarus, Moritz. B. Filehne, in Posen, 1824. Prof. Philos. Bern; Prof. Milit. Acad. Berlin, 1868.

Contrib. to “Zeitschrift für Klinische Medicin.”

Made experiments on dogs and sheep.

Lea, A. Sheridan, Trin. College, Cambridge. Physiol. Lab. New Museum.

Joint Author (with J. R. Green) of “Some Notes on the Fibrine Ferment,” Journ. Physiol., Vol. IV., p. 380.

Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge Physiological Laboratory New Museum, 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. No experiments returned in 1878.

Lebedeff, Alexander. Physician, Moscow, Russia.

Made experiments in the Physiol. Institute, Leipsig, 1882.

Lebedoff, S. A. Asst. Phys., St. Petersburg.

Made experiments in the Pathological Institute, Giessen, on the secretion of hæmoglobin by the kidneys.—Virchow’s Archiv., Vol. XCI., p. 2.

Legg, John Wickham, 47, Green Street, Park Lane, W. M.D. Lond., 1868; M.B., 1867; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1869; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Casualty Phys. and Demonstrator Morbid Anat. St. Barthol. Hosp.

Author of “On the Changes of the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile Ducts;” and various Papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps., Brit. Med. Journal, Journ. Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.

“During the past winter, I have made several observations upon the changes which follow ligature of the bile ducts in animals. The animals used were cats; these seem to survive the operation better than dogs. Most observers find that dogs live only five to ten days after. The way in which the ligature was applied was as follows:—The animal was first secured in a Czermak’s holder, and chloroform given largely, so as to secure a deep narcosis.… A cut is then made through the linea alba from the xiphoid cartilage downwards for about two inches.… Pushing aside to the left the stomach and duodenum, and raising the free edge of the liver, the bile ducts are seen coming from the liver and gall bladder.… A ligature is then put around the common duct and tied close to the duodenum; another is tied tightly on the duct, about half an inch nearer to the liver, and the duct between the two ligatures divided by a pair of scissors, the vessel being held out from the portal vein for that purpose. In two of the cats the bile found its way again into the intestine; in the later operations, therefore, I removed altogether about half an inch of the common duct as is done in making biliary fistulæ. The belly walls were then brought together with ordinary sutures. It is well to place these close together, as I lost three of the cats from the giving way of the sutures and consequent prolapse of the bowels. All the operations recorded in this paper were done in the pharmacological laboratory of my friend and colleague, Dr. Brunton.…

“Exper. I., Jan. 24, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing 8½ lb.; very fat; bile ducts tied double and cut. The cat died probably on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 27. Weather frosty.…

“Exper. II., Jan. 24, 1873.—Black she cat, weighing 6 lb. 6¾ oz. Bile duct tied double but not cut. Animal pregnant. The cat died on Jan. 26. Examined on Jan. 28.…

“Exper. III., Feb. 3, 1873.—Large tabby cat, weighing immediately after operation 7 lb. 3½ oz. Animal very fat; bile duct tied, but not cut. Feb. 6.—Cat seems to be dying; it is unable to stand, but lies on side mewing. Feb. 7.—Found dead at 11 a.m. in the same place where left yesterday.…

“Exper. VI., Feb. 3.—A cat not fully grown, very wild, scarcely any fat on body, weighing immediately after the operation 3 lb. 5 oz. Bile ducts tied double, but not cut. The animal nearly died under the chloroform, but recovered with artificial respiration. Cat last seen alive on Feb. 7.… Found dead on morning of February 12, and already much decomposed. Cause of death, prolapse of bowels.…

“Exper. XVI., June 27.—Black and white cat, well nourished, full grown. Bile duct tied double and piece cut out. July 3.—As the cat was now very weak, and seemed about to die, it was determined to make the diabetic puncture. The cat was therefore laid prone, a cut made through the skin over the occipital protuberance, and the chisel applied immediately underneath this. After dividing the occipital bone, the chisel was passed in a direction downwards and forwards, so as to cut the line made by joining the two auditory meatus. The chisel was pushed on until it met with the basilar bone, and was then withdrawn. Operation was over at 12.30. Before the operation the cat had languidly taken a little milk.”—“On the changes in the Liver which follow Ligature of the Bile Ducts,” Barth. Hosp. Reps., Vol. IX., p. 161, etc.

Lemoigne (Prof.), Milan. Mem. Council Milanese Società Zoophila.

Author of “Relazione Sull’ Idrofobia,” 1882.

Leopold, G. Prof. Univ. Leipsig.

“Professor Leopold, of Leipsig, has recently carried out some experiments of the above kind, the results of which we think it well to summarise, seeing that English physicians are prevented by foolish legislation from making any such researches themselves.… Dr. Leopold therefore proceeded thus: he opened the abdomen and uterus of a pregnant animal, and then the abdomen of one not pregnant, and transferred in some experiments the embryo only, in others the embryo and its membranes and placenta, from the uterus of one animal to the abdominal cavity of the other. Then he closed the wound and observed the result. Rabbits were the animals used.… As to the result, the experiments fall into two groups—one in which peritonitis followed, from which the animals soon died; and the other in which they survived, and the transplanted embryo became encapsuled.… In the cases in which no peritonitis was excited, the animals were killed at periods varying from three to seventy days after the operation.”—Med. Times and Gazette, Jan. 14, 1882, pp. 41, 42.

Lépine, R., Lyons. M.D. Paris, 1875. Prof. Medicine Med. Faculty.

Author of “De la localisation dans les Maladies cérébrales,” Paris, 1875; jointly (with Lannois) of “Sur la maniere differente dont se comportent les parties supérieure et inférieure de l’intestin grèle au point de vue de l’absorption et de la transsudation,” Arch. de physiol. norm. et path. 1883, p. 93.

“The authors pursued the following methods in their experiments, which were made solely on dogs: After opening the abdomen in the linea alba, a portion of the smaller intestines was drawn out, and ligatures which at first were not closed were applied to the upper and lower part; above and below the ligatures the intestine was cut open with very fine scissors, and rinsed out with a seven per cent. solution of salt. Then the lower ligature was closed, and the solution injected into the upper opening, the reabsorption of which is to be tested. While the syringe was being withdrawn the upper ligature was also secured. A portion of the lower end of the small intestine was then submitted to the same process; but in this case a longer portion was taken out to compensate as much as possible for the smaller size of the lower end of the intestine.… After the bowels had been replaced the wound was sewn up, and the dog set at liberty; and after a certain time—generally an hour or an hour and a-half—killed, and the contents of the tied loops were examined.”—Centralb. f. d. Med. Wiss., 1883, p. 679.

Lesser, A. Prof. of Toxicology, Med. Fac., Berlin University.

Lesser, Baron Von L. L. Prof. at Private Policlinic, Med. Fac., Leipsig University. Path. Institute.

Leube, Wilhelm Olivier. B. Ulm, Wurtemberg, 1842; studied Med. Tübingen; M.D. 1866; Univs. Munich and Berlin; studied Physiol. under Du Bois Reymond and Rosenthal, and Physiol. Chem. under Kühne; First Asst. Ziemssen’s Clinic, Erlangen, 1868; Prof. extraord., 1872; Prof. Med. Clinic, Jena, same year; Prof. Erlangen, 1874.

Author of “Untersuchungen über die Strychnine-wirking und deren Paralysirung durch künstliche Respiration,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, 1867, p. 629. Contrib. to “Moleschott’s Untersuchungen,” Virchow’s and Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv., &c.

Made experiments with strychnine on various animals.

Lewaschew (Dr.), St. Petersburg.

“A most careful and valuable series of experimental researches on the influence of the nervous system in the causation of disease of the vessels has been contributed to the current number of Virchow’s Archiv., by Dr. Lewaschew, of St. Petersburg.… The method of investigation is worthy of mention. Generally the chief nerve trunks of the hinder extremities of dogs were the parts subject to irritation by means of a solution of muriatic or sulphuric acid; it was found that rabbits and cats were unfit for this continuous form of stimulation, because the action of the acid on the exposed nerve trunk brought about gangrene; as a strong stimulus was wanted milder means could not be employed.”—Lancet, June 2nd, 1883, p. 962.