INDEX.

Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.

Aard Vark, 44, 352;

femur, 517;

sacrum, 452;

teeth, 425;

see Orycteropus

Aard wolf, 48;

see Proteles

Abdominal ribs, crocodile, 260;

reptiles, 286

Abdominal shield, turtle, 215

Acanthias, 32;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

pectoral fins, 130

Acanthodes, 32, 64

Acanthodii, 32;

general characters, 64;

spines, 106

Acanthomys, 47;

spines, 417

Acanthopterygii, 34

Accipitres, 41

Acetabular bone, 25, 513;

dog, 409 f.;

frog, 165

Acetabulum, 25;

crocodile, 266;

dog, 409;

duck, 324;

frog, 165;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

Acipenser, 32, 117;

exoskeleton, 67;

distribution, 66;

pectoral fins, 131;

plates, 104;

skull, 121, 122;

spinal column, 112

Acipenseridae, 32

Acrodont, defined, 199;

teeth of reptiles, 273

Acrodus, 32;

teeth, 109

Acromion, dog, 405

Actinotrocha, 30;

organ regarded as double notochord, 51

Ad-digital quill, duck, 303

Adjutant, 41;

clavicles, 338

Ægithognathous, 335

Æluroidea, 48, 369;

teeth, 437

Æpyornis, 40;

tibio-tarsus, 341

Æpyornithes, 40, 299

Aftershaft, 328

Agama, 38;

teeth, 273

Agamidae, 38;

premaxillae, 284

Aglossa, 36

Agouti, 48;

see Dasyprocta

Agriochoeridae, 45

Agriochoerus, 45;

pes, 525

Ala spuria, duck, 304

Alcidae, 42;

see Auks

Alisphenoid, 19;

crocodile, 247;

duck, 317;

dog, 386

Alligator, 39, 210, 212;

hyoid, 285;

limbs, 264;

pectoral girdle, 262;

pelvis and sacrum, 267;

scutes, 271;

skull, 245, 248, 253

Alligatoridae, 39

Alytes, 36;

fronto-parietal fontanelle, 179;

vertebrae, 172

Amblypoda, 47;

general characters, 363;

manus, 510;

pes, 525;

skull, 473;

teeth, 433;

thigh and shin, 519

Amblystoma, 35;

skull, 175

American monkeys, 373;

see Cebidae

American vultures, 41;

vomers, 335

Amia, 33;

distribution, 66;

exoskeleton, 67;

pectoral fin, 131;

scales, 105;

skull, 123;

tail, 115, 117;

vertebrae, 114

Amiidae, 33

Ammocoetes, 31, 55

Amphibia, 35;

anterior limb, 185;

exoskeleton, 168;

general characters, 133;

hyoid apparatus, 180;

pectoral girdle, 184;

pelvic girdle, 187;

posterior limb, 188;

ribs, 182;

skull, 173;

sternum, 182;

teeth, 169;

vertebral column, 170

Amphicoelous, defined, 14

Amphioxus, 30;

skeleton, 51 f.;

spinal column, 112

Amphisbaena, 38, 272;

loss of limbs, 289

Amphisbaenidae, 38, 200;

pectoral girdle, 288;

skull, 277;

vertebral column, 275

Amphitheriidae, 43

Amphiuma, 35, 135;

manus, 187;

pes, 188;

skull, 174

Amphiumidae, 35

Anacanthini, 33

Anal shield, turtle, 215

Anas, 41;

A. boschas, see Duck

Ankylosis, defined, 12

Angel fish, 32

Angler, attachment of teeth, 107

Anguidae, 38

Anguilla, 33;

see Eel

Anguis, 38;

loss of limbs, 289;

scutes, 271

Angular, 22;

cod, 100;

crocodile, 258;

duck, 319;

salmon, 94;

turtle, 231

Angulo-splenial, frog, 161

Ankle joint, duck, 327;

reptiles, 294

Anomodontia, 36

Anoplotheriidae, 45

Anoplotherium, 45;

manus, 506;

pes, 523;

tail, 454;

teeth, 428

Anser, 41

Anseres, 41;

aftershaft, 329;

claws, 330

Anseriformes, 41

Anteaters, 352;

absence of teeth, 424;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 513;

skull, 458;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447;

Spiny —, 43;

Great and Two-toed —, 44

Antelope, 359;

manus, 507;

Four-horned A., 46

Anterior limb, 26;

Amphibia, 185;

birds, 338;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 322;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

reptiles, 290;

turtle, 232

Anthropoid apes, 373;

arm-bones, 503;

pelvis, 515

Anthropoidea, 49;

general characters, 372;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 482;

teeth, 441

Anthropopithecus, 49;

ribs, 493

Antiarcha, 31;

general characters, 55

Antibrachium, see fore-arm

Antilocapra, 46;

horns, 417

Antilocapridae, 46

Antitrochanter, duck, 325

Antlers, 8, 358;

Cervidae, 469

Antorbital process, 18

Anura, 36;

general characters, 136;

hyoid apparatus, 180;

pelvis, 187;

posterior limb, 188;

skull, 179;

sternum, 182;

vertebrae, 172

Apatornis, 40;

vertebrae, 332

Apteria, 328

Apteryges, 40

Apteryx, 40, 299;

aftershaft, 329;

anterior nares, 333;

claws, 330;

foot, 342;

manus, 338;

pectineal process, 341;

pectoral girdle, 338;

pneumaticity of skeleton, 331;

A. oweni, pelvic girdle and sacrum, 340

Aqueductus vestibuli, dogfish, 74

Arcade:

infratemporal—, crocodile, 255;

Sphenodon, 283;

inner —, duck, 318;

outer —, duck, 318;

supratemporal —, crocodile, 257;

reptiles, 281

Archaeoceti, 44;

general characters, 356;

skull, 461;

teeth, 426

Archaeopteryx, 40, 297;

claws, 330;

fibula, 341;

mandible, 335;

metatarsals, 342;

pelvis, 341;

ribs, 336;

sacrum, 333;

skull, 333;

tail, 333;

teeth, 330;

wing, 338

Archaeornithes, 40;

characters, 297

Archegosaurus, 35, 136;

palatines, 177

Archipterygium, Ceratodus, 127;

Ichthyotomi, 62

Arcifera, 36, 185

Arctoidea, 48, 369;

teeth, 438

Ardea, 41;

see Heron

Ardeae, 41

Arm, see fore-arm and upper arm

Armadillo, 44, 352;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

femur, 517;

humerus, 501;

lumbar vertebrae, 447;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 513;

ribs, 491;

sacrum, 452;

scales, 417;

scutes, 419;

skull, 459;

teeth, 424

Armour plates, 8

Arthrodira, 34;

characters, 70

Articular, 22;

cod, 100;

crocodile, 258;

duck, 319;

newt, 144;

salmon, 94;

turtle, 231

Artiodactyla, 45;

characters, 358;

manus, 506;

odontoid process, 445;

pes, 522;

ribs, 491;

skull, 465;

teeth, 427;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Asses, 360

Asterolepis, 31, 55

Asterospondyli, 114

Astragalus, 27;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 414;

mammals, 521

Astrapotheriidae, 46

Astrapotherium, 46, 361;

dental formula, 432;

femur, 519;

pes, 525

Ateles, 49;

pollex, 512;

tail, 454

Atlantosauridae, 38

Atlas, 15;

crocodile, 240;

dog, 379, 380;

duck, 309;

ox, 445;

turtle, 219

Attachment of teeth, 4;

in fish, 107

Auchenia, 45;

see Llama

Auditory aperture or meatus:

external —, crocodile, 250;

dog, 402;

turtle, 228;

internal —, crocodile, 246, 251;

dog, 392;

turtle, 228

Auditory capsule, 20;

cod, 96;

crocodile, 250;

dog, 390;

dogfish, 74;

frog, 156;

newt, 143;

turtle, 227

Auditory ossicles, crocodile, 251;

dog, 393;

duck, 320;

mammals, 485 f.;

turtle, 228

Auks, 42;

thoracic vertebrae, 332

Autostylic, 61, 119

Aves, 40;

characters, 295;

see Birds

Axial skeletal rods, 50

Axial skeleton, crocodile, 239;

cod, 83;

dog, 377;

dogfish, 72;

duck, 307;

frog, 152;

newt, 138;

turtle, 218

Axis vertebra, crocodile, 241;

dog, 380;

duck, 309;

turtle, 220

Axolotl, 35;

see Siredon

Aye Aye, 49;

see Chiromys

Babirussa, 45;

dental formula, 428

Baboon, 49;

see Cynocephalus

Balanoglossus, 30, 50

Balaena, 44, 357;

scapula, 495;

B. mysticetus baleen, 419

Balaenidae, 44

Balaenoidea, 44;

general characters, 356

Balaenoptera, 44, 357;

manus, 506;

thoracic vertebrae, 448;

scapula, 495;

B. musculus, cervical vertebrae, 444

Baleen, 3, 418

Balistes, 33;

teeth, 111

Balistidae, 33

Ball and socket joints, 13

Bandicoot, 43

Barb, 302

Barbule, 303

Barramunda, 34;

see Ceratodus

Basalia, dogfish, 79

Basibranchial, dogfish, 78;

cod, 101;

duck, 320;

newt, 145;

salmon, 95

Basi-branchiostegal, cod, 101;

salmon, 95

Basicranial axis, 19;

dog, 384

Basidorsalia, dogfish, 72

Basi-hyal, dogfish, 78;

dog, 399;

duck, 320

Basilar plate, 17

Basilingual plate, Anura, 180;

crocodile, 259;

frog, 161;

turtle, 231

Basi-occipital, 19;

crocodile, 246;

cod, 97;

dog, 386;

duck, 315;

salmon, 89;

turtle, 224

Basipterygium, cod, 103;

dogfish, 82

Basisphenoid, 19;

crocodile, 247;

dog, 386;

salmon, 91;

turtle, 225

Bastard wing, duck, 304

Bathyerginae, palate, 366

Bathyergus, 47;

auditory ossicles, 488;

manus, 511

Batoidei, 32, 64

Batrachoseps, 35;

teeth, 169

Bats, claws, 418;

Horseshoe bats, 49;

see Chiroptera

Bdellostoma, 31, 55;

teeth, 57

Beak, 3;

birds, 329;

duck, 302;

Siren, 168;

tadpoles of Anura, 168;

turtle, 215

Bears, 48, 369;

manus, 511;

pes, 526;

sacral vertebrae, 452;

skull, 479;

Isabelline — mandible, 438

Beaver, 47;

fibula, 520;

humerus, 502;

pes, 526;

sacrum, 452;

tail, 454

Belodon, 39, 211;

frontals, 277;

palate, 281;

vertebrae, 275

Bichir, 33;

see Polypterus

Bicipital groove, dog, 405

Bilophodont, defined, 345;

teeth of Tapiridae, 429

Bipes, 38;

limbs, 289

Birds, anterior limb, 338;

endoskeleton, 331 f.;

exoskeleton, 328 f.;

general characters, 295;

hyoid, 336;

pectoral girdle, 336;

pelvic girdle, 339;

posterior limb, 341;

ribs, 336;

skull, 333;

sternum, 336;

teeth, 330;

vertebral, 332

Bison, 46;

occipital crest, 468

Blind snake, 38;

see Typhlops

Blind worm, 38;

see Anguis

Boidae, 38

Bombinator, 36;

vertebrae, 172

Bone, development of, 10 f.

Bone cells, 10

Bony Ganoids, fins, 105;

pelvic fin, 132;

ribs, 126;

skull, 123;

vertebral column, 114;

see Holostei

Border:

alveolar —, of dog's jaw, 398;

coracoid, glenoid, and suprascapular — of dog's scapula, 405

Bos, 46;

occipital crest, 468;

ribs, 491;

see Ox

Bottlenose, 44;

see Hyperoödon

Bovidae, 46;

pes, 523;

skull, 468

Bow-fin, 33;

see Amia

Brachial ossicles, cod, 103

Brachium; see upper arm

Brachydont, defined, 345;

teeth of Ungulates, 429 f.

Brachycephalus, 36;

bony plates of, 168

Brain case, crocodile, 245;

dog, 384;

duck, 314;

frog, 154;

newt, 140;

turtle, 224

Bradypodidae, 43;

see Sloths

Bradypus, 43;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

pectoral girdle, 495;

skull, 457;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Branchial arches, Amphibia, 180 f.;

cod, 101;

dogfish, 78;

fish, 120 f.;

newt, 145;

salmon, 95;

— basket, Marsipobranchii, 38;

— skeleton, Amphioxus, 52;

Balanoglossus, 50

Branchiosaurus, 35;

branchial arches, 180

Branchiostegal rays, cod, 100

Brontops, 46;

see Titanotherium

Brontosaurus, 38, 207;

sternum, 288

Bubalus, 46;

ribs, 491;

see Buffalo

Buccal skeleton, Amphioxus, 52

Buceros, 42;

see Hornbill

Buckler, of Labyrinthodonts, 168, 184

Buffalo, 46;

Cape —, skeleton of, 492

Bufo, 36;

hyoid, 182;

jaws, 169;

B. viridis, carpus, 186

Bufonidae, 36

Bunodont, defined, 345;

teeth of Ungulata, 427 f.

Buno-selenodont, defined, 432

Caeciliidae, 35

Caiman, 39;

C. latirostris hyoid, 285,

limbs, 264,

lateral view of skull, 248,

palatal view of cranium and mandible, 245,

longitudinal section of skull, 253,

pectoral girdle, 262,

pelvic girdle and sacrum, 267;

C. sclerops, scutes, 271

Ca'ing whale, 45;

see Globicephalus

Calamoichthys, 33;

distribution, 66

Calamus, 302

Calcaneum, 27;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 414

Calcar, of frog, 167

Callorhynchus, 32, 66;

teeth, 110

Camel, 45, 359;

manus, 507;

teeth, 428

Camelidae, 45

Camelus, 45;

see Camel

Camptosauridae, 39

Canal:

alisphenoid —, dog, 402;

carotid —, duck, 315;

Eustachian —, crocodile, 247;

dog, 402;

duck, 316;

interorbital —, dogfish, 76

Canaliculi, 10

Canidae, 48;

humerus, 502;

skull, 479;

see Dog

Canine, 344;

dog, 376 f.

Canis, 48;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450;

see Dog

Capitosaurus, 35;

skull, 176

Capybara, 48;

manus, 511;

pes, 526;

skull, 476;

tail, 454

Carapace, Chelonia, 271;

Dermochelys, 272;

Glyptodonts, 419;

Green turtle, 215;

Loggerhead turtle, 216

Carcharidae, 32

Carina sterni, duck, 321

Carinatae, 40;

general characters, 300;

quadrate, 334

Carnassial teeth, 368;

carnivora, 436;

dog, 376 f.

Carnivora, 48;

arm bones, 502;

auditory ossicles, 488;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

general characters, 367;

manus, 511;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 526;

ribs, 493;

sacral vertebrae, 452;

skull, 478;

sternum, 490;

tail, 454;

teeth, 437;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Carnivora vera, 48;

general characters, 368;

scapula, 497

Carp, 33;

pharyngeal teeth, 111

Carpo-metacarpus, duck, 324

Carpus, 26;

crocodile, 265;

dog, 408;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 233

Cartilage, structure of, 10

Cartilaginous ganoids, cranium, 121;

pelvic fin, 132;

spinal column, 112;

see Chondrostei

Cassowary, 40, 299;

aftershaft, 328;

bony crest, 334;

claws, 330;

pelvic girdle and sacrum, 340;

secondaries, 329

Castor, 47;

see Beaver

Castoridae, 47

Casuarius, 40;

see Cassowary

Cataphracti, 34

Cat, 48, 369;

hallux, 526;

manus, 511;

skull, 479

Cat-fish, 33

Cathartae, 41

Cathartes, 41;

see American vulture

Caudal fin, Cetacea, 453;

fish, 116;

— vertebrae, crocodile, 243;

cod, 85;

dog, 383;

duck, 312;

general characters, 16;

newt, 140;

turtle, 222

Cavia, 48;

tail, 454

Caviidae, 48

Cebidae, 49, 373;

ribs, 493;

skull, 484;

teeth, 441

Coenolestes, 43, 424

Cement, 5

Centetes, 49;

caudal vertebrae, 454;

pelvic symphysis, 515;

spines, 417;

teeth, 440;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Centetidae, 49;

auditory ossicles, 488;

skull, 480

Centrale, 27;

see Carpus and Tarsus

Centre of motion, 448

Centrum, 14

Cephalaspis, 31, 55

Cephalic shield, armadillos, 419

Cephalochordata, 30, 51

Cephalodiscus, 30, 50

Ceratodus, 34, 70;

branchial arches, 124;

cranium, 125;

skeleton, 128;

skull, 117, 124;

spinal column, 113;

teeth, 111

Cerato-branchial, cod, 101;

dogfish, 78;

duck, 320;

salmon, 95

Cerato-hyal, 23;

cod, 100;

dog, 399;

dogfish, 78;

salmon, 95

Ceratophrys, 36;

bony plates of, 168;

teeth, 170

Ceratops, 39;

see Polyonax

Ceratopsia, 39;

characters, 209;

premaxillae, 284

Ceratopsidae, 39

Ceratosaurus, 38, 208;

supratemporal fossae, 283;

C. nasicornis, skeleton, 206

Cercopithecidae, 49, 373

Cervical ribs, crocodile, 260;

reptiles, 285

Cervical vertebrae, crocodile, 239;

dog, 380;

duck, 307;

general characters, 15;

mammals, 442;

turtle, 219

Cervidae, 46;

skull, 469

Cervulus, 46;

pes, 523

Cervus, 46;

C. megaceros, antlers, 469

Cestracion, 32;

calcification of vertebrae, 114;

external branchial arches, 121;

pectoral fin, 130;

skull, 118;

suspensorium, 119;

teeth, 109;

vertebral column, 114

Cestraciontidae 32

Cetacea 44, 522;

arm bones, 501;

auditory ossicles, 487;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

characters, 353;

exoskeleton, 416 f.;

hind limb, 518;

manus, 505;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pelvis, 514;

position of limbs, 28;

ribs, 491;

skull, 461 f.;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 426;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448

Cetiosauridae, 38

Chalcides, 38;

limbs, 289

Chalicotheriidae, 46;

femur, 519;

manus, 509

Chalicotherium, 46;

femur, 360;

pes, 508, 525;

teeth, 432

Chamaeleon, 38, 199 f.;

epipubis, 293;

ilia, 291;

manus, 291;

skull, 278

Chamaeleonidae, 38

Charadriidae, 42

Charadriiformes, 42

Chauna, 41;

interorbital septum, 333;

ribs, 336;

C. derbiana, spurs, 330

Chelone, 37, 194;

plastron, 271, 218;

see Turtle

Chelonia, 37;

beaks, 271;

carapace, 271;

general characters, 193;

humerus, 290;

limbs, 290;

palate, 281;

pectoral girdle, 288;

pelvic girdle, 291;

skull, 277 f.;

tarsus, 293;

vertebrae, 275 f.

Chelonidae, 37

Chelydae, 37

Chelydra, 37;

carpus, 26, 291

Chelydridae, 37

Chelys, 37, 195

Chersidae, 37

Chevron bones, 16;

crocodile, 243;

mammals, 453 f.;

reptiles, 276

Chevrotain, 45, 359;

teeth, 429

Chimaera, 32,, 66;

attachment of fins, 130;

pelvic girdle, 127;

skull, 65;

teeth, 110

Chimaeridae, 32

Chimaeroidei, general characters, 65

Chimpanzee, 49;

carpus, 512;

ribs, 493;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Chinchilla, 47;

auditory ossicles, 488

Chinchillidae, 47

Chiromyidae, 49

Chiromys, 49,, 372;

manus, 512;

pes, 527;

teeth, 441

Chiroptera, 49;

auditory ossicles, 488;

arm bones, 503;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

general characters, 370;

manus, 512;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 527;

sacrum, 452;

shoulder girdle, 499;

skull, 481;

sternum, 490;

tail, 454;

teeth, 440;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Chirotes, 38;

limbs, 289

Chlamydophorus, 44,, 272;

scutes, 419;

skull, 459

Chlamydoselache, 31;

branchial arches, 121

Choeropus, 43;

manus, 504;

pes, 522

Choloepus, 43;

ribs, 491;

shifting of pelvis, 451;

skull, 458;

sternum, 489;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447;

C. hoffmanni cervical vertebrae, 443

Chondrocranium, salmon, 87

Chondroid tissue, Balanoglossus, 50

Chondrostei, 32;

fins, 105;

general characters, 67;

teeth, 110;

see Cartilaginous ganoids

Chordal sheath, Amphioxus, 52

Chrysochloridae, 49

Chrysochloris, 49;

auditory ossicles, 488;

claws, 418;

teeth, 440

Ciconia, 41;

see Stork

Ciconiiformes, 41

Cingulum, 376

Civet, 48,, 369;

teeth, 437

Cladoselache, 31,, 63; fin, 129

Clasper, 132;

dogfish, 82

Clavicle, 25;

birds, 338;

cod, 102;

duck, 322;

dog, 405;

fish, 126;

frog, 163;

mammals, 494 f.;

reptiles, 289

Claws, 3;

birds, 330;

crocodile, 237;

dog, 374;

duck, 302;

mammals, 417;

turtle, 215

Clupeidae, 33

Clupeus, 33

Cnemial crest, dog, 412;

duck, 326

Coccosteus, 34, 70

Coccyx, man, 454

Cochliodontidae, 31

Cochliodus, 31;

dental plates, 109

Cod, 33;

appendicular skeleton, 101 f.;

cranium, 96;

mandibular and hyoid arches, 99;

median fins, 86;

pectoral girdle and fin, 102;

ribs, 86;

skull, 96 f.;

vertebral column, 83 f.

Coelogenys, 48;

zygomatic arch, 477

Coenolestes, 43, 424

Coffer-fish, 33;

see, Ostracion

Colobus, 49;

pollex, 512

Colubridae, 38

Columbae, 42

Columbidae, 42

Columella, crocodile, 251;

duck, 320;

frog, 157;

turtle, 228

Columella cranii, 200 n;

see epipterygoid

Colymbi, 40

Colymbiformes, 40

Compsognathidae, 38

Compsognathus, 38, 208

Condylar ridge, duck, 326

Condyle of humerus, dog, 406;

of mandible, dog, 398

Condylarthra, 47;

femur, 519;

general characters, 361;

manus, 509;

skull, 472;

teeth, 432

Contour feather, duck, 303

Copula, 23

Coracias, 42;

see Roller

Coraciae, 42

Coraciiformes, 42

Coracoid, 25;

cod, 103;

crocodile, 263;

duck, 322;

frog, 163;

Monotremata, 493;

newt, 147;

reptiles, 288;

turtle, 232

Coracoid groove, duck, 321

Cormorant, 41;

foot, 342;

skull, 335

Cornu, see hyoid

Cornua trabeculae, 18

Coryphodon, 47;

femur, 519;

manus, 510;

pes, 525;

skull, 473;

teeth, 433;

C. hamatus, manus, 510

Coryphodontidae, 47

Costal plate, turtle, 215;

— process, duck, 321;

— shield, turtle, 214

Cotyloid bone, 25, 513;

see Acetabular bone

Cotylopidae, 45

Cotylops, 45;

pollex, 506;

skull, 468

Coverts, 306, 328

Cranium, 18;

cod, 96 f.;

crocodile, 244 f.;

development of, 16 f.;

dog, 384 f.;

dogfish, 73 f.;

duck, 314;

frog, 154 f.;

newt, 140 f.;

turtle, 222 f.

Cranio-facial axis, dog, 384

Creodonta, 48;

carpus, 512;

femur, 520;

general characters, 368;

skull, 479;

teeth, 439

Cribriform plate, dog, 388, 400

Crocodile, 210, 212;

anterior limb, 263;

exoskeleton, 237;

pectoral girdle, 262;

pelvic girdle, 266;

posterior limb, 268;

ribs and sternum, 259;

skeleton, 237 f.;

skull, 243 f.;

tarsus, 293;

teeth, 238;

vacuities in surface of cranium, 256;

vertebral column, 239

Crocodilia, 39;

general characters of, 210;

palate, 281;

skull, 277 f.;

succession of teeth, 274;

teeth, 273

Crocodilidae, 39

Crocodilus, 39;

C. palustris, sternum and associated bones, 261;

late thoracic and first sacral vertebrae, 242;

C. vulgaris, cervical vertebrae, 239

Crossopterygii, 33;

general characters, 68

Crotalidae, 38

Crotalus, 38;

jaws, 280;

see Rattlesnake

Crows, 42

Crura of stapes, dog, 393

Cruro-tarsal, ankle joint, 345

Crus, 26;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 412;

duck, 326;

frog, 166;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

Crusta petrosa, 5

Cryptobranchus, 35, 135;

skull, 175;

C. lateralis, sacral vertebrae, 171

Cryptodira, 37;

characters, 194

Ctenoid scales, 8, 60, 105

Cubitals, 303 f.

Cuboid, 27;

dog, 415

Cuckoo, foot, 342

Cuculi, 42

Cuculiformes, 42

Cuneiform bones, 27;

dog, 414 f.

Cyclodus, 38;

see Tiliqua

Cycloid scales, 8, 60, 105;

cod, 83

Cyclopidius, 45;

skull, 468

Cyclospondyli, 114

Cyclostomata, 31;

general characters, 53

Cycloturus, 44;

hallux, 522;

manus, 505

Cygnus, 41;

see Swan

Cynocephalus, 49;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

skull, 482

Cynoidea, 48, 369;

dental formula, 437

Cynognathus, 36;

occipital condyle, 277;

teeth, 273

Cyprinidae, 33

Cyprinus, 33;

see Carp

Cypseli, 42

Cypselidae, 42;

see Swifts

Cystignathidae, 36

Dactylopterus, 34;

pectoral fins, 131

Dasypodidae, 44

Dasyprocta, 48;

auditory ossicles, 488;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Dasyproctidae, 48

Dasypus, 44;

manus, 505;

skull, 459;

stapes, 487;

teeth, 424

Dasyuridae, 43, 350;

dentition, 423;

pes, 521;

skull, 456

Deer, 359;

manus, 507;

pes, 523;

Chinese water —, 46,

see Hydropotes;

Musk —, 46,

see Moschus;

Red — fibula, 519

Delphinidae, 45

Delphinus, 45, 357;

lumbar vertebrae, 448;

skull, 462 f.

Deltoid ridge, crocodile, 263;

dog, 406;

frog, 164

Dendrohyrax, 363

Dental formula, regular, 344, 422;

Anthropoidea, 441;

Astrapotherium, 432;

Babirussa, 428;

Camel, 428;

Chiromys, 441;

Chiroptera (many), 440;

Cynoidea, 437;

Dinotherium, 434;

Dog, 376;

Duplicidentata, 435;

Elephas, 434;

Erinaceus, 440;

Felis, 437;

Galeopithecus, 440;

Hippopotamus, 427;

Horse, 430;

Hydromys, 436;

Hyracoidea, 362;

Macropodidae, 423;

Manatus, 425;

Notoryctes, 423;

Otaria, 439;

Procavia, 432;

Pteropus, 441;

Rodentia (most), 435;

Ruminantia, 429;

Squalodon, 427;

Sus, 428;

Tapiridae, 429;

Thylacinus, 423;

Uintatherium, 433;

Ursus, 439;

Zeuglodon, 426

Dentary, 22;

crocodile, 258;

cod, 100;

duck, 320;

frog, 161;

newt, 144;

salmon, 94;

turtle, 230

Dentine, 5

Derbian Screamer, spurs, 330

Dermal exoskeleton, crocodile, 237;

fish, 105;

mammals, 419;

reptiles, 271;

turtle, 215

Dermo-supra-occipital, Labyrinthodontia, 177;

Polypterus, 122

Dermochelydidae, 37

Dermochelys, 37, 194, 214, 270;

carapace and plastron, 272

Dermoptera, 48;

general characters, 370

Derotremata, 35

Desmodus, 49;

teeth, 441

Desmognathous, 319, 335

Development of bone, 10;

of cranium, 16;

of teeth, 7

Dicynodon, 36, 192;

beak, 271;

supratemporal fossa, 283;

teeth, 273

Didelphia, 43;

general characters, 349

Didelphyidae, 43, 350;

auditory ossicles, 486;

pes, 521;

teeth, 423

Didelphys, 43;

atlas, 443;

teeth, 422

Didus, 42;

see Dodo

Digitigrade, defined, 358 n.

Digits, 26;

see Manus and Pes

Dimetrodon, 36;

thoracic vertebrae, 276

Dinichthys, 34, 70

Dinocerata, 364;

see Uintatheriidae

Dinornithes, 40, 299;

see Moas

Dinosauria, 38;

general characters, 204;

humerus, 290;

ischium, 291;

pectoral girdle, 288;

pes, 293;

pre-orbital vacuity, 284;

ribs, 285;

vertebrae, 275 f.

Dinotheriidae, 47

Dinotherium, 47, 365;

dental formula, 434;

teeth, 345

Diodon, 33;

beaks, 111;

D. hystrix, scales, 105

Diphycercal tail, 60, 116

Diphyodont, defined, 7, 344

Diplacanthus, 32, 64

Dipneumona, 34

Dipnoi, 34;

general characters, 69;

pelvic fins, 131;

skull, 124;

spinal column, 113;

tail, 116;

teeth, 111

Dipodidae, 47

Diprotodont, 423

Diprotodontia, 43;

characters, 350

Dipteridae, 34, 70;

cranium, 124;

tail, 117;

teeth, 111

Dipus, 47;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

pes, 526

Discoglossidae, 36

Discoglossus, 36;

ribs, 182;

vertebrae, 172

Distal, defined, 23 n.

Divers, 40;

thoracic vertebrae, 332

Docidophryne, 36;

shoulder girdle and sternum, 183

Dodo, 42;

wing, 338

Dog, 48;

arm bones, 407;

anterior limb, 405;

atlas and axis, 379;

cranium, 384, 389, 396;

dentition, 375;

innominate bone, 410;

leg bones, 411;

manus, 408, 413, 511;

pectoral girdle, 404;

pelvic girdle, 409;

pes, 413, 414;

posterior limb, 412;

ribs, 402;

second lumbar vertebra, 382;

second thoracic vertebra, 382;

skull, 383, 387;

sternum, 403, 404;

vertebral column, 378

Dogfish, 64;

cranium, 73;

exoskeleton, 71;

median fins, 79;

pectoral girdle and fin, 79;

pelvic girdle, 81;

pelvic fin, 81;

ribs, 73;

skull, 73, 75;

vertebral column, 72;

visceral skeleton, 77;

Spotted and Spiny —, 32

Dolphin, 45, 357;

lumbar vertebrae, 448;

Gangetic —, 45,

see Platanista

Donkey, skull, 431

Dorcatherium, 45;

manus, 507

Dorsal vertebra, 16

Dorsal shield, crocodile, 238

Down feathers, 306

Draco, 38;

ribs, 286

Dromaeognathous, 335

Dromaeus, 40, 299;

see Emeu

Duck, 41, 334;

beak, 329;

claws, 330;

cranium, 313;

exoskeleton, 302;

pectoral girdle, 321;

pelvic girdle, 324, 311, 325;

pes, 327;

posterior limb, 326;

ribs, 320;

skull, 312, 312, 313;

sternum, 321;

vertebral column, 307;

wing, 322, 304, 305

Duckbill, 43;

see Ornithorhynchus

Dugong, 44;

humerus, 501;

pelvis, 514;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 448;

see Halicore

Duplicidentata, 48, 366;

dental formula, 435;

skull, 478

Eagles, 335

Eared Seals, 369;

scapula, 498;

see Otariidae

Echidna, 43;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

manus, 504;

pelvis, 513;

sacral vertebrae, 451;

shoulder-girdle and sternum, 494;

skull, 455;

spines, 417;

spur, 418;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Echidnidae, 43;

pes, 521

Ectethmoid, 21 n.

Ectocondylar ridge, dog, 406

Edentata, 43;

auditory ossicles, 487;

arm bones, 500;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

manus, 504;

pectoral girdle, 495;

pes, 522;

pelvis, 513;

ribs, 491;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 457;

sternum, 489;

teeth, 424;

thigh and shin, 517;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Eel, 33;

scales, 105

Elasmobranchii, 31;

cranium, 118 f.;

clasper, 132;

general characters, 61;

pelvic fins, 131;

ribs, 125;

teeth, 109;

vertebral column, 113 f.;

visceral arches, 120

Elasmotherium, 46;

mesethmoid, 470

Elephant, 47;

auditory ossicles, 487;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

ribs, 491;

skull, 473 f., 474 and, 475;

tusks, 420;

see also Proboscidea

Elephantidae, 47

Elephas, 47, 364;

dental formula, 434;

E. planifrons, 435;

see Elephant

Elginia, 36;

skull, 191, 283

Embolomerous, 172

Emeu, 40, 299;

aftershaft, 328;

claws, 330

Enamel, 4;

— cap, 7;

— organ, 7

Endochondral ossification, 11

Endoskeleton, Amphibia, 170;

birds, 331 f.;

cod, 83 f.;

crocodile, 239, f.;

dog, 377 f.;

dogfish, 71 f.;

duck, 306 f.;

fish, 112 f.;

frog, 151 f.;

mammals, 442 f.;

newt, 138 f.;

reptiles, 275 f.;

turtle, 218 f.

Engystomatidae, 36

Entoplastron, turtle, 217

Epanorthidae, 43, 350

Epi-branchial, cod, 101;

dogfish, 78;

salmon, 94

Epicoracoid, 25;

frog, 163;

turtle, 232;

Monotremes, 493;

vestiges of in Rodentia, 497

Epicrium, 35;

orbit, 179

Epidermal exoskeleton, birds, 328;

crocodile, 237;

dog, 374;

duck, 302;

mammals, 416;

reptiles, 270;

turtle, 214

Epi-hyal, cod, 100;

dog, 399;

salmon, 94

Epi-otic, 20;

cod, 96;

crocodile, 250;

Labyrinthodontia, 177;

reptiles, 278;

salmon, 89;

turtle, 227

Epiphysis, 11

Epiplastron, turtle, 217

Epiprecoracoid, Amphibia, 184;

turtle, 232

Epipterygoid, Lacertilia, 200;

reptiles, 278

Epipubis, crocodile, 267;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

Episternum, 217;

frog, 163

Equidae, 46;

mane, 416;

scapula, 496;

skull, 471

Equus, 46;

see Horse

Erinaceidae, 49

Erinaceus, 49;

dental formula, 440;

pelvic symphysis, 515;

presternum, 490;

see Hedgehog

Esocidae, 33

Esox, 33;

attachment of teeth, 107

Ethmoid, 394;

see median ethmoid

Ethmoidal plane, 390;

— region, 21

Ethmo-palatine ligament, dogfish, 77

Ethmo-turbinal, dog, 395

Euchirosaurus, 35;

vertebrae, 171

Eustachian canal, see Canal

Eusuchia, 39;

general characters, 212

Eutheria, 43;

general characters, 351

Exocaetus, 33;

pectoral fins, 131

Exoccipital, 19;

cod, 97;

crocodile, 246;

dog, 386;

duck, 314;

frog, 154;

newt, 141;

salmon, 89;

turtle, 224

Exoskeleton, 2;

Amphibia, 168;

birds, 328;

crocodile, 237;

dog, 374;

dogfish, 71;

duck, 302;

fish, 104;

ganoids, 66;

mammals, 442;

reptiles, 270;

turtle, 214

Extensor side, defined, 29

Extra-branchial, dogfish, 79

Extra-columella, crocodile, 251;

turtle, 228

Fabella, dog, 412

Falco, 41

Falcon, 41, 335

Falconiformes, 41

Feathers, 3, 328;

duck, 302

Felidae, 48;

claws, 418

Felis, 48;

dental formula, 437;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Femoral shield, turtle, 215

Femur, 26;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 412;

duck, 326;

frog, 166;

mammals, 517 f.;

newt, 149;

ox and rhinoceros, 518;

turtle, 235

Fenestra ovalis, crocodile, 250 f.;

dog, 392;

duck, 316;

frog, 157;

turtle, 228;

— rotunda, dog, 392;

duck, 316

Fenestral recess, duck, 316

Fibula, 26;

crocodile, 268;

dog, 412;

duck, 327;

frog, 166;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

Fibulare, 27;

see Tarsus

File-fish, 33;

see Balistes

Filoplume, 306

Finches, 42

Fins, fish, 115;

caudal —, Cetacea, 453;

cod, 87;

fish, 116;

Ichthyosauria, 195;

median —, cod, 86;

dogfish, 79;

pectoral —, cod, 103;

dogfish, 79;

pelvic —, cod, 103;

dogfish, 81

Fin-rays, 105, 115;

cod, 83, 103;

dogfish, 79

Firmisternia, 36, 185

Fish, appendicular skeleton, 126;

endoskeleton, 112 f.;

exoskeleton, 104;

general characters, 60 f.;

paired fins, 127 f.;

ribs, 125 f.;

skull, 117 f.;

spinal column, 112 f.;

teeth, 106 f.

Fissipedia, 48;

general characters, 368

Flamingo, 335

Flexor side, defined, 29

Floating ribs, dog, 402;

mammals, 490

Flower, Sir W.H., on succession of teeth in elephants, 434

Flying-fish, 33;

— fox, 49, 371,

skull, 481,

see Pteropus;

— gurnard, 34,

see Dactylopterus;

— lemur, 48,

see Galeopithecus;

— lizard, 38,

see Draco

Fontanelle, salmon, 89;

anterior —, dogfish, 74;

frog, 154;

posterior —, frog, 154

Foot, crocodile, 269;

dog, 414;

frog, 167;

newt, 149 f.;

turtle, 236

Foramen:

anterior palatine —, dog, 401;

condylar —, dog, 401;

— cordiforme, reptiles, 292;

ect-epicondylar —, Sphenodon, 290;

ent-epicondylar —, 191 n.;

Carnivora vera, 502;

Cebidae, 503;

Choloepus, 500;

Condylarthra, 362, 502;

Creodonta, 368;

Insectivora, 503;

Lemurs, 503;

Marsupials, 500;

reptiles, 290;

external mandibular —, crocodile, 258;

inferior dental —, dog, 399;

infra-orbital —, dog, 401;

Rodents, 477;

ilio-sciatic —, duck, 325;

internal mandibular —, crocodile, 258;

internal orbital —, dog, 401;

interparietal —, Labyrinthodontia, 173, 177;

reptiles, 277;

— lacerum anterius, dog, 388, 400;

— lacerum medium, dog, 402;

— lacerum posterius, dog, 392, 401;

lachrymal —, dog, 394, 401;

— magnum, cod, 97;

crocodile, 257;

dog, 386, 402;

dogfish, 76;

duck, 314;

frog, 154;

newt, 141;

salmon, 89;

turtle, 224;

mental —, dog, 399;

obturator —, duck, 326;

dog, 410;

ophthalmic —, dogfish, 74;

optic —, dog, 400;

dogfish, 74;

orbitonasal —, dogfish, 74;

— ovale, crocodile, 249;

dog, 400;

pneumatic —, duck, 323;

pneumogastric —, dogfish, 76;

posterior palatine —, dog, 401;

postglenoid —, dog, 402;

pre-acetabular —, Chiroptera, 515;

— rotundum, dog, 400;

stylomastoid —, dog, 392 f., 400;

thyroid —, dog, 410;

trigeminal —, duck, 316;

— triosseum, duck, 322

Fore-arm, 26;

crocodile, 265;

dog, 406;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 233

Fossa:

cerebellar —, dog, 392;

cerebral —, dog, 392;

digital —, dog, 412;

floccular —, dog, 392;

infratemporal —, see lateral temporal —;

lachrymal —, Ruminants, 469;

lateral temporal —, crocodile, 257;

Sphenodon, 283;

olecranon —, dog, 406;

prescapular —, dog, 405;

postscapular —, dog, 405;

post-temporal —, Sphenodon, 283;

pterygoid —, crocodile, 257;

suborbital —, Ruminants, 469;

supra-acetabular —, Ruminants, 514;

supratemporal —, crocodile, 249, 256;

reptiles, 283;

supra-trochlear —, dog, 406;

temporal —, dog, 398;

trochanteric —, dog, 412

Fowl, 41, 335;

claws, 330;

skeleton, 301

Fox, 48

Frigate bird, 41;

clavicles, 338

Frog, anterior limb, 164;

cranium, 155, 157;

hyoid apparatus, 161;

pelvic girdle, 165;

posterior limb, 166;

shoulder-girdle and sternum, 183;

skull, 154 f., 155, 159;

teeth, 151;

vertebral column, 152;

Common —, Edible —, Fire-bellied —, Green-tree —, Horned —, Midwife —, Painted — and Toad —, 36;

Frontal, 19;

cod, 96;

crocodile, 249;

dog, 388;

duck, 314;

newt, 141;

salmon, 91;

turtle, 225;

— segment, crocodile, 249;

dog, 388;

turtle, 225

Fronto-parietal, frog, 156

Frugivorous bats, manus, 512;

see Pteropidae

Fulcra, 67;

Polypterus, 106

Furcula, 296; duck, 322

Gadidae, 33

Gadus, 33;

see Cod

Galeopithecidae, 48

Galeopithecus, 48, 370;

dental formula, 440;

inter centra, 450;

pelvic symphysis, 515;

skull, 480

Galesaurus, 36, 192; teeth, 273

Galeus, 32;

occipital joint, 118

Galli, 41

Galliformes, 41

Gallus, 41;

G. bankiva skeleton, 301

Gannet, 41; wing, 339

Ganoid scales, 8, 60, 104

Ganoidei, 32;

general characters and distribution, 66;

pectoral girdle, 126;

pelvic fins, 132;

teeth, 110;

skull, 121 f.;

spinal column, 112 and, 114

Garialidae, 39

Garialis, 39, 212

Garial, 210

Gar pike, 33;

see Lepidosteus

Gavialis, 39

Gazella, 46

Gazelle, 46;

skull, 468

Geckonidae, 37;

see Gecko

Gecko, 37;

epipubis, 293;

parietals, 277;

supratemporal fossa, 283;

vertebrae, 275

Gibbon, 49;

ribs, 493;

skull, 482

Gill-rays, dogfish, 78;

salmon, 95

Giraffa, 46

Giraffe, 46, 359;

cervical vertebrae, 445;

manus, 507;

pes, 523;

ulna, 501

Giraffidae, 46; skull, 469

Girdle bone, frog, 156

Glenoid cavity, 25;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 322;

frog, 162;

newt, 146;

turtle, 232;

—fossa, dog, 394

Globe-fish, 33

Globicephalus, 45;

cervical vertebrae, 354;

manus, 506;

skull, 463

Gluteal surface of ilium, dog, 410

Glyptodon, 44;

carapace, 419;

cervical vertebrae, 443;

caudal vertebrae, 453;

manus, 505;

pelvis, 513;

pes, 522;

teeth, 425;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 447

Glyptodontidae, 44, 352;

skull, 459;

see also Glyptodon

Gnathostomata, 31, 59

Golden mole, 49;

see Chrysochloris

Goniopholidae, 39

Goniopholis, 39;

vertebrae, 275

Goose, 334;

beak, 329;

Spur-winged—41

Gorilla, 49;

carpus, 512;

ribs, 493;

scapula, 499;

skull, 483;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Gruidae, 41;

see Cranes

Gruiformes, 41

Guinea-pig, 48;

tail, 454

Gular shield, turtle, 215

Gulls, 42, 335;

aftershaft, 328

Gymnodontidae, 33;

beaks, 111

Gymnophiona, 35;

branchial arches, 180;

general characters, 136;

ribs, 182;

scales, 168;

skull, 177;

teeth, 169;

vertebrae, 172

Gymnura, 49;

teeth, 440;

zygomatic arch, 481

Gypogeranus, 41;

claws, 330

Gyrinophilus, 35;

vertebral column, 171

Haddock, 33

Hadrosauridae, 39

Hadrosaurus, 39;

skull, 284

Hag or hag-fish, 31, 54 f.

Hair, 3;

dog, 374;

mammals, 416

Halicore, 44, 352;

manus, 505;

skull, 460;

teeth, 425;

see Dugong

Halicoridae, 44

Halitheriidae, 44

Halitherium, 44, 352;

femur, 518;

pelvis, 514;

teeth, 425

Hallux, 26;

dog, 415;

duck, 327;

frog, 167

Hamular process, dog, 397

Hand, crocodile, 266;

dog, 408 f.;

duck, 324;

frog, 165;

newt, 147;

turtle, 233

Hapale, 49

Hapalidae, 49, 372 f.;

teeth, 441

Hare, 48, 366;

acetabular bone, 515;

dental formula, 435;

femur, 520;

humerus, 502;

pelvis, 515;

scapula, 497;

skull, 476;

tail, 454;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 449;

Cape jumping —, 47;

see Pedetes

Harpagus, 41;

serrated beak, 334

Harriotta, 32, 66

Hatteria, 37, 197;

see Sphenodon

Haversian canals, 10;

— system, 10

Hawks, beak of, 330

Hedgehog, 49, 370;

auditory ossicles, 488;

humerus, 503;

presternum, 490;

skull, 480;

spines, 417;

see Erinaceus

Hemichordata, 30, 50

Heptanchus, 31;

branchial arches, 63, 120;

vertebrae, 114

Herbivorous dentition, 427, 430

Heron, 41, 335;

interorbital septum, 333;

powder down feathers, 329

Herring, 33

Hesperornis, 40, 299;

caudal vertebrae, 333;

clavicles, 338;

teeth, 330;

wing, 338

Heterocercal tail, 60, 116

Heterodont, 7

Heterostraci, 31;

general character, 54

Hexanchus, 31;

branchial arches, 63, 121

Hinge joint, 13

Hipparion, 46;

manus, 508;

pes, 524

Hippopotamidae, 45

Hippopotamus, 45, 359;

dental formula, 427;

hair, 416;

mandible, 467;

manus, 506;

pes, 523;

scapula, 496;

skull, 467;

teeth, 345

Hoatzin, 41;

see Opisthocomus

Holocephali, 32, 65, 104;

clasper, 132;

spinal column, 113;

tail, 116;

teeth, 109

Holoptychiidae, 33

Holoptychius, 33;

scales, 105

Holostei, 33;

general characters, 68;

teeth, 110;

see Bony Ganoids

Hominidae, 49, 373

Homo, 49;

see Man

Homocercal tail, 60, 69, 117;

codfish, 87

Homodont, defined, 7

Hoofs, 3, 418

Hoopoe, 42, 335

Hoplopterus, spur, 330

Hornbill, 42, 331;

bony crest, 334;

interorbital septum, 333

Horns, 3, 417

Horny plates on palate, 418;

— teeth, Lampreys, 4;

Myxinoids, 57;

Ornithorhynchus, 4

Horse, 46, 360;

fibula, 519;

malleus, 487;

manus, 507;

pes, 524;

skull, 471;

teeth, 345, 430;

ulna, 501

Howling monkey, 49;

see Mycetes

Humerals, duck, 303 f.

Humeral shield, turtle, 215

Humerus, 26;

crocodile, 263;

dog, 405;

duck, 323;

frog, 164;

newt, 147;

turtle, 232;

wombat, 500

Humming-birds, 42, 335

Humpbacked whale, 44, 357

Hyaena, 48, 369;

hallux, 526;

pollex, 511;

sacral vertebrae, 452;

teeth, 437

Hyaenidae, 48;

humerus, 502

Hyaenodon, 48, 368

Hyaenodontidae, 48

Hyaline cartilage, 10

Hydrochaerus, 48;

teeth, 437;

see Capybara

Hydromys, 47;

dental formula, 436

Hydrophidae, 38;

scales, 270

Hydropotes, 46;

canines, 429

Hyla, 36;

fronto-parietal fontanelle, 179;

sternum, 184

Hylidae, 36

Hylobates, 49;

ribs, 493;

skull, 482

Hyoid, 21;

alligator, 285;

Amphibia, 180;

birds, 336;

cod, 100;

crocodile, 259;

dogfish, 77;

dog, 399;

duck, 320;

frog, 161;

newt, 144;

reptiles, 284;

salmon, 94;

turtle, 231, 285

Hyomandibular, 23;

cod, 100;

dogfish, 78;

salmon, 94

Hyomoschus, 45

Hyoplastron, turtle, 217

Hyostylic, 61, 119

Hyotherium, 45;

teeth, 427

Hyperodapedon, 37, 198;

premaxillae, 284

Hyperoödon, 44;

skull, 464;

sternum, 489;

thoracic vertebrae, 448

Hypo-branchial, cod, 101;

dogfish, 78

Hypo-hyal, cod, 100;

salmon, 95

Hypo-ischium, Lacertilia, 292

Hypoplastron, turtle, 217

Hyporachis, 328

Hypsilophodon, 39;

predentary bone, 284

Hypsodont, defined, 345, 429

Hypural bone, cod, 85

Hyracidae, 47

Hyracoidea, 47;

femur, 519;

general characters, 362;

manus, 510;

nails, 418;

skull, 472;

teeth, 432

Hyracotherium, 46;

manus, 508;

scapula, 496

Hyrax, 47, 363;

see Procavia

Hystricidae, 47

Hystricomorpha, 47;

auditory ossicles, 488

Hystrix, 47;

auditory ossicles, 488;

see Porcupine

Ichthyodorulites, 106

Ichthyoidea, 35;

general characters, 134

Ichthyopsida, 31;

general characters, 59

Ichthyopterygium, 130

Ichthyornis, 40;

mandible, 335;

pelvis, 341;

teeth, 330;

vertebrae, 332

Ichthyornithiformes, 40, 300

Ichthyosauria, 37;

general characters, 195;

ribs, 285

Ichthyosauridae, 37

Ichthyosaurus, 37, 197;

limbs, 290;

palatines, 281;

pectoral girdle, 288;

position of limbs, 28;

skull, 196;

teeth, 273;

vertebral column, 275

Ichthyotomi, 31;

general characters, 62;

fins, 130 f.;

tail, 116

Iguana, 38;

teeth, 273

Iguanidae, 38;

zygosphenes, 200, 276

Iguanodon, 39, 208 f.;

jaws, 292;

predentary, 284;

sternum, 288;

teeth, 272 f.;

vertebrae, 275

Iguanodontidae, 39

Iliac surface of ilium, dog, 410

Ilium, 25;

crocodile, 266;

dog, 409;

duck, 325;

frog, 165;

mammals, 513 f.;

newt, 149;

reptiles, 291;

turtle, 235

Incisors, dog, 376 f.;

mammals, 344

Incus, dog, 393;

man, dog and rabbit, 485

Infra-marginal shield, turtle, 215

Infra-pharyngeal bone, cod, 101

Inia, 45;

cervical vertebrae, 444;

lumbar vertebrae, 448

Innominate bone, dog, 409;

mammals, 513

Insectivora, 48;

arm bones, 503;

auditory ossicles, 488;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

general characters, 369 f.;

manus, 512;

pelvis, 515;

pes, 527;

sacrum, 452;

shoulder-girdle, 499;

skull, 480;

sternum, 490;

tail, 454;

teeth, 440;

thigh and shin, 520;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450

Insectivora vera, 49;

general characters, 370

inter centra, 15;

Galeopithecus, 370;

Ichthyosauria, 195;

Labyrinthodontia, 172;

Sphenodon, 198;

Talpa, 450

Interclavicle, 25;

crocodile, 263;

Monotremata, 494;

reptiles, 289

Intercondylar notch, dog, 412

Intergular shield, turtle, 215

Interhyal, cod, 100

Intermedium, 27;

see Carpus and Tarsus

Intermuscular bones, cod, 86

Internasal septum, dogfish, 76

Interorbital septum, birds, 333;

crocodile, 247;

duck, 317;

reptiles, 277

Interspinous bones, cod, 86

Intertarsal ankle joint, 190

Intervertebral discs, 15, 378

Ischial tuberosity, dog, 411

Ischium, 25;

crocodile, 266;

dog, 410;

duck, 325;

frog, 165;

newt, 149;

turtle, 235

Ischyodus, 32, 66

Ivory, 5

Jacana, 42;

see Parra

Jacare, 39;

scutes, 271

Jaws, 21;

cod, 98 f.;

crocodile, 252 f.;

dog, 395 f.;

dogfish, 77;

duck, 317 f.;

frog, 158 f.;

newt, 143 f.;

salmon, 93 f.;

turtle, 229 f.

Jerboa, 47;

cervical vertebrae, 446;

pes, 526

Joints, kinds of, 13

Jugal, 22;

crocodile, 255;

dog, 398;

duck, 318;

turtle, 229

Jugulares, 132

Kangaroo, 43;

dental formula, 423;

lumbar vertebrae, 447;

pectineal process, 513;

pes, 522;

tail, 453;

teeth, 345

Kestrel, claws, 330

Killer, 45;

see Orca

Kiwi, 40;

see Apteryx

Knee-cap, see patella

Koala, 43;

lumbar vertebrae, 447;

pes, 522;

tail, 453

Kükenthal, W., on teeth of Cetacea, 426;

on teeth of Marsupials, 422

Labial cartilage, dogfish, 77;

Squatina, 119

Labridae, 33

Labrus, 33;

see Wrasse

Labyrinthodontia, 35;

buckler, 168;

general characters, 135;

interparietal foramen, 173;

pelvis, 187;

ribs, 182;

skull, 176;

teeth, 169

Lacertilia, 37;

general characters, 199;

pectoral girdle, 288;

skull, 277;

vertebrae, 275

Lachrymal, 20;

cod, 97;

crocodile, 251;

dog, 394;

duck, 317;

salmon, 93

Lacunae, 10

Lagenorhynchus, 45;

skull, 462

Lagostomus, 47;

maxillae, 477

Lambdoidal crest, duck, 315

Lamella of malleus, dog, 393

Lamnidae, 32

Lamprey, 31, 55 f.

Lancelet, 30;

see Amphioxus

Laridae, 42;

see Gulls

Larks, 42

Larvacea, 30;

notochord, 51

Latax, 48;

pes, 526

Lateral ethmoid, 21;

cod, 97;

salmon, 89 f.

Leathery turtle, 37;

see Dermochelys

Lemuroidea, 49;

caudal vertebrae, 454;

general characters, 372;

nails, 418;

ribs, 493;

sacrum, 452;

skull, 482;

thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, 450;

see Lemurs

Lemurs, carpus, 512;

pes, 527;

teeth, 441;

see Lemuroidea

Lenticular, 485;

dog, 393

Lepidosiren, 34, 70;

branchial arches, 125;

fins, 130

Lepidosteidae, 33

Lepidosteus, 33;

attachment of teeth, 108;

distribution, 66;

pectoral fins, 131;

scales, 67, 104;

skull, 123;

tail, 117;

vertebrae, 68

Lepidotus, 33;

teeth, 110

Leporidae, 48

Lepospondyli, 35

Lepus, 48;

see Hare

Leptoptilus, 41;

see Adjutant

Lialis, 37, 289