Chapter II · GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CHURCH HISTORY

Outline: I.—Primary materials. II.—Secondary materials. III.—Sketch of the writing of Church history. IV.—Most important collections of primary sources. V.—Most important general Church histories. VI.—Dictionaries and encyclopedias. VII.—Atlases and chronologies. VIII.—Text-books. IX.—Sources.

All our information about the origin, life, and growth of the Christian Church comes from the revelation of evidence which is termed sources. These sources are partly original, or primary, and partly secondary. For the student of history both kinds of sources have a definite character and value, and are, therefore, of peculiar interest. Some knowledge about the scope and nature of the sources is necessary for an intelligent view of any field of history. At the same time it is clear that any person presuming to pose as an authority on a given phase of history must not only be thoroughly acquainted with the varied contributions of all secondary works, but must also be a master of the character and worth of all first-hand materials.

The primary sources are simply the records and remains left by the people who lived at any given time. Such materials, it will be readily seen, give the nearest and truest account of the ideas, feelings, motives, and beliefs, as well as of the deeds and actions, of man. An original source is, therefore, merely a source back of which one cannot go for historical information. It is apparent, consequently, that the primary sources are the more important because they are the very foundations of history. "No documents, no history," tersely declared Langlois. The primary sources put us in vital connection with the thoughts, doings, and institutions of past times. In them one sees reflected the spirit of the age. Every line, every word, is a revelation. The student is led to feel history, to actually know men and women of the past, and thus to comprehend our own civilisation in the earlier periods of its evolution. The primary sources cannot be accepted and assigned their true value, however, until their authenticity and genuineness are determined, and the element of personal equation is taken into account. Even then final judgment can never be absolute.

For the sake of giving a clear conception of the range of the primary sources the following classification may be of assistance:

A.—Written sources of the subjoined kind: I.—Public official documents: 1. Acts of councils and synods. 2. Letters, bulls, briefs, rescripts, and regests of popes, patriarchs, and bishops. 3. Confessions of faith. 4. Liturgies, hymns, etc. 5. Church canons and laws, and monastic rules. 6. Decrees and letters of kings, nobles, and civic assemblies. 7. Laws of states. II.—Private writings of personal actors and observers: 1. The Apostles. 2. Church fathers. 3. Heretics and reformers. 4. Heathen. 5. Chroniclers and historians. 6. Missionaries. 7. Clergy and laity. III.—Inscriptions on churches, public buildings, tombs, monuments, coins, seals, etc.

B.—Unwritten sources of the following character: I.—Buildings: 1. Churches and baptisteries. 2. Tombs and monuments. 3. Civic edifices. 4. Private dwellings. II.—Art: 1. Sculpture—images and emblems. 2. Painting and fresco. 3. Mosaics. 4. Ecclesiastical vestments and ornaments. 5. Church furniture and vessels. III.—Rites and ceremonies. IV.—Oral traditions.

The secondary sources are those that are compiled from a study of the original sources, or from other secondary works, or from both, as is more likely to be the case. This class of material is very abundant, and varies greatly in character and value because of the striking difference in authorship, style, and purpose. It is always necessary, therefore, carefully to discriminate the wheat from the chaff and to be able easily to recognise the "earmarks" of a reliable authority. Many of the works produced by modern scientific scholarship are excellent in every respect, and, in many fields of historical study, absolutely indispensable. Secondary sources may be divided as follows:

A.—Written works: I.—History: 1. General treatises based upon either primary sources, or secondary materials, or both. 2. Encyclopedias and dictionaries. 3. Monographs, essays, and articles. II.—Fiction: 1. Novels. 2. Poetry. 3. Drama.

B.—Unwritten: I.—Oral traditions and reports. II.—Transmitted rites and ceremonies. III.—Works of art copied from originals.

The earliest account of the history of the Christian Church extant is the New Testament. The "Memoirs" of Hegesippus, a converted Jew of the second century, is the first known effort to record the growth of the Church, but all his books are lost.[15:1] Eusebius, the Greek bishop, called the "Father of Church history," wrote a comprehensive Ecclesiastical History to 324. Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, each after his own ideal, continued the narrative of Eusebius. Rufinus translated the work of Eusebius into Latin and continued it to 395, while Epiphanius translated Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret into Latin and brought the record to 518. Theodorus and Evagrius were also continuators of these early works. Sulpicius Severus, a Gallic monk of noble birth, penned a fabulous chronicle of little worth.

The Middle Ages produced little of real value in the field of Church history. The chronicles represent the best output. A few scholars of the Eastern Church, the Byzantine historians, the annalists of the Latin Church, and several specialists like Gregory of Tours and the Venerable Bede, complete the list. The lives of saints, however, abound.

The fierce controversial spirit of the Reformation produced two monumental works. Matthias Flacius, aided by other Protestant scholars, in the Magdeburg Centuries, sought to reveal the whole disreputable career of the old Church. This keen voluminous work of the Reformers called forth from the learned Italian, Baronius, a powerful defence of the Roman Church in his Ecclesiastical Annals. Bossuet, a Frenchman, in his Discourse on Universal History, made a severe attack on Protestantism, while Tillemont, a Gallic nobleman of Jansenist faith, wrote critically and with more moderation. In Germany, Hottinger, Spanheim, and Arnold vindicated the Reformation. Following the earlier age of fierce theological controversy, Semler, Henke, Schmidt, Hume, and Gibbon wrote in a very rationalistic style and spirit.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, German scholars have led the world in their contributions to Church history. The great Mosheim made a pronounced improvement in the writing of Church history and introduced the modern scientific method. He was not alone the most learned theologian of his age in Germany, but was critical in the best sense, honest and impartial. His disciple, Schroeckh, wrote a work of forty-five volumes of considerable value. Gieseler improved on Mosheim's method and wrote an ideal outline of Church history with full citations to all the known sources. Neander, "a giant in learning, and a saint in piety," gave the world an epoch-making General History of the Christian Religion and Church (1825-52). His writings and his ideals have influenced nearly every Church historian since his death, when it was said, "The last of the Church Fathers has gone." Among his immediate pupils are Hagenbach, Kurtz, Guericke, Niedner, and Semisch.

Baur founded the celebrated "Tübingen School" and did some excellent work in the Ante-Nicene period. Strauss, Zeller, Schenkel, Rothe, and Nippold are the most prominent among his followers.

The names of other German historians who have laboured in this domain of knowledge are so numerous that only a few of the most prominent will be mentioned. Chief among the Protestants are Hase, Gfroerer, Ebrard, Herzog, Moeller, Müller, Loofs, Hauck, and Harnack; among the Roman Catholic writers are Stolberg, Katerkamp, Döllinger, Alzog, Pastor, Hefele, Hergenröther and Janssen.

Although British scholarship has not devoted itself so zealously to the writing of Church history, yet some excellent contributions have been made by such men as Pusey, Keble, Newman, Waddington, Milman, Stanley, Stubbs, Robertson, Greenwood, Vaughan, Perry, Lingard, Creighton, Gwatkin, Tozer, Hatch, and Orr.

American interest in the field of Church history is largely the product of the last thirty years. Most conspicuous among the contributors are Smith, Lanson, Shedd, Schaff, Fisher, Sheldon, Dryer, Hurst, Newman, McGiffert, and Henry C. Lea.

At the present time in every Christian country a corps of well-trained scholars are devoting their lives to nearly every phase of Church history, and the outlook is most gratifying.

The literature on Church history, taken as a whole, is perhaps more voluminous than that on any other phase of history. The use of the sources is, in consequence, at the very outset a problem of selection. It is apparent, therefore, that the following brief lists are not meant to be exhaustive. Only the most valuable collections of original documents, and also the most reliable books of a secondary character are included. Special care has been taken to mention all useful collections of sources in the English language. At the conclusion of each chapter will be found references to the sources on special topics.

The Most Important Collections of Primary Sources Are:

A.—Official Documents: I.—In English: 1.—Brett, T., Collection of the Principal Liturgies. Lond., 1838. 2.—Fulton, J., Index Canonum. N. Y., 1892. 3.—Gee, H., and Hardy, W. J., Documents Illustrative of English Church History. N. Y., 1896. 4.—Hammond, C. E., Liturgies, Eastern and Western. Lond., 1878. 5.—Henderson, E. F., Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. Lond. and N. Y., 1892. 6.—Neale, J. M., The Liturgies of St. Mark, St. James, St. Clement, St. Chrysostom, and St. Basil. 2 vols. Lond., 1859. 7.—Neale, J. M., and Webb, B., The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments. Lond. and N. Y., 1893. 8.—Ogg, F. A., Source-Book of Mediæval History. N. Y., 1908. 9.—Palmer, W., Origines Liturgicæ. 2 vols. Lond., 1845. 10.—Roberts and Donaldson, Ante-Nicene Christian Library. Vol. xxiv. Edinb., 1872. 11.—Robinson, J. H., Readings in European History. Vol. i. Boston, 1906. 12.—Schaff, P., The Creeds of Christendom. 3 vols. N. Y., 1878. 13.—Swainson, C. A., The Greek Liturgies. Lond. and N. Y. 1884. 14.—Thatcher and McNeal, A Source Book for Mediæval History. N. Y., 1907. 15.—University of Penn., Translations and Reprints of Original Sources of European History. Phil., 1894 to present. 16.—Winer, G. B., Comparative View of the Doctrines and Confessions of Christendom. Edinb., 1887. II.—In Foreign Languages: 1.—Councils and Synods: (1).—Binius, S., Concilia Generalia et Provincialia Græca et Latina. 4 vols. Best ed., Cologne, 1606. (2).—Labbé, P., Concilia. 18 vols. Paris, 1671. Carried by others to 1727. (3).—Hardouin, J., Conciliorum Collectio. 12 vols. Paris, 1715. (4).—Mansi, G. D., Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio. 31 vols. Flor., 1759-98. Most complete collection to 1509. New edition now out. 2.—Bulls, Acts, Briefs, Rescripts, and Regests: (1).—Bullæ Diversorum Pontificum a Joanne XXII. ad Julium III. ex Bibliotheca Ludovici Gomes. Rome, 1550. This is the oldest collection, but it contains only fifty documents. (2).—Cherubini made the first comprehensive collection of bulls and briefs from Leo I. to 1585. It is known as the Magnum Bullarium Romanum. (3).—Maynardus, Bullarium Magnum. 19 vols. Luxemb., 1739-68. Contains bulls from Leo I. to Benedict XIV. (4).—Coquelines made a similar collection at Rome in 14 vols., 1733-48. Barbarini added 6 more vols. Rome, 1835. (5).—Tomassetti has made the latest collection of bulls from Leo I. to the nineteenth century. 25 vols. Turin, 1857-72. (6).—The best collections of early papal briefs were made by Coustant, Paris, 1721; Schoenemann, Götting., 1796; Thiel, Braunsberg, 1867-8. (7).—Jaffé, P., Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (to 1198). Ber., 1881-88. 2 vols. (8).—Potthast, A., Regesta Pontificum. (1198 to 1304). Ber., 1873. 2 vols. (9).—Kehr, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (to 1198). Berlin, 1906-7. 2 vols. (10).—The Liber Pontificalis gives the history of the popes down to the end of the ninth century. Duchesne's ed. the most complete. Rome, 1886-92. Mommsen's ed. excellent. (11).—Mirbt, C., Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums. 2d ed., 1903. 3.—Creeds, Liturgies, and Hymns: (1).—Walch, C. W. F., Bibliotheca Symbolum Vetus. Lemgo., 1770. (2).—Niemeyer, A. H., Collectio Confessionum in Ecclesiis Reformatis Publicatarum. Leipz., 1840. (3).—Kimmel, E. J., Monumenta Fidei Ecclesiæ Orientalis. Jena, 1843-50. 2 vols. (4).—Heurtley, C. A., Harmonia Symbolica. Oxf., 1858. (5).—Denzinger, H. J. D., Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum. Wurzb., 1888. 6th ed. (6).—Caspari, C. P., Quellen zur Geschichte des Taufsymbols und der Glaubensregel. Christiania, 1866-75. 3 vols. Revised in 1879. (7).—Hahn, A., Bibliothek der Symbole und Glaubensregeln. Berlin, 1877. 2d ed. (8).—Durandus, W., Rationale Divinorum Officiorum. (About 1290). Many eds. Last at Naples, 1866. (10).—Renaudot, E., Liturgiarum Orientalium Collectio. New ed., Paris, 1847. 2 vols. (11).—Muratori, L. A., Liturgia Romana Vetus. Venice, 1748. (12).—Assemani, J. A., Codex Liturgicus Ecclesiæ Universæ. Rome, 1749-66. 13 vols. (13).—Weale, W. J. H., Bibliotheca Liturgica. Lond., 1886. (14).—Delisle, L., Mémoire sur d'anciens Sacramentaires. Paris, 1886. 4.—Laws and Canons: (1).—Richter, L. A., Corpus Juris Canonici. Leipz., 1833. 2 vols. (2).—Friedberg, E., Corpus Juris Canonici. Leipz., 1876-82. Best ed. (3).—Migne, Patrologia Latina. Contains many ancient laws. (4).—Haenel, Theodosian Code. Bonn, 1842. 6 vols. (5).—Krueger, Justinian Code. Ber., 1877. (6).—Moser, J. J., Corpus Juris Evang. Ecclesiæ. Zur., 1737. 2 vols. 5.—Decrees and Acts of Civic Authorities: (1).—Pertz, et al., Monumenta Germaniæ Historica. Ber., 1819 to present. (2).—Muratori, Scriptores Rerum Italicarum. Milan, 1723-57. 25 vols. From 500 to 1500. (3).—Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum. Milan, 1739-42. 4 vols. (4).—Corpus Juris Civilis. Good ed. by Kriegel Brothers, Leipz., 1833-40. Best ed. by Mommsen, Ber., 1895. 3 vols.

B.—Private Writings of Contemporaries: I.—In English: 1.—Roberts and Donaldson, Ante-Nicene Christian Library. 25 vols. Edinb., 1864-72, 1897. 2.—Coxe, A. C., Ante-Nicene Fathers. 10 vols. Buf., 1886-88. 3.—Pusey, et al., A Library of the Fathers of the Holy Catholic Church. 48 vols. Oxf., 1839-85. 4.—The Publications of the Parker Society. 53 vols. Camb., 1840-55. For English Church. 5.—Schaff, et al., Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. 14 vols. Buf., 1886-90. First series. 6.—Schaff and Wace, Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. 14 vols. Lond. and N. Y., 1890-94. 7.—Bohn, Antiquarian Library. 36 vols. Lond., 1847, etc. Classical Library. 107 vols. Lond., 1848, etc. Ecclesiastical Library. 15 vols. Lond., 1851, etc. 8.—Foxe, Acts and Monuments. Townsend ed. Lond., 1843. 9.—Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers. Lond., 1889. II.—In Foreign Languages: 1.—Canisius, H., Antiquæ Lectiones. 2d ed., 1725. 7 vols. 2.—Combefis, F., Græco-Lat. Patrum Bibliotheca Auctarium Novum. 2 vols. Paris, 1648. Bibliotheca Græcorum Patrum Auctarium Novissimum. 2 vols. Paris, 1672. Bibliotheca Patrum Concoinatoria. 8 vols. New ed. Paris, 1859. 3.—D'Achery, J. L., Veterum aliquot Scriptorum qui in Galliæ Bibliothecis delituerant, maxime Benedictinorum Spicilegium. 13 vols. Paris, 1655-77. New ed., 1723. 4.—Du Pin, L. E., Bibliothèque Universelle des Auteurs Ecclésiastiques. 47 vols. Paris, 1686-1704. Several later editions. 5.—Martène, E., Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Collectio Nova. Rouen, 1700. 6.—Montfauçon, B. de, Collectio Nova Patrum et Scriptorum Græcorum. Paris, 1706. 2 vols. 7.—Muratori, L. A., Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Mil., 1723-51. 25 vols. New ed. now being published, ed. by Carducci. 8.—Ceillier, R., Histoire Générale des Auteurs Sacrés et Ecclésiastiques. New ed., Paris, 1858-69. 16 vols. 9.—Bouquet, M., Scriptores Rerum Gallicarum et Francilarum. New ed., Paris, 1869-77. To date 23 vols. 10.—Gallandi, A., Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum Antiquorumque Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum. 14 vols. Venice, 1765-81. 380 authors. 11.—Routh, M. J., Reliquiæ Sacræ. 5 vols. Oxf., 2d ed., 1846-1848. 12.—Pertz, et al., Monumenta Germaniæ Historica. Ber., 1819 to present. 13.—Niebuhr, et al., Scriptores Historiæ Byzantinæ. Bonn, 1828-55. 48 vols. 14.—Migne, J. P., Patrologiæ Cursus Completus. Paris, 1844-66. 222 vols. of Latin Fathers and 166 vols. of Greek Fathers. 15.—Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland from the Roman Invasion to Henry VIII. Lond., 1858-90. 210 vols. (Rolls series). 16.—Academy of Vienna, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiæ Latinæ. 17 vols. Vienna, 1867-95. 17.—Jaffé, P., Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum. 1864-73. 6 vols. 18.—Graffin, P., Patrologia Syriaca. Paris, 1895. 2 vols. (19).—Die Griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte. (20).—Bibliothèque de Théologie Historique. Paris, 1906 ff. (To be completed in 60 vols.)

C.—Inscriptions: I.—In English: 1.—Northcote, J. S., Epitaphs of the Catacombs. Lond., 1898. 2.—Bingham, J., Antiquities of the Christian Church. Oxf., 1855. 10 vols. Very valuable. 3.—Guericke, H. E. F., Manual of the Antiquities of the Church. Lond., 1851. 4.—Bennett, C. W., Christian Archæology. N. Y., 1888. 5.—Rushforth, G. McN., Latin Historical Inscriptions. Oxf., 1893. II.—In Latin: 1.—See Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Best ed. by Mommsen under Berlin Academy. 1862 to date 11 vols. 2.—Boeckh, P. A., Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum. Ber., 1824. 3.—Le Blant, E., Inscriptions chrét. de la Gaule. Paris, 1856-65. 2 vols. 4.—Hübner, E., Inscriptions Hispan. Christ. Ber., 1871. Inscrip. Brit. Christ. Ber., 1876. 5.—De Rossi, J. B., Inscriptiones Christianæ Urbis Romæ Septimo Sæculo Antiquiores. Rome, 1861. 6.—Fabretti, A., Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum. Turin, 1867-77. 2 vols. Three supplements. Flor., 1800. 7.—L'Epigraphie Chrestienne en Gaule et dans l'Afrique. Paris, 1890.

Most Important General Church Historians:

A.—Before the Reformation: I.—Greek: 1.—Hegesippus, a Christian Jew in Asia Minor (2d cent.), wrote a Church history in five books. Based on traditions. Only fragments preserved. See Ante-Nic. Lib., viii., 762-5. See Eusebius. 2.—Eusebius (d. 340), "Father of Church History," wrote a history of Church to 324. Valuable storehouse. Various Eng. translations. That by McGiffert, N. Y., 1890, in Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers, i., is the best. 3.—Socrates (d. 408), a lawyer, continued Eusebius to 439. Bohn. Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers, ii. 4.—Sozomen (d. 400), a lawyer, continued Eusebius to 423. Ibid. Bohn. 5.—Theodoret (d. 457), a bishop, aimed to complete Socrates and Sozomen. Ibid. Bohn. 6.—Evagrius (d. 537), a lawyer, continued Theodoret. Bohn. Bagster, Eccles. Historians. For other Greek historians, lost or not in English, see Alzog, i., § 17; Schaff, i., 29. II.—Latin—to the Reformation: 1.—Rufinus (b. 345), a priest, translated Eusebius and added an inaccurate history of the Arians (318-395). Preface only in Eng. Nic. and Post-Nic. Fathers, iii., 565. 2.—Severus (b. 363), a Gallic priest, wrote the history of the world to 400. Good for Gaul. Ib., xi., 71-122. 3.—Orosius (5th cent.), a Spanish priest, wrote a world history to 416. Used as a text-book in Middle Ages. Bohn. 4.—Cassiodorus (d. 562), a statesman and abbot, compiled a Church history from Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. This is the famous "Tripartite History." It served as a text-book throughout the Middle Ages. Not in Eng. See Migne, Patrologia, lxix., and Hodgkin, The Letters of Cassiodorus. 5.—Gregory of Tours (d. 594), a bishop, wrote a valuable history of the Frankish Church. Not in Eng. 6.—Venerable Bede (d. 735), "Father of English Church History," wrote a history of the English Church to 731. Many Eng. eds. 7.—Paul Warnefried (d. 799), a Lombard monk wrote a History of the Langobards. Tr. by Foulke, U. of Pa. Transl. and Rep. Phil. 1907. 8.—Haymo (d. 853), bishop of Halberstädt, abridged Rufinus and added notes of his own. Not in Eng. 9.—Anastasius (d. 886), abbot and papal librarian at Rome, compiled a Church history from the Greek writers. Not in Eng. 10.—Flodoard (d. 966), a bishop, wrote a history of the Church of Rheims to 948. Not in Eng. 11.—Luitprand (d. 972), bishop of Cremona, wrote a chronicle and a report of his embassy to Constantinople. See Pertz, Mon. Ger., iii., 264; Henderson, Hist. Docs. of the M. A., 441. 12.—Adam of Bremen (d. 1076), a canon, wrote the only reliable history of the Scandinavian Church from 788 to 1076. Not in Eng. 13.—Orderic Vital (d. 1142), abbot in Normandy, wrote a Church history to 1142. Best work of the Middle Ages. In Eng., Bohn. Vols. 27, 28, 30, 36. 14.—Ptolemy of Lucca (d. 1312), a Dominican, and papal librarian, wrote a Church history to 1312. Not in Eng. 15.—St. Antoninus (d. 1459), archbishop of Florence, wrote the largest mediæval work from the creation to 1457. Not in Eng. 16.—Laurentius Valla (d. 1457), an Italian critic and scholar, wrote a history of the Church. Denounced the "Donation of Constantine" as a forgery. Work full of doubt. Not in Eng. 17.—Nicholas of Cusa (d. 1464), a cardinal, was a radical critic in his early days but temperate in later life. His works not in Eng. 18.—John of Tritenheim (d. 1516) was among the first historians to write from the sources. Not in Eng. 19.—Albert Cranz (d. 1517), a canon of Hamburg, wrote "The Metropolis," a critical history of the Church in northern Germany from 780 to 1504. Not in Eng.

B.—Roman Catholic historians after the Reformation: I.—Italian: 1.—Baronius (d. 1607), a cardinal, wrote Annales Ecclesiastici in 12 fol. vols. The work of 30 years. Invaluable. Not in Eng. Written to refute the Protestant Magdeburg Centuries. Continued from 1198 to 1566 by Raynaldus, to 1571 by Laderchi, to 1584 by Theiner. Pagi made valuable corrections. Best defence of the mediæval papacy. 2.—Caspar Saccarelli wrote Historia Ecclesiastica to 1185. Pub. in Rome, 1771-96, in 25 quarto vols. 3.—Muratori (d. 1750) made a valuable collection of Italian historians and original documents from 500 to 1500. Not in Eng. 4.—Mansi (d. 1769) edited a valuable and very complete edition of the councils. Not in Eng. 5.—Orsi (1761), a Dominican cardinal, wrote a Church history for the first six centuries. Continued by others to the Council of Trent. Not in Eng. For other Italian historians see Alzog, i., 49. II.—French: 1.—Natalis Alexander (d. 1724) wrote a clear, deep Church history to 1600. Its Gallican spirit put it in the Index till corrected. 2.—Abbé Fleury (d. 1723) wrote a Church history to 1414 in 20 vols. from the sources. Continued to 1595 by Fabre. First 3 vols. pub. in Eng. at Oxf., in 1842. 3.—Bossuet (d. 1704), the bishop of Meaux, wrote a "Discourse on Universal History." In Eng. Continued by Cramer, a German Protestant. 4.—Tillemont (d. 1698), a nobleman and priest, wrote fine biographies to 516 from the sources. An excellent piece of work in 16 vols. 5.—Du Pin (d. 1719) furnished a biographical and bibliographical Church history to the 17th century. 6.—Ceillier (d. 1763) wrote a similar work but more complete and valuable. 7.—Darras (d. 1872). A General History of the Catholic Church. Transl. by Spaulding. 4 vols. Not reliable. III.—German: 1.—Count Leopold von Stolberg (d. 1819), an ex-Protestant, wrote a Church history to 430 in 15 vols. Kerz continued it in 30 more vols. to 1192 and Brischar in 9 more vols. to 1245. 2.—Theodore Katerkamp (d. 1834), a professor at Munster, and a friend of Stolberg, wrote a history to 1153. 3.—Locherer (d. 1837), a professor at Giessen, produced a very liberal work up to 1073. 4.—Döllinger (d. 1890), a professor in Munich, was the most learned historian of the Catholic Church in the 19th cent. Was excommunicated for refusing to accept the Vatican decrees (1871). Most of his many works have been translated into Eng. 5.—Hefele (d. 1893), a professor at Tübingen and a bishop, wrote History of the Councils to 1447. An excellent piece of work. Completed by Hergenröther. In Eng. 6.—Gfrörer (d. 1861) began his learned Church history as a rationalist (1841) and continued it from 1056 on as a Catholic. 7.—Hergenröther (d. 1890), cardinal and keeper of the papal archives at Rome, wrote a general history of the Church which is very partisan. IV.—English and American: 1.—Newman (d. 1890), an English cardinal, wrote The Arians of the Fourth Century (1883), Church of the Fathers, and many other historical works. 2.—Allies, The Formation of Christendom. Lond., 1882-91. 7 vols. 3.—Spalding (1872), an American prelate, wrote The History of the Protestant Reformation, 2 vols., 1860, and edited Darras's General History of the Catholic Church. (1868) 4.—Gibbons (b. 1834), cardinal in the U. S., wrote Faith of Our Fathers and other historical works.

C.—Protestant Church Historians: I.—German: 1.—Matthias Flacius Illyricus (d. 1575), with ten educated Protestant scholars, produced the Centuriæ Magdeburgenses, covering 13 centuries in 13 vols., to justify the Reformation. Controversial. 2.—Hottinger (d. 1664) wrote a partisan history to 16th cent. in 9 vols. Not original. 3.—Spanheim (d. 1649) worked out a history from the sources to 16th cent. Aimed at Baronius. Eng. transl. 4.—Arnold (d. 1714) wrote an Impartial History of the Church and of Heretics to 1688. "Learned, but fanatical." 5.—Mosheim (d. 1755) wrote Institutes of Ecclesiastical History. Marks an epoch in the writing of Church history. Several Eng. transls. 6.—Schröckh (d. 1808) wrote large work in 45 vols. on epoch plan, to end of 18th cent. Rich in historical material. 7.—Henke (d. 1809) wrote a general history in a very rationalistic style. 8.—Neander (d. 1850), professor in Berlin, the "Father of Modern Church History," wrote A General History of the Christian Religion and Church to 1430. Based on the sources. Several Eng. transls. Torrey's the best. 9.—Gieseler (d. 1854), professor in Göttingen, wrote a history from the sources to 1648. Various Eng. transls. Excellent. 10.—Baur (d. 1860), professor in Tübingen, produced a History of the Christian Church in 5 vols. In Eng. 11.—Hagenbach (d. 1874), professor in Basle, wrote a general history of the Church in 7 vols. In Eng. II.—French: 1.—Chastel (d. 1886), professor at Geneva, wrote a complete history of the Church in 5 vols. 2.—D'Aubigné (d. 1872), professor at Geneva, wrote a general history of the Reformation in 13 vols. In Eng. 3.—Renan, E. (d. 1892), was educated for the Catholic priesthood, but he early gave up that calling and devoted himself to history and literature. He produced many works of great value on early Church history. III.—English: 1.—Gibbon (d. 1794) devoted twenty years to his history of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. To 1453. Still very valuable. Best ed. by Bury. Lond., 1896. 2.—Milner (d. 1797) wrote a History of the Church of Christ in popular form. 3.—Dean Waddington (d. 1869) penned six "high and dry" vols. on the Church. 4.—Robertson (d. 1882), professor in King's College, London, wrote a History of the Christian Church to 1517. Fairly well done from the sources. 5.—Milman (d. 1868), among other works, wrote the History of Latin Christianity to 1455 in 8 vols. Excellent. 6.—Dean Stanley (d. 1881) has given us histories of the Eastern Church and Jewish Church in a pure, plain style. 7.—Creighton (d. 1901), has written the best History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome. 6 vols. Invaluable. IV.—American: 1.—Smith (d. 1877), professor in Union Theological Seminary, worked out the history of Christianity in 16 chronological tables, (1860). 2.—Shedd (d. 1894), professor in Union Theological Seminary, wrote a History of Christian Doctrine in 2 vols. 1863. 3.—Schaff (d. 1893), professor in Union Theological Seminary, a disciple of Neander, wrote, in addition to other works of value, a History of the Christian Church. To the Reformation. 7 vols. Excellent. Vol. 5, by D. S. Schaff. 4.—Sheldon (b. 1845) has written an excellent history of doctrine and also of the Church. 5 vols. 1896. 5.—Allen (d. 1908) wrote Christian History in Three Great Decades in 3 vols. 1883. 6.—Fisher (b. 1827), professor in Yale, has produced several valuable books on Church history. 7.—White (d. 1885) wrote Eighteen Christian Centuries. 8.—Lea (b. 1825) has written invaluable monographs on the Inquisition, Indulgences, Celibacy, etc., which have given him a world-wide reputation. 9.—Other Americans who are doing good work in Church history are: Jackson, Hurst, Baird, Thompson, Mombert, Gillett, Storrs, Taylor, Clark, Emerton, Bigelow, West, Fulton, Jacobs, Newman, Zenos, Dexter, McGiffert, Dryer, Faulkner, etc.

Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

A.—English: I.—Protestant: 1.—Abbott and Conant, Dictionary of Religious Knowledge. N. Y., 1875. 2.—Benham, Dictionary of Religion. Lond. and N. Y., 1887. 3.—Blunt, A Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology. Lond. and Phil., 2d ed., 1891. 4.—Blunt, A Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought. Lond. and Phil., 2d ed., 1886. 5.—Buck, A Theological Dictionary. Lond., 1847. 6.—Cheyne and Black, Encyclopædia Biblica. 4 vols. N. Y., 1905. 7.—Eadie, The Ecclesiastical Cyclopædia. Lond., 1847. 8.—Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Phil., 1870. 9.—Farrar, An Ecclesiastical Dictionary. Lond., 1853. 10.—Gardner, The Christian Cyclopedia. Lond., 1854. 11.—Hastings, A Dictionary of the Bible. N. Y. and Edinburgh. 12.—Herzog, A Protestant, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Encyclopædia. 2 vols. Phil., 1858-60. 13.—Hook, A Church Dictionary. N. Y., 1875. 14.—Hook, Ecclesiastical Biography. 4 vols. Lond., 1845. 15.—Jackson, Concise Dictionary of Religious Knowledge and Gazetteer. N. Y., 1893. 16.—McClintock and Strong, Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. 10 vols. N. Y., 1867-81. 2 sup. vols. 1884-86. 17.—Marsden, A Dictionary of Christian Churches and Sects. 2 vols. Lond., 1891. 18.—Sanford, A Concise Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge. N. Y., 1891. 19.—Schaff-Herzog, Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge. 3 vols. N. Y., 1891. The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge. Revised by S. M. Jackson. N. Y. and Lond., 1908 ff. In 12 vols. 20.—Shipley, A Glossary of Ecclesiastical Forms. Lond., 1871. 21.—Smith and Cheetham, A Dictionary of Christian Antiquities. 2 vols. Bost., 1875-80. 22.—Smith and Wace, A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects, and Doctrines. 4 vols. Bost., 1877-87. 23.—Stanton, An Ecclesiastical Dictionary. N. Y., 1861. 24.—Wolcott, Sacred Archeology. Lond., 1868. II.—Catholic: 1.—Addis and Arnold, A Catholic Dictionary. N. Y., 1884. 2.—Gillow, Dictionary of English Catholic Biography and Bibliography. (1534-1884.) 6 vols. Lond., 1887-94. 3.—Gibbings, Index Expurgatoris. Lond., 1837. 4.—Butler, Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Saints. 12 vols. Lond., 1866. 5.—Berington, The Faith of Catholics. 3 vols. Lond., 1846. 6.—The Catholic Encyclopedia. N. Y., 1907 ff. (To be completed in 15 vols.) 7.—Thein, Ecclesiastical Dictionary, 1905. III.—Jewish and Mohammedan: 1.—The Jewish Encyclopedia. 12 vols. N. Y., 1902-5. 2.—Encyclopedia Islam. 3 vols. 1908.

B.—Foreign: I.—Protestant: 1.—Hauck, Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche. 1896 ff. 2.—Lichtenberger, Encyclopédie des Sciences Religieuses. Paris, 1872-82. 13 vols. II.—Catholic: 1.—Aschbach, Allgemeines Kirchen-Lexicon. Frankf., 1846-50. 4 vols. 2.—Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen Lexicon. Freib., 1847-56. 12 vols. 3.—Hergenröther und Kauler. Kirchenlexikon oder Encyklopädie der Katholischen Theologie und ihrer Hilfswissenschaften. Freib., 1880-1895. 10 vols.

C.—Consult standard secular encyclopædias like Britannica, Johnson, International, etc.

Atlases and Chronologies

I.—English: 1.—Koeppen, A. L., The World in the Middle Ages. N. Y., 1854. 2.—Sprüner, Historico-Geographical Hand Atlas. Lond., 1861. 3.—Wiltsch, J. E. F., Handbook of the Geography and Statistics of the Church. 2 vols. Lond., 1859-69. 4.—McClure, C. E., Ecclesiastical Atlas. Lond., 1888. 5.—Freeman, E. A., Historical Geography of Europe. Lond., 1881. 2 vols. New ed. 1904. 6.—Labberton, R. H., New Historical Atlas and General History. N. Y., 1890. 7.—Riddle, J. E., Ecclesiastical Chronology. Lond., 1840. 8.—Tarner, G. E., Concise Tabular View of the Outlines of Christian History. Lond., 1890. 9.—Smith, H. B., History of the Church in Chronological Tables. N. Y., 1875. 10.—Woodward and Gates, Encyclopædia of Chronology. N. Y., 1872. 11.—Dow, E. W., Atlas of European History. N. Y., 1907.

II.—Foreign: 1.—Putzger, F. W., Historischer Schul-Atlas. Leipz., 1903. Anglicised now. Excellent. 2.—Droysen, H., Allgemeine historische Handatlas. Leipz., 1886. 3.—Weidenbach, Calendarium Hist. Chron. Medii et Novi Ævi. Reg., 1855. 4.—Grotefend, G. A., Handbuch des Hist. Chr. des Mittel-Alters. Hanov., 1872.

Text-books on Church History

I.—Protestant: 1.—Allen, Outlines of Christian History. Bost., 1885. 3 vols. 2.—Blackburn, History of the Christian Church. Cin., 1879. (Presb.). 3.—Butler, An Ecclesiastical History. Phil., 1868-72. 2 vols. 4.—Fisher, History of the Christian Church. N. Y., 1887. 5.—Foulkes, A Manual of Ecclesiastical History. Oxf., 1851. 6.—Gieseler, A Text-Book of Church History. N. Y., 1868-79. 5 vols. 7.—Green. Handbook of Church History. N. Y., 1904. 8.—Guericke, A Manual of Church History (to 1073). And., 1872. 2 vols. 9.—Hardwick, A History of the Christian Church. Lond., 1861-65. 2 vols. 10.—Hase, A History of the Christian Church. N. Y., 1870. 11.—Hurst, A History of the Christian Church. N. Y., 1897. 2 vols. 12.—Jennings, A Manual of Church History. N. Y., 1887-8. 2 vols. 13.—Knight, A Concise History of the Church. Lond., 1888. 14.—Kurtz, Church History. N. Y., 1888. 3 vols. 15.—Moeller, History of the Christian Church. Lond., 1902. 3 vols. 16.—Moncrief, A Short History of the Christian Church. Chicago and N. Y., 1902. 17.—Mosheim, Institutes of Ecclesiastical History. Last ed., Bost., 1902. 3 vols. 18.—Newman, A Manual of Church History. Phil., 1902-3. 2 vols. 19.—Schaff, History of the Christian Church. N. Y., 1884-92. 7 vols. Vol. v., by D. S. Schaff, N. Y., 1908. 20.—Smith, The Student's Manual of Ecclesiastical History. N. Y., 1879. 21.—Schubert, Outlines of Church History. Lond., 1907. 22.—Sohm, Outlines of Church History. Lond., 1895. 23.—Waddington, A History of the Church. Lond., 1835. 3 vols. 24.—Zenos, Compendium of Church History. Phil., 1900.

II.—Catholic: 1.—Alzog, A Manual of Universal Church History. Lond., 1888-90. 3 vols. 2.—Birkheuser, History of the Catholic Church from its First Establishment to our own Times. 7th ed., 1905. 3.—Brueck, History of the Catholic Church. N. Y., 1886. 4.—Döllinger, Manual of Church History. Lond., 1840-42. 4 vols. 5.—Gilmartin, Manual of Church History. Lond., 1890-2. 2 vols.

It is a matter of deep regret that such excellent books by Catholic writers like Hergenröther, Kraus, Möhler, Funk, etc., have not yet been translated into English.

Sources

1.—Adams, C. K., A Manual of Historical Literature. N. Y., 1888.

2.—Cave, A., Introduction to Theology. Edinb., 1886.

3.—Crooks, G. R., and Hurst, J. F., Literature of Theology. N. Y., 1896. Pt. iii.

4.—Darling, J., Cyclopædia Bibliographica. 3 vols. Lond., 1854-9.

5.—Donaldson, J., A Critical History of Christian Literature. 3 vols. Lond., 1864-6.

6.—Dowling, J. G., An Introduction to the Critical Study of Ecclesiastical History. London, 1832.

7.—Fisher, J. A., A Select Bibliography of Ecclesiastical History. Bost., 1885.

8.—Fortescue, G. K., Subject Index of the Modern Works Added to the Library of the British Museum in the Years 1881-1900. 3 vols. 1902-1904.

9.—Hurst, J. F., Literature of Theology. N. Y., 1896. Pt. iii., p. 186.

10.—Kruger, G., History of Early Christian Literature in the First Three Centuries. N. Y., 1897.

11.—Malcom, H., Theological Index. Phil., 1870.

12.—Poole, W. F., Index to Periodical Literature (1802 to date).

13.—Schaff, P., Theological Propædeutics. N. Y., 1893.

14.—Sonnenschein, W. S., The Best Books. Lond., 1896.

15.—Tibbals, C. F., Thesaurus of the Best Theological, Historical, and Biographical Literature. N. Y., 1891.

FOOTNOTES: