NOTES, AUTHORITIES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Reading edition
NOTES, AUTHORITIES, AND ILLUSTRATIONS
The few abbreviations used in these pages stand for well-known works: T.A.S.J., for Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan; Kojiki, for Supplement to Volume X., T.A.S.J., Introduction, Translation, Notes, Map, etc., by Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain; T.J., for Things Japanese (2d ed.), by Professor B.H. Chamberlain; S. and H., for Satow and Hawes's Hand-book for Japan, now continued in new editions (4th, 1894), by Professor B.H. Chamberlain; C.R.M., for Mayers's Chinese Reader's Manual; M.E., The Mikado's Empire (7th ed.); B.N., for Mr. Bunyiu Nanjio's A Short History of the Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects, Tōkiō, 1887.
CHAPTER I
PRIMITIVE FAITH: RELIGION BEFORE BOOKS
CHAPTER II
SHINTŌ; MYTHS AND RITUAL
CHAPTER III
"THE KOJIKI" AND ITS TEACHINGS
CHAPTER IV
THE CHINESE ETHICAL SYSTEM IN JAPAN
CHAPTER V
CONFUCIANISM IN ITS PHILOSOPHICAL FORM
CHAPTER VI
THE BUDDHISM OF NORTHERN ASIA
CHAPTER VII
RIYŌBU, OR MIXED BUDDHISM
CHAPTER VIII
NORTHERN BUDDHISM IS ITS DOCTRINAL EVOLUTIONS
CHAPTER IX
THE BUDDHISM OF THE JAPANESE
CHAPTER X
JAPANESE BUDDHISM IN ITS MISSIONARY DEVELOPMENT
STATISTICS OF BUDDHISM IN JAPAN.
(From The official "Résumé Statistique de l'Empire du Japon," Tōkiō, 1894.)
In 1891 there were 71,859 temples within city or town limits, and 35,959 in the rural districts, or 117,718 in all, under the charges of 51,791 principal priests and 720 principal priestesses, or 52,511 in all.
The number of temples, classified by sects, were as follows: Tendai, with 3 sub-sects, 4,808; Shingon, with 2 sub-sects, 12,821, of which 45 belonged to the Hossō shu; Jō-do, with 2 sub-sects, 8,323, of which 21 were of the Ké-gon shu; Zen, with 3 sub-sects, 20,882, of which 6,146 were of the Rin-Zai shu; 14,072 of the Sō-dō shu, and 604 of the O-bakushu; Shin, with 10 sub-sects, 19,146; Nichiren, with 7 sub-sects, 5,066; Ji shu, 515; Yu-dzū; Nembutsu, 358; total, 38 sects and 71,859 temples.
The official reports required by the government from the various sects, show that there are 38 administrative heads of sects; 52,638 priest-preachers and 44,123 ordinary priests or monks; and 8,668 male and 328 female, or a total of 8,996, students for the grade of monk or nun. In comparison with 1886, the number of priest-preachers was 39,261, ordinary priests 38,189: male students, 21,966; female students, 642.
CHAPTER XI
ROMAN CHRISTIANITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
CHAPTER XII
TWO CENTURIES OF SILENCE
Notes in this chapter
Note 1 · Footnote 5: (return) The Religions of China, p. 240, by James Legge, New York, 1881.Note 2 · Footnote 6: (return) The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, p. 22, Boston editions of 1859 and 1879.Note 3 · Footnote 7: (return) One of the many names of Japan is that of the Country Ruled by a Slender Sword, in allusion to the clumsy weapons emploNote 4 · Footnote 8: (return) The course of lectures on The Religions of Chinese Asia (which included most of the matter in this book), given by the Note 5 · Footnote 9: (return) This is the contention of Professor Kumi, late of the Imperial University of Japan; see chapter on Shintō.Note 6 · Footnote 10: (return) In illustration, comical or pitiful, the common people in Satsuma believe that the spirit of the great Saigo Takamori,Note 7 · Footnote 11: (return) The Future of Religion in Japan. A paper read at the Parliament of Religions by Nobuta Kishimoto.Note 8 · Footnote 12: (return) The Ainos, though they deify all the chief objects of nature, such as the sun, the sea, fire, wild beasts, etc., oftenNote 9 · Footnote 13: (return) See Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, by Isabella Bird (Bishop), Vol. II.; The Ainu of Japan, by Rev. John Batchelor; B. DouglNote 10 · Footnote 14: (return) M.E., The Mythical Zoölogy of Japan, pp. 477-488. C.R.M., passim.Note 11 · Footnote 15: (return) See the valuable article entitled Demoniacal Possession, T.J., p. 106, and the author's Japanese Fox Myths, LippincottNote 12 · Footnote 16: (return) See the Aino animal stories and evidences of beast worship in Chamberlain's Aino Studies. For this element in JapaneseNote 13 · Footnote 17: (return) The proprietor of a paper-mill in Massachusetts, who had bought a cargo of rags, consisting mostly of farmers' cast ofNote 14 · Footnote 18: (return) M.E., p. 440.Note 15 · Footnote 19: (return) See the Lecture on Buddhism in its Doctrinal Development.—The Nichiren Sect.Note 16 · Footnote 20: (return) The phallus was formerly a common emblem in all parts of Japan, Hondo, Kiushiu, Shikoku, and the other islands. BayardNote 17 · Footnote 21: (return) Mr. Takahashi Gorō, in his Shintō Shin-ron, or New Discussion of Shintō, accepts the derivation of the word kami from Note 18 · Footnote 22: (return) "There remains something of the Shintō heart after twelve hundred years of foreign creeds and dress. The worship of thNote 19 · Footnote 23: (return) M.E., p. 474. Honda the Samurai, pp. 256-267.Note 20 · Footnote 24: (return) Kojiki, pp. 127, 136, 213, 217.Note 21 · Footnote 25: (return) See S. and H., pp. 39, 76. "The appearance of anything unusual at a particular spot is hold to be a sure sign of the pNote 22 · Footnote 4: (return) "If the term 'Altaic' be held to include Korean and Japanese, then Japanese assumes prime importance as being by far thNote 23 · Footnote 5: (return) Corea, the Hermit Nation, pp. 13-14; Mr. Pom K. Soh's paper on Education in Korea; Report of U.S. Commissioner of EducaNote 24 · Footnote 6: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. XVI., p. 74; Bramsen's Chronological Tables, Introd., p. 34; T.J., p. 32.Note 25 · Footnote 7: (return) The Middle Kingdom, Vol. I., p. 531.Note 26 · Footnote 8: (return) "The frog in the well knows not the great ocean." This proverb, so freely quoted throughout Chinese Asia, and in recentNote 27 · Footnote 9: (return) This is shown with literary skill and power in a modern popular work, the title of which, Dai Nippon Kai-biyaku Yurai-iNote 28 · Footnote 10: (return) In the Kojiki, pp. 101-104, we have the poetical account of the abdication of the lord of Idzumo in favor of the YamatNote 29 · Footnote 11: (return) "The praying for Harvest, or Toshigoi no Matsuri, was celebrated on the 4th day of the 2d month of each year, at the cNote 30 · Footnote 12: (return) S. and H., p. 461.Note 31 · Footnote 13: (return) Consult Chamberlain's literal translations of the name in the Kojiki, and p. lxv. of his Introduction.Note 32 · Footnote 14: (return) The parallel between the Hebrew and Japanese accounts of light and darkness, day and night, before the sun, has been nNote 33 · Footnote 1: (return) Kojiki, pp. 9-18; T.A.S.J., Vol. III., Appendix, p. 20.Note 34 · Footnote 2: (return) M.E., p. 43; McClintock and Strong's Cyclopedia, Art. Shintō; in T.A.S.J., Vol. III., Appendix, is to be found Mr. SatoNote 35 · Footnote 3: (return) "The various abstractions which figure at the commencement of the 'Records' (Kojiki) and of the 'Chronicles' (Nihongi) Note 36 · Footnote 4: (return) Kojiki, Section IX.Note 37 · Footnote 5: (return) Dr. Joseph Edkins, D.D., author of Chinese Buddhism, who believes that the primeval religious history of men is recoverNote 38 · Footnote 6: (return) Kojiki, p. xlii.Note 39 · Footnote 7: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. III., Appendix, p. 67.Note 40 · Footnote 8: (return) E. Satow, Revival of Pure Shintō, pp. 67-68.Note 41 · Footnote 9: (return) This curious agreement between the Japanese and other ethnic traditions in locating "Paradise," the origin of the humanNote 42 · Footnote 10: (return) The pure Japanese numerals equal in number the fingers; with the borrowed Chinese terms vast amounts can be expressed.Note 43 · Footnote 11: (return) This custom was later revived, T.A.S.J., pp. 28, 31. Mitford's Tales of Old Japan, Vol. II., p. 57; M.E., pp. 156, 238Note 44 · Footnote 12: (return) See in Japanese Fairy World, "How the Sun-Goddess was enticed out of her Cave." For the narrative see Kojiki, pp. 54-5Note 45 · Footnote 13: (return) See Choméi and Wordsworth, A Literary Parallel, by J.M. Dixon, T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., pp. 193-205; Anthologie Japonaise, Note 46 · Footnote 14: (return) Oftentimes in studying the ancient rituals, those who imagine that the word Kami should be in all cases translated godNote 47 · Footnote 15: (return) Mythology and Religious Worship of the Japanese, Westminster Review, July, 1878; Ancient Japanese Rituals, T.A.S.J., VNote 48 · Footnote 16: (return) Compare Sections IX. and XXIII. of the Kojiki.Note 49 · Footnote 17: (return) This indeed seems to be the substance of the modern official expositions of Shintō and the recent Rescripts of the EmpNote 50 · Footnote 18: (return) Revival of Pure Shintō, pp. 25-38.Note 51 · Footnote 19: (return) Japanese Homes, by E.S. Morse, pp. 228-233, note, p. 832.Note 52 · Footnote 20: (return) Chamberlain's Aino Studies, p. 12.Note 53 · Footnote 21: (return) Geological Survey of Japan, by Benj. S. Lyman, 1878-9.Note 54 · Footnote 22: (return) The Shell Mounds of Omori; and The Tokio Times, Jan. 18, 1879, by Edward S. Morse; Japanese Fairy World, pp. I78, 191,Note 55 · Footnote 23: (return) Kojiki, pp. 60-63.Note 56 · Footnote 24: (return) S. and H., pp. 58, 337, etc.Note 57 · Footnote 25: (return) This study in comparative religion by a Japanese, which cost the learned author his professorship in the Téi-Koku Dai Note 58 · Footnote 26: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. XXI., p. 282.Note 59 · Footnote 27: (return) Kojiki, p. xxviii.Note 60 · Footnote 28: (return) For the use of salt in modern "Esoteric" Shintō, both in purification and for employment as of salamandrine, see T.A.SNote 61 · Footnote 29: (return) In the official census of 1893, nine Shintō sects are named, each of which has its own Kwancho or Presiding Head, recoNote 62 · Footnote 1: (return) "He was fond of saying that Princeton had never originated a new idea; but this meant no more than that Princeton was tNote 63 · Footnote 2: (return) We use Dr. James Legge's spelling, by whom these classics have been translated into English. See Sacred Books of the EaNote 64 · Footnote 3: (return) The Canon or Four Classics has a somewhat varied literary history of transmission, collection, and redaction, as well aNote 65 · Footnote 4: (return) See criticisms of Confucius as an author, in Legge's Religions of China, pp. 144, 145.Note 66 · Footnote 5: (return) Religions of China, by James Legge, p. 140.Note 67 · Footnote 6: (return) See Article China, by the author, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Chicago, 1881.Note 68 · Footnote 7: (return) This subject is critically discussed by Messrs. Satow, Chamberlain, and others in their writings on Shintō and JapaneseNote 69 · Footnote 8: (return) The absurd claim made by some Shintōists that the Japanese possessed an original native alphabet called the Shingi (godNote 70 · Footnote 9: (return) For the life, work, and tombs of the Chinese scholars who fled to Japan on the fall of the Ming Dynasty, see M.E., p. 2Note 71 · Footnote 10: (return) "We have consecrated ourselves as the instruments of Heaven for punishing the wicked man,"—from the document submittedNote 72 · Footnote 11: (return) For proof of this, as to vocabulary, see Professor B.H. Chamberlain's Grammars and other philological works; Mr. J.H. Note 73 · Footnote 12: (return) See The Ghost of Sakura, in Mitfoid's Tales of Old Japan, Vol. II, p. 17.Note 74 · Footnote 13: (return) M.E., 277-280. See an able analysis of Japanese feudal society, by M.F. Dickins, Life of Sir Harry Parkes, pp. 8-13; MNote 75 · Footnote 14: (return) This subject is discussed in Professor Chamberlain's works; Mr. Percival Lowell's The Soul of the Far East; Dr. M.L. GNote 76 · Footnote 15: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. XVII., p. 96.Note 77 · Footnote 16: (return) The Forty Seven-Rōnins, Tales of Old Japan, Vol. I.; Chiushiugura, by F.V. Dickens; The Loyal Rōnins, by Edward Greey;Note 78 · Footnote 17: (return) See Dr. J.H. De Forest's article in the Andover Review, May, June, 1893, p. 309. For details and instances, see the JaNote 79 · Footnote 18: (return) M.E. pp. 180-192, 419. For the origin and meaning of hara-kiri, see T.J., pp. 199-201; Mitford's Tales of Old Japan, VNote 80 · Footnote 19: (return) M.E., p. 133.Note 81 · Footnote 20: (return) For light upon the status of the Japanese family, see F.O. Adams's History of Japan, Vol. II., p. 384; Kinsé Shiriaku,Note 82 · Footnote 21: (return) See Mr. F.W. Eastlake's papers in the Popular Science Monthly.Note 83 · Footnote 22: (return) See Life of Sir Harry Parkes, Vol. II, pp. 181-182. "It is to be feared, however, that this reform [of the Yoshiwara sNote 84 · Footnote 23: (return) See Pung Kwang Yu's paper, read at the Parliament of Religions in Chicago, and The Chinese as Painted by Themselves, bNote 85 · Footnote 24: (return) See an exceedingly clear, able, and accurate article on The Ethics of Confucius as Seen in Japan, by the veteran scholNote 86 · Footnote 25: (return) A Japanese translation of Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures, in a Tōkiō morning newspaper "met with instant and universalNote 87 · Footnote 26: (return) Summary of the Japanese Penal Codes, T.A.S.J., Vol. V., Part II.; The Penal Code of Japan, and The Code of Criminal PrNote 88 · Footnote 27: (return) See T.A.S.J., Vol. XIII., p. 114; the Chapter on Marriage and Divorce, in Japanese Girls and Women, pp. 57-84. The folNote 89 · Footnote 28: (return) This was strikingly brought out in the hundreds of English compositions (written by students of the Imperial UniversitNote 90 · Footnote 29: (return) Homo sum: humani nil a me alienum puto—Héauton Tomoroumenos, Act—, Scene 1, line 25, where Chremes inquires about his Note 91 · Footnote 30: (return) "What you do not want done to yourselves, do not do to others." Legge, The Religions of China, p. 137; Doolittle's SocNote 92 · Footnote 31: (return) Die politische Bedeutung der amerikanischer Expedition nach Japan, 1852, by Tetsutaro Yoshida, Heidelberg, 1893; The UNote 93 · Footnote 32: (return) See Life of Matthew Calbraith Perry, pp. 363, 364.Note 94 · Footnote 33: (return) Lee's Jerusalem Illustrated, p. 88.Note 95 · Footnote 1: (return) See On the Early History of Printing in Japan, by E.M. Satow, T.A.S.J., Vol. X., pp. 1-83, 252-259; The Jesuit Mission Note 96 · Footnote 2: (return) The Tokugawa Princes of Mito, by Ernest W. Clement, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVIII., pp. 1-24, and Letters in The Japan Mail, 188Note 97 · Footnote 3: (return) Effect of Buddhism on the Philosophy of the Sung Dynasty, p. 318, Chinese Buddhism, by Rev. J. Edkins, Boston, 1880.Note 98 · Footnote 4: (return) C.R.M., p. 200; The Middle Kingdom, by S. Wells Williams, Vol. II., p. 174.Note 99 · Footnote 5: (return) C.R.M., p. 34. He was the boy-hero, who smashed with a stone the precious water-vase in order to save from drowning a pNote 100 · Footnote 6: (return) C.R.M., pp. 25-26; The Middle Kingdom, Vol. I., pp. 113, 540, 652-654, 677.Note 101 · Footnote 7: (return) This decade in Chinese history was astonishingly like that of the United States from 1884 to 1894, in which the economiNote 102 · Footnote 8: (return) John xxi. 25.Note 103 · Footnote 9: (return) This is the opinion of no less capable judges than Dr. George Wm. Knox and Professor Basil Hall Chamberlain.Note 104 · Footnote 10: (return) The United States and Japan, pp. 25-27; Life of Takano Choyéi by Kato Sakayé, Tōkiō, 1888.Note 105 · Footnote 11: (return) Note on Japanese Schools of Philosophy, by T. Haga, and papers by Dr. G.W. Knox, Dr. T. Inoué, T.A.S.J., Vol. XX, PartNote 106 · Footnote 12: (return) A religion, surely, with men like Yokoi Héishiro.Note 107 · Footnote 13: (return) See pp. 110-113.Note 108 · Footnote 14: (return) Kinno—loyalty to the Emperor; T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., p. 147.Note 109 · Footnote 15: (return) "Originally recognizing the existence of a Supreme personal Deity, it [Confucianism] has degenerated into a pantheistiNote 110 · Footnote 16: (return) Ki, Ri, and Ten, Dr. George Wm. Knox, T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., pp. 155-177.Note 111 · Footnote 17: (return) T.J., p. 94.Note 112 · Footnote 18: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., p. 156.Note 113 · Footnote 19: (return) Matthew Calbraith Perry, p. 373; Japanese Life of Yoshida Shoin, by Tokutomi, Tōkiō, 1894; Life of Sir Harry Parkes, VNote 114 · Footnote 20: (return) "The Chinese accept Confucius in every detail, both as taught by Confucius and by his disciples.... The Japanese recogNote 115 · Footnote 21: (return) In Bakin, who is the great teacher of the Japanese by means, of fiction, this is the idea always inculcated.Note 116 · Footnote 1: (return) See his Introduction to the Saddharma Pundarika, Sacred Books of the East, and his Buddhismus.Note 117 · Footnote 2: (return) Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by Buddhism; Non-Christian Religious Systems—Buddhism.Note 118 · Footnote 3: (return) The sketch of Indian thought here following is digested from material obtained from various works on Buddhism and from Note 119 · Footnote 4: (return) Dyaus-Pitar, afterward zeus patêr. See Century Dictionary, Jupiter.Note 120 · Footnote 5: (return) Yoga is the root form of our word yoke, which at once suggests the union of two in one. See Yoga, in The Century DictioNote 121 · Footnote 6: (return) Dutt's History of India.Note 122 · Footnote 7: (return) The differences between the simple primitive narrative of Gautama's experiences in attaining Buddhahood, and the richlyNote 123 · Footnote 8: (return) Romesh Chunder Dutt's Ancient India, p. 100.Note 124 · Footnote 9: (return) Origin and Growth of Religion by T. Rhys Davids, p. 28.Note 125 · Footnote 10: (return) Job i. 6, Hebrew.Note 126 · Footnote 11: (return) Origin and Growth of Religion, p. 29.Note 127 · Footnote 12: (return) "Buddhism so far from tracing 'all things' to 'matter' as their original, denies the reality of matter, but it nowhereNote 128 · Footnote 13: (return) See A Year among the Persians, by Edward G. Browne, London, 1893.Note 129 · Footnote 14: (return) Dutt's History of India, pp. 153-156. See also Mozoomdar's The Spirit of God, p. 305. "Buddhism, though for a long timNote 130 · Footnote 15: (return) Korean Repository, Vol. I., pp. 101, 131, 153; Siebold's Nippon, Archiv; Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Education,Note 131 · Footnote 16: (return) See Brian H. Hodgson's The Literature and History of the Buddhists, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, whichNote 132 · Footnote 17: (return) See the very accurate, clear, and full definitions and explanations in The Century Dictionary.Note 133 · Footnote 18: (return) This subject is fully discussed by Professor T. Rhys Davids in his compact Manual of Buddhism.Note 134 · Footnote 19: (return) See Century Dictionary.Note 135 · Footnote 20: (return) Jap. Mon-ju. One of the most famous images of this Bodhisattva is at Zenkô-ji, Nagano. See Kern's Saddharma Pundarika,Note 136 · Footnote 21: (return) Jap. Kwannon, god or goddess of mercy, in his or her manifold forms, Thousand-handed, Eleven-faced, Horse-headed, HolyNote 137 · Footnote 22: (return) Or, The Lotus of the Good Law, a mystical name for the cosmos. "The good law is made plain by flowers of rhetoric." SeNote 138 · Footnote 23: (return) At the great Zenkōji, a temple of the Tendai sect, at Nagano, Japan, dedicated to three Buddhist divinities, one of whNote 139 · Footnote 24: (return) "The third (collection of the Tripitaka) was ... made by Manjusri and Maitreya. This is the collection of the MahayanaNote 140 · Footnote 25: (return) See the writings of Brian Hodgson, J. Edkins, E.J. Eitel, S. Beal, T. Rhys Davids, Bunyiu Nanjio, etc.Note 141 · Footnote 26: (return) See Chapter VIII. in T. Rhys Davids's Buddhism, a book of great scholarship and marvellous condensation.Note 142 · Footnote 27: (return) Davids's Buddhism, p. 206. Other illustrations of the growth of the dogmas of this school of Buddhism we select from BNote 143 · Footnote 28: (return) "Nine centuries after Buddha, Maitreya (Miroku or Ji-shi) came down from the Tushita heaven to the lecture-hall in theNote 144 · Footnote 29: (return) Buddhism, T. Rhys Davids, pp. 206-211.Note 145 · Footnote 30: (return) Prayer-wheels in Japan are used by the Tendai and Shingon sects, but without written prayers attached, and rather as aNote 146 · Footnote 31: (return) For this see Edkins's Chinese Buddhism; Eitel's Three Lectures, and Hand-book; Rev. S. Beal's Buddhism, and A Catena oNote 147 · Footnote 32: (return) S. and H., pp. 289, 293; Chamberlain's Hand-book for Japan, p. 220; Summer's Notes on Osaka, T.A.S.J., Vol. VIL, p. 38Note 148 · Footnote 33: (return) S. and H., p. 344.Note 149 · Footnote 34: (return) T.J., p. 73.Note 150 · Footnote 35: (return) Vairokana is the first or chief of the five personifications of Wisdom, and in Japan the idol is especially noticeableNote 151 · Footnote 36: (return) S. and H., p. 390; B.N., p. 29.Note 152 · Footnote 37: (return) "Hinduism stands for philosophic spirituality and emotion, Buddhism for ethics and humanity, Christianity for fulness Note 153 · Footnote 1: (return) Is not something similar frankly attempted in Rev. Dr. Joseph Edkins's The Early Spread of Religious Ideas in the Far ENote 154 · Footnote 2: (return) M.E., p. 252; Honda the Samurai, pp. 193-194.Note 155 · Footnote 3: (return) See The Lily Among Thorns, A Study of the Biblical Drama Entitled the Song of Songs (Boston 1890), in which this subjecNote 156 · Footnote 4: (return) See The Religion of Nepaul, Buddhist Philosophy, and the writings of Brian Hodgson in The Phoenix, Vols. I., II., III.Note 157 · Footnote 5: (return) See Century Dictionary, Yoga; Edkins's Chinese Buddhism, pp. 169-174; T. Rhys Davids's Buddhism, pp. 206-211; Index of Note 158 · Footnote 6: (return) T.J., p. 226; Kojiki, Introduction.Note 159 · Footnote 7: (return) See in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1893, a very valuable paper by Mr. L.A. Waddell, on The Northern BuddhNote 160 · Footnote 8: (return) See Catalogue of Chinese and Japanese Paintings in the British Museum, and The Pictorial Arts of Japan, by William AndeNote 161 · Footnote 9: (return) Anderson's Catalogue, p. 24.Note 162 · Footnote 10: (return) S. and H., p. 415; Chamberlain's Hand-book for Japan; T.J.; M.E., p. 162, etc.Note 163 · Footnote 11: (return) The names of Buddhist priests and monks are usually different from those of the laity, being taken from events in the Note 164 · Footnote 12: (return) Kern's Saddharma-Pundarika, pp. 311, 314; Davids's Buddhism p. 208; The Phoenix, Vol. I., p. 169; S. and H., p. 502; DNote 165 · Footnote 13: (return) Japan in History, Folk-lore and Art, pp. 86, 80-88; A Japanese Grammar, by J.J. Hoffman, p. 10; T.J., pp. 465-470.Note 166 · Footnote 14: (return) This is the essence of Buddhism, and was for centuries repeated and learned by heart throughout the empire: "Love and Note 167 · Footnote 15: (return) This legend suggests the mediaeval Jewish story, that Ezra, the scribe, could write with five pens at once; Hearn's GlNote 168 · Footnote 16: (return) Brave Little Holland, and What She Taught Us, p. 124.Note 169 · Footnote 17: (return) T.J., pp. 75, 342; Chamberlain's Hand-book for Japan, p. 41; M.E., p. 162.Note 170 · Footnote 18: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. II., p. 101; S. and H., p. 176.Note 171 · Footnote 19: (return) It was for lifting with his walking-stick the curtain hanging before the shrine of this Kami that Arinori Mori, formerNote 172 · Footnote 20: (return) See Mr. P. Lowell's Esoteric Shintō, T.A.S.J., Vol. XXI, pp. 165-167, and his "Occult Japan."Note 173 · Footnote 21: (return) S. and H., Japan, p. 83.Note 174 · Footnote 22: (return) See the Author's Introduction to the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, Boston, 1891.Note 175 · Footnote 23: (return) B.N., Index and pp. 78-103; Edkins's Chinese Buddhism, p. 169.Note 176 · Footnote 24: (return) Satow's or Chamberlain's Guide-books furnish hundreds of other instances, and describe temples in which the renamed kaNote 177 · Footnote 25: (return) S. and H., p. 70.Note 178 · Footnote 26: (return) M.E., pp. 187, 188; S. and H., pp. 11, 12.Note 179 · Footnote 27: (return) San Kai Ri (Mountain, Sea, and Land). This work, recommended to me by a learned Buddhist priest in Fukui, I had translNote 180 · Footnote 28: (return) T.J., p. 402; Some Chinese Ghosts, by Lafcadio Hearn, p. 129.Note 181 · Footnote 29: (return) S. and H., Japan, p. 397; Classical Poetry of the Japanese, p. 201, note.Note 182 · Footnote 30: (return) The Japanese word Ryō means both, and is applied to the eyes, ears, feet, things correspondent or in pairs, etc.; bu iNote 183 · Footnote 31: (return) Rein, p. 432; T.A.S.J., Vol. XXI., pp. 241-270; T.J., p. 339.Note 184 · Footnote 32: (return) The Chrysanthemum, Vol. I., p. 401.Note 185 · Footnote 33: (return) Even the Takétori Monogatari (The Bamboo Cutter's Daughter), the oldest and the best of the Japanese classic romances Note 186 · Footnote 34: (return) Mr. Percival Lowell argues, in Esoteric Shintō, T.A.S.J., Vol. XXI., that besides the habit of pilgrimages, fire-walkiNote 187 · Footnote 35: (return) The native literature illustrating Riyōbuism is not extensive. Mr. Ernest Satow in the American Cyclopædia (Japan: LitNote 188 · Footnote 36: (return) T.J., p. 224.Note 189 · Footnote 37: (return) "Human life is but fifty years," Japanese Proverb; M.E., p. 107.Note 190 · Footnote 38: (return) Chamberlain's Classical Poetry of the Japanese, p. 130.Note 191 · Footnote 39: (return) S. and H., p. 416.Note 192 · Footnote 40: (return) Things Chinese, by J. Dyer Ball, p. 70; see also Edkins and Eitel.Note 193 · Footnote 41: (return) The Japan Weekly Mail of April 28, 1893, translating and condensing an article from the Bukkyō, a Buddhist newspaper, Note 194 · Footnote 42: (return) Vaisramana is a Deva who guarded, praised, fed with heavenly food, and answered the questions of the Chinese Dō-sen (6Note 195 · Footnote 43: (return) Anderson, Catalogue, pp. 29-45.Note 196 · Footnote 44: (return) Some of those are pictured in Aimé Humbert's Japon Illustré, and from the same pictures reproduced by electro-plates wNote 197 · Footnote 1: (return) On the Buddhist canon, see the writings of Beal, Spence Hardy, T. Rhys Davids, Bunyiu Nanjio, etc.Note 198 · Footnote 2: (return) Edkins's Chinese Buddhism, pp. 43, 108, 214; Classical Poetry of the Japanese, p. 173.Note 199 · Footnote 3: (return) See T.A.S.J., Vol. XIX., Part I., pp. 17-37; The Soul of the Far East; and the writings of Chamberlain, Aston, Dickins,Note 200 · Footnote 4: (return) Much of the information as to history and doctrine contained in this chapter has been condensed from Mr. Bunyiu Nanjio'Note 201 · Footnote 5: (return) M. Abel Remusat published a translation of a Chinese Pilgrim's travels in 1836; M. Stanislais Julien completed his voluNote 202 · Footnote 6: (return) B.N., p. 3.Note 203 · Footnote 7: (return) B.N., p. 11.Note 204 · Footnote 8: (return) Three hundred and twenty million years. See Century Dictionary.Note 205 · Footnote 9: (return) See the paper of Rev. Shō-hen Uéda of the Shingon sect, in B.N., pp. 20-31; and R. Fujishima's Le Bouddhisme Japonais, Note 206 · Footnote 10: (return) M.E., p. 383; S. and H., pp. 23, 30. The image of Binzuru is found in many Japanese temples to-day, a famous one beingNote 207 · Footnote 11: (return) Davids's Buddhism, pp. 180, 200; S. and H., pp. (87) 389, 416.Note 208 · Footnote 12: (return) B.N., pp. 32-43.Note 209 · Footnote 13: (return) B.N., pp. 44-56.Note 210 · Footnote 14: (return) Japanese Fairy World, p. 282; Anderson's Catalogue, pp. l03-7.Note 211 · Footnote 15: (return) B.N., p. 62.Note 212 · Footnote 16: (return) Pfoundes, Fuso Mimi Bukuro, p. 102.Note 213 · Footnote 17: (return) B.N., p. 58. See also The Monist for January, 1894, p. 168.Note 214 · Footnote 18: (return) "Tien Tai, a spot abounding in Buddhist antiquities, the earliest, and except Puto the largest and richest seat of thaNote 215 · Footnote 19: (return) S. and H., p. 87. See the paper read at the Parliament of Religions by the Zen bonze Ashitsu of Hiyéisan, the poem of Note 216 · Footnote 20: (return) See Century Dictionary, mantra.Note 217 · Footnote 21: (return) See Chapter XX. Ideas and Symbols in Japan: in History, Folk-lore, and Art. Buddhist tombs (go-rin) consist of a cube Note 218 · Footnote 22: (return) B.N., p. 78.Note 219 · Footnote 23: (return) To put this dogma into intelligible English is, as Mr. Satow says, more difficult than to comprehend the whole doctrinNote 220 · Footnote 24: (return) S. and H., p. 31.Note 221 · Footnote 25: (return) B.N., p. 115.Note 222 · Footnote 26: (return) Here let me add that in my studies of oriental and ancient religion, I have never found one real Trinity, though triadNote 223 · Footnote 1: (return) Tathagata is one of the titles of the Buddha, meaning "thus come," i.e., He comes bringing human nature as it truly is,Note 224 · Footnote 2: (return) B.N., p. 104.Note 225 · Footnote 3: (return) Literally, I yield to, or I adore the Boundless or the Immeasurable Buddha.Note 226 · Footnote 4: (return) A Chinese or Japanese volume is much smaller than the average printed volume in Europe.Note 227 · Footnote 5: (return) Legacy of Iyéyasŭ, Section xxviii. Doctrinally, this famous document, written probably long after Iyéyasŭ's death and cNote 228 · Footnote 6: (return) At first glance a forcible illustration, since the Japanese proverb declares that "A sea-voyage is an inch of hell." AnNote 229 · Footnote 7: (return) Fuso Mimi Bukuro, p. 108; Descriptive Notes on the Rosaries as used by the different Sects of Buddhists in Japan, T.A.SNote 230 · Footnote 8: (return) B.N., p. 122.Note 231 · Footnote 9: (return) S. and H., p. 361.Note 232 · Footnote 10: (return) S. and H., pp. 90-92; Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, Vol. II., pp. 242-253.Note 233 · Footnote 11: (return) These three sutras are those most in favor with the Jō-dō sect also, they are described, B.N., 104-106, and their teneNote 234 · Footnote 12: (return) For modern statements of Shin tenets and practices, see E.J. Reed's Japan, Vol. I., pp. 84-86; The Chrysanthemum, ApriNote 235 · Footnote 13: (return) S. and H., p. 361; B.N., pp. 105, 106. Toward the end of the Amitayus-dhyana sutra, Buddha says: "Let not one's voice Note 236 · Footnote 14: (return) M.E., pp. 164-166.Note 237 · Footnote 15: (return) Schaff's Encyclopaedia, Article, Buddhism.Note 238 · Footnote 16: (return) On the Tenets of the Shin Shiu, or "True Sect" of Buddhists, T.A.S.J., Vol. XIV., p. 1.Note 239 · Footnote 17: (return) The Gobunsho, or Ofumi, of Rennyō Shōnin, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVII., pp. 101-143.Note 240 · Footnote 18: (return) At the gorgeous services in honor of the founder of the great Higashi Hongwanji Western Temple of the Original Vow at Note 241 · Footnote 19: (return) Review of Buddhist Texts from Japan, The Nation, No. 875, April 6, 1882. "The Mahāyāna or Great Vehicle (we might fairNote 242 · Footnote 20: (return) M.E., pp. 164, 165; B.N., pp. 132-147; Mitford's Tales of Old Japan, Vol. II., pp. 125-134.Note 243 · Footnote 1: (return) T.J., p. 71. Further illustrations of this statement may be found in his Classical Poetry of the Japanese, especially iNote 244 · Footnote 2: (return) See Introduction to the Kojiki, pp. xxxii.-xxxiv., and in Bakin's novel illustrating popular Buddhist beliefs, translatNote 245 · Footnote 3: (return) See jade in Century Dictionary; "Magatama, so far as I am aware, do not ever appear to have been found in shell heaps" Note 246 · Footnote 4: (return) Concerning this legendary, and possibly mythical, episode, which has so powerfully influenced Japanese imagination and Note 247 · Footnote 5: (return) See Corea, the Hermit Nation, pp. 1, 2; Persian Elements in Japanese Legends, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVI., Part I, pp. 1-10; JoNote 248 · Footnote 6: (return) M.E., Chap. VIII.; Klaproth's Annales des Empereurs du Japon (a translation of Nippon 0 Dai Ichi Ran); Rein's Japan, p.Note 249 · Footnote 7: (return) See Klaproth's Annales, passim. S. and H. p. 85. Bridges are often symbolical of events, classic passages in the shastrNote 250 · Footnote 8: (return) Often amusingly illustrated, M.E., p. 390. A translation into Japanese of Goethe's Reynard the Fox is among the popularNote 251 · Footnote 9: (return) See The Art of Landscape Gardening in Japan, T.A.S.J., Vol. XIV.; Theory of Japanese Flower Arrangements, by J. Conder,Note 252 · Footnote 10: (return) The book, by excellence, on the Japanese house, is Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings, by E.S. Morse. See also ConsNote 253 · Footnote 11: (return) See Hearn's Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, pp. 385, 410, and passim.Note 254 · Footnote 12: (return) For pathetic pictures of Japanese daily life, see Our Neighborhood, by the late Dr. T.A. Purcell, Yokohama, 1874; A JaNote 255 · Footnote 13: (return) Klaproth's Annales, and S. and H. passim.Note 256 · Footnote 14: (return) See Pfoundes's Fuso Mimi Bukuro, p. 130, for a list of grades from Ho-ō or cloistered emperor, Miya or sons of emperorNote 257 · Footnote 15: (return) Isaiah xl. 19, 20, and xli. 6, 7, read to the dweller in Japan like the notes of a reporter taken yesterday.Note 258 · Footnote 16: (return) T.J., p. 339; Notes on Some Minor Japanese Religious Practices, Journal of the Anthropological Institute, May, 1893; LNote 259 · Footnote 17: (return) M.E., p. 45; American Cyclopaedia, Japan, Literature—History, Travels, Diaries, etc.Note 260 · Footnote 18: (return) That is, no dialects like those which separate the people of China. The ordinary folks of Satsuma and Suruga, for examNote 261 · Footnote 19: (return) For some names of Buddhist temples in Shimoda see Perry's Narrative, pp. 470-474, described by Dr. S. Wells Williams; Note 262 · Footnote 20: (return) The Abbé Huc in his Travels in Tartary was one of the first to note this fact. I have not noticed in my reading that tNote 263 · Footnote 21: (return) M.E., p. 252.Note 264 · Footnote 22: (return) T.J., p. 70.Note 265 · Footnote 23: (return) See The Higher Buddhism in the Light of the Nicene Creed, Tōkiō, 1894, by Rev. A. Lloyd.Note 266 · Footnote 24: (return) "I preach with ever the same voice, taking enlightenment as my text. For this is equal for all; no partiality is in itNote 267 · Footnote 25: (return) Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, Vol. II., p. 247.Note 268 · Footnote 26: (return) For the symbolism of the lotus see M.E., p. 437; Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, Vol. I., p. 299; M.E. index; and Saddharma Note 269 · Footnote 27: (return) See The Northern Buddhist Mythology in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, January, 1894.Note 270 · Footnote 28: (return) See The Pictorial Arts of Japan, and Descriptive and Historical Catalogue, William Anderson, pp. 13-94.Note 271 · Footnote 29: (return) See fylfot in Century Dictionary.Note 272 · Footnote 30: (return) The word vagra, diamond, is a constituent in scores of names of sutras, especially those whose contents are metaphysicNote 273 · Footnote 31: (return) Jizō is the compassionate helper of all in trouble, especially of travellers, of mothers, and of children. His SanskriNote 274 · Footnote 32: (return) Sanskrit arhat or arhan, meaning worthy or deserving, i.e., holy man, the highest rank of Buddhist saintship. See CentNote 275 · Footnote 33: (return) M.E., p. 201. The long inscription on the bell in Wellesley College, which summons the student-maidens to their hourlyNote 276 · Footnote 34: (return) Fuso Mimi Bukuro, p. 129.Note 277 · Footnote 35: (return) M.E., pp. 287-290, 513-514; Perry's Narrative, pp. 471, 472; Our Neighborhood, pp. 119-124. The following epitaphs areNote 278 · Footnote 36: (return) Rev. C.B. Hawarth in the New York Independent, January 18, 1894.Note 279 · Footnote 37: (return) In 781 the Buddhist monk Kéi-shun dedicated a chapel to Jizo, on whom he conferred the epithet of Sho-gun or general, Note 280 · Footnote 38: (return) Corea, the Hermit Nation, p. 90.Note 281 · Footnote 39: (return) Dixon's Japan, p. 41; S. and H., Japan, passim; Rein's Japan; Story of the Nations, Japan, by David Murray, p. 201, noNote 282 · Footnote 40: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. VIII., Hidéyoshi and the Satsuma Clan in the Sixteenth Century, by J.H. Gubbins; The Times of Taikō, byNote 283 · Footnote 41: (return) The Copy of the Buddhist Tripitaka, or Northern Collection, made by order of the Emperor, Wan-Li, in the sixteenth cenNote 284 · Footnote 42: (return) "Neither country (China or Japan) has had the independence and mental force to produce a literature of its own, and toNote 285 · Footnote 43: (return) Education in Japan, A series of papers by the writer, printed in The Japan Mail of 1873-74, and reprinted in the educaNote 286 · Footnote 44: (return) Japan: in Literature, Folk-Lore, and Art, p. 77.Note 287 · Footnote 45: (return) Japanese Education at the Philadelphia Exposition, New York, 1876.Note 288 · Footnote 46: (return) See Japanese Literature, by E.M. Satow, in The American Cyclopædia.Note 289 · Footnote 47: (return) The word bonze (Japanese bon-so or bozu, Chinese fan-sung) means an ordinary member of the congregation, just as the JNote 290 · Footnote 48: (return) See On the Early History of Printing in Japan, by E.M. Satow, T.A.S.J., Vol. X., Part L, p. 48; Part II., p. 252.Note 291 · Footnote 49: (return) Japanese mediaeval monastery life has been ably pictured in English fiction by a scholar of imagination and literary pNote 292 · Footnote 50: (return) It is curious that while the anti-Christian polemics of the Japanese Buddhists have used the words of Jesus, "I came tNote 293 · Footnote 51: (return) See Public Charity in Japan, Japan Mail, 1893; and The Annual (Appleton's) Cyclopaedia for 1893.Note 294 · Footnote 52: (return) I have some good reasons for making this suggestion. Yokoi Héishiro had dwelt for some time in Fukui, a few rods away Note 295 · Footnote 53: (return) In the colorless and unsentimental language of government publications, the Japanese edict of emancipation, issued to Note 296 · Footnote 54: (return) In English fiction, see The Eta Maiden and the Hatamoto, in Mitford's Tales of Old Japan, Vol. I., pp. 210-245. DiscusNote 297 · Footnote 55: (return) "Then the venerable Sāriputra said to that daughter of Sagara, the Nāga-king: 'Thou hast conceived the idea of enlightNote 298 · Footnote 56: (return) Chiū-jō-himé was the first Japanese nun, and the only woman who is commemorated by an idol. "She extracted the fibres Note 299 · Footnote 57: (return) M.E., p. 213; Japanese Women, World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893, Chap. III.Note 300 · Footnote 58: (return) There is no passage in the original Greek texts, or in the Revised Version of the New Testament which ascribes wings tNote 301 · Footnote 59: (return) Japanese Women in Politics, Chap. I., Japanese Women, Chicago, 1893; Japanese Girls and Women, Chapters VI. and VII.Note 302 · Footnote 60: (return) Bakin's novels are dominated by this idea, while also preaching in fiction strict Confucianism. See A Captive of Love,Note 303 · Footnote 61: (return) "Fate is one of the great words of the East. Japan's language is loaded and overloaded with it. Parents are forever saNote 304 · Footnote 1: (return) See for a fine example of this, Mr. C. Meriwether's Life of Daté Masamuné, T.A.S.J., Vol. XXI., pp. 3-106. See also TheNote 305 · Footnote 2: (return) See M.E., p. 280; Rein's Japan, p. 312; Shigétaka Shiga's History of Nations, p. 139, quoting from M.E. (p. 258).Note 306 · Footnote 3: (return) M.E., 195.Note 307 · Footnote 4: (return) The Japan Mail of April and May, 1894, contains a translation from the Japanese, with but little new matter, however, oNote 308 · Footnote 5: (return) The "Firando" of the old books. See Cock's Diary. It is difficult at first to recognize the Japanese originals of some Note 309 · Footnote 6: (return) See Mr. E.M. Matow's Vicissitudes of the Church at Yamaguchi. T.A.S.J., Vol. VII., pp. 131-156.Note 310 · Footnote 7: (return) Nobunaga was Nai Dai Jin, Inner (Junior) Prime Minister, one in the triple premiership, peculiar to Korea and Old JapanNote 311 · Footnote 8: (return) See The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, by E. Satow, 1591-1610 (privately printed, London, 1888). Review of the same by Note 312 · Footnote 9: (return) Histoire de l'Église, Vol. I, p. 490; Rein, p. 277. Takayama is spoken of in the Jesuit Records as Jûsto Ucondono. A cuNote 313 · Footnote 10: (return) How Hidéyoshi made use of the Shin sect of Buddhists to betray the Satsuma clansmen is graphically told in Mr. J.H. GuNote 314 · Footnote 11: (return) Corea the Hermit Nation, Chaps. XII.-XXI., pp. 121-123; Mr. W.G. Aston's Hidéyoshi's Invasion of Korea, T.A.S.J., Vol.Note 315 · Footnote 12: (return) Brave Little Holland and What She Taught Us, Boston, 1893, p. 247.Note 316 · Footnote 13: (return) See picture and description of this temple—"fairly typical of Japanese Buddhist architecture," Chamberlain's Handbook Note 317 · Footnote 14: (return) T.A.S.J., see Vol. VI., pp. 46, 51, for the text of the edicts.Note 318 · Footnote 15: (return) M.E., p. 262, Chamberlain's Handbook for Japan, p. 59.Note 319 · Footnote 16: (return) The Origin of Spanish and Portuguese Rivalry in Japan, by E.M. Satow, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVIII., p. 133.Note 320 · Footnote 17: (return) See Chapter VIII., W.G. Dixon's Gleanings from Japan.Note 321 · Footnote 18: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. VI., pp. 48-50.Note 322 · Footnote 19: (return) In the inscription upon the great bell, at the temple containing the image of Dai Butsŭ or Great Buddha, reared by HidNote 323 · Footnote 20: (return) I have found the Astor Library in New York especially rich in works of this sort.Note 324 · Footnote 21: (return) Nitobé's United States and Japan, p. 13, note.Note 325 · Footnote 22: (return) This insurrection has received literary treatment at the hands of the Japanese in Shimabara, translated in The Far EasNote 326 · Footnote 23: (return) "Persecution extirpated Christianity from Japan."—History of Rationalism, Vol. II, p. 15.Note 327 · Footnote 24: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. VI., Part I., p. 62; M.E. pp. 531, 573.Note 328 · Footnote 25: (return) Political, despite the attempt of many earnest members of the order to check this tendency to intermeddle in politics;Note 329 · Footnote 26: (return) See abundant illustration in Léon Pagés' Histoire de la Religion Chrétienne en Japon, a book which the author read whiNote 330 · Footnote 27: (return) The Japan Evangelist, Vol. I., No. 2, p. 96.Note 331 · Footnote 1: (return) See Diary of Richard Cocks, and Introduction by R.M. Thompson, Hakluyt Publications, 1883.Note 332 · Footnote 2: (return) For the extent of Japanese influence abroad, see M.E., p. 246; Rein, Nitobe, and Hildreth; Modern Japanese Adventurers,Note 333 · Footnote 3: (return) The United States and Japan, p. 16.Note 334 · Footnote 4: (return) See Professor J.H. Wigmore's elaborate work, Materials for the Study of Private Law in Old Japan, T.A.S.J., Tōkiō, 1892Note 335 · Footnote 5: (return) See the Legacy of Iyéyasŭ, by John Frederic Lowder, Yokohama, 1874, with criticisms and discussions by E.M. Satow and oNote 336 · Footnote 6: (return) Old Japan in the days of its inclusiveness was a secret society on a vast scale, with every variety and degree of selfiNote 337 · Footnote 7: (return) Since the abolition of feudalism, with the increase of the means of transportation, the larger freedom, and, at many poNote 338 · Footnote 8: (return) For the notable instance of Pere Sidotti, see M.E, p. 63; Séi Yō Ki Buu, by S.R. Brown, D.D., a translation of Arai HakNote 339 · Footnote 9: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. I., p. 78, Vol. VII., p. 323.Note 340 · Footnote 10: (return) See Matthew Calbraith Perry, Boston, 1887.Note 341 · Footnote 11: (return) See the author's Townsend Harris, First American Minister to Japan, The Atlantic Monthly, August, 1891.Note 342 · Footnote 12: (return) See Honda the Samurai, Boston, 1890; Nitobe's United States and Japan; The Japan Mail passim; Dr. G.F. Verbeck's HistoNote 343 · Footnote 13: (return) A typical instance was that of Rin Shihei, born 1737, author of Sun Koku Tsu Ran to Setsu, translated into French by KNote 344 · Footnote 14: (return) Rein, pp. 336, 337Note 345 · Footnote 15: (return) Rein, p. 339; The Early Study of Dutch in Japan, by K. Mitsukuri, T.A.S.J., Vol. V., p. 209; History of the Progress oNote 346 · Footnote 16: (return) Honda the Samurai, pp. 249-251; Nitobé, 25-27.Note 347 · Footnote 17: (return) The Tokugawa Princes of Mito, by Professor E. W. Clement, T.A.S.J., Vol. XVIII, p. 14; Nitobé's United States and JapaNote 348 · Footnote 18: (return) M.E. (6 Ed.), p. 608; Adams's History of Japan, Vol. II., p. 171.Note 349 · Footnote 19: (return) See the text of the anti-Christian edicts, M.E., p. 369.Note 350 · Footnote 20: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. XX., p. 17.Note 351 · Footnote 21: (return) T.A.S.J., Vol. IX., p. 134.Note 352 · Footnote 22: (return) Tales of Old Japan, Vol. II., p. 125; A Japanese Buddhist Preacher, by Professor M.K. Shimomura, in the New York IndepNote 353 · Footnote 23: (return) On Sunday, November 29, 1857, Mr. Harris, resting at Kawasaki, over Sunday, on his way to Yedo and audience of the ShōNote 354 · Footnote 24: (return) See a paper written by the author and read at the World's Columbian Exhibition Congress of Missions, Chicago, SeptembeNote 355 · Footnote 25: (return) This embassy was planned and first proposed to the Junior premier, Tomomi Iwakura, and the route arranged by the Rev. Note 356 · Footnote 26: (return) A somewhat voluminous native Japanese literature is the result of the various embassies and individual pilgrimages abr