THE QUARTERLY OF THE Oregon Historical Society. (continued 3)

Newell and he already neighbors, from this time forward had a potent influence among the French-Canadian farmers. Both were admirers of Doctor McLoughlin, and Rees' influence was greatly enhanced by his taking the finishing of the Catholic Church at Saint Louis, and by writing brief tributes to their lives as they passed to the other side. From his genial social nature it was easy for Mr. Rees to give these retired engagees of the Hudson Bay Company information as to what these newly formed relations to the United States Government required of them, in which he was aided by neighbors and friends—Doctor Newell and F. X. Mathieu. It was his pleasure and pastime to learn of the later life, death and burial in the French settlement of two of the gallant band, Philip Degrett and Francis Rivet, [The authoritative lists of the Lewis and Clark Company does not contain these two names.—Ed.] who followed the lead of Lewis and Clark from the sources of the Columbia to the ocean in 1805, and to give to the historian a transcript of the first Catholic parish registry, including the names and ages of Gervais, Lucier, Cannon, Labonte, and Dubruil, who came with Hunt in 1811.

In 1847 Mr. Rees was elected as a colleague of his friend Dr. Newell. Wm. H. Rector, A. Chamberlain and Anderson Cox being the other members representing Champoeg County in the lower house of the Oregon legislature. From the foregoing causes and his steady patriotism Mr. Rees became a potent influence in sending young men from the French settlement to the fighting field in the Cayuse country on the Whitman massacre, himself going as regimental commissary agent.

As the troops were retiring from the Cayuse country, gold was discovered in California and many of the soldiers were amongst the first to go to the mines, Willard H. Rees of the number. A larger proportion of the French half-breeds never returned than of the Americans, and from 1849 the Canadian settlement began to disintegrate. As the pioneer settlement died, Rees's ready pen gave them kindly notice. In the period between 1850 and 1860 he was watchful and active, but never for himself; being of Whig antecedents it was natural for him to help in the formation of the Union party, and that he did; also, being a leader in the formation of the Pioneer Association, the pages of its annual publications will furnish the future historical gleaner many valuable points there inserted by the pen of Willard H. Rees.

The death of his body at 83 years is not reasonable cause of mourning; his nearest friends have had cause for sadness in the slow and gradual mental decay which was perceptible to them for many years before the final end. A change, slight and unperceived by ordinary observers, was noted by his intimate friends as far back as 1879, when a few lines in the annual address to the pioneers prepared by him but which he was unable to attend and deliver, and were well read by F. M. Bewley, seemed unlike the Rees of 1859. Yet in that address he characteristically goes to the very beginning of social free and easy interchange of personal views on the life of the times of 1845-6. This early social life expressed itself through an organization called the Pioneer Lyceum and Literary Club, and he thus speaks of it: "The following are the names Charlie Pickett had on the membership roll. They were at times widely scattered and are designated upon the roll as regular and visiting members:

"John H. Couch, F. W. Pettygrove, J. M. Woir, A. L. Lovejoy, J. Applegate, S. W. Moss, Robert Newell, J. W. Nesmith, Ed Otie, H. A. G. Lee, F. Prigg, C. E. Pickett, Wm. C. Dement, Medorum Crawford, Hiram Strait, J. Wambaugh, Wm. Cushing, Philip Foster, Ransom Clark, H. H. Hide (Hyde?), John G. Campbell, Top McGruder, W. H. Rees, Mark Ford, Henry Saffren, Noyes Smith, Daniel Waldo, P. G. Stewart, Isaac W. Smith, Joseph Watt, Frank Ematinger, A. E. Wilson, Jacob Hoover, S. M. Holderness, John Minto, Barton Lee, General Husted, and John P. Brooks.

"Perhaps a more congenial, easy-going, self-satisfying club has never since congregated in the old capital city and under changed condition of affairs, especially in fashions so strikingly different from the unique and richly colored costumes of that day, never will the good people of our spray-bedewed old city rest upon the like again." The names are given as history, the last quotation as a sample of Mr. Rees's quiet humor.

Now an end of life by natural law is not a proper subject of mourning. Willard H. Rees did not so regard it, when his generous kindness led him to collect the most praiseworthy incidents of very earliest and most unlettered of the pioneers from those coming with Lewis and Clark and Astor's enterprise to those better informed who came after he himself was here. The contributions of Willard H. Rees, J. W. Nesmith, and M. P. Deady to the Oregon Pioneer Association publication would alone constitute no mean volume of the history of Oregon, beginning with retired Canadian hunters and trappers who by cultivating the soil of Oregon and creating a magazine of supplies to the American homebuilders unawares were cultivating the seeds of civilization aided and foreseen by the Applegates, Burnetts, Waldos, Nesmiths, Rees, and others who managed a bloodless victory over the pro-British occupation of Oregon.

SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF JOSEPH HOLMAN.

Joseph Holman was born at Little Torrington, Devonshire, England, August 20, 1815. His parents were John and Elizabeth Holman. His father was a mechanic, and manufacturer of agricultural implements, and died when Joseph was quite young, leaving two older sons. The eldest son carried on his father's business, the younger brothers living with him to learn the trade.

When Joseph was sixteen years of age, the second brother emigrated to Canada and sent such good reports of large wages for mechanics that when Joseph was eighteen his elder brother allowed him to follow, though bound to him until twenty-one. In 1833 Joseph took passage on the ship "Eliza" for Canada and landed at Prince Edward's Island where the ship was seized for debt, which detained the passengers some weeks, the creditors furnishing codfish and potatoes only, for food. The ship finally sailed for Quebec and to London, in Canada, where Joseph found his brother, and worked in that place for several years, but disliked the rough ways of that early time. He went alone to New Lisbon, Ohio, where he worked at wagon making for a year. Hearing much of the so-called West at that time, he went to Peoria, Illinois, found work and lived two years there. During that time, Jason Lee, on his way from Oregon to the East, stopped at Peoria and lectured on Oregon. In the spring of 1839 eighteen persons agreed to go to Oregon and settle there. Joseph Holman had ideas of a large city at the mouth of the Columbia River, and he wanted to be one to help take the claim. The party started west with horses and wagons. At Independence, Missouri, they sold the wagons and bought mules to carry packs. Mr. Farnham was chosen captain. They traveled to Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River without mishap, and to Bent's Fort on the Platte River [generally called St. Vrain's] became demoralized. Some went back, Mr. Farnham went to Santa Fé, others went through the next year, but Joseph Holman, with Cook, Fletcher and Kilbourn, determined to go to Oregon. While away from the fort to get dry buffalo meat for food the Indians stole their horses. They worked at the fort until they earned more horses, and late in the fall the four started alone and reached Green River, in the Rocky Mountains, and camped in a sheltered place called "Brown's Hole," also Joe Meek, Doctor Newell, Cary and others. Joseph Holman's mechanical knowledge helped him here, for he stocked guns, made saddles for Indians, and received an extra horse and beaver skins (as good as money) in return. Doctor Newell decided to start early in the spring, with the beaver skins to Fort Hall, in Idaho, to avoid Indian war parties who would be out later on. They were caught in the snow and nearly perished. Where Doctor Newell expected to see buffalo they did not see one. They were four days without any food, until they met a Digger Indian woman who sold them her two dogs. After that they now and then killed an antelope until they reached Fort Hall where they remained three weeks to recuperate themselves and horses. Doctor Newell remained here. The four young men left with a Hudson Bay agent for Fort Boise, but went alone from there to Walla Walla, arriving there May 1, 1840; from there down the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver, was the hardest part of the trip, especially from The Dalles to Fort Vancouver, on the north side of the Columbia. The water was high at that season of the year, had covered the Indian trail on the bank of the river, and they were obliged to lead their ponies over the bluffs to Fort Vancouver, a fact Doctor McLaughlin could hardly believe when they arrived, at 11 o'clock June 1, 1840. In the afternoon of the same day a ship arrived at Fort Vancouver from New York, with forty Methodist missionaries to teach and convert the Indians. A Miss Almira Phelps, from Springfield, Massachusetts, was one, to whom Joseph was married in less than a year. He was twenty-six years of age, and even then showed a progressive spirit. The four, Mr. Cooke, Mr. Fletcher, Mr. Kilbourn, and Joseph Holman, rode around looking for places to settle. They took up land and built a cabin. The Methodist mission employed them for a time and paid them in stock.

Joseph Holman cut the first stick of timber on the present town site of Salem, and just back of the asylum for the insane he took up his claim of land, which was a mile square. He rode a horse to the east, to the north, to the west, to the south, and staked it. Years afterward surveyors said he surveyed it correctly on his horse, a mile square. Mrs. John H. Albert, now living, was born on this land, Joseph Holman's eldest daughter. His only son, George Phelps Holman, was the first white child born in Salem, or the county.

Joseph Holman's heart and soul were for Oregon, for its building up, its prosperity. His loyalty was unbounded. He was honest, affectionate, and true.

This short statement was dictated by Mr Joseph Holman to his wife during his last illness in 1880. He was on a lounge, and told these facts, and she penciled them down and copied them June 27, 1902, in the present form.

DOCUMENTS.

Letter of fur traders Jedediah S. Smith, David E. Jackson, and Wm. L. Sublette—1830.

Gives an account of the taking of the first wagons to the Rocky Mountains and of the Hudson's Bay Company post, Fort Vancouver, and its operations in the Oregon Country. An argument for the termination of the convention of 1818.

The letter of Smith, Jackson, and Sublette forms part of Senate Executive Documents 39, 21st Congress, 2d session, pp. 21-23. The whole document is taken up with a consideration of "the state of the British establishments in the valley of the Columbia, and the state of the fur trade, as carried on by the citizens of the United States and the Hudson's Bay Company," as shown in the communications of Gen. W. H. Ashley, Joshua Pilcher, J. D. Smith, David E. Jackson, and W. L. Sublette, and William Clark and Lewis Cass.

St. Louis, October 29, 1830.

Sir: The business commenced by General Ashley some years ago, of taking furs from the United States territory beyond the Rocky Mountains has since been continued by Jedediah S. Smith, David E. Jackson, and William L. Sublette, under the firm of Smith, Jackson, and Sublette. They commenced business in 1826, and have since continued it, and have made observations and gained information which they think it important to communicate to the government. The number of men they have employed has usually been from eighty to one hundred and eighty; and with these, divided into parties, they have traversed every part of the country west of the Rocky Mountains, from the peninsula of California to the mouth of the Columbia River. Pack horses, or rather mules, were at first used, but in the beginning of the present year, it was determined to try wagons, and in the month of April last, on the 10th day of the month, a caravan of ten wagons, drawn by five mules each, and two dearborns, drawn by one mule each, set out from St. Louis. We have eighty-one men in company, all mounted on mules, and these were exclusive of a party left in the mountains. Our route from St. Louis was nearly due west to the western limits of the state and thence along the Santa Fé trail about forty miles, from which the course was some degrees north of west, across the waters of the Kanzas, and up the Great Platte River, to the Rocky Mountains, and to the head of Wind River, where it issues from the mountains. This took us until the 16th of July, and was as far as we wished the wagons to go, as the furs to be brought in were to be collected at this place, which is, or was this year, the great rendezvous of the persons engaged in that business. Here the wagons could easily have crossed the Rocky Mountains, it being what is called the Southern [South] Pass, had it been desirable for them to do so, which it was not for the reason stated. For our support, at leaving the Missouri settlements, until we should get into the buffalo country, we drove twelve head of cattle, beside a milk cow. Eight of these only being required for use before we got to the buffaloes, the others went on to the head of Wind River. We began to fall in with the buffaloes on the Platte, about three hundred and fifty miles from the white settlements, and from that time lived on buffaloes, the quantity being infinitely beyond what we needed. On the fourth of August, the wagons being in the meantime loaded with furs which had been previously taken, we set out on the return to St. Louis. All the high points of the mountains then in view were white with snow, but the passes and valleys, and all the level country, were green with grass. Our route back was over the same ground nearly as in going out, and we arrived at St. Louis on the 10th of October, bringing back the ten wagons, the dearborns being left behind; four of the oxen and the milk cow were also brought back to the settlements in Missouri, as we did not need them for provision. Our men were all healthy during the whole time, we suffered nothing by the Indians, and had no accident but the death of one man, being buried under a bank of earth that fell in upon him, and another being crippled at the same time. Of the mules, we lost but one by fatigue, and two horses stolen by the Kanzas Indians; the grass being, along the whole route going and coming, sufficient for the support of the horses and mules. The usual weight in the wagons was about one thousand eight hundred pounds. The usual progress of the wagons was from fifteen to twenty-five miles per day. The country being almost all open, level, and prairie, the chief obstructions were ravines and creeks, the banks of which required cutting down, and for this purpose a few pioneers were generally kept ahead of the caravan. This is the first time that wagons ever went to the Rocky Mountains, and the ease and safety with which it was done prove the facility of communicating overland with the Pacific Ocean. The route from the Southern Pass, where the wagons stopped, to the Great Falls of the Columbia, being easier and better than on this side of the mountains, with grass enough for horses and mules, but a scarcity of game for the support of men. One of the undersigned, to wit, Jedediah S. Smith, in his excursion west of the mountains, arrived at the post of the Hudson's Bay Company, called Fort Vancouver, near the mouth of Multnomah River. He arrived there in August, 1828, and left the 12th of March, 1829, and made observations which he deems it material to communicate to the government. Fort Vancouver is situated on the north side of the Columbia, five miles above the mouth of the Multnomah, in a handsome prairie, and on a second bank about three quarters of a mile from the river. This is the fort as it stood when he arrived there; but a large one, three hundred feet square about three quarters of a mile lower down, and within two hundred yards of the river, was commenced the spring he came away. Twelve pounders were the heaviest cannon which he saw. The crop of 1828 was seven hundred bushels of wheat, the grain full and plump, and making good flour, fourteen acres of corn, the same number of acres in peas, eight acres of oats, four or five acres of barley, a fine garden, some small apple trees, and grape vines. The ensuing spring eighty bushels of seed wheat were sown. About two hundred head of cattle, fifty horses and breeding mares, three hundred head of hogs, fourteen goats, the usual domestic fowls. They have mechanics of various kinds, to wit, blacksmiths, gunsmiths, carpenters, coopers, tinner, and baker. A good saw mill on the bank of the river five miles above, a grist mill worked by hand, but intended to work by water. They had built two coasting vessels, one of which was then on a voyage to the Sandwich Islands. No English or white woman was at the fort, but a great number of mixed blood Indian extraction, such as belong to the British fur trading establishments, who were treated as wives, and the families of children taken care of accordingly. So that everything seemed to combine to prove that this fort was to be a permanent establishment. At Fort Vancouver the goods for the Indian trade are imported from London, and enter the territories of the United States paying no duties, and from the same point the furs taken on the other side of the mountains are shipped. The annual quantity of these furs could not be exactly ascertained, but Mr. Smith was informed indirectly that they amounted to about thirty thousand beaver skins, besides otter skins and small furs. The beaver skins alone, at New York prices, would be worth above two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. To obtain these furs, both trapping and trading are resorted to. Various parties, provided with traps, spread over the country south of the Columbia to the neighborhood of the Mexican territory, and in 1824 and 1825 they crossed the Rocky Mountains and trapped on the waters of the Missouri River. They do not trap north of latitude 49 degrees, but confine that business to the territory of the United States. Thus this territory, being trapped by both parties, is nearly exhausted of beavers, and unless the British can be stopped, will soon be entirely exhausted, and no place left within the United States where beaver fur in any quantity can be obtained.

The inequality of the convention with Great Britain in 1818 is most glaring and apparent, and its continuance is a great and manifest injury to the United States. The privileges granted by it have enabled the British to take possession of the Columbia River, and spread over the country south of it; while no Americans have ever gone, or can venture to go on the British side. The interest of the United States and her citizens engaged in the fur trade requires that the convention of 1818 should be terminated, and each nation confined to its own territories. By this commercial interest there are other considerations requiring the same result. These are, the influence which the British have already acquired over the Indians in that quarter, and the prospect of a British colony, and a military and naval station on the Columbia. Their influence over the Indians is now decisive. Of this the Americans have constant and striking proofs, in the preference which they give to the British in every particular.

In saying this, it is an act of justice to say, also, that the treatment received by Mr. Smith at Fort Vancouver was kind and hospitable; that, personally, he owes thanks to Governor Simpson and the gentlemen of the Hudson's Bay Company, for the hospitable entertainment which he received from them, and for the efficient and successful aid which they gave him in recovering from the Umquah Indians a quantity of fur and many horses, of which these Indians had robbed him in 1828.

As to the injury which must happen to the United States from the British getting the control of all the Indians beyond the mountains, building and repairing ships in the tide water region of the Columbia, and having a station there for their privateers and vessels of war, is too obvious to need a recapitulation. The object of this communication being to state facts to the Government, and to show the facility of crossing the continent to the Great Falls of the Columbia with wagons, the ease of supporting any number of men by driving cattle to supply them where there was no buffalo, and also to show the true nature of the British establishments on the Columbia, and the unequal operation of the convention of 1818.

These facts being communicated to the Government, they consider that they have complied with their duty, and rendered an acceptable service to the administration; and respectfully request you, sir, to lay it before President Jackson.

We have the honor to be sir, yours, respectfully,

Jedediah S. Smith, David E. Jackson, W. L. Sublette.

To the Hon. John H. Eaton, Secretary of War.

Excerpts from St. Louis papers, 1832-1848, on the migration to and settlement of Oregon.

The Missouri Republican, July 5, 1831.

The American Society for encouraging the settlement of Oregon Territory, propose to enlist 1000 men for the purpose, to rendezvous in this city January next. Each man will receive gratuitously a lot of land. There is said to be "an immense water power up the Wallamott or Mulnomah."

Republican, November 8, 1831.

An unlucky little paragraph of ours in relation to the prosperous colony at the mouth of the Columbia River has been the source of much trouble to us. We have been frequently addressed both by letter and in person for information upon the subject, without having the means of replying satisfactorily to querists. * * * We cannot now state whether the plan has been abandoned, but time has passed by when the adventurers were to have assembled here. The project originated in Boston, where, we believe, the principal officers of the society reside.

Republican, April 24, 1832.

OREGON COLONY.

Thirty-six persons attached to this colony arrived in this city Friday last. They have since proceeded on their way.

St. Louis New Era, February 14, 1843.

OREGON, THE NEW ELDORADO.

We derive from a long letter in the National Intelligencer the following sketch of the Territory beyond the Rocky Mts., which is now the theme of debate in the U. S. Senate.

Newark Advertiser.

"Within a few years several Americans, of whom the writer is one, have crossed the Rocky Mts., to the mouth of the Columbia, with objects entirely unconnected with trade or commerce. Mine was a desire to see a new country, a love of adventure for its own sake, and an enthusiastic fondness for natural history. The party with which I traveled left Independence, Mo., about the latter part of April, 1834, and arrived at the British Fort, Vancouver, in September, having performed the whole journey on horseback. From this time until October, 1836, with the exception of the first winter which I passed at the Sandwich Islands, my residence was in the Territory of Oregon. Dr. McLoughlin, chief factor, treated me with uniform and singular kindness, supplying all my wants and furnishing me with every facility in the prosecution of my plans. This is, I believe, the uniform character of the Superintendents of British forts in that country. Travelers, naturalists, and all who are not traders are kindly and hospitably treated, but the moment a visitor is known to trade a beaver skin from an Indian, that moment he is ejected from the community. The company has a sum of money amounting to several thousand pounds sterling, laid aside at Vancouver for the sole purpose of opposing all who may come to interfere with its monopoly, by purchasing at exhorbitant prices all the furs in possession of the Indians, and thus forcing the settler to come to terms or driving him from the country. If it be an individual who is thus starved into submission he then usually clears a piece of land on the Willamette River, takes an Indian wife, and purchases furs of the natives, which, by previous contract, he is bound to sell to the company at an advance which is fixed by the governor.

Ft. Vancouver, the principal trading post of the Oregon, stands on the north bank of the river, about 90 miles from the mouth. The fort consists of several dwellings, storehouses, workshops, etc., all of frame arranged together in quadrilateral form, and surrounded by a stockade of pine logs about 20 ft. high. The Ft. has no bastions, and contains no armament. There are, to be sure, 4 great guns frowning in front of the governor's mansion, 2 long 18s and 2 9-pounders, but two of them have long been spiked and the others are unfit for service.

The rainy season begins here about the middle of October and continues until the first of April. During this period the weather is almost uniformly dull, foggy, or rainy. Sometimes rain falls incessantly for the space of 2 or 3 weeks. Occasionally, during the winter months, there will be a light fall of snow, and in the winter of 1835-6 the river was frozen over. The intensity of cold, however, continued but a few days and was said to be very unusual. The general range of the thermometer, (Fahr.) during that season was from 36-48 degrees, but for 3 or 4 days was as low as 25 degrees.

In the vicinity of Ft. Vancouver, the cattle graze during the whole winter; no stabling or stall feeding is ever requisite, as the extensive plains produce the finest and most abundant crops of excellent prairie grass. In choosing a site for settlement on the main river, it is always necessary to bear in mind the periodical inundations. Ft. Vancouver itself, though built on a high piece of land at a distance of 600 yards from the common rise of the tides, is sometimes almost reached by the freshets of early spring. The soil here, on both sides of the river is a rich black loam, the base being basaltic rock.

The face of the country from Ft. George, (Astoria,) to Vancouver, a distance of 80 miles, is very much of a uniform character, consisting of alluvial meadows, along the river-side, alternating with forests of oak, pine, etc., while behind are extensive plains, some of which receive estuaries of the river, while others are watered by lakes or ponds. The pine forests are very extensive, the trees being of great size, and the timber extraordinarily beautiful. All the timber of the genus pinus is gigantic. I measured with Dr. Gairdner, surgeon of the fort, a pine of the species Douglass, which had been prostrated by the wind. Its height was above 200 ft., and its circumference 45 feet. Large as was this specimen, its dimensions are much exceeded by one measured by the late David Douglas. The height of this tree was nearly 300 ft., and the circumference 56 ft. Cones of this pine, according to Mr. D., were 12 to 15 inches long, resembling in size and form sugar loaves. Oak timber of various kinds is abundant along the river, as well as button wood, balsam, poplar, ash, sweet gum, beech, and many other useful kinds, but no hickory or walnut. The governor of Ft. Vancouver, who is an active agriculturist, has exerted himself for several years in raising whatever appears adapted to the soil. Wheat, rye, barley, pease, and culinary vegetables of all kinds are raised in ample quantity. Fruits of various kinds, apples, peaches, plums, etc., do remarkably well. I remember being particularly struck, upon my arrival at Vancouver in the autumn, with the display of apples in the garden of the fort. Trees were crowded with fruit, so that every limb had to be sustained with a prop. Apples were literally packed along the branches, and so closely that I could compare them to nothing more aptly than ropes of onions. In the vicinity of Walla Walla or the Ney [z] Perce's Fort, the country in every condition for many miles exhibits an arid and cheerless prospect. The soil is deep sand, and the plain upon which the fort stands produces nothing but bushes of aromatic wormwood. Along the borders of the small streams, however, the soil is exceedingly rich and productive, and on these strips of land the superintendent raises his corn and the vegetables necessary for the consumption of his people. The prong-horned antelope occasionally ranged these plains; black-tailed or mule deer is found in the vicinity; grouse of several species are very abundant, and large prairie hare is common. In autumn and winter, in the vicinity of Ft. Vancouver, ducks, geese, and swans swarm in immense numbers. These are killed by the Indians and taken to the Ft. as articles of trade. For a single duck, one load of powder and shot is given; for a goose, 2; and for a swan, 4 loads. For deer 10 loads of ammunition, or a bottle of rum is the usual price. Early in May salmon are first seen entering the river, and the Columbia and all its tributaries teem with these delicious fish. The Indians take great numbers by various modes, subsisting almost wholly on them during their stay, and drying and packing them away in thatched huts to be used for their winter store. Salmon also forms a chief article of food for the inmates of the fort, and hundreds of casks are salted down every season.

About 20 miles above this, in the Wallamet Valley, is the spot chosen by the Methodist missionaries for their settlement, and here also, a considerable number of retired servants of the company had established themselves. The soil of this delightful valley is rich beyond comparison, and the climate considerably milder than that of Vancouver. Rain rarely falls, even in the winter season, but dews are sufficiently heavy to compensate for its absence. The epidemic of the country, ague, is rarely known here. In short, the Wallamet Valley is a terrestrial paradise, to which I have known some to exhibit so strong an attachment as to declare that notwithstanding the few privations which must necessarily be experienced by settlers of a new country, no consideration would ever induce them to return to their former homes."

J. K. T. [Townsend].

Washington, Jan. 26, 1843.

St. Louis New Era, Tuesday, February 28, 1843.

OREGON.

The following is an extract from a letter dated Honolulu, Oct. 30, 1842. "The town is now full of strangers, the Chenamus having brought some 19 passengers from the Oregon, who are returning home, disgusted with the people and the country. Then again, the Victoria brings a few families here on their way to the river to settle. They must be encouraged by meeting so many here, returning."

New Era, Thursday, March 9, 1843.

(Contains notice of "Travels in the Great Prairie Wilderness, the Anahuac and Rocky Mts., and in Oregon Territory," by T. J. Farnham; said to contain full account of a journey overland and the Methodist missions in the Territory. Notice copied into "Era" from N. Y. Tribune, from which office it is issued.)

Republican, July 22, 1843.

We learn from Maj. Albert Wilson who has just returned from the Mountains, that he met the Oregon emigrants on the big Arkansas [Platte], one month after they had left the settlements, and that they were cheerfully wending their way onwards. There were 1150 emigrants, 175 wagons, and a great number of cattle, horses, mules, etc., etc. Lord Stewart and his party of pleasure, consisting of 100 persons, were three days in advance of the Oregon emigrants.

Copied into Rep. from "Liberty Banner."

Republican, August 7, 1843.

A letter received from the emigrants, at Iowa City, some days since:

OREGON EMIGRATING CO.

June 10, 1843.

The return of a company of mountain traders to the settlements presents an opportunity for writing which I feel much inclined to embrace. We are now between 2 and 300 miles west of Independence, on the Blue river, a tributary of the Kansas, in good health and spirits. I regret to say that a division has taken place in the company, in consequence of the number of cattle driven by some, those having no cattle refusing to stand guard over stock belonging to others. The result of all this was that Capt. Burnett resigned command of the company, and the commander, in accordance with our regulations, ordered a new election, and so altered the by-laws that the commander should be called colonel, and also authorized the election of 4 captains, and 4 orderly sergeants. The cattle party selected myself as their candidate, those opposed selected Mr. Wm. Martin, an experienced mountaineer. There being a majority in opposition to the cattle party, Mr. Martin was elected, and a division of the company ensued. About 50 wagons, with those who had large droves of loose cattle, now left, with a general request that all in favor of traveling with them should fall back. I was particularly solicited to leave Martin's party, but as it would travel much the fastest, and Col. Martin was a very clever fellow, I declined. The new company, it is expected, will be commanded by Capt. Applegate. Our roads, since leaving the settlements have been very fine, except within the last few days, during which period they have been almost impassable in consequence of the tremendous rains, but they are again improving. We have had no trouble with the Indians, with the exception of horse and cattle stealing, and this business they have carried on pretty lively. I had a very fine mule and an ox stolen from me on the Kansas river, and we lost in all some 8 or 10 head of horses and mules. I believe there is not a case of sickness in camp, though old Mr. Stout, from Iowa, has a violent swelling in his eyes. Tell the boys from Iowa to come on with all the cattle and sheep they can get, and a company large enough to drive them.

Truly yours, etc.,

M. M. M. [McCarver].

P. S.—My friend, Mr. Henry Lee, from Iowa, has just been elected Capt. of one of the divisions. While writing, news has been brought in of the discovery of a dead Indian about one mile from this place, and freshly scalped, and nearly all the company have gone to see him. He was shot with arrows and is supposed to be a Pawnee, killed by a party of the Kansas Indians whom we met the other day, consisting of 200, with fresh scalps and fingers, which they said had been taken the day before.

Republican, Friday, September 6, 1843.

We have been favored with the perusal of a private letter from Bent's Fort, dated July 26. The writer is one of Mr. Fitzpatrick's party, and says that thus far their trip has been a severe one. The party has been delayed since the 14th inst., waiting for the arrival of Mr. Fremont, who left them on the 17th of June with 18 men. After progressing ahead some distance, he despatched an express back, requesting the rear party with Fitzpatrick not to move until he joined them, alleging as a reason that there were hostile Mexicans on their route. On the morning of the date of the letter, the writer says, they were dividing into two parties again, with the intention of meeting at Ft. Hall, Oregon, in about 4 days [weeks]. Fitzpatrick's party intended crossing the Platte that morning, and would take up its line of march over the mountains. He speaks of a slight difficulty with the Indians, but furnishes no particulars.

Republican, Friday, September 29, 1843.

We have received from Mr. Edward Hutwa a very handsome, and, as far as we have any means of judging, a correct lithograph map of the Oregon Territory, as claimed by the U. S., with a portion of the adjacent territory. The principal rivers, mountains, routes, trading depots, and the trading depots and forts of the Hudson's Bay Co., are laid down with accuracy. To those migrating to the Columbia, or to those wishing to study the topography of the country, this map will be of importance.

Republican, Wednesday, December 13, 1843.

A postscript to a letter from a gentleman in the Indian country, dated October 19, received by a gentleman of this city, says: "Ft. Hall, on the Oregon has been delivered up to Lt. Fremont, and it is believed that Ft. Vancouver soon will be." How far the report is reliable, we have no means of knowing, except that he and his party are in Oregon by the authority and direction of the United States Government.

Republican, Thursday, December 14, 1843.

We yesterday noticed a postscript of a letter from the Oregon country. We have since seen letters from Lt. Fremont and other men of his party, written at Ft. Hall, and bearing date of 20th September, which do not confirm the report alluded to. The silence of these letters as to the surrender of Ft. Hall is full assurance to us that the report is not correct. The letter before us, the statements of which are corroborated by Lt. Fremont, himself, says:—

"I arrived at this place (Ft. Hall) on the 13th inst., with my part of the caravan all safe and in tolerable order. * * * (Unimportant part skipped). Lt. Fremont, whom I parted with on the South fork of the Platte, and expected to meet at this place, joined us yesterday after making a survey of the Salt Lake, which he has done much to his satisfaction. The exploration and new routes which we have taken have made our trip tedious and very laborious, but, I hope it will be satisfactory to the Department. We leave tomorrow for the lower country, and find it necessary to let some of our men off on account of the scarcity of provisions, which are not to be had at this place. The full objects of the expedition, will, I hope, be completed ere we return. I shall leave the party in a few days for Walla Walla, or perhaps lower down, to provide necessary supplies for the completion of the business in that quarter. I can not say what time we will return to St. Louis; it is to be hoped before the adjournment of Congress. The emigrants passed this place some short time since, pretty well worn down and scarce of food. The Indians on the Columbia are expected to become troublesome to these newcomers. It is supposed they are induced to acts of violence by some persons as yet unknown. They have already burned Dr. Whitman's mill, and I fear it is not the last spark which will be kindled in the settlement and occupation of this country. The Hudson's Bay Company are improving and pushing their business, perhaps with greater energy than usual, Dr. McLoughlin is laying off towns on the Willamette, selling lots, etc. This is the report, and you can see that the Dr. is in advance of Dr. Linn's bill."

The foregoing is the latest news from Oregon, and may be relied upon as correct. Not the least interesting part of it is that which relates to the disposition of the Indians towards the emigrants. We have always believed that the Indians, backed and incited as they will be by agents and emissaries of the Hudson's Bay Co., and furnished as they doubtless will be, with arms and means of warfare from some source, would oppose the emigrants in making their settlements. That the country must be conquered before it is attained, we hardly entertain a doubt, and if we did, the supineness of our Government would only strengthen the belief. Why is it that our Government is so indifferent to the claims of the nation upon this territory, its wealth and possessions?

St. Louis Reveille, Oct. 21, 1844.

The Platte Argus contains a letter from "Multnomah City," Oregon, from which we make the following extracts. The killing of the Indian has been briefly mentioned heretofore.

"When I first came here, 19 months ago, there were but 4 or 5 houses, now there is upwards of 80 good buildings, nearly all of two stories, and 4 or 5 of three stories high. If there had been plenty of nails we should have had a number more up. If a supply of nails reaches us this spring, we shall have 200 houses before this reaches you, and some of these of brick, for a company from Baltimore are now building a brickyard. A tanyard is also being established. The fact is, we have mechanics of all kinds here, though not a tenth of the number of each kind required. The winter is past, but it was no winter. It was rather a blooming spring, for we had but little rain and no snow, and grass green all the time. We have had but two days' rain in the last 45. I saw cattle yesterday which had run all winter, in finer condition than I ever saw any in your state. Uncle Sam had better be doing something for this country, for if not, within three years it will be too late. You laugh, but if you live you will see it. Therefore stir them up, Mac, for we do not want trouble here, and would all rejoice if the star-spangled banner embraced us within its ample folds. Our flag flying by authority would make a vast difference here.

An Indian committed some outrages lately, and our sheriff endeavored in vain to arrest him; then offered $100 reward for the Indian, and went to his own house, 30 miles from this place. On Monday the Indian came into Oregon City, close to Dr. McLoughlin's mill, where some 25 or 30 men were at work. Winslow and some white men went to take him, and got close to him. He saw Winslow, fired his gun, which missed its mark, the ball lodging in a tree on this side of the river within 2 feet of me, for I was at work at my garden at the time. The Indian then fired his pistol, 2 balls from which lodged in the shoulder of G. W. LeBreton, clerk of the court, tearing his arm dreadfully. Mr. LeB. seized the Indian with the other hand, and then threw him down. Winslow then ran up and knocked out his brains. In the meantime, 5 other Indians fired their guns, and then their arrows, and wounded two men."

Reveille, November 4, 1844.

NEWS FROM OREGON.

The Western Expositor of Saturday last announces the arrival of Mr. Wm. Gilpin, formerly of this place, from Oregon. Mr. Gilpin passed the winter among the American settlements of the Willamette and the adjacent sea coast, and he describes them as enjoying prosperity when he left them in April last. The emigrant party of '43, which he accompanied, arrived at their destination in November last, "after having braved and overcome unparalleled dangers and difficulties from savages, from hunger, from thirst, crossing parched treeless plains, fierce angry rivers, and forcing their wagons through 1000 miles of mountains, declared impassable by the most experienced guides and voyageurs."

This accession swelled the population of Oregon to upwards of 2000, and they had formed a government, elected officers, established courts, and a record of land titles. "Farms," he says, "freckle the magnificent plains, towns are springing up at convenient points upon the rivers, a dozen of excellent mills supply lumber and flour for home use and export; the fisheries are not neglected, and lands are surveyed. A college, numerous schools, and several churches are scattering education amongst the young. Money has been sent from New York for a printing press and steam engine, cattle and stock of all kinds are accumulating and rapidly increasing under a mild climate and unfailing pastures. Provisions of all kinds are abundant, of most excellent quality and moderate prices."

Mr. Gilpin passed the trading fort of Bridger and Vasquez on the 19th of August. This fort is 100 miles west of Green River, and exactly half way from Independence to the Willamette. The American trappers scattered among the mountains had there collected to meet the emigrants of last spring; an advanced party of 30 of whom, with their wagons and cattle, passed on the 17th, two days later than the emigrants of the preceding year. Two larger companies behind, under the command of Gen. Gilliam and Col. Ford, passed subsequently, and all in good time reached the settlements before the setting in of winter.

Reveille, January 20, 1845.

OREGON.

We learn from a letter published in the Weston Journal, dated at the Sandwich Islands, that the Oregon emigrants who went out during the past season, have made great changes in business, money now circulating, and everything begins to assume the appearance of the civilization, business, trade, and refinements this side of the mountains.

Republican, February 8, 1848.

OREGON.

We see it stated in up-country papers that the late arrivals from Oregon furnished information that two parties of emigrants, dissatisfied with their prospects in that country, attempted to return home last winter, but were prevented by the difficulties of road and weather. We have never entertained a doubt that this disposition was uppermost with all the best portions of the emigration to that region; but obstacles are presented of such a character as to deter many persons from attempting to return. Emigrants from the states find the greatest difficulty in descending the mountain declivities into the valley of the Columbia River, but then their wagons have been relieved of a great part of the provisions and surplus weight, and they do get along. If they should attempt to return to the United States, however, a different prospect is presented. They must start amply provided with provisions and everything necessary for the journey, and thus loaded it has been deemed impossible to get wagons along over the mountains which they necessarily have to ascend in their progress. This cause alone has deterred many persons from making the attempt, and they have been compelled to accommodate themselves to a country and a condition of things in no respect better than they originally left. No man, in our opinion, who has a comfortable home in any of the states can be justified in giving it up in the expectation of bettering himself in Oregon. If he has a family, he does a gross injustice to them in exposing them to the hardships of so long and perilous a journey with no prospect of returning to their friends, should they become discontented; and even if an emigrant has nobody to care for but himself, he had better stay at home and earn an honest living, than go to Oregon and run the risk of working out a precarious one. For this reason we have never countenanced any one for whom we had the least respect in a journey to Oregon or California with a view to a fixed residence there. Neither country presents half the inducements to be found in any one of the Western states, and an adventure of this kind is prima facie evidence of a restless and discontented spirit, not likely to be pleased anywhere.

Republican, May 19, 1848.

On the 20th of November the Governor appointed Columbia Lancaster to be Supreme Judge of Oregon Territory, in place of J. Quinn Thornton, resigned. From some proceedings of the legislature of a subsequent period, we infer that Judge Thornton had left Oregon on a visit to Washington City, as a sort of general agent, to attend to the distribution of offices in the new territory. Of his arrival we have not heard, and it is probable that Mr. Meek may reach Washington before him.

[Then follows proceedings of legislature, resolutions, etc., intended to keep J. Q. T. from leaving the territory, quoted in full. Also Governor's message, expressing the disappointment at the failure of Congress to extend jurisdiction over that country, etc.]

Republican, July 26, 1848.

ARRIVAL OF MR. KIT CARSON FROM CALIFORNIA.

Information has been received by Gov. Mason in California of the difficulties between the Oregon settlers and Indians, but it does not appear to come down to a later date than that which we have received from Oregon direct.

Republican, August 2, 1848.

LATE FROM OREGON.

[General account of defense of Oregon regiment against Indians; death of Col. Gilliam, etc.]

NOTE—A CORRECTION.

The name "L. H. Ponjade" occurring on pages 268 and 269 of the September number of The Quarterly should be L. H. Poujade.

INDEX

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

Abbott, Captain, 237.

Abbott, L. G., 365.

Abrams, W. P., 60.

Abrams, C., 63.

Academy, Bishop Scott's, opened, 66.

Academy, St. Mary's, opened, 66.

Adair, Col. John, first collector customs at Astoria, 134, 135.

Adams, Henry, wrote history of United States, 7.

Adams, Emma H., 342.

Adams, W. L., 365.

Affleck & Gunn, publishers of Puget Sound Courier, 372.

Agriculture in United States, table of, 118.

Agriculture, 118-122; values, table of, 121.

Aiken, ——, 139.

Albert, Mrs. John H., 394.

Allen, Capt. B. F., wounded, 234.

Allen and Lewis, 197.

Allen, ——, 353.

Allen, George T., 265.

"All Over Oregon and Washington"; purpose of, 317.

Alta California, The, 376.

Alvarez, ——, consul at Santa Fé, 272.

Alvarado, Governor of California under Mexican rule, 311.

Alvord, General, 105.

Anderson, E. K., 229.

Angne [Augur?], Captain, 237.

Ankeny, Captain, 196.

American Antiquarian Society, 309.

Applegate, Jesse, 106, 390.

Argonaut, The San Francisco, 292.

Argus, The Puget Sound, 373.

Armstrong, Pleasant, 234.

Arundel, Harcourt T., employed by Bancroft, 303.

Astoria and Columbia River Railroad Company, 146.

Astoria and Willamette Barge Company, 136.

Astoria, Social and Economic History of, by Alfred A. Cleveland, 130.

Astor, John Jacob, 8, 9, 131.

Astorian, The, 28, 29, 30, 138; quotation from, 141, 142, 143.

Atkinson, John, 365.

"Atlantis Arisen," revision of "All Over Oregon and Washington," 317.

Augur, General, 105.

Babcock, Doctor, supreme judge of Oregon Territory, 285.

Badollet, and Company, 140.

Bagley, Clarence B., pioneer papers of Puget Sound, 365, 371, 377, 378, 379; business manager Courier, 381; owner and publisher Echo, 382.

Ball, John, teacher, 265.

Bailey, Doctor, 230; governor Oregon Territory, 1845, 285.

Bailey, W. E., purchased the Press, 383; purchased the Times, 384.

Baker, Colonel E. D., candidate for United States senator, 72, 93; elected United States senator, 94, 99; mustered into service, 101; reply to Breckinridge, 102; death of, 103.

Baker, Florence E., 84.

Baker and Boyer, 195.

Baker, D. S. & Company, 195.

Baker, Dr. D. S., the pioneer railroad builder, sketch of life, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200.

Baker Mills, The, 217.

Baltimore, J. M., 365.

Bancroft Pacific States Publications: The origin and authorship of, A History of A History, by William Alfred Morris, 289.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe, "The Macaulay of the West," 292; a sketch of early life and of growth of history project, 296; first venture as a literary man, 301; fame as historical writer, 310; method of collecting material, 324; three leading objects kept in mind in preparation of histories, 328; plan for works, 335; not a great American historical writer, 337; errors in works, 358.

Bancroft, H. H. & Company, firm of, organized, 297.

Bancroft's histories, vastness of the enterprise, 289; not all his own work, 291; parts written by assistants, 330.

Barclay, Mrs. Dr., 264.

Barclay, Doctor, 265.

Barnes, Mary Sheldon, 362.

Barnes, Edward, 230.

Barron, Major, 229.

Bates, Alfred, employed by Bancroft, 325, 363; sketch of life, 331.

Bausman, W., and Company, printers, of Northern Light, 372.

Beacon, The, 382.

Berry, A. M., first printer on the Oregonian, 370.

Berry, Pamelia Ann, 249.

Bent, Charles, 272.

Benton, Senator, 91, 157.

Bewley, F. M., 390.

Black, Capt. H. M., 99.

Blair, J. I., 248.

Besserer, Charles, 365.

Bidwell, Major, 222, 223.

"Blue Book, The Big," name for Iowa code of laws, 188.

"Blue Book, The Little," 188.

Bigelow, Daniel R., elected commissioner to draft code of laws for Oregon, 190, 191, 192.

Bernie, James, 132, 265.

Blakeley, James, 74.

Blanchet, Archbishop, 66, 269.

Blethen, Col. A. J., purchased The Times, 385.

Boelling, V., 22, 32.

Boardman, John, letter from, 276.

Boise, Reuben P., 167; elected commissioner to draft code of laws for Oregon, 190; elected state representative, 192, 194.

Bonneville, Captain, 359.

Boon, John L., 104.

Booth, A., & Company, 140.

Bohttink, Professor, 319.

Bowman, Amos, employed by Bancroft, 314.

Border Ruffians, 42.

Bosquetti, librarian for Bancroft, 299.

Boyer, John F., 195, 196.

Boyle, ——, 145.

Breckinridge, John C., nominated for president, 94, 101.

Breitenbush, John, 248.

Bridger, Jim, 113.

Brotchie, Captain, 265.

Brooks, John P., 390.

Brosset, M., 319.

Brown, ——, 26.

Brown, Miss, teacher, 29.

Brown, John, 42.

Brown, Hugh, founder of Brownsville, 74.

Brown, F. M., 74.

Brown, Beriah, 365, 372; editor Puget Sound Dispatch, 377; publisher Puget Sound Dispatch, 379.

Brown, J. Henry, employed by Bancroft, 314.

Buchanan, Lieutenant Colonel, 99, 237, 238.

Buchanan, President, 126.

Buffalo Historical Society, 309.

Bulletin, The, 317, 369.

Burnett, Peter H., 11, 78, 256, 271; letters of taken from Ohio Statesman and St. Louis Reporter, 180.

Burnett, John, 365.

Bush, Asahel, territorial printer, 192, 193, 365; editor Oregon Statesman, 370.

Burke, Thomas, 379.

Butler, Hillory, 378.

Butler, Henry, 104.

Butterfield, John, 126.

Byers, ——, founder Rocky Mountain News, 327.

Calapooia, The Upper, by George O. Goodall, 70.

Call and Daily Press consolidated, 383.

California Pioneers, Society of, 294, 351.

California material, how collected by Bancroft, 311.

Californian, The, pioneer paper of California, 376.

Campbell, John G., 390.

Carey, Alice and Phœbe, 315.

Carson, Kit, 230, 239.

Carter, Miss Julia, 64.

Carter, ——, 232.

Cartwright, Charlotte Moffett, Glimpses of Early Days in Oregon, 69.

Carey, ——, 393.

Case, Hon. Wm. M., 244.

Casey, General, 105.

Cavalry, The First Oregon, recruited, 100, 103.

Cavender, A. B., 74.

Cavendish, McDonald and, 74.

Cavanaugh, Thomas H., purchased Courier, 381.

Cerruti, Enrique, employed by Bancroft, 311.

Chamberlain, Governor George E., 12.

Chamberlain, A., state representative, 389.

Chapman Code, The, 186, 188, 190.

Chapman, Hon. W. W., 186.

Chittenden, Captain, the American Fur Trade in the Far West (quoted), 6, 9.

Chronicle, The San Francisco, 293.

Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth, plan of, 334.

Clark, George Rogers, proposed expedition of, 5.

Clark, Harvey, 59.

Clark, ——, 167.

Clark, Ransom, 390.

Clarke, S. A., The Montures on French Prairie, 265, 268, 365.

Clay, Henry, 273.

Cleveland, Alfred A., The Educational History of Astoria, Oregon, 21.

Cleveland, Alfred A., The Social and Economic History of Astoria, 130.

Clugage, James and Poole, located first mining claim in Southern Oregon, 229.

Coffin, Stephen, 65.

Columbia River, discovery of, 5.

Columbian, The, pioneer newspaper north of the Columbia River, 372, 376.

Colvig, Hon. Wm. H., Indian Wars of Southern Oregon, 227.

Colvig, Dr. Wm. L., 227, 228, 230.

Collins, John, 385.

Commerce, 123.

Cone, Aaron, 252.

Cone, Anson Sterling, 251.

Cone, Philander J., 259.

Connelly, Dr., 272.

Connelly, Owen, 66.

Cook, Captain, off the Oregon coast, 4.

Cook, Francis H., 366; publisher The Echo, 381.

Cooper, Frank, 248.

Coquille Guards, 238.

Corbett, H. W., 63, 64; senator, 196.

Cornelius, Thomas R., appointed colonel, 99, 101, 135.

Corvallis and Eastern Railroad, 247.

Couch, John H., 390.

Courier, The Puget Sound, 372, 380; the daily, first appearance, 380.

Courtnay, Mrs. Agnes B., 74.

Courtnay, Isaac B., 75.

Coues, Dr. Elliott, 6.

Cowles, Captain R., 100.

Cox, Anderson, state representative, 389.

Craig, D. W., 365.

Crawford, Medorum, 390.

Crawford, P. V., 71, 167.

Crawford, Samuel C., 372.

Crawford, Samuel L., 378; city editor Post Intelligencer, 379.

Creighton, Captain, 237.

Crooks, General George, 239.

Crosby, Captain, 59.

Culver, Samuel, 229.

Cunningham, ——, 234.

Currey, Captain George B., 100.

Curry, Governor George L., 238, 368.

Cushing, William, 390.

Cushing, ——, minister to China, 274.

Dall, Captain W. L., appointed lieutenant in navy, 104.

Damon, John F., 365, 371; editor The Northwest, 373.

Daniels, Travers, publisher Port Townsend Register, 372.

Daniel, ——., 377.

Davenport, T. W., An Object Lesson in Paternalism, 33, 244, 247, 248.

Davenport, Miss Orla, 249.

Davis, ——, secretary of war, 157.

Davis, H. W., appointed captain volunteer company, 61.

Davis, A. L., 63.

Davies, Griffith, 378.

Deady, Judge M. P., 352, 353; contributions to Oregon Pioneer Association, 391.

Deakins, William, 280.

Dean, N. C., 229.

Deardorff, J. D., and wife, 26, 27.

Degrett, Phillip, 389.

Dement, William C., 390.

Dempsey, Thomas H., publisher Times, 384.

Dennison, A. P., 99.

Denny, Mrs. O. P., 261.

Dent, Captain F. T., 99.

Depot, Peter, 269.

Derby, George H., 296.

Devlin and Nygant, 140.

Dilley, ——, 231.

Dispatch, The Puget Sound, 377, 379.

Dixon, Hepworth, 327.

Doane, Rev. N., 65.

Documents, 78; Oregon material taken from a file of an Independence, Mo., and Weston, Mo., paper for 1844 and 1845, 270, 395.

Dodge, Hon. A. C., 78.

Douglas House Bill of 1846, 90.

Douglas, Stephen A., candidate for president of United States, 94.

Douglass, ——, 265.

Downing, George S., 244, 247.

Draper, Doctor, 34.

Draper, Mrs. Sarah, 264.

Drew, C. S., Major First Oregon Cavalry, 100.

Dryer, Thomas J., 64, 93, 365; first editor of Oregonian, 370.

Duncan, L. J. C., 229.

Duncan, Alexander, 266.

Dunlap, John A., 75; representative, 76.

Duniway, Mrs., 365.

Dunn, Pat, 229, 232.

Dyar, ——., 234.

Dyer, E. S., publisher Northwest, 373.

Dyson, George, 74.

Eberman, N., 132.

Eccleson, Col. E., 247.

Edison, Thomas A., 39.

Edwards, Edward, 232.

Ely, Lieutenant, 232.

Ematinger, Frank, 390.

Emigration of 1843, experiences of, 177.

Evans Creek, battle of, 233.

Evans, Mr., constructed a ferry on Rogue River, 229.

Evans, General Elwood, 314, 352.

Everett, ——., 43.

Expositor, The Western, 74.

Express Advance, The, 74.

Faber, J. G., 234.

Failing, Josiah, 63.

Fairweather, H. W., 199.

Fessenden, Mr., 102.

Ferguson, Mr., 272.

Ferry, Elisha P., first governor of Washington, 380.

Ferry, James P., published Times, 384.

Field, Justice Stephen J., 351.

Fielding, ——., 234.

Fields, Thomas, 75.

Fillmore, President, 187.

Finance, 126.

Findlay, John, 75.

Finlayson, Mr., and wife, 28.

Finley, R. C., 70, 71, 72, 74.

Fisher, Walter M., 299; sketch of life, 300.

Flavel, Captain George, 32.

Flemming, John, printer Oregon Spectator, 368.

Foard and Stokes Company, 143.

Ford, Mark, 390.

Foster, Phillip, 390.

Fowler, W. W., 232.

Frazer, Thomas, 63.

Fremont, Captain, 11, 78; colonel, 157, 158, 230; general, 239, 245.

Fur and Trading Company, 80.

Fur Company, The American, 274; The Northwest, 130, 137; The Missouri, organized, 8; The Pacific, 8.

Furth, Jacob, 378.

Gale, James N., 366.

Garfield, Selucius, defeated for congress, 380.

Gary, Rev. Mr., 276.

Gatch, Prof. T. M., 249.

Gay, George, 230.

Gazette, The Marine, 31, 138.

Gazette, The, published first dispatch coming by wire to Seattle, 377; first paper in Seattle, 375.

Gervais, Joseph, 243, 244.

Gibbs, Addison C., was governor of Oregon, 108, 214, 217.

Gibbs, A. C., editor Oregon Weekly Times, 368.

Gibbs, ——., 232.

Gibson, George R., 273.

Gilliam, Colonel Cornelius, 243.

Gilmore, S. M., letter from, 284.

Gilpin, Mr., 271.

Glass, Robert, 72.

Gold, discovery of, in California, prices of products in Oregon, 49, 60.

"Gold Beach Guards," 238.

Goldschmidt, Albert, employed by Bancroft, 304.

Goodall, George O., the Upper Calapooia, 70.

Goodall, Captain James P., 233.

Grace Church Parish School started, 23, 27.

Grant, General, 105, 109, 239.

Grant, Frederick J., 378.

Gray, Captain, sent to North Pacific Coast, 5, 9, 131, 205.

Gray, Chesley, 229.

Green, Wm. O., 196.

Greenwood, Mary, 161.

Griffin, Lieutenant Burrell, 233.

Griffin, George Butler, sketch of life, 348.

Gunn, E. T., newspaper man, 380.

Gunn, Affleck &, 372.

Gwin, Senator, plan for slave-holding republic on Pacific Coast, 105, 106.

Hall, Peter D., 259.

Hall, Edwin O., 367.

Hall, Ike M., 381.

Hally, C. F., 280.

Hamilton, S. M., 67.

Hamilton, Louis, reference to, 190.

Hand Book Almanac, 297.

Hanford, Thaddeus, 374, 380.

Hanley, Mrs. John A., 235.

Hanthorn & Company, cannerymen, 141.

Harding, Captain E. J., 100.

Harding, Benjamin F., quartermaster First Oregon Cavalry, 100.

Harding, Senator, 214, 217.

Harding, John R., killed by Indians, 233.

Harger, Mrs. Harriet, 264.

Harker, Charles, 104.

Harris, Captain T. S., 100.

Harris, David, 235.

Harris, Mary, 235.

Harris, ——, 252.

Harris, George W., 378.

Hathaway, Major J. S., 135.

Hawthorne, Doctor, 61.

Hays, Judge Benjamin, 312.

Hazen, Captain, 105.

Helm, George, "Lion of Linn," 73.

Hensill, Mrs. Mary J., 66.

Herald, Puget Sound, 372, 381.

Herald, The Cleveland, 315.

Hewitt, Miss, teacher, 24, 29.

Hewitt, Randall H., 365; publisher Pacific Tribune, 374; published Echo, 381.

High School, The Astoria, 31.

Higgins, David, 366.

Hill, Mrs., 26.

Hill, W. Lair, 365; editor Oregon Weekly Times, 369.

Hill, Homer M., purchased Chronicle, 383.

Himes, Geo. H., 375.

History of the Preparation of the First Code of Oregon, by James K. Kelly, 185.

History of the Early Indian Wars of Oregon, 318.

History Company, The, 333.

Hittell, John S., 299, 331.

Hobson, John, 32.

Hobson, Mr., and family, 132.

Hodgins, ——, 232.

Hogg, Col. T. E., 248.

Holderness, S. M., 390.

Holman, Joseph, Short Biography of, 392.

Holman, George Phelps, first white child born in Marion County, 394.

Holladay, Ben, published The Bulletin, 369.

Home Journal, of New York, 315.

Hood, Gen. J. B., 239.

Hooker, Colonel Joseph, 104; builder of military wagon road, 239.

Hoover, Jacob, 390.

Hopkins, Mrs. Rebeka, 259.

Hopwood, Moses, 229.

Hosford, Rev. C. O., opened first school in Astoria, 21.

Houston, Sam, 151.

Howell, ——., 232.

Hudson Bay Company, possession of the Northwest, 9, 78, 81, 82, 83, 89; and Northwest Fur Company consolidated, ——, ——, 132, 153, 154, 156, 242, 261.

Hughes, W. H., 378.

Hughes and Davies, purchased The Times, 385.

Humason, Judge, 217.

Hume, R. D., and Company, 140.

Hungry Hill, battle of, 236.

Hunt, L. S. J., 383.

Hunter, Col. George, "Reminiscences of an Old Timer," quotation from, 97.

Hunt's Astor party, route of, 10.

Heisler, William, 71.

Husted, General, 390.

Hustler, Captain, 134, 139.

Huston, H. Clay, 267.

Hyde, Aaron J., 65.

Hyde, H. H., 390.

Hyland, Rev. T. H., 23.

Hyland, Mrs. T. H., 23.

Indian Wars of Southern Oregon, an address by William H. Colvig, 227.

Indians: Umpquas, 228; Klamaths, 228; Rogue Rivers, 228; Modoc, 228; Shasta, 228; Mollalas, 241; Cayuses, 241, 255; Klamaths, 242; Warm Spring, 242; Pawnees, 252.

Infantry, The First Oregon, 108.

Informant, The, 74.

Ingalls, Rufus, 105.

Ingalls, David, 133, 136.

Ingraham, E. S., 378.

Intelligencer, The Weekly, 377.

Iowa Gazette, 78.

Iowa Code, 188.

Ireland, D. C., 366.

Irish, Tom, 230.

Irving, Washington, 358.

Jack, D. N., elected assessor of Linn County, 76.

Jack, Porter, 244.

Jackson, Stonewall, 42.

Jackson, Mrs. Helen Hunt, 326.

Jackson, P. B., 365.

Jackson, David E., letter of, 395.

Jacobs, Judge Orange, 371.

Jefferson, President, trading posts with Indians, 5, 12, 110.

Jefferson, Delos, 65.

Johns, James, 79.

Johnson, Miss, 24.

Johnson, Doctor, 38.

Johnson, Mr., 63.

Johnson, P. B., 365.

Jones, Mr., killed by Indians, 235.

Jones, Captain, 237.

Journal, The Independence, 270, 277.

Kautz, General A. V., 239.

Kearny, Major Phil, 231, 239.

Keene, Granville, 234.

Keeney, Johnathan, 74.

Kelley, Hall J., agitating colonization of Oregon, 9.

Kelly, Captain William, 100.

Kelly, James K., History of the Preparation of the "First Code of Oregon," 185; elected commissioner to draft code of laws for Oregon, 189; nominated and elected member of council, 192.

Kendrick, Captain, sent to North Pacific coast, 5.

Kenny, George L., 296.

Kirchoff, Louis, 137.

Kilham, E. H., 353, 358.

Killin, Hon. Benton, 188

Kincaid, Mr., night school taught by, 24.

King, Colonel William, 60, 65.

King, Wm. H., 66.

Kingsley, C. S., 67.

Kinney's cannery, 140.

Kinney, R. C., & Sons, 139.

Kinney, M. J., 141.

Kirk, Alexander, 74; elected county judge of Linn County, 76.

Kirk, W. R., 74.

Klippel, Henry, laid out Jacksonville as a town, 230, 235.

Knights of the Golden Circle, 73, 106, 108.

Knight, Wm. H., Manager Bancroft Publishing Department, 297.

Kuro-shiwo of Japan (Japan current), 39.

La Bonte, Louis, Recollections of Men, 264.

Ladd, W. S., 61, 63.

Lamerick, Captain J. K., 232.

Lampson, Roswell C., 104.

Land Law, The Donation, 37, 38, 229.

Lane, General Joseph, appointed governor of Oregon, 91; nominated for vice president, 94, 95, 101, 105, 106, 233, 234, 239, 370

Larkin, T. N., 63.

Larrabee, Charles H., publisher Puget Sound Dispatch, 380.

Larrabee & Company, publishers Puget Sound Dispatch, 377.

Latshaw, Major, 238.

Latty, Alexander, 265.

Lawrence, Miss, 28.

Lawson, Peter, 257.

Leary, John, 378.

Ledford Massacre, 236.

Ledger, The Philadelphia, 277.

Ledger, The Weekly, 382.

Lee, Jason, 265, 393.

Lee, Barton, 390.

Lee, H. A. G., 390.

Leinweber, Christian, 137.

Lewis and Clark Centennial, The, by F. G. Young, 1.

Lewis and Clark Expedition—Relation to the Northwest, 1; primary inception of, 6.

Lewis and Clark, exploring expedition, 5; the trail, 10, 12, 13, 115.

Lewis and Clark Centennial, mission of, 2; possibilities of, 16; duties of its authorities, 16-18.

Lewis, Mr., 9, 130.

Lewis and Clark, 8.

Lewis, Stephen (Etienne Lucier), 264.

Limerick, L., 63; appointed county school superintendent, 64.

Lincoln, Miss Liza, 26.

Lincoln, Abraham, 74, 97, 99, 101, 108, 370.

Lindgren, Waldemar, 124.

Lingenfelter, James W., 104.

Linn, Senator Lewis F., 151.

Literary Club, The Pioneer Lyceum, 390.

Little Meadows, Battle of, 233.

Lorraine, Lieutenant, 105.

Lorrea, Doctor, 61.

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, purpose of, 14.

Love, George, 235.

Love, G. M., 235.

Lovejoy, Hon. A. L., appointed postal agent for Oregon, 192, 256, 390.

Lownesdale, D. H., 59.

Lucier, Etienne, 261, 264.

Luelling, H., 59.

Lugenbeel, Major, 99.

Lumber Industry, The, 124.

Lupton, Major J. A., 234.

Lyman, Rev. Horace, 65.

Lyman, H. S., Some Corrections, 86.

Lyman, H. S., Reminiscences, 251, 268.

Lyon, Colonel George G., published Times, 384.

Madison, President, 9.

Mail and Express, The New York, 357.

Manufacturing, 122.

Marshall, J. W., discoverer of gold in California, 11.

Massachusetts Historical Society, 309.

Massacre at Bloody Point, 232.

Mason, Robert, & Company, 141.

Masters, ——, 254.

Mathieu, F. X., 167, 389.

Matthews, Captain Wm., 100.

Mattice, George W., purchased Pierce County News, 382.

Maulsby, G. T., 26.

Manson, Donald, 261, 265.

Manson, James, 262.

Manson, Jr., Donald, 262.

Manson, Wm., 261, 262.

Manson, Stephen, 262.

Maury, R. F., Lieutenant Colonel First Oregon Cavalry, 100.

Maxwell, Mr., 26.

Maxwell, S. L., 366; publisher Weekly Intelligencer, 377.

Mead, Elwood, chief of Division of Irrigation, 17.

Meany, E. S., 379.

Medary, Col. Samuel, 174.

Meek, Joseph, 85, 90; United States Marshal, 91, 160, 316, 393.

Meek, Stephen L., 242, 245.

"Message, The," 373.

McBride, Dr. James, 231.

McCarver, M. M., 78; letter of, 403.

McClure, Colonel John, 132, 137.

McDonald & Cavendish, 74.

McElroy, Thornton F., 365, 376.

McFadden, Judge O. B., elected to congress, 380.

McCaw, William, elected clerk of Linn County, 76.

McGraw, John H., 378.

McGregor, Miss, teacher, 29.

McGruder, Top, 390.

McHargue, James, 75.

McKay, Tom, 244, 256, 266.

McKay, Alexander, 257.

McKean, S. T., 32; and family, 133.

McKew, ——, 234.

McKinley, Archibald, 264, 265.

McLoughlin, Dr. John, in charge of Fort George, 131, 154, 257, 264, 281; flouring mill completed, 387.

McNaught, Ferry, McNaught & Mitchell, law firm of, 383.

McNemee, Mr., 64.

McNemee, Job, 258.

Miller, Dan, 230.

Miller, Captain John F., 232.

Mills, James, 234.

Mineral Productions, 123, 124.

Miner, Dr. Thomas T., 379.

Minto Pass: Its History and an Indian Tradition, by John Minto, 241.

Minto, John, 167: Minto Pass: Its History and an Indian Tradition, 241, 243, 244, 247, 390.

Missouri Historical Society, 270.

Mofras' description of Astoria in 1841, 131.

Monnastes, David, 61.

Money, Beaver, coined at Oregon City, 62.

Montgomery, Robert, 75.

Montgomery, Frank C., editor Chronicle, 382.

Monture, George and Robert, 269.

Montures on French Prairie, The, by S. A. Clarke, 268.

Mooney, Mr. and Mrs., publishers The Beacon, 382.

Moore, Mr., 26.

Moore, Asa, 70, 74.

Moore, Robert, 71, 76.

Moore, Miles C., on A Pioneer Railroad Builder, 195.

Moore, Charles, 196.

Moore, Paine Brothers &, 196.

Morrison, Captain R. W., 386.

Morris, ——, 232.

Morris, William Alfred, The Origin and Authorship of the Bancroft Pacific States Publications: A History of a History, 287.

Morris, George P., editor New York Home Journal, 315.

Morse, Mrs. H. B., 22.

Moss, S. W., 390.

"Mountain Men," 9.

Mullan, Captain John, From Walla Walla to San Francisco, 202.

Municipal Exposition, Dresden, Germany, 18.

Murphy, John Miller, 365; publisher Standard, 372, 374, 376.

Murray, Edward F., assistant to Bancroft, 312.

Muscovite, the advance of in the Pacific Northwest, 4.

Nash, Isaac M., 84.

Native Races, The, preparation of material, 308.

Naylor, T. G., 254.

Neale, Miss, teacher, 29.

Nelson, Thomas chief justice supreme court, 187, 188; relieved of office of supreme judge, 189.

Nemos, William, employed by Bancroft, 305; sketch of life, 322; severed connections with Bancroft library, 333.

Nesmith, Senator Jas. W., 47, 167, 387; contributions to Oregon Pioneer Association, 390, 391.

New Era, The, 277; extract from, 399.

Newell, ——, 205.

Newell, Robert, 265, 388, 390, 393.

Newell, Wm., 365.

Newkirk, Mr., employed by Bancroft, 325.

New Penelope, The, 317.

News, The Pierce County, 382.

Nolan, Rhodes, 232.

North Pacific Coast, 382.

Northern Light, 372.

Northwest Coast, 81.

Northwest, The, 378.

Oak, Ora, employed by Bancroft, 299.

Oak, Henry L., Bancroft's librarian, 298; main facts of his life, 298, 305; retired from Bancroft's library, 333.

O'Bryant, Hugh D., first mayor of Portland, 61.

Occident, The, Presbyterian paper, 298.

Officer, James, 280.

Ogden, Isaac, 262.

Ogden, William, 264.

Ogden, Emma, 264.

Ogden, Peter Skeen, 262, 264, 265.

Ohio Statesman, 78.

Olney, Judge Cyrus, the Olney lottery, 137.

O'Meara, James, 365.

Oregon, Glimpses of Early Days in, by Charlotte Moffett Cartwright, 55.

Oregon Spectator, The, 81; first newspaper in old Oregon, 368.

Oregon and Its Share in the Civil War, by Robert Treat Platt, 89.

Oregon, a territory of United States, 91; became a state, 93; voted for Lincoln, 94; railroad to, 277; printing press, 286.

"Oregon Country, The," 111.

Oregon—Pittsburgh meeting and Dr. White's report, 170.

Oregon Historical Society, 167; old mission press, 368.

Oregon Territory, confused condition of statutory laws, 185.

Oregon Bar Association, 185.

Oregon Emigration Movement, documents relating to, 170.

Oregon Steam Navigation Company, 196, 197, 198; bought six sevenths stock Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad Company, 199, 204, 206, 353.

Oregon, Provisional Government of, adoption of Iowa laws, 185.

Oregon Reports, 187.

Oregon Country and Its Earlier Conditions, Letters descriptive of, 178.

Oregon Code, 194.

Oregon Emigrating Company, 177.

Oregon Emigrants, extract from Independence Journal, 271.

Oregon Pioneer Association, 314.

Oregon Weekly Times, 368.

Oregon American and Evangelical Unionist, The, 368.

Oregon Emigrating Company, 403.

Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, 139, 143, 199, 200.

Oregon Free Press, 368.

Oregonian, first published, 64, 293, 369; Daily, 370, 376.

Ord, General, 105.

Ord, Captain E. O. C., 237.

Osborne, ——, 260.

Otie, Ed, 390.

Overland Monthly, The, 300, 304, 317.

Overland Press, The, 373.

Owens, Adair, Mrs. Dr., 26.

Owens, Captain Elias A., 232.

Owens, Colonel, 272.

Paine Brothers & Moore, 196.

Pambrun, ——., 264, 265.

Parker, Mrs. H. B., 32.

Parker, Mrs. W. W., 29.

Parker, W. W., 32, 133, 135.

Parker, James M., 267.

Parrish, Rev. J. L., 132.

Partisan, 381.

Paternalism, An Object Lesson In, by T. W. Davenport, 33.

Patrick, H. C., 366; started Weekly Ledger, 382.

Pearne, Thomas H., 365.

Peatfield, J. J., employed by Bancroft, 345; sketch of life, 346, 363.

Peel, Lieut. William, 387.

Perry, ——, 132.

Pettygrove, F. W., 390.

Perkins, Dr. J. N., 71.

Perkins, T., constructed a ferry on Rogue River, 229.

Petroff, Ivan, sketch of life, 318; employed by Bancroft, 318, 363.

Phelps, Almira, 394.

Philpot, ——., 234.

Philbrick, C. W., published Puget Sound Argus, 373.

Phillips, Wendell, 292.

Pickett, Charles E., 387, 390.

Pierce, President, 192.

Pinart, M., furnished Bancroft's Alaska material, 318.

Pioneer and Historical Society, 138.

Pioneer Captain of Industry in Oregon, A, by James R. Robertson, 150.

Pioneer Railroad Builder, A, by Miles C. Moore, 195.

Pioneer Papers of Puget Sound, by Clarence B. Bagley, 365.

Pittock, H. L., 365; printer of the Oregonian, 370.

Poe, A. M., 365.

Polk, President James K., 90, 91, 187.

Polk, Colonel, 272.

Pomeroy, Mrs., 253.

Poujade, L. H., 268.

Poole, J. R. and Clugage, located first mining claim in Southern Oregon, 229.

Poole, John R., laid out Jacksonville as a town, 230.

Pope, Miss, teacher, 22.

Population, increase of, in West, 114; table of, for United States, 116.

Porter, Nathan S., 381.

Portland founded, 59.

Port Orford Minute Men, 238.

Post Intelligencer, The, 374.

Post, The Seattle Weekly, 377; The Daily, 378.

Post and Intelligencer consolidated, 378.

Powell, Joab, 71.

Powers, T. P., 22, 29, 136.

Poyntz, Stone &, 229.

Pratt, O. C., justice supreme court, 187, 188.

Pratt, Orson B., appointed historian Mormon Church, 321.

Pratt, Mrs. William, 264.

Pratt, John W., 385.

Press, The, 373; Daily, 383.

Prigg, F., 390; publisher of Pacific Tribune, 374.

Prosch, Thomas W., 366, 371, 378; published Puget Sound Herald, 372.

Prosch, Charles, 366, 371, 374, 381.

Prosch, Fred, in charge mechanical work of Courier, 381.

Provisional Government of Oregon, 89.

Public School, The, of Astoria, 25.

Public buildings, transferred from Oregon City to Salem, trouble caused, 186.

Radebaugh, R. F., 366; started Weekly Ledger, 382.

Railroad, Astoria and Willamette Valley, 135.

Railroad, Astoria and Columbia River, 136.

Railroad, Astoria and South Coast, 116.

Railroad Transportation, 125, 126.

Railroad Bill, The Pacific, 219.

Railroad, Corvallis and Eastern, 247.

Raleigh, P., 63.

Rasmus, employed by Bancroft, 355.

Record-Union, Sacramento, 292.

Rector, William H., state representative, 389; head of Salem Woolen Mill, 215.

Reed, C. A., 60, 65.

Reed, Henry E., The Great West and The Two Easts, 129.

Reed, T. A., 235.

Rees, Willard H., In Memoriam of, 386.

Rees, Willard H., elected state representative, 389, 390; contribution to Oregon Pioneer Association, 391.

Rees, R. R., 365.

Register, The Port Townsend, 372.

Reminiscences secured by H. S. Lyman, 251.

Reporter, Saint Louis, 78.

Republican, The Missouri, extracts from, 399, 402.

Reynolds, General, 105.

Rhoades, Captain Jacob, 233.

Rice, J. N., 72.

Richards, Franklin D., 321, 324.

Riggs, T. A., 70, 72; copy letter of, 74.

Riley and Ginder, 144.

Rinearson, J. S., junior major First Oregon Cavalry, 100.

River of the West, The, 316.

Rivet, Francis, 389.

Robb, Professor, 28.

Robertson, James R., on A Pioneer Captain of Industry, 150.

Roberts, A. B., 353.

Robnett, Wm., 75.

Rocky Mountain News, The, 327.

Roosevelt, Theodore, "Winning of the West," (quoted), 7.

Rose, Wm. R., death of, 233.

Ross, Colonel J. E., 232.

Ruckle, Colonel, 207.

Russell, General, 105.

Russell, Uncle Bill, 228.

Russian-American Company, 319.

Saffren, Henry, 390.

Samuels, L., 365.

Saunders, Mr., 230.

Savage, Thomas, employed by Bancroft, 306; sketch of life, 346, 362.

Savannah Oregon Emigrating Company, report of committee, 278.

Sawmill, first in Oregon, 60.

Scarborough, Captain, 265.

School History of Astoria, what it reveals, 32.

School, The Wilcox, first in Portland, 64.

Schools in Lane County, Early, letter by Joseph H. Sharp, 267.

Scott, Harvey W., 365; editor Oregonian, 370.

Scott, General, 101.

Scott, Captain L. S., 246.

Semple, Eugene, 365, 371.

Sutter's Ranch, 224.

Seattle Times and Alaska Herald, 379.

Seward, William H., 110.

Sharpstein, B. L., 196.

Sharp, Joseph H., Early Schools in Lane County, 268.

Shelby, A. D., 63.

Sheridan, General, 68, 105, 109, 164, 239.

Sherman, General, 109, 200.

Shaw, Hon. T. C., 243.

Shively, Mr., 84, 229.

Shively, J. M., 132; first postmaster west of Rocky Mountains, 133, 136.

Shortess, Robert, 132.

Skinner, Mrs. Judge A. A., 26.

Skinner, Judge A. A., 26; located first donation land claim, 229.

Small, D. W., 197.

Smart, Robert G., editor Western Expositor, 283.

Smith, Gerritt, 36.

Smith, Delazon, 72, 94, 104.

Smith, Volney, 104.

Smith, Solomon, 132.

Smith, Jedediah, attacked by Indians, 230; letter of, 395.

Smith, Thomas, 229.

Smith, Hugh, 232.

Smith, Gen. A. J., 105; Captain, 236, 238, 239.

Smith, Joseph S., editor of the Oregon Statesman, 370.

Smith, Noyes, 390.

Smith, Isaac W., 390.

Snooks, Major, 104.

South Pass, The, discovery of, 10.

Spalding, Rev. H. H., 71, 76, 367.

Spanish, Advance of, in Pacific Northwest, 4.

Speyers, ——., 272.

Stanbough, Joe, 256.

Standard, The Washington, 374.

Star, The, first paper in San Francisco, 376.

States, Henry, 243, 248.

Statesman, The Washington, article of Captain John Mullan, 202.

Statesman, The Oregon, 353, 360, 370.

Steen, Major, 99.

Stein, Mr., 74.

Stephens, J. B., 59.

Stephens, Wm., 195, 196.

Steptoe, Colonel, 69.

Stewart, C., 64.

Stewart, P. G., 390.

Stevens, General, 105.

Stone, B. F., 196.

Stone & Poyntz, 229.

Stone, Nathan J., charge of publication department, A. L. Bancroft & Company, 321.

Strait, Hiram, 390.

Strong, Judge, 134, 187, 188.

Struve, Henry G., 371, 381.

Stuart, Captain, death of, 231.

St. Vrain, Mr., 372.

Sublette, William L., letter of, 395.

Supreme Court, decisions of, 187.

Summers, Doctor, 132.

Sumner, Brigadier General E. V., 99.

Tarbox, a Wisconsin lumberman, 197.

Taylor, Colonel James, 32.

Taylor, Judge F. J., 135.

Taylor, President, 187.

Taylor, John, 321.

Templeton, ——., 71.

Templeton, William T., 75.

Terwilliger, L. L., 66.

Tibbetts, Mr., 132.

Tilden, of Washington, 106.

Times Printing Company, 385.

Times, Daily, 384.

Thompson, Frank W., 104.

Thompson, Captain D. P., 100.

Thornton, Judge, 91, 96.

Thurston, Samuel R., first delegate Oregon territorial government, 47.

Transcript, The Olympia, 380.

Trask, Mr., 132.

Tremewan, Mrs. Anna, 261.

Tribune, The New York, 293.

Tribune, Salt Lake, 293, 294.

Tribune, The Pacific, 374.

Trimble, Edward, 251.

Truax, Captain S., 100.

Tuffs, James, 225.

Turner, Professor F. J., 8.

Turners, J., 230.

T'Vault, Colonel William G., 365; editor Oregon Spectator, 368.

Union League, The, 73.

Unionist, The, 360.

Vallejo, General, 311.

Vancouver, Fort, 83.

VanDusen, Miss Cora, 24.

Van Voast, Captain, 99.

Victor, Frances Fuller, 293, 294, 295, 305; employed by Bancroft, 314; sketch of life, 314, 324; volume on Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, 324.

Victor, Meta Fuller, 315.

Victor, Henry C., 316.

Vigilante committee, 107.

Villard, Henry, bought Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad, 199, 200.

Wagner, Mrs., murdered by Indians, 235.

Wait, Hon. A. E., 188.

Waite, E. M., 365.

Waldo, Hon. John B., 246, 247, 248.

Waldo, Daniel, 390.

Waller, Rev. Alvan F., letter of, 178.

Wallace, General Lew, 104.

Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad Company, 196.

Walla Walla to San Francisco, From, by Capt. John Mullan, U. S. A., 202.

Walworth, Lucy, 314.

Walworth, Judge Reuben, 314.

Wambaugh, J., 390.

Ward, Kirk, a fluent writer, 383.

Warren, Miss Emma C., conducted private school in Astoria, 24.

Warren, Mr. R. K., 27.

Warren, F. M., 66.

Washington, Territory of, organized, 192.

Watt, John, 150.

Watt, Miss, 28.

Watt, Joseph, Sr., 150; early life, 150, 159, 166, 390.

Watson, J. R., 366, 375, 376.

Wayne, J. W., 26.

Weaver, ——, 228.

Webster, Daniel, 43.

Weir, Allen, bought Puget Sound Argus, 373.

Welch, James, 26, 133.

Wells, J., Letter to, 274.

West, The Great and The Two Easts, by Henry E. Heed, 110.

West, future of, 127; The Great, table of comparisons, 114.

Weston Journal, 368.

Western Star, 368.

Western Union Telegraph, 140; completed to Seattle, 377.

Whitacre, William T., 372.

Whiteaker, Governor John, 99.

White, Captain, 134.

White, Dr. E., Indian sub-agent, 242.

White, Harry, 383.

Whitcomb, Lot, published Western Star, 368.

Whitman, Doctor, 78, 79, 84, 254, 260, 367.

Two Whitman Sources, 168.

Whitmore, ——., 232.

Whitney, ——., 277.

Whitworth, James E., 381.

Wilbur, J. H., 59, 64.

Wilcox, Dr. Ralph, 64.

Wiley & McElroy, publishers Columbian, 372.

Wiley, J. W., 376.

Willamette Valley and Cascade Mountain Military Wagon Road, 242.

Williams, Geo., 104.

Williams, Hon. George H., appointed chief Justice of Oregon Territory, 189.

Williams, Captain R. L., 232.

Williams, Robert, 315.

Williams, Veach, 314.

Williamson, ——., 26.

Willis, N. P., editor New York Home Journal, 315.

Wills, Thomas, 232.

Wilson, A. E., 132.

Wilson, Joseph G., 191.

Woman's War With Whiskey, one of Mrs. Victor's books, 317.

Woir, J. M., 390.

Wood, Tallmadge B., copy of letters from, 80, 84, 132.

Woodfin, Thomas S., 75.

Woodworth, Mr., 230

Wool, General John E., 236, 239.

Woolery, James, 385.

Worthington, Professor, 24, 28, 29.

Wright, Colonel, 99, 105.

Wright, Captain Ben, 232.

Wyeth, Nathaniel J., expedition to the Columbia, 9.

Wyley, ——., pioneer settler, 241.

Yellowstone Expedition, failure of, 7.

Young, F. G., The Lewis and Clark Centennial, 1.

Young, Mrs. Maxwell, 24.