Volume 2 — SUBJECT INDEX

ABLUTIONS, i. 53–56, ii. 294, 295, 352–354, 358–359, 415, 416, 726

Abortion, i. 378, 408, 409, 413–417, ii. 705

Accessio, ii. 50

Accident, injuries due to, i. 217–240, 315, 316, 319, ii. 714; benefits due to, i. 318 sq.; the future state of persons who have died by, ii. 238, 239, 241

Acts, i. 203–206

Adopted children, rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 46; maternal affection for, ii. 187–189

Adoption, of prisoners of war, i. 336; of unintentional manslayers, i. 484; the blood-covenant represented as a rite of, ii. 206 sq.; marriage between relations by, ii. 369, 374, 375, 748–750, 752

Adultery, ii. 447–455; punishment of, i. 189, 311, 492, 521, 630, ii. 447–45. 452, 453, 558; self-redress in case of, i. 290–293, 491 sq., ii. 447; as a ground for divorce or judicial separation, ii. 397, 455; supposed to injure the harvest, ii. 417, 747; stigmatised by religion, ii. 447, 448, 450, 453–455, 675, 676, 684, 686, 700, 717; refuge denied to persons guilty of, ii. 632 sq.

Aesthetic emotions, i. 326

—— judgments, i. 8

Affection. See Altruistic sentiment; Conjugal, Filial, Fraternal, Marital, Maternal, Paternal, Social affection

Age, restrictions in diet depending on, ii. 319 sq. See Children, Old age, Old persons, Seniority

Agricultural tribes, the position of women among, i. 660 sq.; slavery among, i. 673, 674, 681; social aggregates of, ii. 201; sympathy for domestic animals among, ii. 506, see Oxen

Agriculture, originally a feminine pursuit, i. 634, 635 n. 4, 637; moral valuation of, ii. 273–277, 280, 402

Albinos, religious veneration of, ii. 590

All Souls, ii. 550

All-father. See Supreme beings

Alliance, prohibition of marriage between relations by, ii. 369, 377

Alms, connection between sacrifices offered to gods and, i. 565–569; between fasting and the giving of, ii. 316–318; between offerings to the dead and, ii. 550–552; to be given with an ungrudging eye, and not before witnesses, i. 594. See Charity

Altruistic sentiment, the, its origin and development, ch. xxxiv. (ii. 186–228); i. 94, 95, 110–114, 129, 373, 468, 559, ii. 494–506, 510–514. See Conjugal, Filial, Fraternal, Marital, Maternal, Paternal, Social affection

Ancestors. See Dead

Anger, the nature and origin of, i. 21–23, 30, 38–42; in animals, i. 22, ii. 51; in children, i. 22 sq.; towards inanimate things, i. 26, 27, 260–263, 315; appeased by repentance, i. 87; sympathetic resentment produced by the cognition of the signs of, i. 114 sq.; injuries inflicted in, i. 290–298, 311, 316 sq.; a cause of suicide, ii. 233

Animals, regard for the lower, ch. xliv. (ii. 490–514), i. 11 sq.; anger in, i. 22, ii. 51; revenge taken upon, i. 26, 27, 251–253, 255, 256, 258; revenge taken by, i. 37 sq.; self-regarding pride in, i. 39, ii. 137 sq.; retributive kindly emotion in, i. 94; sympathetic resentment in, i. 112, ii. 52; killing of sacred, i. 227, ii. 603–606, 609; of totemic, ii. 210, 603, 604, 606; of various kinds of, see Killing; eating of totemic, i. 227, ii. 210, 211, 323, 324, 606; credited with a conscience, i. 249–251; not responsible for their acts, i. 249–251; treated as responsible agents, i. 251– 260, 264, 308; believed to take vengeance upon men, i. 252, 258, ii. 491, 497, 500, 502, 504, 603; subject to regular punishment, ii. 253–260, 264, 308; sexual intercourse between men and, i. 253 sq., ii. 409, 749; believed to be rewarded or punished after death, i. 258 sq.; regarded as on a footing of equality with man, i. 258–260, ii. 494, 510; non–moral resentment in the case of injuries inflicted by, i. 316; sacrificed instead of human victims, i. 469 sq.; sacrificed for the purpose of saving the lives of men or of other animals, i. 469 sq., ii. 616 sq.; their desire to appropriate and to keep that which has been appropriated, ii. 51; maternal affection among, ii. 186–190, 193; paternal affection among, ii. 189, 190, 193; conjugal attachment among, ii. 191 sq.; abstinence from eating various kinds of, ii. 319–335; from eating any kind of, ii. 335–338, 499; belief in the transmigration of human souls into, ii. 324, 328, 338, 490, 496, 500, 504, 516, 517, 693, 709 sq.; homosexual intercourse among, ii. 456, 466, 475 n. 2; their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 582 sq.; worship of, ii. 590, 598; sheltered by sacred places, ii. 627–629, 631, 635

Animism, ii. 595–597

Annihilation of the soul, belief in the, ii. 236, 515, 516, 559, 565, 580, 679

Anthropomorphism, ii. 595, 597–600

Antipathies, disinterested, i. 116, 117, 533, 713 sq., ii. 113, 166, 185, 227, 262, 266–268, 291, 334, 335, 351, 368, 372–375, 381, 382, 403, 404, 434, 439, 440, 483, 484, 744–746

Antivivisectionists, ii. 512, 514

Apes, the man-like, paternal care among, ii. 189 sq.; the duration of their conjugal unions, ii. 192; not gregarious, ii. 195; chiefly monogamous, ii. 391. See Monkeys

Arbitration, i. 368 sq.

Arms, stealing of, i. 287, ii. 14; regarded with superstitious veneration, i. 506; oaths taken upon, i. 506, ii. 119–121

Arson, i. 187, 188, 293, 676, ii. 633

Asceticism, ii. 281, 315–318, 355–363, 421

Astronomical changes, abstinence from work connected with, ii. 284–288, 747; fasting connected with, ii. 309–315

Asylums, ii. 628–638; i. 221, 224, 295–297, 307, 308, 380, 427, 579, 580, 585, 668, 669, 690, 692, 696

Atheism, ii. 643 sq.

Atonement. Expiation, Expiatory sacrifice

—— the day (fast) of, i. 65, ii. 311, 312, 316, 357–359. 617

Attempts to commit crimes, i. 200, 241– 247, 374

”BAD,” analysis of the concept, i. 134

Badger-baiting, ii. 509

Bananas, abstinence from, ii. 321

Banishment, as a punishment, i. 46, 58, 172, 173, 224, 225, 227, 228, 267, 287, 312, 424, 601, ii. 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 74, 123 n. 1, 331, 424, 425, 452, 475 n. 10, 478, 525

Baptism, i. 55, 411, 416, 417, 666, ii. 295, 417, 721–723

Barrenness of a wife, human sacrifices offered in cases of, i. 457 sq.; a cause of polygyny, ii. 388

Bear-baiting, ii. 508–510

Beating, as a religious rite, ii. 294, 357– 359

Beef, abstinence from, ii. 327, 330

Bees, prohibition of killing, ii. 490

Beliefs, as subjects of moral judgments, i. 215 sq.

Benefit of Clergy, i. 491

Benevolence, ch. xxxiii. (ii. 153–185). See Charity, Hospitality

Bestiality, i. 253 sq., ii. 409, 749

Birds, defending their nests, ii. 51; paternal care among, ii. 189 sq.; the duration of conjugal unions among, ii. 192

—— of night, abstinence from eating, ii. 333

—— of prey, prohibition of eating, ii. 321

Blasphemy, ii. 639, 640, 719

Blessings, materialistic conception of, i. 98, 562; pronounced by recipients of gifts, i. 561–565; gods appealed to in, i. 562, 564 sq., ii. 686, 731; of strangers, i. 581–584, ii. 446; of parents, i. 621–627; of old persons, i. 626; in salutations, ii. 151

Blood, effusion of, at funerals, i. 26, 27, 476, ii. 544, 545, 547; abstinence from, i. 187, ii. 334 sq.; as a religious rite, i. 470 sq., ii. 294, 557; pollution of, i. 225, 232, 233, 375–382, ii. 256 sq. n. 2, 262, 714; shedding of, prohibited in sacred places, i. 380, ii. 635; offered to the dead, i. 475 sq.; drunk or licked in blood-revenge, i. 483 sq.; as a conductor of curses, i. 586, 587, 591, ii. 69, 118–121, 208, 209, 566, 567, 618–622, 687–689; primitive ideas concerning, i. 664 n. 1; oaths taken upon, ii. 118–121, 621, 622, 687–689; supernatural or medicinal effect ascribed to the partaking of human, ii. 564 sq. See Cannibalism

—— -covenant, the, ii. 206–209, 566 sq.

—— -money. See Compensation for homicide

—— -revenge, i. 477–492, ii. 748; collective responsibility in, i. 24, 25, 30–36, 43; vow of, i. 58; restricted to the actual culprit, i. 71; a cause of social disturbance, i. 182 sq.; in cases of accidental injury, i. 217, 218, 231 sq.; taken upon animals, i. 251–253, 255 256, 258; upon lunatics, i. 271; connection between inheritance and, ii. 54 sq.; between the system of tracing descent and, ii. 211

Bodily integrity, the right to, ch. xxii. (i. 511–525); of the dead, ii. 516 sq.; of gods, ii. 602, 610

Boundaries. See Landmarks

Brother, killing of a, ii. 256 sq. n. 2. See Fraternal affection, duties

—— the elder, allowed to inflict corporal punishment upon the younger one, i. 515; respect for, i. 605, 606, 614; curses of, i. 626, ii. 703

Buffaloes, abstinence from the flesh of, ii. 320, 322; prohibition of killing, for food, ii. 330

Buildings, human sacrifices offered at the foundation of, i. 447 n. 5, 461–465; animals sacrificed at the foundation of, ii. 617

Bull-baiting, ii. 509 sq.

Burglary, i. 187, 312, ii. 58, 633

Burial, ii. 521–523, 525–527. 542, 543, 546–548, 704; depending on the mode of death, i. 26, ii. 238–240, 246, 248, 252, 255 sq.; denied to suicides, ii. 238, 250, 549; to murdered persons, ii. 239, 549; to persons struck by lightning, ii. 2 39, 549; to persons who have killed a parent, brother, or child, ii. 256 sq. n. 2; of criminals, ii. 694

Butchers, regarded as unclean, ii. 493; despised, ii. 498

Butter, abstinence from, ii. 326

CALUMNY, ii. 140–142; against dead persons, ii. 519, 552

Calves, abstinence from slaughtering, ii. 331

Camels, revenge in, i. 37 sq.; abstinence from the flesh of, ii. 332, 334 n. 2

Cannibalism, ch. xlvi. (ii. 553–581); old persons victims of, i. 390, ii. 554, 568 sq.; practised for medicinal purposes, i. 401, ii. 562, 564 sq.; the firstborn a victim of, i. 458 sq., ii. 562; as a punishment, ii. 4, 367, 554, 558 sq.; considered polluting, ii. 538, 575 sq.

Carelessness, i. 210–212, 305–310, 317 sq.

Castes, intermarriage between different, ii. 379. See Rank

Casuistry, ii. 100, 101, 117

Cats, sympathetic resentment in, ii. 52; abstinence from eating, ii. 327, 330, 332; taken for spirits in disguise, ii. 491; their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 583

Cattle, stealing of, i. 187 sq., ii. 14; abstinence from killing, ii. 330, 493 sq.; reverence for, ii. 331 sq.; affection for, ii. 331, 494. See Beef, Calves, Cows, Oxen

—— -rearing, largely a masculine pursuit, i. 634, 636. See Pastoral peoples

Celibacy, ch. xli. (ii. 399–421); a cause of unchastity, ii. 432; of homosexual practices, ii. 467

Character, i. 214, 215, 310–314, 318 sq.; the innate, i. 325 sq.

Charity, ch. xxiii. (i. 526–569); as a duty emphasised by religion, i. 549–558, 561–569, ii. 669, 672, 699, 705, 711, 717, 718, 725, 726, 732. See Alms

Charms, made from dead bodies, ii. 204, 546; against the evil eye, ii. 256 n. 2; put in tombs, ii. 701

Chastity, ch. xlii. (ii. 422–455); suicide as a means of preserving, ii. 242, 251 sq.; fasting the beginning of, ii. 318; required in connection with the religious cult, ii. 406–421, 736

Chiefs, tied by custom, i. 161 sq.; justice administered by, i. 173–176, 180–184, 490 sq.; protecting foreigners and persons who have no relations, i. 180; killing of, i. 43; human sacrifices offered for the purpose of saving the lives of, i. 454–456, 466; sacrificed, i. 466; the practice of compensation encouraged by, i. 490 sq.; disrespect for, punished by gods, i. 626; proprietary rights of, ii. 33; suicide committed on the graves of, ii. 234; labour suspended on the death of, ii. 284; abstinence from fish after the death of, ii. 301; treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 527; cannibalism practised by, ii. 558, 574; their tombs asylums, ii. 630; their houses asylums, ii. 636; their persons asylums, ii. 636 sq. See King.

Children, the subjection of, ch. xxv. (i. 597–628); cursed or blessed by their parents, i. 58, 538, 621–627, ii. 703, 715. 716 n. 2, 732; punished if convicted of a design to kill their father or mother, i. 245; parents killing their infant, i. 378 394–413, 633, ii. 562, 752 sq.; killing their parents, i. 383–386, 522, ii. 256 sq. n. 2; killing or abandoning their aged parents, i. 386–390, 606, 607, 612, 620; eating their parents, i. 390, ii. 554, 568 sq.; parents killing their grown-up, i. 393 sq., ii. 256 sq. n. 2; a father’s affection for his, i. 401, 402, 405, 529–533, ii. 187–190, 193, 397, 748; a mother’s affection for her, i. 405, 529–531, ii. 186–190, 193, 748; eaten by their parents or others, i. 401, 458 sq., ii. 554, 555, 562, 568 sq.; parents exposing their new-born, i. 406–412, 689; sacrificed to save the lives of their parents, i. 455, 456, 459–461; sacrificed by their parents, i. 455–461; committing suicide on the death of their parents, i. 473; parents inflicting corporal punishment upon their, i. 513–515, 607, 610; using violence against their parents, i. 513 624 sq., ii. 677; parents’ duty of taking care of their, i. 526–533; their duty of taking care of their parents, i. 533–538; their respect for their parents, i. 534–538, 600, 601, 607–613, 616–628, ii. 194; their affection for their parents i. 534–538, 618, ii. 194, 748; for their mothers, i. 618, 659; their duties to their parents emphasised by religion, i. 536, 537, 608, 610, 612, 613, 616, 617, 620–627, ii. 711, 714, 715, 716 n. 2, 717 732; cursing their parents, i. 564; sold as slaves by their parents, i. 599, 607, 609, 611, 612, 615, 675, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689, 691 sq.; proprietary incapacities of, ii. 27, 28, 57; rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 44–49, 53–57; telling a falsehood in the presence of their parents, ii. 96; addressing abusive language to their parents, ii. 142; their duties to their parents, ii. 166, 748; parents’ duties to their, ii. 166, 748; parents committing suicide on the death of their, ii. 232, 244 n. 3; parents fasting after the death of their, ii. 298–300; fasting after the death of their parents, ii. 298–301; punished after death for inflicting injuries upon their parents, ii. 715; adopted, see Adopted children; illegitimate, see Illegitimate children

Children, young, the anger of, i. 22 sq.; sympathetic resentment in, i. 112; their ideas of right and wrong, i. 115; their respect for the customary, i. 159; injuries committed by, i. 217, 218, 264–269, 316; treatment of, in war i. 335, 336, 342, 343, 369 sq.; sacrificed, i. 454–461; their desire to appropriate and to keep that which has been appropriated, ii. 51; truthfulness and mendacity of, ii. 88 n. 5, 111 n. 3, 116, 117, 124–126, 129; disposed to believe what they are told, ii. 109; their dislike of that which is strange or unfamiliar, ii. 227; the altruistic sentiment in, i. 228; treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 526, 527, 549; their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 583; the future state of, ii. 673, 727; the future state of unbaptised, ii. 721– 723

Chivalry, i. 352–355

Clan, the, i. 627 sq., ii. 202, 213, 214, 216–220, 222 sq.

Class distinction, cleanliness a, ii. 351

Classes, intermarriage between different, ii. 379–382. See Rank

“Classificatory system,” the, ii. 393

Cleanliness, ii. 346–356; ceremonial, ii. 294, 295, 352–354, 358, 359, 415–420, 700 n. 5, 705, 718, 726, 752

Climate, connection between industry and, ii. 269–271; between cleanliness and, ii. 349 sq.

Cock-fighting, ii. 509 sq.

Cocks, prohibition of eating tame, ii. 330

Cocoa, abstinence from, ii. 321; religious veneration of, ii. 591

Common enjoyment of merits, i. 96–99

—— responsibility, in blood-revenge, i. 24, 25, 30–36, 43, 71; in the case of punishment, i. 43–48, 69–72; in the case of sin, i. 48–57, 61–72

“Communal marriage,” ii. 445

Community of goods, ii. 50 sq.

Compacts, sealing of, i. 587, ii. 622– 624

Compensation, the relation between punishment and, i. 168 sq.; for involuntary destruction of property, i. 222–225, 38 sq.; for bodily injuries, i. 511–513, 517–520, 524 n. 3, ii. 263; for the seduction of an unmarried woman, ii. 425, 426, 436 sq.; for rape, ii. 438; for adultery, ii. 447 sq.

—— for homicide, i. 183, 484–491; if committed accidentally, i. 217, 219–221, 224, 226; if committed by a child, i. 268; by an idiot, i. 272; if the victim is a woman, i. 420 sq.; if the victim is a slave, i. 423; influenced by the rank of the victim, i. 430 sq.

—— for sin, i. 86 sq.

Compulsion, injuries committed under, i. 284, 285, 316, 319; confounded with causation, i. 322–326

“Compulsion by necessity,” i. 285–287, ii. 1

Conduct, i. 202, 203, 214, 215, 314

Confession, i. 84 sq., ii. 360

Conjugal affection, i. 113, 532 sq., ii. 190–193; its influence on the form of marriage, ii. 192, 389, 391; on the duration of marriage, ii. 397; on moral ideas concerning unchastity, ii. 439 sq.

Conscience, i. 105–107, 123–125; an unjust retributer, i. 15 sq.; animals credited with a, i. 249–251

Contributions, military, ii. 27

Contubernium, of slaves, i. 693, 697, 706 sq.; between freemen and slaves, ii. 381

Cooking, abstained from after a death, ii. 304–306

Corporal punishment, ii. 520–525

Cosmopolitanism, ii. 176–179, 182– 185

Courage, admiration of, i. 16, 117, ii. 16, 58, 273, 590; the duel regarded as a test of, i. 509; suicide regarded as a test of, ii. 251, 261 sq.; approved of by the supreme being, ii. 679; the future state of a warrior supposed to be determined by his, ii. 698

Couvade, the, ii. 205

Covenanting rites, i. 334 sq., ii. 622–624, 686. See Blood-covenant

Cowardice, forgiveness of enemies regarded as a sign of, i. 73, 74, 485, ii. 145; the secret commission of offences despised as, ii. 58, 96 sq.; lying a sign of, ii. 113; suicide regarded as an act of, ii. 240, 262

Cow-dung, a means of purification, i. 54, ii. 353, 545; suicide committed in, ii. 244

Cows, contact with, regarded as purifying, i. 54; prohibition of eating the flesh of, ii. 327, 330; the killing of, abstained from or prohibited, ii. 330, 331, 497; reverence for, ii. 332. See Cattle

Coyness, female, ii. 435

Cremation, i. 476, ii. 522, 523, 526, 527, 542, 543, 546–548; of suicides, ii. 256 sq.

Criminals, absence of remorse in, i. 90 n. 1; punished in public, i. 191 sq.; detection of, i. 193; sacrificed, i. 439, 440, 467, 471 sq., ii. 651; enslaved, i. 518, 675, 676, 681, 682, 685, 688–691, ii. 7, 8, 12, 13, 74; eaten, ii. 4, 367, 554, 558 sq.; their blood partaken of, ii. 464 sq.; treatment of the bodies of, ii. 527, 528, 549. See Asylums, Punishment

Crops, robbery of, i. 287, ii. 14 sq.; human sacrifices offered for the purpose of securing good, i. 443–451; unchastity supposed to injure the, ii. 417, 747

Cross, the, ii. 256 n. 2

Cross-roads, i. 502, ii. 256, 256 sq. n. 2

Crown, miraculous virtue attributed to the royal, ii. 608 n. 4, 753

Crucifixion, ii. 256 n. 2

Cruelty to animals, ii. 496, 508–510

Curiosity, ii. 109, 110, 135, 149, 595, 597

Curses, materialistic conception of, i. 57–61, 70, 233 sq., ii. 583. 584, 703; holiness not allowed to be defiled by, i. 58, 625, ii. 638; of parents, i. 58, 538, 621–627, ii. 703, 715, 716 n. 2, 732; of the poor, i. 561–565; of magicians and priests, i. 563; of saints, i. 563, 622; of dying persons, i. 563, 626, ii. 245; of dissatisfied guests, i. 584–594, ii. 715, 732; of dissatisfied refugees, i. 585, 587 sq., ii. 636–638; of old persons, i. 622, 626; of husbands, i. 626; of elder brothers and sisters, i. 626, ii. 703; of superiors, i. 626 sq., ii. 703; of women, i. 668; of slaves, i. 716; of their masters, ii. 703; of kings, ii. 703; personified and elevated to the rank of supernatural beings, i. 60, 379, 482, 561, 585, 623, 624, 626, ii. 68, 116, 715, 732; transformed into attributes of gods, i. 379, 561, 562, 585, 624, ii. 68, 116, 715; supernatural beings appealed to in, i. 561, 564 sq., ii. 66–68, 120–123, 658, 686–690, 699, 731; supernatural beings exposed to men’s, i. 564, 566, 585, ii. 584, 585, 618–624, 636, 638, 656–659, 700; conducted by various vehicles, i. 586–594, ii. 121, 151, 208, 209, 567, 622–624, 687–690; by blood, i. 586, 587, 591, ii. 69, 118–121, 208, 209, 618–622, 687–689; by human blood or flesh, ii. 566 sq.; in reception ceremonies and salutations, i. 590 sq., ii. 151; pronounced on thieves or as a means of protecting property, ii. 62–69, 703; sacrifices to gods as a means of transferring, ii. 618–624, 658; method of protecting the king against criminals, ii. 637; prayers assuming the character of, ii. 656– 659; contained in ordeals, ii. 687–690; influencing men’s state in the future life, ii. 692, 693, 708, 709, 715 sq. See L-ʿâr

Customs, and laws as expressions of moral ideas, ch. vii. (i. 158– 201); rules of duty, i. 118–122, 159–162; their relations to laws, i. 163–166; stronger than law and religion combined, i. 164; the variety of, i. 327 sq.; the rigidity of ancestral, ii. 519, 520, 541; transgressions of, punished by gods, ii. 670, 728; instituted by the supreme being, ii. 671

DARK, prohibition of eating in the, ii. 309

Daughters, committing suicide on the death of their parents, i. 473. See Children

Days, tabooed, ii. 283–289, 747

Dead, regard for the, ch. xlv. (ii. 515–552); human sacrifices to the, i. 26–28, 472–476, 486, ii. 234, 450, 451, 518; vindictiveness of murdered, i. 232, 372, 375, 376, 378, 379, 406, 476, 481 sq., ii. 559 sq.; the property of the, i. 399, ii. 44, 518, 539 sq., see Inheritance, Wills; the treatment of old persons influenced by beliefs regarding the, i. 620 sq.; interred in the field belonging to the family, ii. 66 n. 1; charms made from the bodies of the, ii. 204, 546; offerings to the, ii. 302, 303, 400–404, 517, 518, 524, 539, 547 550, 692, 700, 701, 704, 708, cf. Alms; polluting influence attributed to the, ii. 303, 537 sq.; marriages of the, ii. 400; self-regarding pride attributed to the, ii. 519; beliefs as regards the character and activity of the, ii. 528–535, 693; fear of the, ii. 535–546, 548–550, 576; believed to be easily duped, ii. 548; worship of the, ii. 591, 596; revenge taken by the living upon the, ii. 692 sq.; supposed to be taken by the dead upon other, ii. 693 sq. See Annihilation, Burial, Cannibalism, Cremation, Funeral rites, Future life, Future state, Mourning, Scalping, Suicide, Transmigration, Vampires

Death, attributed to the influence of magic, i. 24, 29, ii. 534, 651; self-mutilation after a, i. 26, 27, 476, ii. 524, 528, 544, 545, 547; work suspended after a, ii. 283, 284, 306; polluting influence ascribed to, ii. 283, 302–307, 416, 536–539, 544 sq.; to self-inflicted, ii. 257 n. 5, 262; to natural, ii. 416, 609; fasting after a, ii. 298–308, 524, 544; abstinence from cooking after a, ii. 304–306; abstinence from sexual intercourse after a, ii. 306; fear of, ii. 535 sq.

Debtors, enslaved, i. 422, 675, 677, 680, 684, 688, 689, 691; creditors starving themselves to death before the doors of their, ii. 245

Debts, the owing of, ii. 93, 705

Deceit. See Truth, regard for

Deformed persons, religious veneration of, ii. 590

Deodand, i. 262–264, 308

Descent, the social influence of a common, ii. 198, 201–206, 220, 224, 227, 748; congruity or discrepancy between the principle of local proximity and the principle of, ii. 202, 219 sq. See Kinship

——, the system of tracing, connection between the authority over children and, i. 597 sq.; supposed connection between the position of women and, i. 655 sq.; the rules of inheritance influenced by, ii. 44–47, 54; the influence of local connections on, ii. 203, 368 sq.; difference between the notion of actual blood-relationship and, ii. 205 sq.; connection between the blood-feud and, ii. 211, 748

Despotism, a cause of the severity of criminal codes, i. 193–196, 198; a cause of deceitful habits, ii. 89, 130 sq.; politeness engendered by, ii. 152; love of youths considered inimical to, ii. 478 sq.

Determinism, i. 320–322, 325 sq.

Dharna, the custom of sitting, ii. 245

Diet, restrictions in, ch. xxxvii, sq. (ii. 290–345). See Food

Disease, cured by contact with a saint, i. 63; transference of, i. 64 sq.; supposed to be caused by supernatural beings, i. 392 sq., ii. 592–594; by the dead, ii. 535; the future state of persons who have died of, i. 392, ii. 238 n. 3, 698; human flesh or blood partaken of as a remedy against, i. 401, ii. 562, 564 sq.; human sacrifices offered for the purpose of curing, i. 446, 447, 454–457; cured at cross-roads, ii. 256 n. 2. See Epidemics, Sick persons

Disinterested antipathies. See Antipathies

—— likings. See Likings

Disinterestedness, a characteristic of moral concepts, i. 101; of the moral emotions, i. 102, 103, 107–122

Divorce, i. 514, 528, 630, 632, 638, 641, 646–654, ii. 192, 396–398, 455

Dog-fighting, ii. 509

Dogs, self-regarding pride in, i. 39, ii. 137 sq.; sympathetic resentment in, i. 112, ii. 52; credited with a conscience, i. 249–251; the killing of, considered polluting, i. 381 n. 6; fighting for their kennels or their prey, ii. 51; supposed deceitfulness of, ii. 125; abstinence from eating, ii. 330, 332; taken for spirits in disguise, ii. 491; regard for, ii. 493, 501, 705; affection for, ii. 495 sq.; Erinyes of, ii. 504; their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 583

Drink, as a conductor of curses, i. 586, 589– 591, ii. 121, 208, 209, 567, 687–689

——, intoxicating, prohibition of, i. 228, ii. 341–345; abstained from after a death, ii. 302. See Drunkenness, Intoxicants, Wine

Droit d’aubaine, ii. 49

Drowned persons, the future state of, ii. 238, 521, 678, 697 sq.

Drunkenness, i. 310, ii. 338–344; injuries committed in, i. 277–282, 306; attributed to possession by a god or spirit, i. 278, 281, ii. 344

Duel, the, ch. xxi. (i. 497–510); i. 163, 306, ii. 9, 145, 449

“Duty,” analysis of the concept, i. 134–137; corresponding to a “right,” i. 140 sq.; the relation between “virtue” and, i. 149 sq.; between “merit” and, i. 151

Duty, the feeling of, as a motive, i. 283 sq.

EAGLEHAWKS, abstinence from eating, ii. 326, 332

Earthly desires, sinfulness of, ii. 361–363

Eclipses, supposed connection between human activity and, ii. 284 sq.; fasting in connection with, ii. 309 sq.; of the moon, attributed to the influence of evil spirits, ii. 313

Education, a means of communicating resentment, i. 114 sq.; its influence on the regard for truth, ii. 124; on moral ideas relating to self-regarding conduct, ii. 266–268; leading to homosexual practices, ii. 468–470

Eggs, abstinence from, ii. 320, 325, 326, 329

Election, divine, the future state of men determined by, ii. 719 sq.

Elephants, the feeling of revenge in, i. 37 sq.; abstinence from eating, ii. 329

Emasculation, as a punishment, i. 45, 521. See Eunuch priests

Emigration, punished by law, ii. 175; more injurious to the State than suicide, ii. 259

Emotions, moral judgments referring to, i. 215

Endogamy, ii. 378–382

Enemies, killing of, regarded as praiseworthy, i. 331–333; the future state influence by the killing of, i. 332, 373, ii. 693; hospitality towards, i. 576, 577, 587 sq. See Blood-revenge, Forgiveness, Revenge, War

Envy, a hindrance to sympathetic retributive kindliness, i. 129; of gods, ii. 361, 714, 716

Epidemics, supposed to be caused by supernatural beings, i. 27, ii. 592–594; human sacrifices offered for the purpose of stopping or preventing, i. 66, 441, 442, 449; fasting during, ii. 315

Equinoxes, fasting at, ii. 309, 310, 312 sq.

Equivalence, the rule of, i. 177–180; i. 34, 35, 200, 217–219, 494, 496, 501, 511, 519 sq., ii. 233

Equivocation, ii. 100, 101, 117

Erinyes, i. 60, 379, 482, 561, 585, 623, 626, ii. 68, 504, 714, 715, 732

Ethics, the object of scientific, i. 18

Eucharist, the, i. 666, ii. 295, 415 n. 8, 417, 480, 564; the ordeal of, ii. 690

Eunuch priests, ii. 408, 414, 488 n. 6

Evil, materialistic conception of, i. 56, 57, 457; transference of, combined with a sacrifice, i. 62–65

—— eye, the, i. 561, 563, 584, 591–594, ii. 256 n. 2, 354

—— spirits, lunatics supposed to be possessed with, i. 270, 274, 275, ii. 593; intoxicated persons supposed to be possessed with, i. 281, ii. 344; persecuting ghosts replaced by, i. 378 sq., ii. 493; disease supposed to be caused by, i. 392 sq., ii. 592–594; old women regarded as, i. 619; burying apart of persons supposed to have been killed by, ii. 239; eclipses of the moon attributed to the influence of, ii. 313; water regarded as haunted by, ii. 355; scourging as a means of driving away, ii. 358; sacred words as a weapon against, ii. 418; certain animals taken for, ii. 491; butchers regarded as haunted by, ii. 493; prevented from doing harm to the dead, ii. 523, 524, 544; the ghosts of dead persons regarded as, ii. 531–534, 693; places of striking appearance supposed to be haunted by, ii. 589; unexpected events ascribed to the influence of, ii. 594; taboos imposed upon the names of, ii. 640, 642; magic practised with the assistance of, ii. 649 sq.; struggle of men and gods against, ii. 701, 702, 704–706, 729

Executioner, tribal, i. 174 sq.; the injured party acting as, i. 184 sq.

Exogamy. See Incest

Expiation, ii. 356–361; fasting as a means of, ii. 315–318; vicarious, ii. 719 sq.

Expiatory sacrifice, vicarious, i. 65–70, 438–440

Exposure of infants, i. 406–412; a source of slavery, i. 689

FAITH, considered necessary for salvation, ii. 719– 721, 725–727. See Unbelief

Faithfulness. See Good faith

False accusation, i. 522, ii. 79, 80, 140–142

False testimony, ii. 86 n. 4, 91, 92, 96–98, 123 n. 1, 717

Falsehood. See Truth, regard for

Family, the, i. 113, 533, 627 sq., ii. 195, 196, 198, 199, 202, 223; the joint, i. 539 sq., ii. 213–216

Famines, human sacrifices offered in connection with, i. 442 sq.; cannibalism caused by, ii. 555, 577 sq. See Crops

Fas, i. 579 sq., ii. 717

Fasting, ii. 292–318; enjoined by religion, i. 271, ii. 246, 292–298, 308–318, 358, 406, 725; as a means of purification, i. 375, ii. 294–296, 358; as a penance, ii. 246, 315–318, 406; after a death, ii. 298–308, 524, 544

Fat, abstinence from, i. 187, 229, ii. 312

Fatalism, i. 323–326

Father, the, his authority over his children, ch. xxv. (i. 597–628); permitted to punish his children with death, i. 393 sq.; to kill or expose his new-born children, i. 394–411; to inflict corporal punishment upon his children, i. 513–515, 607, 610; to sell his children, i. 599, 607, 609, 611, 612, 615, 675, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689, 691; his affection for his children, i. 401, 402, 405, 529–533. ii. 187–190, 193, 397, 748; obliged to protect and support his family, i. 526–533; descent traced through, i. 655 sq., ii. 44–47, 54, 202, 203, 205, 206, 211, 220; the son allowed to eat only certain foods after the death of, ii. 301 sq. See Parents

Fear, i. 40 sq.; of death, ii. 535 sq.; as an element in the religious sentiment, ii. 612–614, 725; of punishment in the future life, ii. 735

Females, the sexual impulse of, i. 657 sq., ii. 435

Feticide, i. 378, 408, 409, 413–417, ii. 705

Filial affection, i. 534–538, 618, 659, ii. 194, 748

—— reverence, i. 533–538, 600, 601, 607–613, 616–628, ii. 194

Firstborn child, the, all children killed except, i. 398; killed, i. 458–460, ii. 562; eaten, i. 458, ii. 562; regarded as sacred, ii. 538 n. 2

Firstborn son, the, sacrifice of, i. 457–461; eaten, i. 458 sq.; considered identical with his father, i. 460; fasting on the eve of Passover, ii. 296. See Primogeniture

Fish, anger shown by, i. 22, ii. 51; abstinence from eating, ii. 321, 322, 324 sq.; after a death, ii. 301; deference shown for, ii. 492; killing of, ii. 497 sq.

Fishing peoples, the position of women among, i. 660; slavery among, i. 672; social aggregates of, ii. 198–200; filthiness a characteristic of, ii. 349

Flagellation, ii. 294, 357–359

Flagrante delicto, offenders caught, i. 290–294, ii. 8, 13, 17, 18, 58, 429, 447

Food, prohibitory rules relating to, ch. xxxvii. sq. (ii. 290– 345); stealing of, i. 286, 287, 676, ii. 14, 15, 57 sq.; as a conductor of curses, i. 586–592, ii. 622–624; detrimental to holiness, ii. 294–296; the eating of certain kinds of, forbidden by gods, ii. 326, 33, 335, 671

Forbearances, i. 209, 210, 303–305

Foreigners, protected by the chief or king, i. 180, 181, 338; killing of, i. 331–334, 337–34, 370, 371, 373; sacrifice of, i. 467 sq.; infliction of bodily injuries upon, i. 519; kindness to, i. 545, 556–558, 570–572, 581; enslaving of, i. 674, 675, 689, 690, 691, 714 sq.; respect for the proprietary rights of, ii. 2, 11, 59; demoralising influence of, ii. 2, 126–129, see White men; robbery committed upon, ii. 20–25, 58 sq.; reduced to serfdom, ii. 24; rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 49; deceiving of, ii. 87, 88, 90, 94, 97, 112, 126–129; duties to, ii. 166; despised, ii. 171–174, 532; disregard of their interests, ii. 176; antipathy to, ii. 227; marriages with, ii. 378, 381 sq.; eaten, ii. 554; sacrilege committed by, ii. 648. See Strangers

Forgery, punished with death, i. 187 sq.; with mutilation, i. 521

Forgiveness, i. 73–79, 84–88, 99, 311, 318, ii. 145, 360

Foundation sacrifices. See Buildings

Fowls, abstinence from eating, ii. 320–322, 325, 327, 329, 332; affection for, ii. 495

Foxes, abstinence from eating, ii. 327

Fraternal affection, ii. 194, 195, 748

—— duties, i. 538, ii. 748

Fraud. See Truth, regard for

Free love, ch. xlii. (ii. 422–455). See Unchastity

Freedmen, marriages with, i. 688, ii. 379; not allowed to bring criminal charges against freeborn persons, i. 697

Freedom, personal, i. 597, ii. 265

Free-will, moral valuation and, i. 320–326

Frogs, prohibition of eating, ii. 321

Funeral rites, ii. 519–528, 536–552; the ordinary, denied to suicides, ii. 238, 248, 250, 252–254, 549. See Blood (effusion of, at funerals; offered to the dead), Burial, Cremation, Dead (human sacrifices to the; offerings to the), Self-mutilation (after a death)

Future life, belief in retribution in a, among civilised races, i. 258, 259, 519, 550–553, 555, 556, 579, 580, 625, 650, 683, 687, ii. 165, 284, 341, 417, 479, 497, 700, 705, 706, 708–713, 715, 716, 718–720, 725, 734 sq.; among uncivilised peoples, i. 403, 542–544, 578, ii. 59, 60, 69, 115, 271, 272, 671–681, 683–685, 690–695; the belief in a, ii. 515 sq.; its influence on the notions concerning homicide, i. 382; concerning the killing of old or sick persons, i. 390, 392; concerning infanticide, i. 411 sq.; concerning feticide, i. 416 sq.; concerning suicide, ii. 235–237, 244, 253, 262. See Dead

—— state, the, of persons who have been struck by lightning, i. 26, ii. 544, 549, 697 sq.; who have not slain any enemies, i. 332; who have slain enemies, i. 373, ii. 693; who have died of old age, i. 390, ii. 235, 238 n. 3, 698; of disease, i. 392, ii. 238 n. 3, 698; by violence, i. 481 sq., ii. 237–239, 242; by accident, ii. 238, 239, 241; by starvation, ii. 238 n. 3; who have committed suicide, ii. 235–239, 242–244, 246, 253, 262, 694, 710; who have been killed in war, ii. 237, 521, 694, 697, 704, 708; who have been drowned, ii. 238, 521, 678, 697 sq.; who have suffered pain in this life, ii. 360; who have died unmarried and childless, ii. 399–404; who have refrained from connections with women, ii. 414 sq.; who have committed perjury, ii. 715 sq.; of women, i. 662 sq., ii. 673; of women who have died in childbirth, ii. 238 n. 3, 678; of children, ii. 673, 727; of unbaptised children, i. 411, 412, 416 sq., ii. 721–723; of the heathen, ii. 720 sq.; influenced by human sacrifices offered to the dead, i. 472–476, ii. 518; by the mutilations and self-bleedings of mourners, i. 476, ii. 547; by knowledge of religious truth, ii. 132–134, 719–721, 725–727; by the treatment of the dead person’s corpse, ii. 238, 521–523, 546, 548, 694, 704; by offerings made to the dead, ii. 400–404, 517, 518, 524, 539, 692, 700, 701, 704, 708; by alms given on behalf of the dead, ii. 550– 552; by prayer on behalf of the dead, ii. 552; by curses, ii. 692, 693, 708, 709, 715 sq.; by rank, ii. 698; by magical practices, ii. 700, 701, 706, 709, 710, 712; by vicarious expiation, ii. 719 sq.; by divine election, ii. 719 sq.; by faith, ii. 719–721, 725–727; by sacramental grace, ii. 719 sq., by baptism, ii. 721–723

GENERALITY, the moral emotions characterised by a flavour of, i. 104, 105, 107, 117–123

Generosity, charity and, ch. xxiii. (i. 526–569)

Gifts, blessings pronounced by recipients of, i. 561–565; the danger of accepting, i. 593 sq.

Girls, at puberty, ii. 307 sq.

Gluttony, ii. 290 sq.

Goat-dung, a means of purification, i. 376

——-flesh, abstinence from, ii. 322, 332

“God,” definition of the term, ii. 602

Goddesses, jealous of the chastity of their priests, ii. 414

Gods, duties to, ch. xlviii. sq. (ii. 602–662); as guardians of morality, chs. l.–lii. (ii. 663–737); punish innocent persons in consequence of the sins of the guilty, i. 48–72, ii. 660; punish unchastity, i. 49, ii. 675; curses personified and elevated to the rank of supernatural agents or, i. 60, 379, 482, 561, 585, 623, 624, 626, ii. 68, 116, 715, 732; human sacrifices offered to, i. 62, 63, 65, 66, 339, 434–472, ii. 295, 296, 419, 559, 562, 563, 579, 651, 697; reward undeserving persons in consequence of the merits of others, i. 96–99, ii. 660; connection between the severity of punishment and the belief in, i. 193–198; disobedience to, i. 194–198, ii. 659 sq.; revengeful feelings attributed to, i. 194, 198, 438–440, 471 sq., ii. 660, 661, 667, 668, 702, 714; attach undue importance to the outward aspect of conduct, i. 227–231, 233–235, ii. 714; judge upon human actions without much regard to their motives, i. 299–302; punish homicide, i. 378–380, ii. 669, 672, 676, 684, 686, 700, 714, 717, 732; curses transformed into attributes of, i. 379, 561, 562, 585, 624, ii. 68, 116, 715; blood pollution shunned by, i. 380–382; enjoin or approve of charity, i. 549–558. 561–569, ii. 669, 672, 699, 705, 711, 717, 718, 725, 726, 732; appealed to in curses or oaths, i. 561, 564 sq., ii. 66, 67, 120–123, 658, 686–690, 699, 731 sq.; in blessings, i. 562, 564 sq., ii. 686, 731; enjoin hospitality, i. 578–580, ii. 669, 711, 714, 717, 718, 726, 732; exposed to the curses of men, i. 585, ii. 618–624, 636, 638, 656–659, 700; protect refugees, i. 585, ii. 629–633, 636, 638, 714; enjoin regard for parents, i. 610, 624, ii. 711, 714, 717, 732; punish abandoning of old persons, i. 620; punish disrespect for chiefs, i. 626; women shunned by, i. 664–666; guardians of property, ii. 59–69, 669, 675–677, 679, 684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732; guilty of falsehood, ii. 94, 95, 98; guardians of truth and good faith, ii. 96, 114–123, 128, 129, 669, 672, 675–677, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703–705, 707, 711, 714, 717, 726, 732; perjury regarded as an offence against, ii. 122, 122 sq. n. 10; perjury punished by, ii. 123 n. 1, 684, 686, 714; condemn pride, ii. 144 sq.; different, fused into one, ii. 225 sq.; approve of suicide, ii. 236, 244, 261; suicide offensive to, ii. 237, 243, 245–249, 251–254, 260, 263; agriculture pleasing to, ii. 275, 277; commend industry, ii. 275, 280, 281, 675, 705; require pure sacrifices, ii. 295 sq.; prohibit the eating of certain foods, ii. 326, 330, 335 671; disapprove of abstinence from intoxicating drink, ii. 339; disapprove of drunkenness, ii. 342; demand ceremonial cleanliness, ii. 352, 353, 700 n. 5, 705, 718, 726; punish ablutions, ii. 355; self-mortification pleasing to, ii. 356–361, 421; exciting the compassion of, ii. 361; envious of men, ii. 361, 714, 716; punish incest, ii. 375, 376, 671; women married to, ii. 412–414; sexual pollution shunned by, ii. 418; addicted to homosexual practices, ii. 472, 474; eating of, ii. 563 sq., see Totem; the tendency to make them more and more perfect, ii. 599, 600, 730, 731, 733 sq.; not necessarily immortal, ii. 602 sq.; killing of, ii. 602–610, 753 sq., see Totem; punished by men, ii. 610; subject to human needs, ii. 610 sq.; sacrifices to, ii. 611–626, see Sacrifice; fear of, ii. 612–614, 725; malevolent, ii. 613, 665–667, 706, 707, 709, 714, 716, 728, 729, 733; benevolent, ii. 613–615, 667–669, 697–708, 712, 713, 716, 725, 728, 729, 731; assistance expected from, ii. 614–616; gratitude to, ii. 615 sq.; property of, ii. 626 sq.; self-regarding pride of, ii. 639–655; blasphemy against, ii. 639, 640, 719; taboos imposed upon the names of, ii. 640–643; intolerance of, ii. 643–647, 649, 650, 652; tolerance of, ii. 647–649, 652 sq.; free from human weaknesses, ii. 652; prayers to, ii. 653–659, see Prayer; priests regarded as manifestations of, ii. 657, 709; the communal character of the relations between men and their, ii. 661; selection of, ii. 662, 729 sq.; punish transgressions of custom, ii. 670, 728; punish bad behaviour towards old and sick persons, ii. 672, 675; punish adultery, ii. 675, 676, 684, 686, 700, 717; love justice, ii. 675, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703, 704, 732; approve of valour, ii. 679; fighting against evil spirits, ii. 701, 702, 704–706, 729; invoked by thieves, ii. 733. See Guardian spirits, Religion, Supernatural beings, Supreme beings, Totem

“Golden rule, the,” i. 102 sq.

“Good,” analysis of the concept, i. 145–147

“—— deeds,” i. 299–302

Good faith, regard for truth and, ch. xxx. sq. (ii. 72–131)

Gratitude, i. 21, 42, 43, 93, 94, 318, 319, 538, 618, ii. 154–166; to gods, ii. 615 sq.

Greetings, i. 590–592, ii. 146, 147, 149–151

Gregarious instinct, the, ii. 197 sq.

Gregariousness, i. 94, 95, 113, ii. 195–197. 748

Grief, expressions of, ii. 283, 308, 316, 528

Group marriage, ii. 387, 392–396, 752

Guardian spirits, i. 373, 464 sq., ii. 210, 406, 528–531, 588, 666, 668, 669, 675, 676, 702

HABIT, the influence of, on moral ideas, i. 159, 160, 402, 533, 559, 646, ii. 52, 125–131, 146, 185, 272, 335, 343, 351, 392, 440, 441, 455, 471, 484, 509, 577, 578, 580; on the authority of the law, i. 163 sq.

Hair, conditional curses seated in the, i. 57 sq.

Handicraft, moral valuation of, ii. 273, 274, 278–280, 282 sq.

Handshaking, ii. 150, 151, 623 sq.

Happiness, regard for other persons’ ch. xxxiii. (ii. 153–185); for one’s own, ii. 265

Hares, abstinence from eating, ii. 333 sq.

Head-hunting, i. 333, 373, 544

Heedlessness, i. 211, 305–310

Hell, notions about, ii. 60, 284, 417, 672, 674, 675, 677, 678, 683, 692, 706, 723, 724, 727

Heresy, ii. 646 sq.; punishment of, i. 47, 50, 245, 493; considered a legitimate cause of war, i. 349– 352, 359; judicial torture in cases of, i. 523; a bar to intermarriage, ii. 380 sq.; homosexual practices associated with, ii. 486–489; the future state influenced by, ii. 721

Holiness, must not be defiled by curses or oaths, i. 58, 625, ii. 638; by blood, i. 380–382; by women, i. 664–666; by food, ii. 294–296; by certain kinds of food, ii. 322; by intoxicating drink, ii. 344 sq.; by sexual pollution, ii. 415–420, 752; very susceptible to any polluting influence, ii. 352, 353, 608–610; objects endowed with, must not be appropriated for ordinary purposes, ii. 627 sq.; a god’s, polluted by his name being mentioned in profane conversation, ii. 643; attributed to sacrificial victims, i. 63, 65, 69, 444–447, ii. 563, 625, 658; its magic virtue transferred by contact, i. 63–65, 69, 444–446, ii. 605, 606, 625, 754; by eating, i. 446, ii. 562–564, 605, 625; by sexual intercourse, i. 593, ii. 444–446, 488; looked upon as a transferable entity, i. 586, ii. 607–610, 754; contact with, regarded as dangerous, ii. 538 n. 2 See Sacred places

Home, love of, ii. 167–169, 179 sq.

Homestead, sanctity of the, i. 587, ii. 635 n. 4

Homicide, in general, chs. xiv–xvi. (i. 327–382); punished with death i. 171, 172, 187, 189, 491, 492; considered polluting, i. 225, 232, 233, 375–382, ii. 256 sq. n. 2, 262, 714; stigmatised by religion, i. 345, 346, 378–380, 382, ii. 669, 672, 676, 684, 686, 700, 705, 714, 716 n. 2, 717, 732; the influence of rank on the criminality of, i. 430–433; duels in cases of, i. 501 sq. See Blood-revenge, Compensation for homicide, Duel, Head hunting, Human sacrifice, Killing, Manslaughter, Manslayers, Punishment of Death, War

Homosexual love, ch. xliii. (ii. 456–489), 752 sq.

Honey, abstained from after a death, ii. 301

Honour, duels of, i. 498–503, 507–510; respect for other men’s, ii. 137–143

Hope, as an element in religion, ii. 614, 735; in rewards after death, ii. 735

Horses, stealing of, i. 187 sq., ii. 14; abstinence from the flesh of, ii. 322, 335

Hospitality, ch. xxiv. (i. 570–596); i. 333, 340, 540, 542, 543, 545, 548, 549, 555; enjoined by religion, i. 578–580, ii. 669, 711, 714, 715, 717, 718, 726, 732

Houses, stealing from, i. 187 sq., ii. 15, 16, 58, see Burglary; asylums, i. 587, ii. 630, 635 n. 4, 636 sq.

Human effigies, sacrifice of, i. 468–470, 475

—— sacrifice, ch. xix. (i. 434–476); i. 26–28, 62, 63, 65–67, 339, 486, ii. 234, 295, 296, 419, 450, 451, 518, 579, 651, 697; the execution of blood-revenge a kind of, i. 476, 481 sq.; suicide as a kind of, ii. 234–236; combined with cannibalism, ii. 559, 562 sq.

Humility, ii. 144–146; sacrifice as a symbol of, ii. 625 sq.

Hunting peoples, vegetable food provided by the women among, i. 634, ii. 273; the position of women among, i. 660 sq.; slavery hardly known among, i. 672; social aggregates of, ii. 198–200; the form of marriage among, ii. 389 sq.

Husbands, their power over their wives, ch. xxvi. (i. 629–669); wives punished if convicted of a design to kill their, i. 245; crimes committed by wives in the presence of their, i. 284; killing their wives, i. 418, 419, 631; wives killing their, i. 419 sq.; wives sacrificed on the death of their, i. 472–474, ii. 450 sq.; wives committing suicide on the death of their, i. 473 sq., ii. 232, 234, 235, 241, 242, 244, 247; inflicting bodily injuries upon their wives, i. 514–516, 631; their duty to protect and support their wives, i. 526–529, 532 sq.; lending their wives to guests, i. 575, 593; living with their fathers-in-law, i. 601, 656 sq., ii. 202, 203; curses of, i. 626; selling their wives as slaves, i. 675. 684; belief in a mysterious bond of sympathy between wives and, ii. 205; wives fasting on the death of their, ii. 298– 301; adultery committed by, ii. 397, 451–455; eating their wives, ii. 555. See Marital affection, Marriage, Widowers

IDIOTS, injuries committed by, i. 269–273, 275; objects of religious reverence, i. 270 sq.; kindness to, i. 547

Idleness, ii. 268–277, 281 sq.; a cause of uncleanliness, ii. 350 sq.

Illegitimate children, rules of inheritance relating to, i. 47, ii. 46, 48, 49, 56 sq.; treatment of, i. 47, ii. 431, 439; sacrifice of, i. 467

Impartiality, apparent, a characteristic of the moral emotions, i. 103, 104, 107, 117–122

Inanimate things, revenged upon or punished, i. 26, 27, 260–264, 308; retributive emotions evoked by, i. 26, 27, 260–264, 315, 318; conceived as animate, i. 27, 263, ii. 595; moral praise and blame not applied to, i. 319

Incantations, ii. 656–659

Incest, prohibition and horror of, i. 174. 175, 177, 197. 492, ii. 364–378, 747–752; stigmatised by religion, ii. 375, 376, 671

Indemnification, i. 168, 169, 308 sq. See Compensation

Independence, love of national, ii. 170, 175

“Indifferent, the morally,” i. 154–157

Industry, ii. 268–282; commended by religion, ii. 275, 280, 281, 675, 705; cleanliness promoted by, ii. 35

Infanticide, i. 378, 394–413, 633, ii. 562; supposed relationship between the social reaction against homosexuality and against, ii. 484, 485, 752 sq.

Infants, exposure of, i. 406–412; a source of slavery, i. 689. See Infanticide

Inheritance, rules of, ii. 44–49, 53–57

Initiation ceremonies, instituted by the All-father, ii. 671

”Injustice,” analysis of the concept, i. 141–145

Injustice, punished by the supreme being, ii. 675

“Instinct,” the meaning of the word, ii. 374 n. 2

Insults, i. 39, 502, 503, 509, 510, 524 sq., ii. 110, 138–143; to the dead, ii. 519; to gods, ii. 639–652

Intellectual disability, agents under, ch. x. (i. 249– 282)

Intemperance, ii. 290 sq.

Intentions, i. 204–206, 212 sq.; punishment of bare, i. 244 sq.

Intolerance, religious, ii. 643–653

Intoxicants, religious, veneration of, ii. 591 sq. See Drink, intoxicating; Drunkenness; Wine

Inversion, sexual, ii. 465–470, 752 sq.

JEALOUSY, ii. 387, 389, 449, 450, 751

Jinn (jnûn), i. 378, 379, 619, ii. 355, 493. 589, 593–594, 640, 642, 650

Joint family, the, i. 539 sq., ii. 213–216

“Judgment of God,” war looked upon as a, i. 358, 360; the duel as a, i. 504–507. See Ordeals

Jus primæ noctis, ii. 395, 752

“Justice,” analysis of the concept, i. 141–145

Justice, the sense of, among savages, i. 124, 126–129; loved by gods, ii. 675, 684, 686, 699, 700, 73, 74. 732

Karma, ii. 711

Killing, in self-defence, i. 288–290; of foreigners, i. 331–334, 337–34, 370, 371, 373; of enemies, i. 331–333, 373, ii. 693; of slaves, i. 378, 421–429, 696, 707; of infants by their parents, i. 378, 394–413, 633, ii. 562; of human embryos, i. 378, 408, 409, 413–417, ii. 705; of parents by their children, i. 383–386, 522, ii. 256 sq. n. 2; or abandoning of aged parents, i. 386–390, 606, 607, 612, 620; or abandoning of sick persons, i. 391–393, ii. 542; of grown-up children by their parents, i. 393 sq., ii. 256 sq. n. 2; of wives by their husbands, i. 418, 419, 631; of women, i. 418–421; of husbands by their wives, i. 419 sq.; of freemen by slaves, i. 429, 430, 491 n. 5; of chiefs, i. 430; of the firstborn child, i. 458–460, ii. 562; of the firstborn son, i. 458–461; of departed souls, ii. 516 sq.; of divine beings, ii. 602–610, 753 sq.; of disappointing magicians, ii. 609. See Blood-revenge, Compensation for homicide, Duel, Head hunting, Homicide, Human sacrifice, Manslaughter, Manslayers, Punishment of death, Suicide, War

Killing of animals, ch. xliv. (ii. 490–514); in consequence of harm done by them, i. 26, 27, 251–260; of sacred animals, i. 227, ii. 603–606, 609; of totem animals, ii. 210, 603, 604, 606; of vermin, i. 26, 27, 251; dogs, i. 381 n. 6, ii. 501; monkeys, ii. 329, 490, 513; buffaloes, ii. 330; sheep, ii. 330; cattle, ii. 330, 493 sq.; cows, ii. 330, 331, 497; the ploughing ox, ii. 330, 331, 493, 494, 504; calves, ii. 331; bees, ii. 490; pigeons, ii. 490; storks, ii. 490; swallows, ii. 490; ravens, ii. 491; toads, ii. 491; fish, ii. 497 sq. See Sacrifice

King, the, tied by custom, i. 161 sq.; the poor and the weak protected by, i. 180 sq.; the right of pardon a prerogative of, i. 192, 196, 226; an object of religious veneration, i. 194, ii. 606–610, 754; homicide committed by the command of, i. 285; strangers protected by, i. 338; homicide regarded as an injury inflicted upon, i. 374; sacrificed, i. 443, 466; human sacrifices offered for the purpose of saving the life of, i. 454–457, 466; proprietary rights of, ii. 33; loyalty to, ii. 180, 182; suicide regarded as an offence against, ii. 240, 263 n. 1; taboos imposed upon, ii. 287 sq., 407, 418; the custom of shutting up doors used by, ii. 538 n. 2; cannibalism as a duty incumbent upon, ii. 558; killing of, ii. 606–610, 753 sq.; his burial place an asylum, ii. 630; his house an asylum, ii. 636; his person an asylum, ii. 636 sq.; swearing on the life of, ii. 637; criminals prevented from cursing, ii. 637; curses pronounced by, ii. 703

Kinship, mutual assistance imposed as a duty by, i. 538–540; the social influence of, ii. 198, 201–206, 220, 224, 227, 748. See Descent

Knots, magic, ii. 585, 619, 652

Knowledge, regard for, ii. 131–136; of religious truth, influencing the future state, ii. 132–134, 719–721, 725–727

Known concomitants of acts, i. 212–214, 249

LABOUR, ii. 268–283; the division of, between the sexes i. 633–637, ii. 271; property acquired by, ii. 41–43, 53, 69–71; suspension of, on various occasions, ii. 283–289; temporarily forbidden to men who have eaten human flesh, ii. 575

L-ʿahd, ii. 623 sq.

Lamentations at funerals, ii. 524, 528, 541 sq.

Landmarks, removing of, i. 186, ii. 60, 61, 67–69, 703, 714, 717

Language, as a communicator of moral emotions, i. 115–117; as an expression of moral concepts, i. 131–133; the influence of a common, ii. 167, 170, 181; as an emblem of nationality, ii. 224 sq.

L-ʿâr, i. 57, 58, 566, 586, 587, 591, ii. 584–586, 618–620, 623, 638

Laws, customs and, as expressions of moral ideas, ch. vii. (i. 158– 201); their relations to customs, i. 163–166

Lent fast, ii. 295, 308 sq.

Levirate, the, i. 528

Lex talionis. See Equivalence, the rule of

Libel, i. 522, ii. 96, 141

Lightning, persons struck by, i. 26, ii. 239, 544, 549, 697 sq.

Likings, disinterested, i. 117, ii. 16, 58, 185, 227, 261, 262, 266, 267, 744–746

Limbus, ii. 722

Lions, their fear of strange phenomena, ii. 583

Love. See Affection, Free love, Homosexual love

Loyalty, ii. 180, 182

Lunacy, attributed to demoniacal possession, i. 270, 274 sq., ii. 593; to malignant magical agency, i. 317, ii. 531 sq.; regarded as a divine punishment, i. 274 sq.; as a punishment inflicted by a saint, ii. 628

Lunatics, injuries committed by, i. 189, 269–277, 298, 299, 316, 317, 319; objects of religious reverence, i. 270 sq., ii. 590; burned as witches, i. 273

Luxury, ii. 266

Lying. See Truth, regard for

Lynching, i. 91

MADNESS. See Lunacy

Magic, regarded as a cause of death, i. 24, 29, ii. 534, 651; as a cause of lunacy, i. 317, ii. 531 sq.; expertness in, attributed to strangers, i. 584; to old persons, i. 619 sq.; to women, i. 620, 666–668; the position of slaves influenced by the dread of, i. 716; fasting in connection with, ii. 293 sq.; definitions of, ii. 584, 753; attitude of religion towards, ii. 649, 650, 652, 753; its influence on moral ideas, ii. 696; supposed to influence the future state of men, ii. 700, 701, 706, 709, 710, 712. See Blessings, Blood, Charms, Cross, Cross-roads, Curses, Evileye eye, Knots, L-ʿahd, L-ʿâr, Magicians, Oaths, Ordeals, Prayer, Purificatory ceremonies, Sacrifice, Sexual intercourse (as a magical or religious rite), Spitting, Transference, Witchcraft

——, homœopathic, ii. 446 n. 7, 753

——, sympathetic, i. 589 sq., ii. 204, 205, 209 n. 5, 546, 566, 643

Magicians, curses of, i. 563; sexual intercourse with, i. 593 n. 1; abstain from certain foods, ii. 322, 327; purificatory ceremonies of, ii. 352; celibacy compulsory on, ii. 405 sq.; conjugal faithfulness compulsory on persons who wish to become, ii. 419; addicted to homosexual practices, ii. 458, 459, 465, 472, 477, 484, 486 sq.; treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 527; cannibalism of, ii. 564; killing of disappointing, ii. 609; their residences asylums, ii. 631. See Witches; cf. Priests

Males, the sexual impulse of, i. 657

Mammals, paternal care among, ii. 189 sq.; maternal care among, ii. 190; the duration of conjugal unions among, ii. 192

Man-gods, eating of, ii. 563 sq.; killing of, ii. 606–610, 753 sq.

Mankind at large, duties to. See Cosmopolitanism

Manslaughter, distinguished from murder, i. 294–298, ii. 633

Manslayers, regarded as unclean, i. 225, 232, 233, 375–382, ii. 256 sq. n. 2; adoption of unintentional, i. 484; refuge denied to, ii. 632 sq.

Marital affection, i. 113, 532 sq., ii. 190–193. See Conjugal affection

Marriage, ch. xl. (ii. 364–398); as a compensation for homicide, i. 484; the father’s consent required for a daughter’s, i. 599, 609, 611, 613, 615 sq., ii. 383; for a son’s, i. 609, 613, 615 sq.; the parents’ consent required for a child’s, i. 607, 608, 617, 618, 624 sq.; slaves prohibited from contracting a legal, i. 693, 697, 706 sq.; prohibition of, between white and coloured persons, i. 714; between relations by adoption, ii. 369, 374, 375, 748–750, 752; regarded as a duty, ii. 399–405; enjoined by religion, ii. 399–404; between dead persons, ii. 400; forbidden to persons whose function it is to perform religious or magical rites, ii. 405–409, 412–414, 418–421; considered impure, ii. 410–412; between a god and a woman, ii. 412–414; avoidance of, between cannibals and their non–cannibal neighbours, ii. 571; the contracting of a second, forbidden to widows, i. 475, ii. 450 sq.; to priests, ii. 412; considered improper for widowers, ii. 451. See Divorce, Group marriage, Incest, Levirate

Marriage by capture, ii. 382 sq.

—— by purchase, i. 421, 599, 632 sq., ii. 382–385, 751; a hindrance to polygyny, ii. 389; the marriage tie strengthened by, ii. 397; the standard of female chastity raised by, ii. 436, 437, 440

—— portion, ii. 385 sq.; the marriage tie strengthened by the, ii. 397

Maternal affection, i. 405, 529–531, ii. 186–190, 193, 748

—— duties, i. 526, 533, ii. 748

—— rights, ch. xxv. (i. 597–628), ii. 748

Matter, regarded as impure, ii. 362 sq.

Meat, manslayers prohibited from eating, i. 375; abstained from before the offering of a sacrifice, ii. 296; after a death, ii. 301, 302, 304 sq. See Vegetarianism

——, fresh, abstained from after a death, ii. 300 sq.; by girls at puberty, ii. 307 sq.

Medicines, religious veneration of, ii. 591, 641

Men, the occupations of, i. 633–637; the sexual impulse of, i. 657; forbidden to eat certain foods, ii. 321 sq.; extra-matrimonial intercourse of, ii. 422–434, 436–455; the preference given to virgin brides by, ii. 434–437, 440; homosexual practices between, ch. xliii. (ii. 456–489), ii. 752 sq.

“Merit,” analysis of the concept, i. 150–152

Merits, i. 86, ii. 360 sq., common enjoyment of, i. 96–99; the conferring of, upon the dead, ii. 550–552

Midsummer customs, i. 56 sq.

Milk, prohibition of boiling, i. 197; offered to strangers, i. 590 sq.; abstinence from, ii. 325 sq.; after a death, ii. 301

Miracles, ii. 590 sq.

Modesty, ii. 144 sq.

Monkeys, the feeling of revenge in, i. 37 sq.; self-regarding pride in, i. 39, ii. 138; sympathetic resentment in, i. 112; credited with a conscience, i. 249; adoption of young among, ii. 189; abstinence from eating, ii. 328 sq.; aversion to killing, ii. 329, 490, 513. See Apes

Monks, sexual intercourse forbidden to, ii. 409, 412; addicted to homosexual practices, ii. 462, 467

Monogamy, ii. 192, 387–392

Monotheism, intolerance of, ii. 644–647, 649, 650, 652; its tendency to attribute the most exalted qualities to the deity, ii. 734

Moon, abstinence from work in connection with changes in the, ii. 284–287, 747; fasting in connection with changes in the, ii. 296, 297. 309–313

—— gods, appealed to in oaths, ii. 121, 122, 699; regarded as judges, ii. 699, 703 sq.

Moral approval, the nature of, i. 21, 93– 107; the origin of, i. 108–111, 117–123, 129 sq.; moral concepts springing from, i. 145–154; only indirectly expressed in custom, i. 160; hardly at all expressed in law, i. 166 sq.; the resemblance between the phenomena which give rise to gratitude and those which call forth, i. 318 sq.

”—— axioms,” i. 12

—— concepts, based on moral emotions, ch. i. (i. 4–20); analysis of the principal, ch. vi (i. 131–157); among non-European peoples, i. 131–133

—— disapproval, the nature of, i. 21–93, 100–107; the origin of, i. 108–129; moral concepts springing from, i. 134–145; expressed in customs and laws, ch. vii. (i. 158–201); the resemblance between the phenomena which give rise to non-moral resentment and those which call forth, i. 315–319

Moral emotions, the moral concepts based on, chs. i. (i. 4–20), vi. (i. 131–157); the nature of the, chs. ii.–iv. (i. 21–107); the origin of the, ch. v. (i. 108–130); expressed in customs and laws, ch. vii. (i. 158–201); the resemblance between the phenomena which give rise to non-moral retributive emotions and those which call forth, i. 314–319; not determined by the cognition of free-will, i. 321–326

—— evolution, general characteristics of, ii. 743–746

—— ideals, i. 153 sq.

—— judgments, the emotional origin of, ch. i. (i. 4–20); the assumed objectivity of, i. 6–20, 104 sq.; the general nature of the subjects of, chs. viii.–xii. (i. 202–313); why conduct and character form the subjects of, i. 314–320; the relation between free-will and, i. 320–326; the innate character the proper subject of, i. 326

—— law, the authoritativeness attributed to the, i. 14–17

“—— reason,” i. 7 sq.

“—— truth,” i. 17 sq.

Morbid impulses, injuries committed under the influence of, i. 298 sq.

Morning gift, ii. 385

Mos, i. 119, 122

Mother, children’s affection for their, i. 534–538, 618, 659, ii. 194, 748; descent traced through the, i. 597 598, 655 sq., ii. 44–46, 54, 202, 203, 205, 206, 211, 220; committing suicide on the death of her only son, ii. 244 n. 3. See Maternal affection, duties, rights; Parents

Motives, ch. xi. (i. 283–302); i. 207–209, 316, 318

Mourners, delicate state of, ii. 283, 307; considered polluted, ii. 306, 307, 545; purificatory ceremonies of, ii. 354

Mourning costume, ii. 524, 545, 547

—— customs, ii. 283, 284, 298–308, 520, 524, 526, 528, 541, 542, 544–548; forbidden in the case of suicide, ii. 247. See Death

Murder, manslaughter distinguished from, i. 294–298, ii. 633. See Homicide

Mutilation, as a punishment, i. 192, 195. 311, 312, 513, 518–523. ii. 8, 9, 12, 13, 74, 84, 123 n. 1, 143 n. 1, 447, 449 sq.

Mutton, abstinence from, ii. 322, 327

Mutual aid, i. 538–569

NAMES, certain superstitions relating to, i. 460, ii. 369; social influence of, ii. 203 sq.; their influence on exogamy, ii. 369, 748; prohibition of mentioning dead persons’, ii. 524, 545–547, 550; of mentioning supernatural beings’, ii. 640– 643

National conceit, ii. 170–174

Nationalism, i. 367–369, ii. 184, 185, 224 sq.

Nationality, the feeling of, ii. 183–185. See Patriotism

Negative commandments, why more prominent than positive commandments, i. 303

Negligence, i. 210, 211, 303–305

Negro slavery, i. 428, 429, 516–518, 683, 704–714, ii. 32 sq.

Negroes, not accepted as witnesses against white persons, i. 429; antipathy to, i. 713 sq.; injuries inflicted upon white persons by, i. 713 sq.; white persons prohibited from marrying, i. 714

New, fear of anything, i. 462 sq.

Nuns, sexual intercourse forbidden to, ii. 409, 412

OATHS, materialistic conception of, i. 58–61, 233 sq.; the taking of, forbidden to the high priest, i. 58, ii. 638; to priestesses, ii. 638; contained in ordeals, i. 505 sq., ii. 687–690; taken upon arms, i. 506, ii. 119–121; upon tent-poles, i. 588 n. 5; in connection with theft, ii. 62, 63, 66, 68; sworn by the eldest sister, i. 606; on the life of the king, ii. 637; supernatural beings appealed to in, ii. 67, 68, 120–123, 686–690, 699, 731 sq.; prohibition of taking, ii. 99, 124; not considered binding if contrary to the good of the Church, ii. 100; methods of adding supernatural energy to, ii. 118–122; taken upon blood, ii. 118–121, 621, 622, 687–689; blood-covenants accompanied by, ii. 208, 209, 567. See Perjury

Obedience, to parents, ch. xxv. (i. 597–628); to husbands, ch. xxvi. (i. 629–669); slaves, to their masters, ch. xxvii (i. 670– 716); to rulers, i. 194–196; to gods, i. 194–198, ii. 659 sq.; to the dead, ii. 519, 520, 541

Occupation, acquisition of property by, ii. 35–39, 51, 52, 54 sq.

Occupations of life, divided between the sexes, i. 633–637, ii. 271

Offerings to the dead, ii. 302, 303, 400–404, 517, 518, 524, 539, 547, 550, 692, 700, 701, 704, 708; connection between almsgiving and, ii. 550– 552

—— to gods. See Sacrifice

Offspring, man’s desire for, i. 533, ii. 388, 391, 400–404, 423, 440; the future state of persons who have died without, ii. 400–404

Old age, criminal responsibility affected by, i. 266 sq.; the future state of persons who have died of, i. 390, ii. 235, 238 n. 3, 698

—— persons, killing or abandoning of, i. 386–390, 606, 607, 612, 620; eaten by their relatives, i. 390, ii. 554, 568 sq.; kind treatment of, i. 540, 546, 625 sq., ii. 672; respect for, i. 603–605, 614, 615, 619–621, ii. 194, 675; supposed to be versed in magic, i. 619 sq.; curses and blessings of, i. 622, 626; suicide committed by, ii. 232, 235, 236, 247 sq.

Omissions, i. 210–212, 303–305, 317

Opera supererogativa, i. 86, 98 sq. See Merits

Opinions, moral judgments relating to, i. 215 sq.

Ordeals, ii. 686–690, 732; duels as, i. 504–507

“Ought,” analysis of the concept, i. 134–137

Outlawry, i. 46, 47, 172, 173, 311

Owls, prohibition of eating, ii. 321

Oxen, prohibition of killing ploughing, ii. 330, 331, 493, 494, 504

PARDON, the right of, as a prerogative of the Crown, i. 192, 196, 226

Parental affection. See Maternal, Paternal affection

Parents, their authority over their children, ch. xxv. (i. 597–628); curses or blessings of, i. 58, 538, 621–627, ii. 703, 715, 716 n. 2, 732; children punished if convicted of a design to kill their, i. 245; killing their infant children, i. 378, 394–413, 633, ii. 562, 752 sq.; children killing their, i. 383–386, 522, ii. 256 sq. n. 2, 749; children killing or abandoning their aged, i. 386–390, 606, 607, 612, 620; eaten by their children, i. 390, ii. 554, 568 sq.; killing their grown up children, i. 393 sq., ii. 256 sq. n. 2; exposing their new-born children, i. 406–412, 689; children sacrificed to save the lives of their, i. 455, 456, 459–461; sacrificing their children, i. 455–461; eating their children, i. 458 sq., ii. 554, 555. 562, 568 sq.; daughters committing suicide on the death of their, i. 473; inflicting corporal punishment upon their children, i. 513–515, 607, 610; children using violence against their, i. 513, 624 sq., ii. 677; their duty of taking care of their children, i. 526–533; children’s duty of taking care of their, i. 533–538; children’s respect for their, i. 534–538, 600, 601, 607–613, 616–628, ii. 194; children’s affection for their, i. 534–538, 618, 659, ii. 194, 748; religion emphasising children’s duties to their, i. 536, 537, 608, 610, 612, 613, 616, 617, 620–627, ii. 711, 714, 715, 716 n. 2, 717, 732; children cursing their, i. 564; selling their children as slaves, i. 599, 607, 609, 611, 612, 615, 675, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689, 691 sq.; children telling a falsehood in the presence of their, ii. 96; children addressing abusive language to their, ii. 142; their duties to their children, ii. 166, 748; children’s duties to their, ii. 166, 748; committing suicide on the death of their children, ii. 232, 244 n. 3; fasting after the death of their children, ii. 298–300; children fasting after the death of their, ii. 298–301; children punished after death for inflicting injuries upon their, ii. 715. See Maternal, Paternal affection

Parricide. See Parents

Parricidium, i. 384 sq.

Pastoral life, supposed connection between the custom of ultimogeniture and a, ii. 48 n. 4, 56 n. 5

—— peoples, vegetable food provided by the women among, i. 634, ii. 273; the position of women among, i. 660 sq.; slavery among, i. 672, 673, 681; social aggregates of, ii. 201; their sympathy for their domestic animals, ii. 506

Passing-bell, the, ii. 524, 544

Passover, the, i. 459, 470, ii. 296

Paternal affection, i. 401, 402, 405, 529–533. ii. 187–190, 193, 748; its influence on the duration of marriage, ii. 397

Patriotism, ii. 167–185

Peace, perpetual, i. 334, 337, 367

—— Societies, i. 369

Peculium, of slaves, i. 690, 697, ii. 31–33; of sons, ii. 28; of women, ii. 29

Pederasty. See Homosexual love

Penance, ii. 356–361, 363, 708, 735; fasting as a form of, ii. 246, 315–318, 406

Perjury, considered contagious, i. 58–61; considered sinful though committed unconsciously, i. 229, 231, 233 sq.; punished by custom or law, i. 505, 521 sq., ii. 123 n. 1; regarded as an offence against the deity, i. 507, ii. 122, 122 sq. n. 10; no civil punishment affixed to, ii. 123 n. 1; believed to incur divine punishment, ii. 123 n. 1, 684, 686, 714; to cause misery after death, ii. 715 sq.

Phratry, the, ii. 217, 218, 222 sq.

Pigeons, prohibition of killing, ii. 490; eating of, ii. 737

Pilgrimage, ii. 314, 416, 538 n. 2, 725

“Pious fraud,” ii. 100, 104, 112

Pocket-picking, i. 187, 243

Politeness, i. 160, ii. 146–152

Pollution, of sin, i. 52–57, 61–65, 70, 71, 85, 86, 407, ii. 256 n. 2, 654 sq.; of curses, i. 57–61, 70, 233, 234, 624 sq., ii. 583, 584, 703; of blood, i. 225, 232, 233, 375–382, ii. 256 sq. n. 2, 262, 714; of women, i. 663–666, ii. 538 n. 2; of self-inflicted death, ii. 257 n. 5 262; of death, ii. 283, 302–307, 416, 536–539, 544 sq.; of natural death, ii. 416, 609; of food, ii. 294–296; of wine, ii. 344 sq.; sexual, ii. 414–420, 752; caused by partaking of human flesh, ii. 538, 575 sq.; holiness very susceptible to, i. 58, 380–382, 625, ii. 294–296, 322, 344, 345. 352, 353, 415–420, 608–610, 638, 643, 752

Polyandry, ii. 387, 395

Polygyny, ii. 387–392, 395; connection between illegitimate children’s right to inheritance and, ii. 57; a cause of homosexual practices, ii. 466

Polytheism, tolerance of, ii. 647–652

Pork, abstinence from, ii. 321, 322, 326–330, 335

Positive commandments, i. 303–305, 310

Possession, acquisition of property by continued, ii. 39– 41, 52

Potatoes, abstinence from, after a death, ii. 301

Poverty, estimation of, i. 556, ii. 280 sq.; a cause of uncleanliness, ii. 351; monogamy associated with, ii. 392

Prayer, ii. 653–659; for remission of sin, i. 49, 54, 55, 228 sq., ii. 654, 655. 72, 707; purification preparatory to, i. 380 sq., ii. 352, 353, 358, 359, 415. 416, 418 sq.; development of a curse or a blessing into a, i. 564 sq., ii. 66–68, 120–123, 658, 686–690, 731; almsgiving connected with, i. 567 sq.; forbidden to women, i. 664, 667 n. 1; used as greeting, ii. 150; fasting an appendage to, ii. 316 sq.; magic efficacy ascribed to, ii. 353, 418, 419, 656–659, 706, 712; continence a preparation for, ii. 417–419

Preparation, acts of, i. 243–246

Prescription, ii. 40, 41, 52 sq.

Pride, condemnation of, ii. 144 sq. See Self-regarding pride

Priestesses, forbidden to marry or to have intercourse with men, ii. 406–408, 412–414, 420; continence compulsory on women who wish to become, ii. 419; prostitution of, ii. 443 sq.; asylums, ii. 637 sq.; prohibited from taking an oath, ii. 638

Priests, forbidden to take an oath, i. 58, ii. 638; to engage in warfare, i. 348, 381; to shed human blood, i. 381 sq.; to take part in a capital charge, i. 381, 382, 493; to engage in hunting, ii. 506; the law of torture relating to, i. 523 sq.; curses of, i. 563; enslaving of children of incontinent, i. 700; certain foods forbidden to, or rejected by, ii. 322, 329, 333, 338; forbidden to marry and to have intercourse with women, ii. 405–409, 412, 414, 418–421; eunuch, ii. 408, 414, 488 n. 6; forbidden to contract a second marriage, ii. 412; to marry widows, ii. 412, 420; to marry harlots or divorced wives, ii. 420; taboos imposed upon, ii. 417 sq.; continence compulsory on persons who wish to become, ii. 419; temporary continence compulsory on, ii. 419 sq.; the punishment of unchastity in the daughters of, ii. 420; represented as corrupters of domestic virtue, ii. 432; their celibacy a cause of homosexual practices, ii. 467; boys kept as, ii. 473; used as temple prostitutes, ii. 473, 488; cannibalism of, ii. 563, 574; their residences asylums, ii. 630, 634, 637; opposing sorcery, ii. 652; regarded as manifestations of gods, ii. 657, 709; encouraging the belief in the magic efficacy of prayer, ii. 658 sq. See Benefit of Clergy; cf. Magicians

Primogeniture, ii. 45, 46, 48, 55 sq.

Promiscuity, the theory of, ii. 396

Promises. See Good faith

Property, the right of, ch. xxviii. sq. (ii. 1–71); forfeiture of, as a punishment, i. 47, ii. 254; acquired by a successful duel, i. 498, 503, ii. 9; of wives, i. 632, 637–641, 643, 645, 661, ii. 28–31, 41; of women, i. 661, ii. 28–30, 41; of slaves, i. 677, 684, 688, cf. Peculium of slaves; of the dead, i. 399, ii. 44, 518, 539 sq., see Inheritance, Wills; of supernatural beings, ii. 626 sq.; supernatural beings as guardians of, ii. 59–69, 669, 675–677, 679, 684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732

Prostitution, i. 608, ii. 428–431, 437, 439–446; religious, ii. 443–446, 488; of men, ii. 459–462, 463, 476, 478, 488

Provocation, i. 290–298, 311, 316 sq.

Prudence, i. 560, 581, 715, ii. 52, 59, 114, 124, 176, 185, 265–268, 331, 332, 334. 335, 342, 428, 497, 539, 547, 548, 660

Puberty, girls at, ii. 307 sq.

Public approval, the prototype of moral approval, i. 9, 122, 129

—— disapproval, the prototype of moral disapproval, i. 9, 119–122

Pulse, abstinence from, ii. 322, cf. ii. 430 sq.

Punishment, inflicted on others than the culprit, i. 43–48, 69 sq.; restricted to the culprit, i. 70–72; essentially an expression of the moral indignation of the society which inflicts it, i. 79, 89–91, 169, 185, 198–201; theories as to the proper object of, i. 79–91; regarded as a means of eliminating the criminal, i. 80–82; as a deterrent, i. 80–84, 88–91; as a means of reforming the criminal, i. 80–91; defined, i. 82, 169 sq.; the limited efficiency of, as a deterrent, i. 90 n. 1; a source of moral disapproval, i. 115; the relation between indemnification and, i. 168 sq.; among savages, i. 170–177; transition from revenge to, i. 180–185; the opinion that determent actually is or has been the chief object of, i. 185–200; the increasing severity of, i. 186–198; inflicted on criminals in public, i. 191 sq.; of unintentional injuries, i. 219, 221–226, 231, 232, 235–240; of attempts to commit crimes, i. 241–247, 374; of acts of preparation, i. 243–246; of bare intentions, i. 245; inflicted on animals, i. 253–260, 264, 308; on inanimate things, i. 261–264, 308; of injuries committed by children, i. 265–269; by old persons, i. 266 sq.; by lunatics, i. 271–277, 298 sq.; by idiots, i. 273; in drunkenness, i. 279–282; inflicted upon the offending member, i. 311, 312, 513, 518, 519, 521 sq., ii. 9, 13, 74, 84, 123 n. 1, 143 n. 1; from a deterministic point of view, i. 320 sq.; influenced by rank, i. 430–433, 491, 518, 519, 524, ii. 19, 20, 58, 142, 143, 448–450; corporal, i. 520–525; suicide committed out of fear of, ii. 233; redeems the sufferer from punishment in a future existence, ii. 360; inflicted on gods, ii. 610. For various kinds of punishment see Banishment, Cannibalism (as a punishment), Emasculation, Mutilation, Outlawry, Property (forfeiture of), Serfdom (as a punishment), Shame (putting offenders to), Slavery (as a punishment)

Punishment in a future existence. See Future life

—— of death, i. 491–496; among savages, i. 188–190, 195–197; as a kind of human sacrifice, i. 440, 471 sq.; suicide as an alternative to, ii. 243; inflicted for a variety of crimes, i. 44–46, 171, 172, 174, 177, 186–197, 253, 254, 287, 306, 311, 312, 331, 383–386, 404, 407, 409, 412, 416, 419, 420, 423, 424, 429–433, 439, 440, 491, 492, 495, 496, 508, 509, 513, 516, 518, 685, ii. 4, 5, 7–9, 12–15, 19, 96, 140–142, 256 n. 2, 276, 331, 366–368, 378, 406–408, 420, 424–426, 428, 429, 431, 442, 447–450, 453, 474, 475 n. 10, 477–482, 497, 558, 640, 647, 650–652

Purificatory ceremonies, i. 53–57, 69, 233, 375–377, 379–381, 625, ii. 256 sq. n. 2, 257 n. 5, 294, 295, 328, 352–354, 358, 359, 415, 416, 472 n. 7, 476, 538, 545, 726

RAIN, human sacrifices offered for the purpose of producing, i. 449–451; certain other methods of procuring, ii. 315, 361

Ramaḍân, the fast of, i. 271, ii. 313–315, 725

Rank, influencing customs or laws relating to homicide, i. 34, 35, 178, 430–433, 491; to capital punishment, i. 491; to bodily injuries, i. 518, 519, 524; to corporal punishment, i. 522–524; to torture, i. 523 sq.; to theft, ii. 19, 20, 58; to sincerity, ii. 103; to insults, i. 142 sq.; to politeness, i. 151 sq.; to suicide, i. 243; to marriage, ii. 379, 380, 384; to chastity, ii. 428, 433 sq.; to rape, ii. 437 sq.; to adultery, ii. 448–450; to the disposal of the dead, ii. 527, 549; to cannibalism, ii. 573 sq.; supposed to influence the efficacy of curses, i. 626 sq.; to influence men’s state in the other world, ii. 698

Rape, i. 187, 188, 311, 521, ii. 437, 438, 476, 633, 679; self-defence in the case of, i. 290

Rashness, i. 211, 305–310

Ravens, fear of killing, ii. 491

Reason, the theory according to which moral judgments are ultimately based on, i. 7–17

Reception ceremonies, i. 590–592

Reflection, its influence on moral estimates, i. 10, 11, 70, 216, 237, 247, 248, 251, 283, 303, 310, 312–314, ii. 111, 136, 267, 268, 274, 283, 405, 512–514, 580, 581, 744–746; on non-moral resentment, i. 315, 316, 318

Reflex action, i. 22

Regalia, regarded as wonder-working talismans, ii. 608 n. 4, 753 sq.

Regret, the similarity between remorse and, i. 123 sq.

Religio, the meaning of the word, ii. 584–586

Religion, belief in supernatural being an essential element in, ch. xlvii., (ii. 582–601); duties to gods inculcated by, ch. xlviii. sq. (ii. 602–662); relations between morality and, chs. l.–lii. (ii. 663–737), 745 sq.; custom stronger than, i. 164; enjoins abstinence from work on certain days, i. 187, ii. 284–289, 718; the severity of punishment increased by, i. 193–198; enjoins fasting, i. 271, ii. 246, 292–298, 308–318, 358, 406, 725; a source of war, i. 339, 349–352, 359; attitude of, towards war, i. 339, 341, 342, 345–366, 369 sq., ii. 711; condemns homicide, i. 345, 346, 378–380, 382, ii. 669, 672, 676, 684, 686, 700, 705, 714, 716 n. 2, 717, 732; condemns the killing or exposure of infants, i. 407, 411 sq.; condemns feticide, i. 414–417, ii. 705; attitude of, towards slavery, i. 424, 426, 516, 683–689, 693–700, 711–713, ii. 711; gives support to capital punishment, i. 496; influences the right to bodily integrity, i. 520; inculcates filial duties, i. 536, 537, 608, 610, 612, 613, 616, 617, 620–627, ii. 711, 714, 715, 716 n. 2, 717, 732; enjoins charity, i. 549–558, 561–569, ii. 669, 672, 699, 705, 711, 717, 718, 725, 726, 732; enjoins hospitality, i. 578–580, ii. 669, 711, 714, 715, 717, 718, 726, 732; influences the treatment of old persons, i. 620 sq., ii. 672, 675; influences the position of women, i. 663; regards women as unclean, i. 663–666; attitude of, towards serfdom, i. 703 sq.; the right of property sanctioned by, ii. 59–69, 669, 675–677, 679, 684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732; the regard for truth and good faith sanctioned by, ii. 96, 114–124, 128, 129, 669, 672, 675–677, 684, 686, 699, 700, 703–705, 707. 711, 714, 717, 726, 732; leads to “pious fraud,” ii. 100, 104, 112; condemns pride, ii. 144 sq., its relation to national feeling and patriotism, ii. 174, 175, 178 sq.; as a social tie, ii. 209–213, 225–227, 725; the opinions as regards suicide influenced by, ii. 234, 236, 237, 242–254, 260, 261, 263; the moral ideas relating to self-regarding conduct influenced by, ii. 267 sq.; commends agriculture, ii. 275; attitude of, towards labour, ii. 275, 280–289, 675, 705, 747; commends poverty, ii. 280–282; requires ceremonial cleanliness, ii. 294, 295, 352–354, 358, 359, 415–420, 700 n. 5, 705, 718, 726; enjoins pilgrimage, ii. 314, 725; imposes various restrictions in diet, ii. 322–338, 671; encourages drunkenness, ii. 339; enjoins sobriety or total abstinence from intoxicating liquors, ii. 341–345; a cause of uncleanliness, ii. 354–356; leads to various forms of asceticism, ii. 355–363; stigmatises incest, ii. 375, 376, 671; enjoins various forms of endogamy, ii. 378– 382; a bar to inter-marriage, ii. 380– 382; enjoins monogamy, ii. 392; prohibits divorce, ii. 397; enjoins marriage, ii. 399–404; enjoins celibacy or continence, ii. 406–421; regards marriage as impure, ii. 410–412; condemns second marriages, ii. 412, 451; enjoins sexual cleanliness, ii. 415–420, 736, 752; requires chastity of unmarried women, i. 49, ii. 427 sq.; condemns extra-matrimonial intercourse, ii. 431–433, 439, 675; prostitution connected with, ii. 443–446, 488; condemns adultery, ii. 447, 448, 450, 453–455, 675, 676, 684, 686, 700, 717; homosexual practices connected with, ii. 458, 459, 472–474, 484, 486–489, 752; stigmatised by, ii. 475, 476, 479–482, 485–489, 705; inculcates regard for the lower animals, ii. 497–504, 705; looks down upon the lower animals, ii. 505– 508; cannibalism in connection with, ii. 562 sq.; definitions of, ii. 584, 753; born of fear, ii. 612–614; hope an element in every, ii. 614–616; attitude of, towards magic, ii. 649, 650, 652, 753; the communal character of, ii. 661. See Asylums, Atheism, Baptism, Blasphemy, Blood (effusion of, as a religious rite), Eucharist, Flagellation, Future life, Future state, “God,” Goddesses, Gods, Guardian spirits, Hell, Heresy, Holiness, Human sacrifice, Intolerance, Monotheism, Oaths, Ordeals, Penance, Perjury, Pilgrimage, Polytheism, Prayer, Priestesses, Priests, Purificatory ceremonies, Sacred places, Sacrifice, Sacrilege, Saints, Self-mortification, Self-mutilation (as a religious rite), Sin, Supreme beings, Tolerance, Totem, Totemism, Unbelief

Remorse, i. 105–107, 123–125, 136; absence of, in criminals, i. 90 n. 1; a cause of suicide, i. 106, ii. 233

Repentance, i. 105–107, 123–125; as a ground for forgiveness, i. 84–88, 99, 311, 318, ii. 360, 735; adequate, deemed impossible in the case of blasphemy, ii. 640

Repetition of an offence, i. 186, 187, 189, 257, 306, 311, 312, 318, ii. 7

Reptiles, aversion to eating, ii. 324

Requisitions, military, ii. 27

Resentment, i. 21–93; towards animals, i. 26, 27, 251–260, 264, 308, 316; towards inanimate things, i. 26, 27, 260–264, 315; the phenomena which call forth, i. 315– 318

——, sympathetic, i. 111–116, 169, 179, 180, 185, 372, 373, 429, 433, 524, 533, 559, 560, 659, 714 sq., ii. 52, 109, 112, 113, 140, 166, 176, 185, 262, 266, 496, 528, 580, 661; in animals, i. 112, ii. 52

Rest, ii. 283–289, 747

Retaliation, moral valuation of, i. 73–79. See Punishment, Revenge

Retributive emotions, i. 21–99; the phenomena which call forth, i. 314–319; not determined by the cognition of free-will, i. 322, 326

Retributive kindly emotion, i. 21, 93–99; in animals, i. 94; the phenomena which call forth, i. 318 sq.; sympathetic, i. 117, 129

Revenge, taken upon animals, i. 26, 27, 251–253, 255, 256, 258; upon inanimate things, i. 26, 27, 260–263; regarded as a duty, i. 73 sq.; condemned, i. 73–79; demanded by public opinion, i. 176 sq.; regulated by the rule of equivalence, i. 177– 180; succeeded by punishment, i. 180– 185; believed to be taken by animals upon men, i. 252, 258, ii. 491, 497. 500, 502, 504, 603; taken upon offenders caught flagrante delicto, i. 290–294, ii. 8, 13, 17, 429, 447; not to be taken upon a guest, i. 576, 587 sq.; taken for injuries inflicted upon guests, i. 577 sq.; suicide as a method of taking, ii. 233, 234, 242–245; supposed to be taken by the dead upon the living, ii. 530, 531, 548, 576; taken by the living upon the dead, ii. 692 sq.; supposed to be taken by ghosts upon other ghosts, ii. 693 sq. See Blood-revenge

——, the feeling of, its nature and origin, i. 21–42; in animals, i. 37 sq.; appeased by repentance, i. 87, 88, 318; attributed to gods, i. 194, 198, 438–440, 471 sq., ii. 660, 661, 667, 668, 702, 714; to the souls of murdered persons, i. 232, 372, 375, 376, 378 379, 406, 476, 481 sq., ii. 559 sq.; to the dead, ii. 530, 531, 534; a motive for committing suicide, ii. 233, 234, 242–245; a motive for cannibalism, ii. 557–559

Rewards, vicarious, i. 96–99; a source of moral approval, i. 117; public, i. 166 sq.; in a future existence, see Future life

Rice, abstinence from, after a death, ii. 301

“Right,” analysis of the concept, i. 137–139; the relation between “good” and, i. 146 sq.

“Rights,” analysis of the concept, i. 139–141

Rivers, human sacrifices offered to, i. 452–454

Robbery, i. 187–189, ii. 1–27, 57–69; distinguished from theft, ii. 16, 17, 58; of tombs, ii. 518, 519, 540 sq.; of temples, ii. 627; refuge denied to persons guilty of, ii. 633. See Stealing

SABBATH, the Jewish, i. 187, ii. 286–289, 718, 747; originally a fast-day, ii. 310 sq.

Sacramental grace, considered necessary for salvation, ii. 719 sq.

Sacred places, polluted persons prohibited from entering, i. 58, ii. 294, 415 sq.; shedding of human blood prohibited in, i. 380, ii. 635; women excluded from, i. 664 sq.; sexual intercourse prohibited in, ii. 416, 752; fear of disturbing the peace in, ii. 635 sq. See Asylums

Sacrifice, ii. 611–626; transference of evil combined with a, i. 62–65; vicarious expiatory, i. 65–70, 438–440; purification preparatory to, i. 380, ii. 294, 352, 353, 358, 359, 415; connection between alms giving and, i. 565– 569, ii. 550–552; as a means of transferring curses, i. 586 sq., ii. 618–624, 658; as a reception ceremony, i. 591, ii. 621; women prohibited from offering a, i. 664 sq.; fasting in connection with, ii. 294–298; fasting the survival of an expiatory, ii. 316–318; asceticism in some other instances the survival of an earlier, ii. 359; oaths taken in connection with a, ii. 621 sq.; connected with prayer, ii. 655 sq.; importance of, ii. 705, 707–712, 714, 716, 718. See Human sacrifice, Offerings to the dead

Sacrificial victims, magic virtue ascribed to, i. 63, 65, 69, 444–447, ii. 563, 625, 658; looked upon as guardian spirits, i. 464 sq.; as messengers, i. 465 sq., ii. 618; privilege granted to, i. 585 n. 1; must be free from pollution, ii. 295, 296, 419

Sacrilege, punished with death, i. 188, 197, 439, 492; refuge denied to persons guilty of, ii. 633; if committed by foreigners, ii. 648

Sago, abstinence from, after a death, ii. 301

Saints, oaths taken at the shrines of, i. 59 sq., ii. 120; diseases cured by contact with, i. 63; lunatics regarded as, i. 270 sq.; curses pronounced by, i. 563, 622; l-ʿâr (implying the transference of a conditional curse) made upon, i. 566, ii. 584, 585, 618, 619, 636, 638; robbed of their holiness, i. 586, ii. 608; compacts made at the shrines of, i. 587, ii. 623 sq.; old men regarded as, i. 619; looked upon as guardians of property, ii. 67 sq.; the saliva of, ii. 322; ceremonial cleanliness required of those who approach the shrines of, ii. 416, 418, 752; sexual intercourse with, ii. 444, 488; places of striking appearance associated with, ii. 589, 627; miracles performed by, ii. 590–592; gifts offered to, ii. 619; offerings to, participate in their sanctity, i. 445 sq., ii. 625; sacredness of the shrines of, ii. 627, 628, 635; lunacy attributed to the resentment of, ii. 628; their shrines asylums, ii. 628, 635, 636, 638; persons attached to the shrines of, ii. 635; unconcerned about the worldly morality of their devotees, ii. 669; invoked by thieves, ii. 669

Salmon, abstinence from eating, after a death, ii. 306 sq.

Salutations, i. 590–592, ii. 146, 147, 149–151

Sanctuary, the right of. See Asylums

Scalping, i. 333, 375, ii. 525

Scape-goats, i. 53–55, 61–65

Scientific research, ii. 133–136

Scourging, as a religious rite, ii. 294, 357–359

Sea, human sacrifices offered to the, i. 452–454

Self-approval, i. 105–107, 123

——-defence, i. 288–290; lying in, ii. 92, 94, 97–101, 103–106, 112

——-mortification, ii. 281, 315–318, 355–363, 421

——-mutilation, after a death, i. 26, 27, 476, ii. 524, 528, 544, 545, 547; as a religious rite, i. 470 sq., ii. 357

Self-regarding duties and virtues, ii. 265–268

——-regarding pride, respect for other men’s, ch. xxxii. (ii. 137–152); in men, i. 23, 24, 30, 38–40, 94, 179, 315, ii. 110, 137–140; a cause of suicide, ii. 73, 139, 140, 231–233, 243; in animals, i. 39, ii. 137 sq.; attributed to the dead, ii. 519; to gods, ii. 639–655

——-reproach, i. 105–107, 123–125

——-respect, ii. 265

Self-sacrifice, i. 213, 214, 565, ii. 154, 265, 359

Seniority, respect for, i. 605, 606, 614, 615, 619, 626, ii. 703

Sensuous pleasures, condemnation of, ii. 291, 292, 361–363

Sentiment, i. 110 n. 3

Separation, judicial, ii. 397, 455

Serfdom, i. 701–704; as a punishment, ii. 19; strangers reduced to, ii. 24; shipwrecked persons reduced to, ii. 25

Serfs, bodily injuries inflicted upon, i. 524 n. 3; proprietary rights or in capacities of, i. 701 sq., ii. 32; intermarriage between freewomen and, ii. 379

Serpents, worship of, ii. 590. See Snakes

Seven, the number, ii. 311 sq.

Seventh day, the, ii. 286–289. See Sabbath

Sexual impulse, the, in males, i. 657, ii. 435 sq.; in females, i. 657 sq., ii. 435; connection between religious feelings and, ii. 375 n. 3; regarded as sinful in the unmarried, ii. 432; associated with affection, ii. 439 sq., see Conjugal affection

—— intercourse, between man and beast, i. 253 sq., ii. 409, 749; manslayers temporarily prohibited from, i. 375, 377; abstinence from, with women who are pregnant or who suckle a child, i. 399, ii. 388, 391; with strangers, i. 575, 593, ii. 444–446; with holy persons, i. 593 n. 1, ii. 444, 488; abstained from after a death, ii. 306; abstained from during the month of Ramaḍân, ii. 313; abstinence from, a means of propitiating or pleasing the deity, ii. 358, 420 sq.; as a magical or religious rite, ii. 395, 443–446, 488; between a man and a married woman, ii. 397, 447–455; between a married man and a woman, ii. 397, 451–455; forbidden to priests and priestesses, ii. 405–409, 412–414, 418–421; to monks and nuns, ii. 409, 412; considered impure, ii. 410, 411, 414–420, 752; regarded as a consequence of Adam’s sin, ii. 411; supposed to have been originally free from all carnal desire, ii. 411 n. 4; supposed to take place between gods and women, ii. 412 sq.; the future state of persons who have refrained from, ii. 414 sq.; danger attributed to, ii. 415, 446; prohibited in sacred places, ii. 416, 752; abstained from in connection with religious observances, ii. 416–420, 736, 752; admission into priesthood preceded by abstinence from, ii. 419; regarded as a transmitter of hereditary sin, ii. 421; between unmarried persons, ii. 422–446, 675, 747; between persons of the same sex, ch. xliii. (ii. 456–489), 752 sq.; between animals of the same sex, ii. 456, 466, 475 n. 2; temporarily forbidden to men who have eaten human flesh, ii. 575. See Adultery, Incest, Jus primæ noctis, Sodomy

Sexual inversion, congenital, ii. 465–467; acquired, ii. 467–470

Shame, putting offenders to, i. 170; a cause of suicide, ii. 233

Shaving, as a means of purification, ii. 294 sq.

Sheep, stealing of, i. 187 sq., ii. 14; abstinence from killing, for food, ii. 330. See Mutton

Shipwrecked persons, sacrifice of, i. 467; treatment of, ii. 25, 37 sq.

Sick persons, killing or abandoning of, i. 391–393, ii. 542; kind treatment of, i. 546–548; suicide committed by, ii. 232; unkindness to, punished by the supreme being, ii. 672. See Disease

Sin, collective responsibility in the case of, i. 48–57, 61–72; prayers for remission of, i. 49, 54, 55, 228 sq., ii. 654, 655, 702, 707; materialistic conception and transference of, i. 52–57, 61–65, 70, 71, 85, 86, 407, ii. 256 n. 2, 654 sq.; committed accidentally or unknowingly, i. 227–231, 233–235; the sense of, ii. 361; sexual intercourse regarded as a transmitter of hereditary, ii. 421

Sister, the elder, respect for, i. 605, 606, 614; swearing by, i. 606; curses of, i. 626, ii. 703

Slander, ii. 96, 98, 140–142, 700

Slavery, ch. xxvii. (i. 670–716); as a punishment for crime, i. 45, 46, 494, 518, 675, 676, 681, 682, 685, 688–691, ii. 7, 8, 12, 13, 74; a cause of suicide, ii. 233, 235, 241; produces contempt for manual labour, ii. 272, 273, 278

Slaves, sacrificed to gods, i. 66, 452, 455, 456, 467 sq.; to dead persons, i. 472, 474, 486, ii. 234; killing of, i. 378, 421–429, 696, 707; of free men by, i. 429, 430, 491 n. 5; refuge denied to, i. 427; granted to, i. 690, 692, 696, ii. 637; not allowed as witnesses, i. 429, 697; bodily injuries inflicted upon, i. 515–518, 524, 677, 707; upon freemen by, i. 516–518; corporal punishment inflicted upon, i. 522– 524; children sold as, by their parents, i. 599, 607, 609, 611, 612, 615, 675, 681, 682, 684, 685, 689, 691 sq.; curses of, i. 716; proprietary rights and incapacities of, i. 677, 684, 688, 690, 697, ii. 28, 31–33, 57; rules of inheritance relating to, i. 679, ii. 46 sq.; addicted to falsehood, ii. 113, 129 sq.; insults offered by, ii. 142 sq.; offered to, ii. 143; marriages between free men and, ii. 379; treatment of the dead bodies of, ii. 527, 549; eaten, ii. 559 567; cursed by their masters, ii. 703

Snakes, abstinence from eating, ii. 324. See Serpents

Social affection, i. 94, 95, 112–114, 559, ii. 197, 198, 226–228

—— aggregates, the evolution of, ii. 198–226

Socialism, ii. 69–71

Society, the birthplace of the moral consciousness, i. 117–123

Sodomy, i. 188, ii. 460, 465 n. 2, 474–476, 479–483, 486–489. See Homosexual love

Solstices, fasting at, ii. 309 sq. See Midsummer customs

Soma, ii. 591, 592, 707 sq.

Son, sacrificed to save the life of his father, i. 455 sq.; the parents’ or father’s consent required for the marriage of the, i. 607–609, 613, 615–618, 624 sq.; mother committing suicide on the death of her only, ii. 244 n. 3; allowed to eat only certain foods after the death of his father, ii. 301 sq. See Children, Firstborn, Primogeniture, Ultimogeniture

Sorrow expressions of, ii. 283, 308, 316, 528

Soul, the immateriality of the, ii. 595 sq. See Annihilation, Dead, Future Life, Future state, Transmigration

Spiders, prohibition of killing white, ii. 490

Spirits, evil. See Evil spirits

“Spiritual relationship,” a bar to inter-marriage, ii. 369, 377

Spitting, superstitions relating to, i. 588, 594, ii. 65, 151, 209, 322, 546 n. 2, 636 sq.

State, the, as a social unit, ii. 221–226; its influence on the smaller units of which it was composed, i. 627 sq., ii. 222 sq.; suicide regarded as a wrong against, ii. 248, 253, 259, 263; celibacy regarded as a wrong against, ii. 404

Stealing, ii. 1–27, 57–69; of horses, cattle, or sheep, i. 187 sq., ii. 14; from houses, i. 187 sq., ii. 15, 16, 58, see Burglary; of letters, i. 188; of food, i. 286, 287, 676, ii. 14, 15, 57 sq.; at night, i. 289, ii. 16, 58; self-defence in the case of, i. 289 sq.; persons who are caught, i. 293. 294. 311, ii. 8, 13, 17–19, 58; punishment inflicted on the offending member in the case of, i. 311, 312, 521 n. 1, ii. 9, 13; from relatives, ii. 53 sq. n. 4; punished by supernatural beings, ii. 59–69, 669, 675–677, 679, 684, 686, 699, 700, 705, 714, 717, 732; curses pronounced to punish or prevent, ii. 62–69, 703; adultery regarded as a form of, ii. 449 sq.; from tombs, ii. 518, 519, 540 sq.; of property belonging to gods, ii. 626 sq.

Stimulants, religious veneration of, ii. 591

Storks, abstinence from killing, ii. 490

Strangers, protected by the chief or king, i. 180, 181, 338; killing of, i. 331–334, 337–34, 370, 371, 373; sacrificed, i. 467 sq.; infliction of bodily injuries upon, i. 519; kindness to, i. 556–558, see Hospitality; blessings of, i. 581–584, ii. 446; regarded as semi–supernatural beings, i. 583 sq.; supposed to be versed in magic, i. 584; the evil eye of, i. 584, 591–593; curses of, i. 584–594, ii. 715, 732; reception of, i. 590–592, ii. 621; gifts of, i. 593 sq.; sexual intercourse with, i. 593, ii. 444–446; enslaving of, i. 674, 675, 689, 690, 691, 714 sq.; respect for the proprietary rights of, ii. 2, 11, 59; robbery committed upon, ii. 20–25, 58 sq.; reduced to serfdom, ii. 24; rules of inheritance relating to, ii. 49; deceiving of, ii. 87, 88, 90, 94, 97, 112, 126–129; politeness to, ii. 152; duties to, ii. 166; despised, ii. 171–174, 532; disregard of their interests, ii. 176; antipathy to, ii. 227; marriages with, ii. 378, 381 sq.; treatment of departed, ii. 525, 548 sq.; eaten, ii. 554; sacrilege committed by, ii. 648. See Hospitality