Volume 23 / Part 4 — CHAPTER XXIX (continued 2)

⁴⁰A public square.

⁴¹This means in Spanish "little governor," and was the name given to the chief executive of a municipality in Spanish days. It corresponds to "mayor" at the present time.

⁴²The special government established in the subprovince of Butuán took immediate steps toward ameliorating the condition of the conquistas by opening trading posts on the lower and middle Agúsan, so that the above observations refer to the period preceding the formation of the special government.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1. a, b, Manóbo women. Lankilaan, upper Agúsan. Note tattooing. c, Forearm of woman in d. d, Mandáya woman. Compostela. Note shaven eyebrows and personal ornaments.

PLATE 2. a, Mañgguáñgan man and Manóbo woman. Jativa, upper Agúsan. b, Debabáon man and Manóbo woman. Upper Agúsan. c, Manóbo woman. Tagusáb, upper Agúsan. d, Mandáya man. Compostela, upper Agúsan.

PLATE 3. a, Manóbo man. Tagusáb, upper Agúsan. b, Manóbos. Ihawán River, Agúsan Valley.

PLATE 4. a, Manóbo women. Umaían River, Agúsan Valley. b, Manóbo house. Moncayo, upper Agúsan. Note thatched roof, notched pole, and opening around the sides above the walls.

PLATE 5. a, Manóbo house, built for defense. Near Veruéla, upper Agúsan. b, Manóbo house, Gandia, upper Agúsan. Note notched pole, numerous posts, smoke vent, gable pieces, thatched roof, and bamboo shingles.

PLATE 6. a, Typical Manóbo house. Near Compostela. b, Manóbo house. Central Agúsan. Built on a tree stump for defense. Such houses are now very rare.

PLATE 7. a, Armor coat made of abaká, with war chief's red jacket inside. Upper Agúsan Manóbos. b, Manóbo abaká skirt, woven in red, white, and black. This is the only lower garment worn by women. It serves at night as a blanket. c, White trousers made of abaká. Central Agúsan. d, Trousers made of blue cotton cloth. Upper Agúsan. e, Mandáya abaká skirt. Worn by Manóbos when obtainable. The design is produced by the tie and dye process.

PLATE 8. a, b, Women's jackets of cotton and abaká, embroidered with red, yellow, white, and black cotton yarn. Upper Agúsan. c, War chief's red jacket. Insignia of bagáni-ship used by Manóbos of the upper Agúsan. d, War chief's red headkerchief. This indicates that the wearer has killed at least three people. e, Hat of sago palm bark. Middle Agúsan. f, Man's jacket worn by wild Manóbos of the eastern and central Cordilleras. g, Man's jacket. Upper Agúsan style. h, Central Agúsan style. i, Hat worn in the Agúsan Valley south of 8° latitude. j, Woman's jacket. Central Agúsan. k, Ihawán and Baóbo style. l, Manóbo-Mañgguáñgan style. m, Manóbo betel-nut bag. n, Betel-nut bag made of Mandáya abaká and cotton cloth.

PLATE 9. a, Cage for keeping the sacred omen bird. b, d, Bamboo guitars. c, Wooden two-stringed guitar. e, f, h, Bamboo flutes. g, Bamboo jew's-harp. i, Drum with head of deerskin. j, l, m, n, Fish traps and fishing line. k, o, p, q, r, Rattan baskets. s, t, Women's incised bamboo combs. u, z, cc, Bead necklaces, worn by Manóbo men and women. v, y, Seed and shell necklaces, worn by Manóbo women. w, aa, bb, dd, ee, Women's incised bamboo combs. x, Woman's silver breastplate. Made by Mandáyas out of coins; worn by upper Agúsan Manóbos. ff, ll, rr, Nito bracelets, worn by Manóbo men and women. gg, ii, kk, Shell bracelets, worn by Manóbo women. hh, jj, Beaded girdles made of nito and human hair, worn by Manóbo women. mm, nn, oo, pp, Wooden ear disks and pendants. qq, Black coral bracelet, bent by heating. Worn by Manóbo men and women. ss, Nito armlet, worn by Manóbo men. tt, Bear's bracelet, worn by Manóbo men and women.

PLATE 10. a, Fish spear. Central Agúsan. b-f, Fishing bows and arrows. The arrows have detachable points. g, Mandáya spear used by Manóbos of upper Agúsan. h, Central Agúsan spear. i-k, Manóbo bow and arrows. l, Manóbo shield. Upper Agúsan. m, Mandáya shield. n, Shield. Central Manóbo. o-r, Mandáya daggers and sheaths, used by Manóbos. Upper Agúsan. s, Mandáya betel-nut knife, used by Manóbos. t-v, Manóbo bamboo lime tubes. w, Moro brass box, used by Manóbos. x, y, Manóbo work bolo and sheath. z, aa, Mandáya war bolo and sheath. Highly prized by Manóbos.

PLATE 11. a, Mandáya woman in a dancing attitude that is characterisitc of Manóbos. Compostela, upper Agúsan. b, Men of the mixed Compostela group in a dancing attitude that is characteristic of the Manóbo war dance.

PLATE 12. a, Altar house, used during the greater sacrifices. Upper Agúsan. b, Religious house. Lankilaan upper Agúsan. Note superiority of this house over the ordinary dwelling house. This kind of house was built by the Manóbos during the great religious movement.

PLATE 13. a, Sacred image and offering stand. Note the egg on the stand. Gerona, upper Agúsan. b, c, Sacred posts with offering trays for the Magbabáya, used on the upper Agúsan during the great religious movement.

PLATE 14. a, d, Ceremonial birth canoes. b, c, Blood oblation trays, used by warrior priests and for invoking the spirits of blood. e, Ceremonial stand, offering plate, and rice paddle. f-i, Sacred images, used to attract Manóbo divinities. j, Sacred shield. k, l, Sacred jars. m, o, Wooden stands used on the upper Agúsan during religious ceremonies. n, p, War chief's charms, worn during war raids. They contain magic herbs. q, Ceremonial birth offering stand. Middle Agúsan. r, Ceremonial ladder for a religious house, ceremonial chair, and sacred image. Bamboo guitars like that shown were used constantly during the great religious movement. Upper Agúsan. s, Bukídnon man. Silay, Bukídnon subprovince.