Volume 23 — THE MANÓBOS OF MINDANÁO
Reading edition
BY
JOHN M. GARVAN
CONTENTS
PART I. DESCRIPTIVE
CHAPTER I. Classification and geographical distribution of Manóbos and other peoples in eastern Mindanáo
Explanation of terms
"Eastern Mindanáo"
The term "tribe"
Present use of the word "Manóbo"
The derivation and original application of the word "Manóbo"
Geographical distribution of the Manóbos in eastern Mindanáo
In the Agúsan Valley
On the eastern side of the Pacific Cordillera
On the peninsula of San Agustin
The Mamánuas, or Negritos, and Negrito-Manóbo half-breeds
The Banuáons
The Mañgguáñgans
The Mansákas
The Debabáons
The Mandáyas
The Tágum branch
The Agúsan Valley branch
The Pacific coast branch
The gulf of Davao branch
The Moros
The Biláns
The Tagakaólos
Lóaks or Lóags
The conquistas or recently Christianized peoples
The Manóbo conquistas
The Mandáya conquistas
The Mamánua conquistas
The Mañgguáñgan conquistas
The Mansáka conquistas
The Debabáon conquistas
The Bisáyas or Christian Filipinos
CHAPTER II. Physical characteristics and general appearance of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo
Physical type
Divergence of types
General physical type
Racial and tribal affinities
Montano's Indonesian theory
Keane's view
The Indonesian theory as applied to Manóbos
Physical type of contiguous peoples
The Mañgguáñgans
The Mandáyas
The Debabáons
The Mamánuas
The Banuáons
Physical appearance as modified by dress and ornamentation
CHAPTER III. A survey of the material and sociological culture of the Manóbos of eastern Mindanáo
General material culture
Dwellings
Alimentation
Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments
Means of subsistence
Weapons and implements
Industrial activities
General sociological culture
Domestic life
Marital relations
Pregnancy, birth, and childhood
Medicine, sickness, and death
Social and family enjoyments
Political organization
System of government and social control
Methods of warfare
Intertribal and analogous relations
Administration of justice
General principles and various laws
Regulations governing domestic relations and property; customary procedure in settlement of disputes
CHAPTER IV. Religious ideas and mental characteristics in general
A brief survey of religion
The basis, influence, and machinery of religion
The hierarchy of Manóbo divinities, beneficent and malignant
Priests, their functions, attributes, and equipment
The main characteristics of Manóbo religion
Mental and other attainments and characteristics
PART II. GENERAL MATERIAL CULTURE
CHAPTER V. The Manobo home
In general
Motives that determine the selection of the site
Religious motives
Material motives
Religious ceremonies connected with the erection of a house
Structure of the house
The materials
The dimensions and plan of construction
The floor
The roof and the thatch
The walls
The doorway and the ladder
Internal arrangements
Decorations
The furniture and equipment of the house
The underpart and the environment of the house
Order and cleanliness of the house
CHAPTER VI. Dress
General remarks
Delicacy in exposure of the person
Variety in quantity and quality of clothes
The use of bark cloth
Dress as an indication of rank
Dress in general
Preferential colors in dress
The man's dress
Hats and headkerchiefs
The jacket
The lower garment
The girdle
The betel-nut knapsack
The woman's dress
The jacket
The upper Agúsan style
The style of the central group
The girdle and its pendants
The skirt
CHAPTER VII. Personal adornment
General remarks
Hair and head adornment
Care and ornamentation of the head
Combs
Ear disks
Neck and breast ornaments
Arm and hand ornamentation
Knee and ankle adornments
Body mutilations
General remarks
Mutilation of the teeth
Mutilation of the ear lobes
Depilation
Tattooing
Circumcision
CHAPTER VIII. Alimentation
Fire and its production
The "fire-saw"
The steel and flint process
Continuation of the fire
Lighting
Culinary and table equipment
Various kinds of food
The preparation and cooking of food
Preparing the food
Cooking the food
Food restrictions and taboos
Meals
Ordinary meals
Festive meals
CHAPTER IX. Narcotic and stimulating enjoyments
Drinks used by the Manobos
Sugar-palm wine
Báhi toddy
Sugarcane brew
Extraction of the juice
Boiling
Fermentation
Mead
Drinking
General remarks
The sumsúm-an
Drinking during religious and social feasts
Evil effects from drinking
Tobacco preparation and use
The betel-nut masticatory
Ingredients and effect of the quid
Betel chewing accessories
CHAPTER X. Means of subsistence
Agriculture
General remarks
The time and place for planting rice
The sowing ceremony
The clearing of the land
The sowing of the rice and its culture
The rice harvest
The harvest feast
The culture of other crops
Hunting
Hunting with dogs
Offering to Sugúdun, the spirit of hunters
The hunt
Hunting taboos and beliefs
Other methods of obtaining game
Trapping
Trapping ceremonies and taboos
The bamboo spear trap
Other varieties of traps
Fishing
Shooting with bow and arrow
Fishing with hook and line
Fish-poisoning
The túba method
The túbli method
The lágtañg method
Dry-season lake fishing
Fishing with nets, traps, and torches
CHAPTER XI. Weapons and implements
Introductory remarks
Offensive weapons
The bow and arrow
The bolo and its sheath
A magic test for the efficiency of a bolo
The lance
The dagger and its sheath
Defensive weapons
The shield
Armor
Traps and caltrops
Agricultural implements
The ax
The bolo
The rice header
Fishing implements
The fishing bow and arrow
The fish spear
Fishhooks
Hunting implements
The spear
The bow and arrow
The blowgun
CHAPTER XII. Industrial activities
Division of labor
Male activities
Female activities
Male industries in detail
Boat building
Mining
Plaiting and other activities
Female industries in detail
Weaving and its accessory processes
Pottery
Tailoring and mat making
PART III. GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL CULTURE
CHAPTER XIII. Domestic life and marital relations
Arranging the marriage
Selection of the bride
Courtship and antenuptial relations
Begging for the hand of the girl
Determination of the marriage payment
The marriage feast and payment
The reciprocatory payment and banquet
Marriage and marriage contracts
The marriage rite
Marriage by capture
Prenatal marriage contracts and child marriage
Polygamy and kindred institutions
Endogamy and consanguineous marriages
Intertribal and other marriages
Married life and the position of the wife
Residence of the son-in-law and the brother-in-law system
CHAPTER XIV. Domestic life: Pregnancy, birth, and childhood
Desire for progeny
Birth and pregnancy taboos
Taboos to be observed by the husband
Taboos to be observed by the wife
Taboos to be observed by both husband and wife
Taboos enjoined on visitors
Abortion
Artificial abortion
Involuntary abortion
The approach of parturition
The midwife
Prenatal magic aids
Prenatal religious aids
Accouchement and ensuing events
Postnatal customs
Taboos
The birth ceremony
The naming and care of the child
Birth anomalies
Monstrosities
Albinism
Hermaphroditism
CHAPTER XV. Domestic life: Medicine, sickness, and death
Medicine and disease
Natural medicines and diseases
Magic ailments and means of producing them
The composition of a few "Kometán"
Other magic means
Bodily ailments proceeding from supernatural causes
Sickness due to capture of the "soul" by an inimical spirit
Epidemics attributed to the malignancy of sea demons
Propitiation of the demons of contagious diseases
Sickness and death
The theory of death
Fear of the dead and of the death spirits
Incidents accompanying deaths
Preparation of the corpse
The funeral
Certain mourning taboos are observed
Death and burial of one killed by an enemy, of a warrior chief, and of a priest
The after world
The death feast
CHAPTER XVI. Social enjoyments
Instrumental music
The drum
The gong
Flutes
The paúndag flute
The to-áli flute
The lántui
The sá-bai flute
Guitars
The vine-string guitar
The bamboo-string guitar
The takúmbo
The violin
The jew's-harp
The stamper and the horn of bamboo
Sounders
Vocal music
The language of song
The subject matter of songs
The music and the method of singing
Ceremonial songs
Dancing
The ordinary social dance
The religious dance
Mimetic dances
The bathing dance
The dagger or sword dance
The apian dance
The depilation dance
The sexual dance
The war dance
CHAPTER XVII. Political organization: System of government and social control
Clans
Territories of the clans and number of people composing them
Interclan relations
The chief and his power
The source of the chief's authority
Equality among the people
Respect for ability and old age
The warrior chief
General character
Insignia and prowess of the warrior chief
The warrior's title to recognition
Various degrees of warrior chiefship
The warrior chief in his capacity as chief
The warrior chief as priest and medicine man
CHAPTER XVIII. Political organization: War, its origin, inception, course, and termination
Military affairs in general
The origin of war
Vendettas
Private seizure
Debts and sexual infringements
Inception of war
Declaration of war
Time for war
Preparations for war
The attack
Time and methods of attack
Events following the battle
Celebration of the victory
The capture of slaves
The return of the warriors
Ambushes and other methods of warfare
Peace
CHAPTER XIX. Political organization: General principles of the administration of justice: customary, proprietary, and liability laws
General considerations
General principles
The principle of material substitution
Right to a fair hearing
Securing the defendant's good will
Foundations of Manóbo law
Customary law
Its natural basis
Its religious basis
Proprietary laws and obligations
Conception of property rights
Land and other property
Laws of contract
The law of debt
Interest, loans, and pledges
Interest
Loans and pledges
Laws of liability
Liability arising from natural causes
Liability arising from religious causes
Liability arising from magic causes
The system of fines
CHAPTER XX. Political organization: Customs regulating domestic relations and family property; procedure for the attainment of justice
Family property
Rules of inheritance
Rules governing the relations of the sexes
Moral offenses
Marriage contracts and payments
Illegitimate children
Extent of authority of father and husband
Residence of the husband
Crimes and their penalties
Crimes
The private seizure
Penalties for minor offenses
Customary procedure
Preliminaries to arbitration
General features of a greater arbitration
Determination of guilt
By witnesses
By oaths
By the testimony of the accused
By ordeals
The hot-water ordeal
The diving ordeal
The candle ordeal
By circumstantial evidence
Enforcement of the sentence
CHAPTER XXI. Political organization: Intertribal and other relations
Intertribal relations
Interclan relations
External commercial relations
Exploitation by Christian natives
Exploitation by falsification
Defraudation by usury and excessive prices
Exploitation by the system of commutation
Wheedling or the puának system
Bartering transactions
General conditions of trading
Internal commercial relations
Money and substitutes for it
Prevailing Manóbo prices
Weights and measures
Slave trade and slaves
Slave trade
Classes of slaves
Delivery and treatment of slaves
PART IV. RELIGION
CHAPTER XXII. General principles of Manóbo religion and nature and classification of Manobo deities
Introductory
General principles of religion
Sincerity of belief
Basis of religious belief
Means of detecting supernatural evil
Belief in an hierarchy of beneficent and malignant deities
Other tenets of Manobo faith
Spirit companions of man
General character of the deities
Classification of deities and spirits
Benevolent deities
Gods of gore and rage
Malignant and dangerous spirits
Agricultural goddesses
Giant spirits
Gods of lust and consanguineous love
Spirits of celestial phenomena
Other spirits
Nature of the various divinities in detail,
The primary deities
The secondary order of deities
The gods of gore, and kindred spirits
CHAPTER XXIII. Maleficent spirits
The origin and nature of malignant demons
Methods of frustrating their evil designs
Through priests
By various material means
By propitiation
The tagbánua, or local forest spirits
Their characteristics and method of living
Definite localities tenanted by forest spirits
Worship of the forest spirits
CHAPTER XXIV. Priests, their prerogatives and functions
The bailán or ordinary Manobo priests
Their general character
Their prerogatives
Sincerity of the priests
Their influence
Their dress and functions
The bagáni, or priests of war and blood
CHAPTER XXV. Ceremonial accessories and religious rites
General remarks
The paraphernalia of the priest
The religious shed and the bailán's house
Equipment for ceremonies
Ceremonial decorations
Sacred images
Ceremonial offerings
Religious rites
Classification
Method of performance
The betel-nut tribute
The offering of incense
Invocation
Prophylactic fowl waving
Blood lustration
Lustration by water
CHAPTER XXVI. Sacrifices and war rites
The sacrifice of a pig
Rites peculiar to the war priests
The betel-nut offering to the souls of the enemies
Various forms of divination
The betel-nut cast
Divination from the báguñg vine
Divination from báya squares,
Invocation of the omen bird
The tagbúsau's feast
Human sacrifice
CHAPTER XXVII. Divination and omens
In general
Miscellaneous casual omens
Divination by dreams
Divination by geometrical figures
The vine omen
The rattan omen
Divination by suspension and other methods
The suspension omen
The omen from eggs
Divination by sacrificial appearances
The blood omen
The neck omen
The omen from the gall
The omen from the liver
The omen from a fowl's intestinal appendix
Ornithoscopy
In general
Respect toward the omen bird
Interpretation of the omen bird's call
Birds of evil omen
CHAPTER XXVIII. Mythological and kindred beliefs
The creation of the world
Celestial phenomena
The rainbow
Thunder and lightning
Eclipse of the moon
Origin of the stars and the explanation of sunset and sunrise
The story of the Ikúgan, or tailed men, and of the resettlement of the Agúsan Valley
Giants
Peculiar animal beliefs
The petrified craft and crew of Kagbubátañg
Angó, the petrified Manóbo
CHAPTER XXIX. The great religious movement of 1908-1910
The extent of the movement
Reported origin and character of the revival
Spread of the movement
Its exterior character and general features
The principal tenets of the movement
New order of deities
Observances prescribed by the founder
Religious rites
The real nature of the movement and means used to carry on the fraud
The sacred traffic
Religious tours
The whistling scheme
Pretended chastity and austerity
The end of the movement
Similar movements in former years
APPENDIX
Historical references to the Manóbos of eastern Mindanao
Early history up to 1875
From 1875 to 1910
Methods adopted by the missionaries in the Christianization of the Manóbos
The secret of missionary success
Explanation of plates