INDEX

Acquia Creek, I: 168, 209, 273.

Alcott, Louisa M., I: 47.

Amidon, George H., I: 314.

Andrew, Gov. John A., I: 156, 159, 160.

Andrews, B. P., II: 162.

Anthony, Susan B., I: 1.

Appia, Dr. Louis, II: 5, 11, 120;

letters from Clara Barton, 121, 130 seq.;

letter to Clara Barton, 124.

Armenia, II: 244.

Arogo, transport, I: 240.

Arthur, Chester A., expresses interest in Red Cross, II: 162;

recommends Red Cross treaty, 164, 188, 192.

Atlantic Monthly, quoted, I: 143.

Atwater, Dorence, I: 2, 317 seq.;

arrested and imprisoned, 322 seq.;

his list printed in New York Tribune, 327;

his subsequent life, 327.

Bardwell, Rev. Horatio, I: 57.

Barker, Miss Louise, I: 60.

Barton, Ada, I: 133.

Barton, Anna, wife of Edmund, I: 13.

Barton, Augustine de, I: 10.

Barton, Clara, her autobiography, I: 1 seq.;

her ancestry, 9 seq.;

her parents, 16 seq.;

her childhood, 19 seq.;

her timidity, 20;

her education, 20 seq.;

her dog, Button, 26;

her fondness for verses, 26;

her skill as a horsewoman, 27;

her horse, Billy, 30;

her presence at the killing of an ox, 34;

her youth, 36 seq.;

her illness in childhood, 37;

nurse of her brother David, 37;

ceased to grow at 12, 38;

learned to weave, 38;

how she kept the Sabbath, 39;

did not learn to dance, 42;

a child’s party, 43;

her books, 48;

her first experience as a teacher, 50;

her “waifish dresses,” 56;

at Clinton Institute, 60;

teacher at Bordentown, 62;

her home letters, 68 seq.;

her verses on the steamboat, 75;

her lovers, 76 seq.;

her too great sensitiveness, 20, 85;

her work in the Patent Office, 89 seq.;

her styles of handwriting, 91;

her home letters, 94-101;

cares for soldiers of Sixth Massachusetts, 107;

at Battle of Bull Run, 119;

her relations with her family, 131 seq.;

visit to New England in December, 1861, 136;

return to Washington with supplies, 137;

letter to Frances Childs, 141-44;

her father’s last sickness, 145 seq.;

letter to her brother Stephen, 147 seq.;

decided to give herself to work at the battle-front, 154, 157;

letter after Fredericksburg quoted, 154;

letter to Gov. John A. Andrew, 158;

her father’s death and burial, 161-63;

her disappointment concerning permission to go to the front, 164;

permission and passes obtained, 164;

started for the front, 167;

letter to Corporal Poor, 169;

at Culpeper, or Cedar Mountain, 172 seq.;

another letter to Corporal Poor, 174;

at Second Bull Run, 175 seq.;

letter to sister Julia, 192;

starts for Harper’s Ferry, 194 seq.;

at Antietam, 199 seq.;

at Fredericksburg, 212 seq.;

letter to Vira Stone, 212 seq.;

how she dressed at the front, 220, 221;

received a box from Anna Childs, 221 seq.;

at Hilton Head, S.C., 225 seq.;

witnesses futile attempt to capture Ft. Sumter, 238;

serenaded as the Florence Nightingale of America, 242;

her views of peace and patriotism, 245-48;

her requisition for a flatiron, 248;

witnessed assault on Ft. Wagner, 248-50;

sick in summer of 1863, 250 seq.;

met with official arrogance, 254;

declined to criticize Dorothea Dix, 255 seq.;

her position in Patent Office, 258 seq.;

returned to Washington, 262;

at Worcester, 263;

listened to H. W. Beecher, 263;

her political views in 1864, 264-68;

listened to George Thompson, 269;

her change of opinion concerning John Brown, 269;

at Spotsylvania and Wilderness, 272 seq.;

returns to Washington to better care for soldiers, 278-79;

why she did not work under Commissions, 280;

returns to Washington in 1864, 282;

appointed superintendent of nurses, Army of the James, 282 seq.;

describes Fourth of July celebration, 283-85;

letters to Frances Childs Vassall and Annie Childs, 286-96;

describes death of her brother Stephen, 298-99;

her verses on “The Women Who Went to the Field,” 301-03;

drew her salary as clerk in the Patent Office till August, 1865, 304;

at Andersonville, 304 seq.;

appointed by President Lincoln to find missing soldiers, 305;

assisted in her work by Pres. Andrew Johnson, 307-09;

approved and passes issued by Gen. Grant, 309-10;

sometimes had greater success than missing men desired, 311-13;

letter from grateful soldier, 313-14;

four years in work for missing men, 316;

appointed by Secretary Stanton to visit Andersonville, 317 seq.;

devotes herself to release of Dorence Atwater, 321-25;

publishes his lists in New York Tribune, 326;

wanted to write a book, 328-33;

chose lecture platform instead, 342 seq.;

her finances, 340-41;

bought a new home, 347;

nervous breakdown, 348;

first voyage to Europe, II: 1;

first knowledge of the Red Cross, 2;

in Switzerland, 8;

in Corsica, 8;

in Berne, 9;

accepts invitation to serve Red Cross in Franco-Prussian War, 11 seq.;

at Basle, 12;

at Mülhausen, 14;

at Strassburg, 17;

at Carlsruhe, 19;

letter to Frances Childs Vassall, 23;

at Paris, 31;

at Lyons, 32;

at Carlsruhe, 40;

at Belforte, 44;

declines gift and receives annuity, 53;

letter to her sister Sarah, 55;

at Montbéliard, 56;

in Italy, 64;

in London, 65;

at Isle of Wight, 73 seq.;

in London, 77;

letter to Mrs. Vassall, 79;

letter to Bernard Barton Vassall, 81;

letter to Mamie Barton Stafford, 83;

returns to America, 84;

only person in America in 1873 wearing Red Cross, 88;

the nature of her sickness, 89-91;

letter to Mr. Dwight, 91-92;

at Dansville Sanitarium, 92 seq.;

letter to John D. De Frieze, 93;

letter to the Grand Duchess of Baden, 95-100;

recovery of health, 100 seq.;

letter to Mamie Stafford, 104;

letter to German professor, 106;

receives ovation on Memorial Day, 112;

letter to Dr. Louis Appia, 121;

his reply, 124;

further correspondence, 130 seq.;

first pamphlet concerning Red Cross, 139;

her first attempt at publicity, 145-46;

correspondence with Pres. Garfield, 147-49;

interview with James G. Blaine, 149 seq.;

interview with Robert T. Lincoln, 151;

letter from James G. Blaine approving Red Cross, 154;

her first public announcement of the Red Cross, 157;

elected president American Red Cross, 159;

organizes first local Red Cross society in America, 162;

interviews President Arthur, 163;

appears before Senate Committee, 164;

first work of American Red Cross, 169;

encounters opposition of rival organizations, 172 seq.;

visits State Department, 179 seq.;

sees the Red Cross Treaty, 179-81;

receives news of adoption of Treaty, 184;

in Mississippi floods, 196 seq.;

becomes matron at Sherborn, 199-214;

her love of the color of red, 218, 347;

Louisiana tornado, 220;

Ohio River floods, 221;

Texas famine, 224;

Mount Vernon tornado, 228;

yellow fever epidemic, 229;

Johnstown, 231;

Sea Islands hurricane, 240;

Armenia, 244;

in Constantinople, 248;

decorated by Sultan, 254;

attended International Conference at Geneva, 260;

introduced the “American Amendment,” 261;

letter from Louise, Grand Duchess of Baden, 264;

letter to Mamie Stafford, 268;

address at Wellesley, 270;

is pressed for money for expenses of Red Cross, 271;

accepts Red Cross Farm, 272 seq.;

in Cuba, 280-93;

receives thanks of Congress, 293;

at Galveston, 294;

at St. Petersburg, 296;

friction in Red Cross, 298;

Committee of Investigation, 300;

resigns from Red Cross, 300;

considers removal to Mexico, 301;

at home, 307-16;

her religion, 317-25;

her personality, 326-60;

her last years, 361-68;

her death, 369-74;

her funeral, 374-78;

her resurrection, 379.

Barton, Clarissa Harlowe, aunt of Clara Barton, I: 15.

Barton, David, brother of Clara, I: 20, 31;

his accident, 38;

his marriage, 53, 54;

letters of Clara to, 70 seq., 111, 225;

letter from, concerning her home life, 199, 200.

Barton, Dolly, I: 15.

Barton, Dorothy, sister of Clara, I: 132.

Barton, Dorothy Moore, wife of Dr. Stephen, I: 14.

Barton, Lady Editha, I: 10.

Barton, Edmund, I: 13.

Barton, Edward, of Salem, I: 11.

Barton, Elijah Moore, I: 14, 15.

Barton, Elizabeth Rich, wife of Stephen (brother of Clara), I: 132.

Barton, Gideon, I: 14.

Barton, Hannah, I: 15.

Barton, Hannah, wife of Samuel, I: 12.

Barton, Ida, I: 133.

Barton, Dr. John, I: 11.

Barton, Julia, wife of David, her marriage, I: 54;

her interest in Clara’s wardrobe, 56;

letters of Clara to, 94-100.

Barton, Sir Leysing de, I: 9.

Barton, Luke, I: 15.

Barton, Mamie, niece of Clara, see Stafford, Mrs. John.

Barton, Martha, wife of Edward, I: 10.

Barton, Matthew de, I: 10.

Barton, Pamela, I: 15.

Barton, Polly, I: 15.

Barton, Samuel, of Framingham, I: 11, 12.

Barton, Samuel, nephew of Clara, letter to her, I: 145;

letter from her, 227.

Barton, Sarah, sister of Clara, see Vassall, Mrs. Vester.

Barton, Sarah Stone, mother of Clara, I: 17;

taught Clara to make pies, 36;

her death, 62;

Clara’s love for, 134.

Barton, Dr. Stephen, grandfather of Clara, I: 14.

Barton, Captain Stephen, father of Clara, I: 15, 16 seq.;

Clara’s reference in her letters, 111;

his children, 132;

Clara’s love for him, 134;

last sickness, 145 seq.;

encouraged his daughter Clara to go to the front, 154, 157;

his death, 161, 162;

funeral, 162.

Barton, Stephen, brother of Clara, I: 30;

letter of Clara to, 91 seq.;

in North Carolina, 101;

letter of Clara to, 102 seq.;

his marriage, 132;

letter of Clara to, 147 seq., 225;

his capture, rescue, and death, 297-300.

Barton, Stephen E., nephew of Clara, on Clara Barton’s lovers, I: 77;

letter of Clara to, 278;

in work for Cuba, 283, 370.

Barton, Rev. William E., visited by Clara, II: 366;

conducts Clara’s funeral service, 320, 376;

baptises a little girl at Clara’s funeral, 379.

Barton family, its origin and history, I: 9 seq.

Bartonville, N. C., named for Stephen, I: 132.

Basle, Clara Barton in, II: 11.

Bastian, G., II: 162.

Belle Plaine, Clara Barton at, I: 278.

Bellows, Rev. H. W., I: 3; II: 2, 4, 117 seq., 165, 166, 353.

Berne, Clara Barton in, II: 9.

Bickerdyke, “Mother,” I: 296, 343.

Bismarck, correspondence with Clara Barton, II: 20.

Blaine, James G., II: 2, 149 seq.;

letter to Clara Barton approving Red Cross, 153;

letter from Gustave Moynier, 154;

endorsement of Red Cross, 157;

submits recommendation on Treaty of Geneva, 163;

Clara Barton’s letter to, 201, 202;

assists in Russian famine, 239.

Blaine, Walker, II: 159.

Bordentown, N.J., where Clara Barton taught, I: 53, 62.

Bowles, Charles S. P., II: 2, 117.

Breck, T. S., Asst. Adj. Gen., I: 310.

Bridges, Edward, I: 12.

Brown, John, I: 101-03.

Brush, A. P., II: 162.

Buchanan, President James, I: 98.

Bull Run, Battle of, I: 119 seq.;

Second Bull Run, 175 seq.

Bunnell, Mark J., II: 162.

Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., II: 30.

Butler, Gen. B. F., Commander of Army of the James and friend of Clara Barton, I: 282;

failed to secure Cabinet appointment, 339-41;

appoints Clara Barton superintendent at Sherborn, 205.

Butler, M. C., II: 242.

Cameron, Simon, I: 128.

Canfield, Mrs. S. A. M., II: 159, 198.

Carlsruhe, Clara Barton at, II: 19, 40.

Cedar Mountain, battle of, I: 172, 173.

Chantilly, battle of, I: 179.

Childs, Anna, letter to, I: 104;

letters of Clara Barton to, 221, 290-96; II: 32, 347.

Childs, B. W., I: 109.

Childs, Frances, see Vassall, Mrs. B. B.

Clinton Institute (N.Y.), where Clara Barton attended school, I: 157.

Colvin, Mrs. Mary, II: 162.

Conger, Omar D., II: 152, 167, 170, 198.

Constantinople, Clara Barton in, II: 248.

Corsica, Clara Barton in, II: 8.

Cuba, Clara Barton in, II: 280-93.

Culpeper, battle of, I: 173.

Dahlgren, Admiral John, I: 249.

Dansville, Clara Barton at, II: 92 seq.;

first local organization of Red Cross, 93;

gives ovation to Clara Barton, 112.

Davis, Hon. John, II: 193.

Davis, J. C. B., II: 198.

De Frieze, John D., letter of Clara Barton to, II: 93.

De Witt, Col. Alexander, I: 89, 90, 95, 156.

Diggles, Jonas, I: 192.

Diggles, William, I: 192.

Dix, Dorothea Lynde, superintendent of Army nurses, outline of her work, I: 230-37; 296;

did not love publicity, 328-29;

did not desire to be imitated, 329; 343.

Douglass, Frederick, II: 198.

Dunant, J. Henri, II: 4;

establishment of Red Cross, 116.

Dunn, Dr., I: 200.

Dwight, Edward, II: 44, 50, 54, 91.

Dwight, Rev. H. O., II: 244, 252, 255.

Eddy, Mrs. Mary Baker, II: 318.

Edmunds, Hon. George F., II: 163, 179.

Ellsworth, Elmer, I: 116.

Elwell, Gen. J. G., I: 241 seq., 249 seq., 251.

Elwell, J. K., II: 283.

Epler, Rev. Percy H., author of biography of Clara Barton, II: 319;

at Clara Barton’s funeral, 320.

Falmouth, Va., I: 210.

Faulkner, Mrs. James, II: 162.

Faulkner, Riley, Ohio soldier, I: 219.

Ferry, Thomas W., II: 164.

Field, Father, of the Cowley Fathers, II: 352.

Fitts, Nancy, schoolmate of Clara Barton, I: 24.

Fletcher, Dr. J. W., I: 161.

Fogg, George P., II: 2, 117.

Fowler, L. W., I: 46 seq., 50.

Franco-Prussian War, II: 11 seq.

Franklin, Gen. William B., I: 197, 214.

Fredericksburg, battle of, I: 154 seq.

Frelinghuysen, Hon. F. T., II: 189, 192, 260.

Fremont, Gen. John C., I: 98.

French, Alice, II: 239.

Gallagher, Thomas E., II: 162.

Galpin, Mrs. L. Q., II: 162.

Galveston, tornado at, II: 294.

Garfield, President James A., II; 3, 147-49;

nominates Clara Barton President of Red Cross, 157, 159;

assassinated, 160.

Garnett, A. Y. P., II: 159, 198.

Glen Echo, Red Cross headquarters, II: 307.

Golay family, II: 8.

Gough, John B., advises Clara Barton to lecture, I: 342.

Grant, Gen. U. S., requests printing of Clara Barton’s lists, I: 309;

issues passes for her, 310.

Greeley, Horace, publishes Dorence Atwater’s lists at Clara Barton’s request, I: 326.

Green, Rev. Joseph K., II: 253-55.

Gregor, Alexander, II: 239.

Hale, Judge Robert, I: 86.

Hall, J. Brainard, II: 376.

Hamilton, Charles, I: 180.

Hamlin, Rev. Cyrus, II: 253.

Hill, Hon. Benjamin H., II: 164.

Hinton, R. J., II: 159.

Hitchcock, Dr. Alfred, I: 161.

Hitchcock, Gen. E. A., letter appointing Clara Barton for search of missing men, I: 306; 309.

Hitz, John, II: 3, 346.

Hoffman, Gen. William, I: 309.

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, I: 197, 200, 214.

Horr, Hon. George A., II: 167.

Hosmer, F. J., letter from, I: 313-14.

Howard, Gen. O. O., I: 201.

Howe, Julia Ward, “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” I: 144;

Clara Barton’s comment on, II: 328.

Hubbell, Dr. Julian B., II: 216, 220-21, 240, 251, 260, 290, 329.

Hunter, Gen. David, I: 241, 243.

Jackson, Chaplain, I: 189.

Jackson, Rev. E. W., I: 170.

Jackson, Dr. J. H., II: 162.

Jackson, P. T., II: 50-52.

Jackson, Gen. Stonewall, I: 173.

Johnson, President Andrew, orders

printing of lists at request of Clara Barton, I: 307-09.

Johnson, Mrs. Fannie B., II: 162.

Johnston, John W., II: 164.

Johnstown flood, II: 231 seq.

Joslyn, Mrs. A. L., II: 326.

Kansas and the slavery question, I: 98, 104.

Kearny, Gen. Phil, I: 188.

Kennan, George, II: 156, 159.

Klopsch, Louis, II: 283.

Knapp, Rev. George P., II: 253.

Lacy House, Fredericksburg, I: 211, 214.

Lamb, Capt. Samuel T., I: 241.

Lapham, Hon. Elbridge G., I: 164, 179, 184.

Lawrence, William, II: 159.

Learned family, I: 13 seq.

Lee, Gen. Robert E., I: 209.

Leggett, Gen. M. D., I: 249.

Lincoln, Abraham, inaugurated, I: 105 seq.;

promised to free the slaves, 199;

appoints Clara Barton to find missing soldiers, 305, 336, 337.

Lincoln, Robert T., Clara Barton’s interview with, II: 151.

Logan, Mrs. John A., II: 374.

London, Clara Barton in, II: 8, 77.

Loring, George B., II: 159.

Louisiana tornado, II: 220.

Louise, Grand Duchess of Baden, II: 19;

letter of Clara Barton to, 95-100;

letter to Clara Barton, 264.

Lowell, James Russell, quoted, I: 143.

Maine, sinking of the, II: 285 seq.

Margot, Antoinette, II: 14 seq., 40 seq., 56, 262.

Marvin, Rev. John P., II: 376.

Mason, Hon. Charles, I: 90.

McClellan, Gen. George B., I: 199, 209.

McDowell, Gen. Irvin, I: 179.

McKinley, President William, Message to Congress, in appreciation of Clara Barton, II: 293.

Meighan, T. W., Clara Barton’s letter to, I: 245 seq.

Menseur, Rev. Mr., teacher of Clara Barton, I: 24.

Miller, Hon. John, II: 163.

Moore family, I: 13, 15.

Morgan, Benjamin, II: 35.

Morgan, Hon. J. T., II: 164.

Morris Island, Clara Barton at, I: 250.

Mount Vernon tornado, II: 228.

Moynier, Gustave, II: 120;

letter to J. G. Blaine, 154, 190.

Mülhausen, II: 14, 17.

Mussey, R. D., II: 159, 198.

Norton family, I: 62.

Ohio River floods, II: 220.

Parthia, steamship, Clara Barton on, II: 84-87.

Patrick, Gen. John H., I: 218.

Peet, Rev. W. W., II: 248, 252, 253.

Philbrick, H. A., II: 376.

Phrenology, I: 46.

Pierce, Dr. Delano, I: 29.

Pierce, President Franklin, I: 89.

Poor, Corporal Leander, I: 169, 225, 241.

Pope, Gen. John, I: 179.

Pratt, Major E. H., II: 162.

Proctor, Hon. Redfield, II: 298 seq.

Red Cross, Clara Barton’s first knowledge of, II: 1, 11;

first pamphlet concerning, 139-43;

birth of movement, 144 seq.;

her first attempt at publicity, 145-46;

in forest fires of Michigan, 169;

in Mississippi floods, 196;

in subsequent disasters, 219-58;

friction in, 298 seq.;

Clara Barton resigns from, 300;

incarnates her spirit, 379.

Reno, Gen. Jesse L., I: 197.

Riccius, Ida Barton, II: 199;

letter of Clara Barton to, 275.

Roosevelt, President Theodore, II: 298.

Roses, Wars of the, I: 10.

Rucker, Gen. D. H., I: 167, 207, 227, 273, 308.

Russian famine, II: 237.

Sanitary Commission, I: 168.

Schoppe, Rev. Mr., II: 318.

Sea Islands hurricane, II: 240.

Sears, Gen. William H., II: 299.

Seward, Frederick H., II: 150.

Seymour, Gen. Truman, I: 264, 266.

Shaw, Col. Robert G., I: 249.

Sheldon, Hon. Joseph, II: 260.

Sheldon family, II: 64, 74.

Sherborn, Clara Barton at, II: 199-214.

Sherburne, Adj. Gen. John P., I: 316.

Simmons, Charles E., I: 190.

Sliney, William F., II: 159.

Smith, Mrs. Mary R., II: 162.

Solomons, A. S., II: 159.

South Mountain, battle of, I: 197.

Spain, war with, II: 290.

Spotsylvania, battle of, I: 272 seq.

Stafford, Mrs. John (Mamie Barton), letter of Clara to, II: 83; 104; 268.

Stanton, Edwin M., appoints Clara Barton to visit Andersonville, I: 317-20.

Stone family, I: 17.

Stone, Colonel, teacher of Clara Barton, I: 26.

Stone, Vira, I: 212, 213.

Strassburg, Clara Barton in, II: 11.

Stratford-on-Avon, Clara Barton visits, II: 84.

Strobel, P. A., II: 162.

Sturgis, S. D., II: 159.

Sullivan, W. S., II: 260.

Sumner, Hon. Charles, I: 98.

Sumter, Fort, attempt to recapture, I: 238.

Suydam, Mr., chairman Bordentown School Board, I: 62, 63.

Sweet, George A., II: 162.

Taylor family, II: 64, 73.

Terrell, Hon. A. W., II: 325.

Texas famine, II: 224 seq.

Thayer, Eli, I: 104, 105.

Thompson, Rev. George, address in Washington, I: 269, 270.

Tillinghast, B. F., II: 239.

Tillman, Gov. Benjamin, II: 242.

Tilton, Theodore, presides at Clara Barton’s lecture, I: 344.

Tolstoy, Count, II: 239.

Torrey, Susan, teacher of Clara Barton, I: 24.

Trask, Spencer, II: 245.

Treaty of Geneva, II: 161 seq.; 188 seq.

Tribune, New York, I: 326; II: 22.

Tufts, Gardiner, I: 174.

Tyler, Rev. Dr., II: 320, 377.

Universalist Church, in Oxford, I: 39 seq.;

that of Clara Barton’s parents, 317.

Upton, Mr. and Mrs., II: 9.

Vanderlip, J. A., II: 162.

Vassall, Bernard Barton, I: 133;

letter of Clara Barton to, II: 81.

Vassall, Mrs. Bernard Barton, formerly Frances Childs, teacher with Clara at Bordentown, I: 65;

her memories, 66 seq.;

Clara’s letters to, 114;

describes Clara’s Washington home, 121;

her marriage, 133;

letter of Clara to, 141;

description of Clara Barton’s attire, 221;

letters of Clara Barton to, 286-89; II: 23, 36, 77.

Vassall, Irving, I: 134.

Vassall, Mrs. Vester, Clara Barton’s sister Sarah, I: 133; II: 56, 65;

sickness and death, 89.

Venice, Clara Barton in, II: 64, 72.

Verona, Clara Barton in, II: 71.

Voris, Gen. Alvin C., I: 249.

Wagner, Fort, assault on, I: 248.

Ward, George K., II: 162.

Washburn, Dr. George, II: 253.

Wellesley, Clara Barton at, II: 270.

Wells, Rev. C. M., I: 210, 227.

Whiteman, Mrs. Reuben, II: 162.

Wight, Isle of, II: 73.

Wilderness, Battle of the, I: 273.

Willard, Frances, Clara Barton’s letter to, II: 203, 204.

William the Conqueror, I: 9.

Wilson, Senator Henry, called on Clara Barton on her return from

Hilton Head, I: 264-66;

corrects abuses reported by Clara Barton, 278-79;

Clara Barton’s letters concerning her desire to write a book, 330-33.

Windom, Hon. William, II: 163, 167.

Woodruff, Oscar, II: 162.

Yellow fever epidemic, II: 229.

Young, Charles S., correspondence with Clara Barton, II: 301-303.

Zouaves, I: 116.