Part 2 — CHRONOLOGY OF POLAR VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS

I. Arctic

Year Explorer Ship Nationality Locality213

1553 Willoughby and Chancellor Bona Esperanza and others British Sea N. of Europe

1556 Stephen Burrough Searchthrift „ Kara Strait

1576–78 (3 voyages) Frobisher Gabriel and others „ Baffin Land

1580 Pett and Jackman George and William „ Novaya Zemlya

1584 Brunel Dutch „

1585–87 (3 voyages) Davis Sunshine, Moonshine, etc. British Davis Straits

1594–95 (2 voyages) Nai, Tetgales, Barents (1) Swan, Mercury; (2) Griffin, Hope, Greyhound Dutch Novaya Zemlya

1596–97 Heemskerck, Rijp, Barents „ Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya

1606 Knight Hopewell British Greenland

1607–08 Hudson „ „ Greenland, Spitsbergen, Jan Mayen

1609 „ Half-moon Dutch Novaya Zemlya, Hudson River

1610 „ Discovery British Hudson Bay

1610–14 (various voyages) Poole, Edge, Joseph, Marmaduke, Baffin Various „ Spitsbergen

1612 Button Resolution and Discovery „ Hudson Bay

1615–16 (2 voyages) Bylot and Baffin Discovery „ Baffin Bay, etc

1617 Edge „ Spitsbergen

1619–20 Munk Danish Hudson Bay

1631–32 Foxe and James Charles and Maria British „

1644–48 Stadukhin, Alexeief, Deshnef, Ankudinof Russian N. Siberian coast

1664 Vlamingh Dutch Novaya Zemlya

1676–77 Wood Speedwell and Prosperous British „

1707 Gillis Dutch N.E. Spitsbergen

1710 Permakof Russian N. Siberian coast

1734–42 Paulof, Mlyagin, Owzin, Minin, Sterlegof, Laptef, Chelyuskin „ „

1742 Middleton Furnace and Discovery British Hudson Bay

1746–47 Moore and Smith Dobbs and California „ „

1770 Liakhof Russian New Siberia Islands

1773 Phipps Racehorse and Carcass British Greenland Sea

1776–7 Pickersgill, Young Lion „ Baffin Bay

1805–10 Hedenström, Sannikof, etc. Russian New Siberia Islands

1815–18 Kotzebue Rurik „ Bering Sea

1818 Ross (John) Isabella and Alexander British N.W. Passage

1818 Buchan and Franklin Dorothea and Trent „ Greenland Sea

1819–20 Parry Hecla and Griper „ Melville Island

1819–22 Franklin and others (land) „ Arctic Canada

1820–23 Wrangel and Anjou Russian Siberian Polar Sea

1821–23 Parry Fury and Hecla British American Archipelago

1821–24 Lütke Novaya Zemlya Russian Novaya Zemlya

1822 Scoresby Baffin British E. Greenland

1824–25 Parry Hecla and Fury „ American Archipelago

1825–28 Beechey Blossom „ Point Barrow, etc.

1827 Parry Hecla „ Sea N. of Spitsbergen

1829–33 Ross (John and James C.) Victory „ N.W. Passage and Magnetic Pole

1833–34 Back (land) „ Great Fish River

1837–38 Dease and Simpson „ Baffin Bay, etc.

1845–51 Franklin Erebus and Terror „ N.W. Passage

1848–51 Kellett Herald and Plover „ Franklin Search

1848–49 Ross (James C.) with M’Clure and M’Clintock Enterprise and Investigator „ „

1850–51 De Haven (Grinnell Exp.), Advance and Rescue American „

1850–51 Austin, Osborn, Ommanney etc. Assistance, Intrepid, Pioneer, Resolute British „

1850–54 M’Clure and Collinson Investigator and Enterprise „ „

1852–53 Inglefield Phoenix „ Beechey Island

1852–54 Belcher, Osborn, M’Clintock, Richards, Pullen Resolute, Pioneer, Intrepid, Assistance, North Star „ Franklin Search

1853–54 Rae „ „

1853–55 Kane (2nd Grinnell Exp.) Advance American Smith Sound

1857–59 M’Clintock Fox British Franklin Search

1858–62 Torell, Nordenskiöld, etc. Various Swedish Spitsbergen and Greenland

1860–61 Hayes United States American Grinnell Land and N. Greenland

1864–69 Hall Monticello „ American Archipelago

1868 Nordenskiöld (A. E.) Sofia Swedish Bear Island and Spitsbergen

1868 Koldewey Germania German E. Greenland

1869 Palliser Laurel Anglo- Norwegian Kara Sea

1869–70 Koldewey and Hegemann Germania and Hansa German E. Greenland

1871–73 Hall Polaris American Smith Sound and Robeson Channel

1872–74 Weyprecht and Payer Tegetthoff Austrian Franz Josef Land

1874–95 Wiggins Various British Sea route to Siberia

1875–77 Nares and others Alert and Discovery „ Grant Land and N. Greenland

1875–76 Allen Young Pandora „ Lancaster and Smith Sounds

1878–80 Nordenskiöld (A. E.) Vega Swedish N.E. Passage

1879–82 De Long Jeannette American New Siberia Islands, etc.

1880–82 Leigh Smith Eira British Franz Josef Land

1881–84 Greely Proteus American Lady Franklin Bay, etc.

1885–86 Bunge and Toll Russian New Siberia Islands

1888 Nansen (land) Norwegian S. Greenland

1891–92 Peary Kite American N. Greenland

1893 Toll Russian New Siberia Islands, etc.

1893–95 Peary Falcon American N. Greenland

1893–96 Nansen Fram Norwegian Across Polar Basin

1894–97 Jackson Windward British Franz Josef Land

1896–97 Conway Express „ Spitsbergen

1897 Peary Hope American Cape York Meteorite

1898–99 Amdrup Danish E. Greenland

1898–1902 Peary Windward American Sea N. of Greenland

1898–1902 Sverdrup Fram Norwegian American Archipelago

1899 Makarof Yermak Russian Kara Sea, etc.

1899 Nathorst Antarctic Swedish Jan Mayen and E. Greenland

1899–1900 Duke of Abruzzi Stella Polare Italian Franz Josef Land and Sea to North

1900 Amdrup Antarctic Danish E. Greenland

1900–1901 Baldwin (1st Ziegler Exp.) America American Franz Josef Land

1900–1902 Toll Sarya Russian New Siberia Islands

1903–1905 Amundsen Gjöa Norwegian N. Magnetic Pole and N.W. Passage

1903–1905 Fiala (2nd Ziegler Exp.) America American Franz Josef Land

1905–1906 Peary Roosevelt „ Ocean N. of Greenland

1906–1907 Bernier Arctic Canadian American Archipelago

1906–1908 Mikkelsen Duchess of Bedford Anglo- American- Danish Beaufort Sea

1906–1908 Mylius Erichsen Danmark Danish N.E. Greenland

1908–1909 Peary Roosevelt American N. Pole

1908–12 Stefansson and Anderson (land) Icelandic Canadian Arctic Canada

1909–12 Mikkelsen Alabama Danish N.E. Greenland

1912 Rasmussen (land) „ N. Greenland

1912 De Quervain „ Swiss S. Greenland

1913 Koch „ Danish Central Greenland

1913 Vilkitski Taimuir and Vaigach Russian Siberian Arctic Ocean

1913–17 Macmillan Erik American Greenland, Ellesmere Island and Sea to north

1913–17 Stefansson, Anderson, and Bartlett Karluk, Mary Sachs, Polar Bear, etc. Canadian American Archipelago and Beaufort Sea

1914–15 Vilkitski Taimuir and Vaigach Russian N.E. Passage (E. to W.)

1917 Rasmussen (land) Danish N. Greenland

1918 Storkersen (ice) Canadian Beaufort Sea

II. Antarctic (including near approaches to Antarctic Circle)

Year Explorer Ship Nationality Locality214

1772–75 Cook Resolution and Adventure British Southern Ocean

1819–21 Bellingshausen Vostok and Mirnyi Russian „

1819–20 Smith Williams British South Shetlands

1820 Bransfield Andromache „ „

1820–22 (2 voyages) Pendleton, Palmer, etc. Frederick, Hero, etc. American South Shetlands, Palmer Land, Powell Islands

1821–22 Powell Dove British South Orkneys

1822–23 Weddell Jane and Beaufoy „ Weddell Sea, etc.

1822–23 Morrell Wasp American Southern Ocean

1837–40 D’Urville Astrolabe and Zelée French Southern Ocean and lands to South

1838–39 Balleny Eliza Scott British Balleny Islands, etc.

1839–40 Wilkes Vincennes and others American Wilkes Land, etc.

1839–43 Ross (James C.) Erebus and Terror British Ross Sea and Victoria Land

1873–74 Dallmann Grönland German Graham Land, etc.

1874 Nares Challenger British Southern Ocean

1892–93 Fairweather, Bruce, etc. Balaena, Active and others „ Graham Land, etc.

1893–94 Larsen and others Jason, etc. Norwegian -German „

1894–95 Kristensen and Bull Antarctic Norwegian Victoria Land

1897–99 Gerlache and others Belgica Belgian Graham and Alexander Lands

1898–1900 Borchgrevink Southern Cross British Victoria Land

1901–03 Drygalski Gauss German William II Land

1901–03 Nordenskjöld Antarctic Swedish Graham Land, etc.

1901–04 Scott Discovery British Victoria Land

1902–04 Bruce Scotia „ Weddell Sea and Coats Land

1902–04 Charcot Français French Graham Land, etc.

1907–09 Shackleton Nimrod British Towards South Pole

1908–10 Charcot Pourquoi-pas? French Graham Land, etc.

1910–12 Amundsen Fram Norwegian South Pole

1910–13 Scott Terra Nova British South Pole

1911–12 Filchner Deutschland German Weddell Sea and Luitpold Land

1911–13 Mawson and Davis Aurora Australian Lands south of Indian Ocean

1914–16 Shackleton Endurance and Aurora British Weddell Sea