Chapter XIV · ToC (continued 2)

Jamaica, taken by English, under Cromwell, 60; wish of Spain to recover, 345, 510, 512; strategic value of, 394, 517, 518; combined expedition against, 479; frustrated by Rodney's victory over De Grasse, 496; Rodney repairs to, after his victory, 501, 517.

James II., a seaman by profession, 61, 115; commands at battle of Lowestoft, as Duke of York, 109; commands at the battle of Solebay, 147; deprived of the command, 151; succeeds to the throne, 175; interest in the navy, 175, 177, 178; flight from England, 178; lands in Ireland, 179; defeated at the Boyne, 186; at Cape La Hougue, 188; death, 205.

Jenkins, captain of a merchant brig, the story of his ears, 250.

Jervis, Sir John, afterward Earl St. Vincent, British Admiral, naval policy of, 9; tactics at Cape St. Vincent, 11, 147, 167, 476 (note); testimony at Keppel's court-martial, 352.

Johnstone, British Commodore, sails for Cape of Good Hope, 421; commissioner to American Congress, 421 (note); attacked by Suffren at the Cape Verde Islands, 421-425; anticipated by Suffren at the Cape, 427; returns unsuccessful to England, 427.

Kempenfeldt, British Admiral, cuts off part of De Guichen's convoy, 408, 414, 417, 475.

Keppel, Lord, British Admiral, appointed to command Channel fleet, 341; battle of Ushant, 350-352; head of admiralty and disapproves treaty of peace, 499; a whig in politics, 500.

King, British Commodore, stubborn defence of the "Exeter," 449; visits Suffren at the Cape of Good Hope, 465.

La Bourdonnais, governor of the Isle of France, 243, 273; his active administration, 273; prepares to attack English commerce in the East Indies, 273; takes and ransoms Madras, quarrels with Dupleix, squadron wrecked, returns to France, and dies, 276.

L'Étenduère, French commodore, brilliant defence of, 272.

Lafayette, Marquis de, arrival in America, 345; operations in Virginia, 385; expressions of Washington to, as to necessity of naval help, 397, 400; associations of his name to Americans, 501.

La Galissonière, French Admiral, commands the fleet in the expedition to Minorca, 285; defeats Byng's attempt to relieve Port Mahon, 286-288.

Lally, French governor of India, reaches India, 307; quarrels with Commodore D'Aché, 307; takes Fort St. David, 308; besieges Madras, but fails, 310; fall of French power under, 310.

Langara, Spanish Admiral, defeated and captured by Rodney, 403, 404, 499; action at Toulon in 1793, 156.

Leibnitz, proposes to Louis XIV. the occupation of Egypt, 106, 107, 141, 142.

Louis XIV., growth of French navy under, 72; enmity to Holland, 73; policy of, 73, 103-105, 140, 143, 205; naval policy of, 72, 74, 107, 133, 141-143, 155, 159, 166, 174, 178-181, 194-196; assumes personal government, 90; initiates general wars, 91; condition of France at accession of, 93; commercial policy of, 54, 105, 167, 169, 170, 176; aggressions of, 139, 173; declares war against Holland, 144; campaign in Holland, 149-151; evacuates Holland, 158; Sicilian episode, 159-166; peace with Holland, 168; declares war against Germany, 177; against Holland, 178; supports invasion of Ireland, 179-186; plans invasion of England, 188-191; concessions by, at peace of Ryswick, 197; effect of policy of, on sea-power, 198-200; accepts bequest of Spanish throne to his grandson, 203; reduced to extremities in War of Spanish Succession, 215, 216; humiliating concessions at peace of Utrecht, 219-221; exhaustion of France under, 227; privateering under, 133, 134, 195, 230; death of, 232.

Louis XV., ascends throne, 232; condition of French commerce under, 74, 242-244, 279, 280, 311, 318; condition of French navy, 74-77, 244, 252-254, 259, 276, 279, 280, 288, 291, 311; restoration of the navy, 76, 331-333; defensive alliance with Spain, 248, 263-268; offensive alliance with Spain, 313, 333; death, 336.

Louis XVI., begins to reign, 336; naval policy of, 78-80, 337-340, 402, 403, 452; general policy of, 336, 337, 345, 359, 382, 419, 509-512, 535-540; treaty with the United States, 346; breach with England, 350.

Louisburg, Cape Breton Island, strategic importance of, 28, 294, 328; retained by France at Peace of Utrecht, 219; taken by New England colonists, 269; restored to France at peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 277; taken by Boscawen, 294.

Madras, capital of a British presidency in India, 257; taken by French, 276; exchanged for Louisburg at peace of 1748, 277; besieged by French in 1759, 310; danger from Hyder Ali in 1780, 420; principal British naval station during the struggle, 1781-1783, 429, 437, 444, 450, 451; danger of roadstead, in northeast monsoon. 458, 518, 519.

Mahrattas, the, position in India of, and war with English, 419, 420; peace with the English, 459, 461.

Maria Theresa, ascends Austrian throne, 262; war with Prussia, France, and Spain, 262, 263; war with Prussia, in alliance with France and Russia, 292.

Martinique, French West India Island, base for commerce-destroying, 31, 135, 314; taken by the English, 135, 314; effects of this conquest, 318; restored to France at peace of Paris, 321; principal base of French navy in West Indies. 348, 366, 469, 479; actions near, 378, 383; strategic position of, 480, 517, 518, 523.

Matthews, British Admiral, commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean and minister to Sardinia, 263; action with combined French and Spanish fleets, 265-267; court-martialled and cashiered, 268.

Mazarin, Cardinal, policy of, 70, 93; death, 90.

Mediterranean Sea, control of, influence on Second Punic war, 14-21; strategic points in, 13, 20, 22, 23, 32, 62, 63, 82, 141, 142, 202, 203, 215, 220, 285, 298, 327, 328, 335, 393, 515; advantage of strategic study of, 33; analogy to Caribbean Sea, 33; increase of English power in, 206, 210, 212, 215, 219, 220, 229, 235, 239, 263, 322, 327, 328; Austria established in, 239; Sardinia given to House of Savoy, 239; foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of Two Sicilies, 248, strengthens France in, 249; English navy in, 193, 206, 208, 210-216, 263-268, 286-291, 296, 298, 412, 515, 532, 533; France acquires Corsica, 334, 335; England loses Minorca in American Revolution, 409, 540.

Monk, British General and Admiral, saying about Dutch trade, 107; commands English fleet in the Four Days' Battle, 117-126; tactics of, 121, 124; merits of, 126; opposition to laying up the heavy ships, 131; death, 127.

Morogues, Bigot de, work on Naval Tactics, 10, 77, 288.

Napoleon I., recommends study of military history, 2; Egyptian expedition, 10, 107; Trafalgar campaign, 11, 12, 23, 24 (note), 119, 532, 533; favorite objective, 47; naval policy, 81, 506; influence of French navy on American privateering in 1812, 137.

Naval Policy, value of reserve force, 48; colonial, 56, in peace, 82; in war, 82; soldiers commanding ships, 127; commerce-destroying and privateering (see Commerce-destroying) Bourbon Family compact, 248, 313; significance of the wars from 1739 to 1783, 254; Dutch, 67-69, 95-99, 108, 109, 126, 174, 201-204, 217, 218, 222, 406; English, 59-67, 78, 100, 101, 105, 107, 131, 140, 143, 174, 175, 192-196, 201-204, 206, 224, 225, 229, 238-241, 244, 245, 264, 293, 326-328, 406, 417, 442, 451, 452, 505, 540; French, 29, 54, 69-81, 93, 104, 105-107, 166, 167-170, 177, 187, 197, 199, 212, 226, 238, 242-244, 252, 282, 287-290, 291, 309, 311, 322, 331-334, 337, 340, 359, 382, 408 (and note), 451, 452, 459, 460, 506, 510, 511; maritime inscription, 45; Leibnitz's proposition to Louis XIV., 141, 142; Italian, 39, 40; Spanish, 41, 51, 94, 156, 246, 312, 333, 348, 401, 407, 510, 517 (note), 535, 536; United States, 26, 33, 34, 38, 39, 42, 49, 83-88, 325, 326, 539, 540 (note).

Naval Tactics, unsettled condition of modern, 2; qualities of galleys, steamers, and sailing-ships, 3-5; windward and leeward positions, 6, change of, from age to age, 9, 10, 22, 130, 506; fireships, 109, 110, 113, 114; torpedo-cruisers, 111; group formation, 112; close-hauled line-of-battle, 115; breaking the line, 124, 147, 265, 268, 286, 380, 381, 488, 491; refusing the van, 148, 152, 157, 183, 190, 266, 432, 434; concentration by defiling, 308, 387, 470, 492; concentration by doubling, 125, 147, 183, 272, 378, 379, 432, 433, 438-441; general chase with mêlée, 3, 4, 184, 237, 271, 299, 302, 303, 367-369, 404, 481, 482, 486; French, in eighteenth century, 79, 80, 114, 163, 164, 287-290, 338, 340, 351, 372, 383, 425, 426, 431, 474 (and note), 476, 478, 482, 483, 486-488, 494, 538; English, in eighteenth century, 127-129, 163, 211, 237, 265, 268, 271, 286, 287, 299, 303, 307, 350, 352, 369, 377-381, 386, 389, 391, 404, 412, 442, 447, 449, 453-455, 462, 463, 470-473, 476 (and note), 486-490; Monk's, 121; Ruyter's, 145, 147, 148, 152, 154, 157, 161; Duquesne's, 161-163, 165; Herbert's, 182; Tourville's, 182, 184, 185, 187, 189; Rooke's, 211; Byng's, 286; Hawke's, 271, 272, 303; Keppel's and D'Orvilliers, 351; Barrington's, 366; Byron's, 367-369; D'Estaing's, 369, 370; Rodney's, 377-379, 404, 488, 491; De Grasse's, 383, 389, 471-474, 481-483, 485-489; Arbuthnot and Destouches's, 386; Graves's, 389, 391; Suffren's, 425, 426, 432, 433, 439, 455, 465; Hood's, 472, 473; Clerk's work on, 77, 163, 211; Hoste's work on, 77; Morogues' work on, 77; position of commander-in-chief in battle, 353-358; effect on, of changes in naval material, 2-5, 9, 10, 22, 109, 116, 384 (note), 386 (note), 493-495.

Navies, condition of: British, under Cromwell, 62; under Charles II., 61, 101; character of vessels, 1660, 101; qualities of officers, 1660, 126-129; decline of, under Charles II., 174; improvement of, by James II., 175; numbers in 1691, 187; deterioration under William III., 192; improvement under Anne, 209, 220, 224, 225, 229; numbers and condition of, in 1727, 1734, and 1744, 259, 260; inefficiency of officers, 1744, 265-269; numbers of, 1756-1763, 291; numbers of, in 1778, 337, 341; professional skill of officers in American Revolution, 379 (and note), 401, 412, 449, 456, 497; administration of, 417, 452, 523, 527. Dutch, prior to 1660, 68, 98, 99; character of ships, 102; professional qualities of officers, 109, 126, 127, 129, 157; Duquesne's estimate of Dutch officers, 129; decline of, after 1675, 160, 174; decline of, during War of Spanish Succession, 221, 222; practical disappearance of, after 1713, 222. French, 53; numbers in 1661, 70; numbers in 1666, 72; numbers, 1683-1690, 72, 178, 179, 180; administration of, 1660-1695, 72; condition of, at end of Louis XIV.'s reign, 74, 191; character of vessels in 1660, 101, professional qualities of officers in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 129, 161, 170-172, 185; decay in number and condition, 1713-1760, 74-76, 209, 216, 244, 252, 259, 260, 279, 280, 288, 291, 311, 312; revival of, 1760, 76-78, 331; numbers of, in 1761 and 1770, 331; discipline during war of 1778, 332, 333; numbers in 1778, 45, 337; superior to British in size and batteries of ships, 338, 493, 494; professional skill of officers, 365, 412, 435, 436, 447, 457, 484, 497, 527, 536 (note); administration of, 402 (and note), 403, 452, 536, 537; numbers of, in 1791, 338; numbers of, in 1814, 81. Spanish, condition of, anterior to 1660, 41, 50, 94, 95; in 1675, 160, 165; restoration by Alberoni, 234; destruction of ships at Cape Passaro and of dock-yards, 237, 238; numbers of, 1747, 259; numbers of, 1756, 291; numbers of, in 1761, 331; numbers of, in 1779, 337; superior to British in size and batteries of ships, 338; administration of, 402 (and note), 403, 536; character of the personnel, 527.

Nelson, Horatio, afterward Lord, British Admiral, tactics at the battle of the Nile, 10; Trafalgar campaign, 11, 23 (note), 527, 532, 533; tactics at Trafalgar, 12, 354, 459; enforces Navigation Act, 60, 251; orders at Trafalgar, 112, 434; at battle of Cape St. Vincent, 157, 355, 368; celebrated sayings of, 185, 362, 435, 525, 527, 532; attachment of subordinates to, 267; position assumed by him in battle, 353-358.

Nile, Battle of the, tactical principles, 10; strategic effect, 11; French rear at, 80; Nelson at, 358.

Opdam, Dutch Admiral, commands at battle of Lowestoft and is killed, 108, 109.

Orleans, Philippe d', Regent of France during minority of Louis XV., 74, 232; insecurity of position, 232; concessions to England, 233; policy of, 235; alliance with England against Spain, 235-238; death, 241.

Peace: Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, 277. Breda, 1667, 132. Nimeguen, 1678, 168. Nystadt, 1721, 240. Paris, 1763, 321. Ryswick, 1697, 197. Utrecht, 1713, 219. Versailles, 1783, 541.

Philip, Duke of Anjou, afterward Philip V. of Spain, Spanish throne bequeathed to, 202; war declared against, by England, Holland, and Germany, 205; loses Gibraltar, 210; besieges Gibraltar, 212; loses Barcelona and Catalonia, 213; driven from Madrid, 214; recovers all Spain, except Catalonia, 214; acknowledged King of Spain by Treaty of Utrecht, 219; deprived of Netherlands and Italian dependencies, 219; enmity to the regent Orleans, 232; seizes Sardinia, 235; attacks Sicily, 236; brought to terms by France and the Sea Powers, 239; makes alliance with the Emperor Charles VI., 244; attacks Gibraltar, 245.

Physical Conformation, its effect upon the sea power of countries, 35-42.

Pitt, William, dislike of George II. to, 270; becomes prime minister, 293; policy of, 295, 296; prosperity of commerce under, 297; offers to restore Gibraltar to Spain, 298; respect for Portuguese neutrality, 299, 300; declines mediation of Spain, 304; waning of his influence, 305; purposes war against Spain, 313; resigns his office, 313; his plans adopted by successors, 314, 317; opposes the peace of Paris, 322; effect of his policy on the history of England, 326.

Pocock, British Admiral, commands British fleet in India and fights three battles with French fleet, 307-310; commands fleet in combined expedition against Havana, 314, 315.

Port Mahon and Minorca, lost to Spain frequently through maritime weakness, 42, 215, 541; ceded to England in 1713, 62, 219; strategic importance of, 62, 220, 393, 515; French expedition against, 285; Byng defeated in his attempt to relieve, 286-288; surrender of, to France, 291; Pitt's offer to exchange Gibraltar for, 298; restored to England at peace of 1763, 322; taken from England in 1782, 407, 409; ceded to Spain in 1783, 540; again taken by England, 541.

Portugal, decay in sea power and wealth, 52; cedes Bombay and Tangiers to England, 104; dependence on England, 105, 208, 315, 320, 321; Methuen treaty, 206; alliance with England and Holland, 1704, 208; advantage of, to England, 208, 213-215, 220, 228; French and Spaniards invade, 315, 316, 321; England repels the invasion, 316; benevolent neutrality of colonial ports to England, 520, 521.

Ramatuelle, work on Naval Tactics, 287, 290, 371-374.

Rhode Island, occupied by the English in the American Revolution, 346; attack upon by French and Americans, 361-364; English evacuate, 376, 530; French occupy, 382, 394; French position in, 394; strategic value of, 519, 529, 530 (note).

Richelieu, Cardinal, policy of, 59, 70, 92, 93; alliance with Spain, 94.

Rochambeau, French General, arrival in America, 382; despatches to De Grasse, 384, 388; consultation with Washington, 387, 399; marches against Cornwallis, 389.

Rodney, Sir George B., afterward Lord, British Admiral, commands squadron in reduction of Martinique, 314; commander-in-chief in West Indies, 377; takes or disperses a Spanish squadron, 377, 404, 500 (and note); personal and military character, 377, 378, 380, 397, 498-500; actions with De Guichen, 378-381; divides his fleet and goes to New York, 382; seizes Dutch West India islands, 382; sends Hood with fourteen ships to New York, and returns to England, 389; returns to West Indies, 479; sails in chase of De Grasse, 480; action of April 9, 1782, 481-483; battle of April 12, 1782, 485-490; criticism upon his tactics, 490-493; criticism upon his failure to pursue the beaten enemy, 496, 497; his successes, 500; rewards and death, 503; opinion as to evacuation of Rhode Island, 530 (note).

Rooke, Sir George, British Admiral, relieves Londonderry, 180; burns French ships at Cape La Hougue, 190; unsuccessful expedition against Cadiz, 207; destroys the galleons at Vigo Bay, 207; takes Gibraltar, 210; commands at the battle of Malaga, 211.

Rupert, Prince, at Four Days' Battle, 124, 125; commands English fleet at battles of Schoneveldt and of the Texel, 151, 152.

Russell, British Admiral, commands allied English and Dutch fleets in 1691, 187; at battle of La Hougue, 189.

Ruyter, Dutch Admiral, greatest naval officer of seventeenth century, 117; commands at battle of the Four Days, 117-126; badly supported by his officers, 122, 126, 127; tactics of, 130, 144-148, 152, 157, 161, 164; destroys English shipping in the Thames, 132; strategy of, 144, 151, 152; commands at the battles of Solebay, 146, Schoneveldt, 152, Texel, 152-154; military character, 157; sent to Mediterranean with inadequate force, 160; commands at battle of Stromboli, 160-162; killed at battle of Agosta, 166.

Sea Power, a history of conflicts, 1; elements of, 25. Affected by geographical position of countries, 29-35; by physical conformation, 35-42; by extent of territory, 42-44; by number of population, 44-50; by national character, 50-58; by policy of government, 58. Policy of England as to, 58-67; policy of Holland, 67-69; of France, 69-81. Influence of colonies on, 82 (see also Colonies); weakness of the United States in, 83; dependent upon commerce, 87, 225 (see also Commerce); strategic bearing, 88 (see also Strategy); policy of Richelieu, 93; Spanish, in 1660, 94; Dutch, in 1660, 95; English, in 1860, 101; mistakes of Louis XIV., 104; Colbert's measures, 70, 105; effects of commerce-destroying on, 132, 179, 193, 229, 317, 344, 400, 408 (note), 539. (See also Commerce-destroying.) Influence of, upon Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, 10; upon Second Punic War, 14; upon Third Anglo-Dutch War, 148, 154; upon English Revolution, 177, 178, 180, 181, 191, 197; upon France, 198, 199; upon War of Spanish Succession, 203, 206, 209, 213, 214, 223-229; upon Alberoni's ambitions, 237, 239; upon Peter the Great, 239; in India, 243, 258, 273-278, 306, 309, 310, 316, 328, 349, 424, 428, 445, 452, 459-464, 466, 513, 520, 521; upon War of Austrian Succession, 263, 264, 279, 280; upon Seven Years' War, 291, 293-295, 304, 311, 314-317; upon Portugal, 320, 321; at Peace of Paris, 321; in remote and disordered countries, 324-326; upon British policy since 1763, 326-328. Washington's opinions as to, 397-400; American Revolution, 347, 468; influence of, upon conditions of peace, 1783, 498.

Spain, geographical position, 32; results of maritime weakness of, 41, 42, 193, 313-317, 327, 345, 346, 541; dependence of finances upon treasure-ships, 41, 244, 313, 346, 539; effect of national character upon sea power, 50-52, 54; unity of aim with Austria, 91, 92; policy of Richelieu toward, 93; condition of, in 1660, 94, 95; condition of navy, in 1660, 94; aggressions of Louis XIV. on, 104, 139; failure of the Austrian line of kings, 140, 201, 202; alliance with Holland and Germany against France, 158; revolt of Sicily against, 159; territory lost at Peace of Nimeguen, 168; joins League of Augsburg, 176; dependence upon Dutch and English fleets, 193; possessions in year 1700, 201; throne of, bequeathed to Philip, Duke of Anjou, 202; war of the succession, 201-231; Bourbon line of kings established, 219; losses of territory at peace of 1713, 219; Alberoni's ministry in, 233-239; grievances against England, 1720-1739, 240, 241, 244-251; conquers the Two Sicilies in War of Polish Succession, 248; Family Compact with France, 248, 311, 313; war with England, 250; possessions in 1739, 256; Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 278; lack of results from war with England, 278; enters Seven Years' War as the ally of France against England, 313; loss of colonies and treasures, 314-317; loss of possessions by Peace of Paris, 1763, 321, 322; political relations with France, 333; dispute with England over Falkland Islands, 335; objects in the war of 1779-1782, 347, 348, 509, 510, 513; rupture with England and alliance with France, 401; inefficiency of navy, 402 (and note), 407-409, 411, 412, 506, 527; policy in war of 1779, 517 (note), 535-538; territorial gains by peace of 1783. (See also Colonies, Commerce, Naval Policy.)

Sta. Lucia, West India Island, taken by English, 314; ceded to France at Peace of Paris, 321; strong harbor and strategic position, 348, 366, 377, 393, 415, 513, 516, 518, 523; taken by Admiral Barrington, 348, 365, 366, 512, 531 (note); Rodney watches De Grasse from, 479, 480; an advanced strategic position, 518, 528; restored to France at peace of 1783, 540.

Strategy, permanence of its principles, 7-9, 88, 89; illustrations, 10-22; definition of naval, 22; Trafalgar campaign, 23 (note); bearing of geographical position on, 29-33; Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, 33-35; bearing of physical conformation of coast on, 35-42; blockade of coast of Confederate States, 43, 44; value of commerce-destroying (see Commerce-destroying); word "defence" two distinct ideas, 87 (note); naval, of the British, 6, 9, 22, 24, 30, 118, 125, 136, 143, 182, 206, 208, 210, 212, 224, 229, 239, 260, 269, 284, 285, 296, 314-317, 320, 326-328, 339, 342, 343, 363, 375, 376, 385, 390-397, 412-417, 428-430, 468, 523-535; naval, of the Dutch, 144, 145, 151, 154; naval, of the French, 6, 12, 23 (note), 179-181, 191, 347, 371-374, 383, 388, 392, 401, 433, 459, 460, 476, 483, 535-539; features of War of Spanish Succession, 201-206; silent action of sea power, 209; general military situation, in 1740, 255; England in Seven Years' War, 296; mutual dependence of seaports and fleets, 31, 83, 132, 212, 329, 430, 453, 529; value of colonies, 27, 28, 65, 83, 135, 136, 510, 511; importance of coal, 31, 329 (note), 540 (note); military situation in America in 1777, 341-343; general strategic situation in 1778, 347-349; British difficulties in American Revolution, 392-397, 412-419, 522-533; Suffren's naval, 424, 425, 433, 450, 465; situation in India, 349, 428-430; Hood's naval, 476; Rodney's naval, 381, 392, 496-498, 523; influence of trade-winds and monsoons, 315, 458, 517, 518; elements essential to all naval wars, 514; difficulty of procuring information at sea, 521; general discussion of war of 1778, 505-540. (See also Naval Policy and Sea Power.)

Suffren, French Admiral, criticism on D'Estaing's conduct at Sta. Lucia, 366, 426, 478; commands leading French ship in D'Estaing's battle off Grenada, 371; criticism on D'Estaing's conduct in the battle, 371; sails from Brest in company with De Grasse's fleet, 383, 421; parts company, off the Azores, for India, 383, 407, 421; orders to secure Cape of Good Hope, 421; action, with British squadron at the Cape Verde Islands, 422, 423; military discussion of his conduct, 423-425; arrival in India, 427; lack of seaports on which to base operations, 349, 429; first battle with squadron of Sir Edward Hughes, 430-432; tactics in the action, 432-435; estimate of the strategic situation in India, 424, 433, 444, 445, 464, 466; second battle with Hughes, 437-439; tactics in it, 439-441; strategic action, 443, 445, 446, 450-453, 458-460, 462-464, 466, 522; military character, 445, 446, 450, 456, 465, 466; third battle with Hughes, 446-448; takes Trincomalee, 450; activity of, 450, 451, 456, 462, 466; fourth battle with Hughes, 453-456; wreck of two of squadron, 457; goes to Sumatra, 460; returns to Trincomalee, 461; relieves Cuddalore besieged by the English, 462; fifth battle with Hughes, 463; conclusion of peace, 464; return to France, 465; rewards, 465; later career and death, 466.

Tourville, French Admiral, commands at the battle of Beachy Head, 181; sluggish pursuit of the enemy, 184; military character, 185; celebrated cruise in 1691, 187; commands at battle of La Hougue, 189; tactics and brilliant defence at La Hougue, 190; destruction of French ships, 190; supports the army in Catalonia, 193; destroys or disperses a great English convoy, 194; death, 210.

Trafalgar, Battle of, final act of a strategic combination, 11, 23 (note); tactics at, 12, 354, 459; effects of, 47; Nelson's position at, 353, 357; Collingwood's action after Nelson's death, 358.

Trincomalee, in Ceylon, Dutch influence in, 97; passes into the hands of the English, 349, 428; effect upon the contest in India, 349, 427 (note), 429, 430 (note), 433, 437, 442, 451, 453, 458, 462; strategic value of, 428, 429, 436, 444, 451, 458, 518, 519, 520; taken by Suffren, 450; restored to Holland at peace of 1783, 540.

Two Sicilies, the, acquired by Austria, 239; foundation of Bourbon Kingdom of, 248; forced by British fleet to withdraw troops from Spanish army, 264, 304.

United Provinces. See Holland.

Vernon, British Admiral, takes Porto Bello, is repulsed from Cartagena and Santiago de Cuba, 261.

Villeneuve, French Admiral, Trafalgar, campaign, 23, 24 (note), 525; at the battle of the Nile, 80; suicide, 403.

Walpole, Sir Robert, prime minister of England, 239, 241; peace policy of, 241, 243, 244; naval demonstrations, 244; struggle with the war party in England, 247, 249, 250; neutrality causes Austria to lose the two Sicilies, 248; forced into war with Spain, 250; accord with Fleuri, 241, 243, 244; confidence betrayed by Fleuri, 248; driven from office, 253, 262; death, 253.

War, Second Punic, influence of sea power upon, 13-21.

Wars, American Revolution, 341—397; Anglo-Dutch, second, 107-132; Anglo-Dutch, third, England in alliance with France, 144-158; Austrian Succession, 262-277; France against Holland, Germany, and Spain, 1674-1678, 158-168; Great Britain against Spain, 250-277; League of Augsburg, 176-197; Maritime war of 1778, 350-540; Polish Succession, 247; Russia and Sweden, 231; Seven Years', 291-321; Spanish Succession, 1702-1713, 205-218.

Washington, George, at Pittsburg and in Braddock's expedition, 284; opinion as to the line of the Hudson, 342 (note); comments on D'Estaing's cruise, 364 (note); despatches to De Grasse, 384; meeting with Rochambeau, 387; result of their deliberations, 388; marches from New York to Virginia, 389; opinions as to the influence of sea power on the American Revolution, 397-400.

William III., naval policy of, 68, 192; becomes ruler of Holland, 150; general policy, 68, 167, 168, 174, 176, 177, 191, 202-204, 207; expedition to England, 178; becomes King of England, 61, 178; difficulties of his position, 179; goes to Ireland, 181; wins the battle of the Boyne, 188; dies, 205.

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