APPENDICES

APPENDIX I THE SECOND BOOK OF THE AFFAIRS OF THE TURKS

Written in 1534, supposedly by Benedetto Ramberti Translated from the Italian

[From Libri Tre delle Cose de Turchi, as printed in Viaggi ... alla tana, Venice, 1543, pp. 131-146.]

As from a laborious and very dangerous sea into a safe and very quiet port, one enters the city of Constantinople, after the great trouble and inconvenience of the ride which he has endured over the long road.[713] This city (to continue until I have here made an end of particular description) was anciently called Byzantium, and afterwards was called New Rome, and then Constantinople from the first Constantine. Byzantium, as it is reported, was in the region where Pera is now, and was so named from the river Byzantium, which afterward, by reason of an earthquake such as are frequent in that region, changed its course elsewhere. But I do not believe this, nor does it seem to me to agree with the description of Polybius and other writers, who call those here Chalcedonians; these, when they might themselves in ancient times have built upon this site, did not care for it, but built in Asia, not having discerned the convenience and beauty they were leaving to others; who might deprive them even of their own site, as indeed happened.

The city is 18 miles in circuit. It has seven little hills, not very high. It is surrounded by wretched walls, and is full of houses, not many of which are good, being made of clay and wood and only a few of stone. It is full of groves, that is, of places wild and uninhabited, where cypresses grow, and other such trees.[714] In Constantinople, then, is the palace of the Turkish Signor, which is a singular structure and very large, as will be told later.

There is the palace of the ladies of the Signor, the palace of the Janissaries, the Patriarcate, the palace of the Emperor Constantine, which is in part ruined, the church of St. Sophia, which is a structure most beautiful and divine; this was built by the Emperor Justinian from the oldest and finest columns and marbles, as one can see now; in part of it the Turkish Signor has made stalls for his horses. There is the mosque of Sultan Mohammed, which has an Imaret attached to it that is like a hostel; in which they lodge any one, of any nation or law, who may wish to enter, and they give him food for three days,—honey, rice, meat, bread, and water, and a room in which to sleep. They say that from day to day there are more than a thousand guests from various nations. Near this they have baths and some fountains, most beautiful and delightful to behold. There are the mosques of Sultan Bayezid, Sultan Selim, and other Signors, which are very beautiful and exceedingly well-built. This makes it clear that, when they wish, they know also how to build houses and palaces that are magnificent and sumptuous.

There is the Hippodrome, that is, the place where in ancient times horses were made to run as in a theater and circus: in the center of this Hippodrome there stands a needle, which is a column made in the form of a needle, very beautiful and wrought very well and without mortar, made of living rocks joined together in such a manner that they rise through more than fifty cubits, tapering in the shape of a needle, which rests on four marble balls.[715] There is a column of bronze in the shape of a serpent with three heads.[716] There is a bronze Hercules brought from Hungary,[717] and in the center there is a colossal structure made of different beautiful marbles, in which is engraved the history of all the above-mentioned objects, and of other things which used to stand in the Theater and Hippodrome. There are throughout the city many vestiges of antiquities, such as aqueducts, arches, porphyry columns, fountains brought from the Danube and other near-by rivers.[718] Many gardens about the houses of the great. Many mosques of private lords, and baths which are attached to the mosques of private men and of public magistrates.

On the other side of the sea from the Seraglio Point are the hills of Asia, and the journey is of a little more or less than two miles; this Asia is today called by a single name Anatolia; and there are on the shore there some fortresses called Scutari. Then Kadikeui, situated on a bay of the Hellespont,[719] where one can see many vestiges of antiquities; and I, when I went there, saw underground where men were working, a well of the finest marble with an aqueduct which came to the center of the well, and a canopy of fine marble supported by four beautiful columns. And in other places there appear many vestiges of old churches, both of Christians and of heathen, places indeed most beautiful, most pleasant, most fruitful. The situation of Constantinople is such that not only can it not be described adequately, but it can hardly be grasped in thought because of its loveliness. Certainly it is rather to be considered divine than otherwise. Nor is there any one who has seen it who has not judged it worthy to be ranked above all other situations in the world.

There are in the city besides the Turks, countless Jews, or Marrani expelled from Spain;[720] these are they who have taught and who are teaching every useful art to the Turks;[721] and the greater part of the shops and arts are kept and exercised by these Marrani. There is a place which is called Bezestan, where they sell and buy all sorts of cloth and Turkish wares, silks, stuffs, linens, silver, wrought gold, bows, slaves, and horses; and in short all the things that are to be found in Constantinople are brought there to market: this, except for Friday, is open every day.

Constantinople is in Thrace: this has as its boundaries on the east the Propontis and the mouths of the greater sea, on the west part of Bulgaria and part of Macedonia, on the north Bosnia, on the south the Aegean Sea with part of Macedonia which lies toward the river Nishava, called in ancient times the Nesus.[722]

This most noble city is inhabited by Turks: these as the more reliable authors have written, and as many of the Turks themselves have confirmed to me, had their origin in Scythia, which now is a part of Tartary, a northern region divided into two parts by the river Don: one of these parts is in Europe, and one in Asia.[723] The European part is bounded on one side by Pontus, and on the other by the Riphean Mountains, and at the back by Asia proper and the river Taspus. In Ptolemy these two Scythias are called the one intra Imaum montem, and the other extra Imaum. They departed then from Scythia (as is said above) and began to make invasions and raids into their present confines: then proceeding farther, in a short time they became lords of a good part of Asia, but because they did not know how to keep only one chief among them, they had no foundation or firmness. This circumstance having been considered by one who was called Othman, a man of low rank among them, but of lofty and valorous mind, he thought that, by having the arm and the favor of some men of intelligence and authority, he could easily rule all this people and the conquered territory, and increase it further upon good opportunity: then having revealed this his thought to three persons, who seemed more suitable than others for this business, he promised that those by means of whom he might acquire the dominion to which he aspired, he would always maintain, both themselves and their descendants, in great state and dignity, and suitably to the great benefit which he had received from them: besides this that he would never harm their blood nor that of their posterity through laws that would lay hands upon them even if they should transgress grievously.[724] They accepted the condition and conspired together for the sovereignty; which they obtained by astuteness, artfulness, threats, and the slaughter of many. These three were called, the one Michael, a Greek who had turned Turk; from him the Marcalogli[725] are descended; one of them is now Sanjak in Bosnia. The second was Malco, a Greek renegade; from him have come the Malcozogli, and there is now only one, who is Sanjak in Greece. The third was Aurami, a native Turk; his descendants were called the Eurcasli; it is not now known that any of these remain. In case the Ottoman family should fail, these would pretend to the sovereignty, and therefore they are highly respected.

This Othman came to power about the year 1300, and lived in lordship twenty-eight years:[726] Orchan succeeded him and lived twenty-two years in the kingship. Then Murad who reigned twenty-three years. Then Bayezid. Then Chiris Celeby, or, as others wish, Calepino, who lived about six years. Then Mohammed, who reigned fourteen years.[727] Then Murad II who reigned 31 years. Then Mohammed II who reigned 32 years and was the first Emperor of Constantinople. Then Bayezid II who reigned 31 years. Then Selim eight years: to him succeeded Sultan Suleiman, his only son, who reigns at present. Of this succession it is written otherwise in some histories, where they treat of wars and peaces, which have been made by our republic in times past with this family: but since I have recounted these in other places, it now suffices to have noticed the common opinion of those who have written of the affairs of the Turks up to this time. And so I will go on to describe the court of this Signor: it is arranged in the following manner.[728]

Sultan Suleiman has a palace in the angle of Constantinople by the two seas:[729] this is in circuit about three miles: and in it are his residence and his court, which is called the PORTE. This palace, because it was begun to be built by Sultan Mohammed, he willed when dying that it should be rent-paying property of his mosque, and that it should pay a thousand aspers a day, which are twenty ducats; and this has been observed to the present.[730]

He has in the aforesaid palace countless highly ornamented chambers, but one among the others is set apart for himself: in this he sleeps, and he has there six youths who serve his person.[731] Of these six, two are deputed for the service of the chamber and the Signor during the day, and then in the night the same ones come to keep guard when he sleeps: these stand ever vigilant, the one at his head and the other at his feet, with two lighted torches in their hands: these two then in the morning when they clothe the aforesaid Signor, put into one of the pocket-purses of his caftan a thousand aspers, and into the other twenty golden ducats; whatever of this money is not given away by the Signor during the day, remains to those who undress him at night; they never find much in the garments, according to report. And always when he goes forth to enjoy the chase or for some other purpose, besides the aforesaid money which he carries, he is accustomed always to have behind him the Khazinehdar-bashi, or chief treasurer; this man carries with him a great sum of money to be given away.

The duty of the aforesaid six youths, who are changed according to the will of the Signor, is: of one to be Papuji,[732] or him who bears the shoes, of another Silihdar, who bears the bow and arrows, of another Chokadar, who bears the garments, of another Sharabdar, who bears the pitcher of water, of another Iskemleji, who carries the stool, and then of the sixth to be Oda-bashi, or chief of the Chamber. These have a fixed salary of 15 to 20, and the Oda-bashi of 30 aspers per day.

Next comes

The eunuch Kapu Aghasi,[734] or chief of the gate, who has 60 aspers per day.

The Khazinehdar-bashi, a eunuch, chief treasurer, 60 aspers.[733]

The Kilerji-bashi, chief of the butlers, 40 aspers.

The Seraidar-bashi,[734] a eunuch, chief of the palace when the Signor is away; he has 50 aspers. Twelve eunuchs subject to the aforesaid, with 10 to 15 aspers each.

There are next about five hundred youths aged from eight to twenty years, who reside in the palace and are the delight of the Signor: they have each from ten to twelve aspers per day; they are instructed in various arts according to their genius, but especially in reading, writing, and in the doctrine of their laws, and in riding. The masters are old Danishmends,[735] called Hojas, or doctors of the laws. These boys at the season of Bairam, which is like our Easter day, are clothed by the Signor, some with silk and some with cloth, without any uniformity; and each has a golden bonnet, a scimitar, and a bow: they never leave the aforesaid palace until they have reached the age when the Signor thinks them fit for offices: and then he makes them Spahi-oghlans, or Silihdars, or of higher degrees according to their worth and the favor which they have gained with the Signor. Each ten of them are guarded by a eunuch called Kapu-oghlan, or chief of youths,[736] and each has a slave’s frock, in which he sleeps rolled up in such a manner that he does not touch another who may be near him. They reside in a large hall, full of great lights and spacious, and their eunuchs sleep in the middle of this hall. They have a garden in the palace, which extends more than a mile, in which reside about thirty-five gardeners, called Bostanjis, who are Ajem-oghlans:[737] these gardeners have from three to five aspers each per day; they are clothed in blue cloth, and given a shirt. Then when they leave the palace, they become Janissaries, or Solaks, or Kapujis, or something else according to their quality.

The Bostanji-bashi, or chief gardener, has fifty aspers a day and many perquisites.

The Kiaya,[738] who is, as it were, a lieutenant for the gardeners, has 20 aspers per day; and each ten [gardeners] have a chief called Boluk-bashi. From this garden, which is very large and well-tended, full of excellent fruit-trees of every sort, they obtain so much every year that from the product of it alone they make the living expenses of the Signor, and also get something more. Near the garden are always stationed two small galleys; these are rowed by the gardeners when the Signor goes on a pleasure-trip, and the Boluk-bashi holds the helm.[739]

The Ashji-bashi, chief cook, with fifty cooks under him. He has 40 aspers per day, the cooks under him four, six, or eight aspers each.

The Helvaji-bashi, or chief confectioner, with 40 aspers, and he has thirty companions with five to six aspers per day each.

The Chasnijir-bashi,[740] chief of the cupboards, with eighty aspers: morning and evening he brings with his own hand the dish of the Signor, and he has under him a hundred Chasnijirs with from three to seventy aspers each.[741]

The Mutbakh-emini,[742] or steward, with 40 aspers. He has a secretary with 20 aspers a day.

A hundred Ajem-oghlans, who transport on carts the wood of the palace. They have three to five aspers, and are provided with clothing.

Ten Sakkas, who carry water on horseback in leathern sacks, with three to five aspers each.

The expenses for the table of the Signor, and of the youths with their eunuchs and others to about a thousand, amount to five thousand aspers a day.

Three Kapuji-bashis, or captains of the gate, who have a hundred aspers a day and are clothed every year: and they have under them two hundred and fifty Kapujis, who have five to six aspers each; and each Kapuji-bashi with a third of the Kapujis is obliged to keep guard at the gate of the Signor, changing from day to day. And when any ambassador or other person goes to kiss the hand of the Grand Signor, all these are given presents of clothes or of money according to the degree of him who is introduced.

A Kapuji-kiaya, who is, as it were, a lieutenant of the Kapujis, has forty aspers a day.

Four Vizier Pashas, or chief counsellors: the greatest has ordinarily twenty-four thousand ducats a year and the others sixteen to eighteen thousand; but they have also so much feudal income that they receive three times as much as the provision in money.[743] To this should be added the garments which the Signor gives them, the presents of ambassadors and of others, the perquisites of the office they hold, which are unlimited. At present they are only three. The first is Ibrahim, born a Christian at Parga. The second Aias of Khimara. The third Kassim of Croatia, a kidnapped Christian. To these there is added a fourth at present,[744] who is Khaireddin Bey Barbarossa of the Albanian nation, formerly a corsair and now king of Algiers in Barbary. These Pashas live and dress very superbly. They have: Ibrahim six thousand and more slaves, Aias two thousand, Kassim fifteen hundred, and Barbarossa about four thousand. To all these slaves they give pay, horses, garments, golden bonnets and silver chains,[745] according to their offices and degrees. And these serve their Pashas under the same arrangements by which the Signor is served by his [slaves]. They have also twenty-five or thirty chancery secretaries to the Signor, men of great repute, with twenty-five to thirty aspers per day each: they keep more or fewer slaves as they can. These Pashas have entry to the Signor for affairs of state; and it is in fact they who govern the whole after their own fashion.

There is next the Mufti, or the interpreter and chief of the laws; they do not trouble him about anything except the affairs of religion and their faith, and he has the position which our Pope had in ancient times.[746]

Two Kaziasker Danishmends, or doctors of the laws for the army, one for Greece, the other for Anatolia. Their position is of great importance. They sit at the Porte and have precedence of the Vizier Pashas: on this account they are much esteemed. They are executors of the laws, and with the consent of the Pashas they appoint and remove the Kazis, who are like podestas for the whole country. They have feudal income of about six thousand ducats a year each. They keep two hundred to three hundred slaves each, and they are accompanied by ten secretaries appointed by the Signor and two Mochtur-bashis, who hold the office of ushers:[747] these live from perquisites, of which they have a great many.

Two Defterdars, or treasurers, or rather, as we would say, governors of the revenues. One of these has the receipt and the care of those revenues which come from a third of Greece, or from that part which is toward the Danube, and besides, from Asia, from Syria, and from Egypt, with feudal income of ten thousand ducats a year, although with the perquisites he gets twice as much. The other has the care of the other two-thirds of Greece: but when the Signor takes the field this man remains in Constantinople as his vicar and lieutenant; and he has six thousand ducats of feudal income, but gets three times as much; and their position is of great dignity. They have under them fifty clerks with many helpers: these keep the accounts of the Khazineh, or treasury of the Signor; and these clerks are appointed by the Signor with pay of fifteen to fifty aspers per day each. The Defterdars have, the first a thousand slaves and the second five hundred, and the clerks from two to twenty slaves each.[748]

Two Rusnamehjis, chief clerks, who receive the money and disburse it as needed, with twenty-five companions besides themselves.

The two have forty aspers each, and the twenty-five have eight to ten aspers a day.

Two Veznedars, or weighers of aspers and ducats, with twenty-five to thirty aspers each.

Six Sarrafs, or bankers, who know gold and silver [coins], and they have ten to fifteen aspers each.

One Nishanji-bashi, who signs the ordinances and public writings with the monogram of the Signor. His position is like that of grand chancellor and is of great repute. He sits at the Porte below the Beylerbeys. He has eight thousand ducats of feudal income, and travels in great honor with more than three hundred slaves.

An outside Khazinehdar-bashi, or household treasurer, with ten Khazinehdars under him. He has fifty aspers, and they ten to fifteen per day.

A Defter-emini, who has charge of the feudal grants: he keeps the register of those who receive feudal grants. He has forty aspers a day, and under him are ten clerks with ten to fifteen aspers per day each.

Eighty Muteferrika, or lancers of the body-guard[749] of the Signor, these always carry lances when he takes the field; they recognize no other head than the Signor himself. And when by artifice or merit they acquire favor, they are made Aghas, or generals. The least has ten, the greatest eighty, aspers per day.

A Chaush-bashi, or chief sergeant of the army. He is of so great credit with every one, that when he is sent by the Signor to some Pasha, Sanjak, or Kazi, with the order to have the head of such and such a one cut off, he is obeyed without their requiring a letter from him, or a command in writing; not otherwise than if the Signor himself were there, and gave command. He has a hundred aspers a day, and under him he keeps a hundred slaves,[750] with twenty-five to forty aspers each.

The Mihter-bashi, or chief of those who pitch the tents and spread the rugs, who sweep the court-yards and attend to other similar duties; he has forty aspers, a Kiaya with twenty-five aspers, sixty Mihters with five to eight aspers each; and they are clothed every year by the Signor.

An Agha, or general of the Janissaries. He has for pay a thousand aspers and over per day, and six thousand ducats of feudal grant per year. When this Agha holds court, which is two or three times per week, he is obliged to give the Janissaries to eat, a meal of bread, rice, mutton, honey, and water. He has under him a Kiaya or Secretary of the Janissaries, who is, as it were, a vicegerent; he has two hundred aspers per day of pay in cash, and thirty thousand of feudal grant per year.[751] And there is a clerk of these Janissaries, called the Yaziji of the Janissaries,[752] with a hundred aspers a day.

A Seymen-bashi, chief of the harriers.[753] He has a hundred aspers and has from the number of the Janissaries about two thousand under him.

A Zagarji-bashi, head of the hounds.[754] He has fifty aspers a day, and has under him about seven hundred of the Janissaries.

The Janissaries number about twelve thousand: they have each from three to eight aspers of pay per day. Each ten has its Oda-bashi, and each hundred has its Boluk-bashi. And these heads of ten or of a hundred go on horseback. And the Oda-bashis have forty, and the Boluk-bashis sixty aspers a day. The remainder of the Janissaries go on foot. They are clothed once a year by the Signor with coarse blue cloth. They have their residence in two barracks in Constantinople given by the Signor. Those who have no wives reside in these. Those who are married reside at various places in the city. For their living expenses each contributes so much a day, and they have a steward and a cook, who provide their necessary living: and those who have less pay than the others are obliged to serve those who have more pay than they. Every hundred of them when they take the field transport a tent. They go on foot, and part of them are musketeers, and part halbardiers, and part use the scimetar alone. Every three lead a horse which carries their clothing. And when they come to old age, or when for some other reason the service of one of them does not please the Signor, they are stricken from the book of the Janissaries, and are sent as Hissarlis[755] or castle guards; and those of their officers who are deposed for such a reason, are sent as castellans with a feudal grant equivalent to the pay which they had previously, in such a way that none of them suffers hardship. Such of them as succeed in war are made Voivodes,[756] and raised to high positions. They come as boys to this soldiery and are taught by the experienced ones. They choose healthy ones, well-built, but nimble and dextrous, lively above all, and more often cruel than compassionate. In them rests the force and all the firmness of the army of the Turk; they, because they are always exercising and living together, all become as it were a single body, and of a truth they are terrible.[757]

From the Janissaries are chosen a hundred and fifty Solaks, who are footmen of the Signor, with fifteen to twenty aspers a day each: they march surrounding the person of the Signor every time he goes forth.

Two Solak-bashis, chief officers of the Solaks, who go on horseback, with thirty aspers per day. And these and the Solaks are in obedience to the Agha of the Janissaries.

An Agha of the Spahi-oghlans, an office of great honor. He has from feudal grant and pay ten ducats a day, and he has a large number of slaves, with a Kiaya under him, or lieutenant: this man has from feudal grant and pay a hundred aspers a day. And also a Yaziji, or secretary, with thirty aspers, and with large perquisites.

The Spahi-oghlans, or youths on horseback, who may be called Spahi-oghlan, are more than three thousand; and they have twenty to forty aspers each; and every twenty have a Boluk-bashi. These serve on horseback, each with five or six slaves and a like number of horses. And they always journey, and also encamp, at the right hand of the Signor. They are great people. From them the Signor is wont to choose his chief men. They are first put as boys into the palace, and when they grow up they succeed well if they attain this grade: it is like a ladder to mount to higher positions.

An Agha of the Silihdars, who has thirty thousand aspers a day,[758] and under him a lieutenant, a secretary, a Kiaya,[759] with thirty aspers and more each.

There are three thousand Silihdars. They moreover ride and encamp at the left hand of the Signor. They have twenty to twenty-five aspers per day each, and they have four or five slaves and a like number of horses, with feudal income for their living. They are trained by the same education with which the Spahis are brought up: nor is there any difference between them, except that the Spahis go on the right, and these on the left, of the Signor.

Two Ulufaji-bashis, or chief officers of soldiers, with two thousand Ulufajis, who go on the right hand and the left of the Signor. The chief officers have a hundred and twenty aspers, and the others eight to sixteen aspers; then under them[760] they have a Kiaya, a secretary, and a lieutenant,[761] with slaves and with horses, some more and some fewer.

Two Aghas, chief officers of the Ghureba-oghlans, or poor youths[762] with eighty aspers each. Kiayas, thirty aspers. Secretaries, twenty-five. And they have under them about two thousand Ghureba-oghlans with seven to fourteen aspers per day: these have slaves and horses.

Two Emir-al-Akhors,[763] or masters of the stable, a greater and a lesser. The greater has five hundred aspers, the lesser two hundred, with lieutenant and Kiaya[764] and others, who have thirty to forty aspers each.

Sixteen thousand altogether of Serraj, who have charge of bridles[765] and saddles; Ceyssi, or stable servants; Carmandari, who take care of the mules; Deveji, who take care of the camels, and Cavriliji, who herd the cattle and horses in various places. These have two to twenty aspers per day each.

Thirty to forty Peiks, or runners on foot, men who when boys have had their spleens removed:[766] and they run post on foot with great speed. These when the Signor goes forth remain continually near, so that he may employ them according to his needs.

Select horses about four thousand for the person of the Signor; on these the pages of the palace and the eunuchs ride for exercise in their turns.

A Chakirji-bashi, chief Vulturer, and a Shahinji-bashi, chief Falconer. The first has a hundred and fifty aspers, and the other has eighty; with Kiayas, lieutenants,[767] and others, with ten to twenty-five aspers each per day. Under these are about two hundred Zanijiler,[768] only a hundred of whom have ten aspers a day, and the others have feudal income, or exemption from taxation. And they take the field when the Signor has need.

A Jebeji-bashi, chief armorer. He has sixty aspers, a Kiaya and a secretary with twenty aspers each. He has under him about one thousand five hundred jebejis, with seven to twelve aspers. These all go on foot when the Signor takes the field.

A Topji-bashi, chief of artillery. He has seventy aspers, a Kiaya [and] secretary with twenty aspers: and under him are two thousand Topjis with six to ten aspers, and they go on foot.

An Arabaji-bashi, chief wagoner. He has forty aspers, a Kiaya [and] secretary with twenty aspers: and under him three thousand Arabajis with three to six aspers each.

A Mihter-bashi, or chief of trumpeters and drummers. He has thirty [aspers] per day, and under him two hundred Mihters, part of them on foot and part on horseback with three to five aspers per day.

An Emir-Alem Agha, who carries the standard of the Signor. He has two hundred aspers a day, and is captain of all the musicians.

An Arpa-emini, who is Provider of the grain, with a Lieutenant and a Chancellor.[769] He has sixty aspers, the Lieutenant thirty and the Chancellor twenty: this Arpa-emini has under him twenty persons who receive among them all about eight hundred aspers.

A Shehr-emini,[770] or Commissioner of public works, who takes care of the streets of Constantinople, and also of the road when the Signor goes forth to war: and he has charge also of public buildings, fountains, and aqueducts. He has fifty aspers, and keeps under him four hundred men: among all of these is given a thousand aspers. He has also a Kiaya and secretary with about thirty-eight aspers each.[771]

A Berat-emini, who is deputed to distribute the ordinances of the Signor in writing and who receives the fees; and he has forty aspers, with two secretaries, and two superintendents with twenty aspers each.

A Terjuman,[772] or interpreter of all the languages. This position is highly reputed in proportion to the worth and intelligence of him who holds it. He has five hundred ducats of fixed income each year, and has also a like sum from feudal grant, and more than four times as much of extraordinary income; and he is wont to be highly respected.

Proceeding now further as I have begun, I shall leave it for another time and eye to reduce this Porte to better order and put everything in its proper place. I find that to all the above-mentioned things should be added a Palace of the ladies of the Signor.[773] This is very large, with a circuit of about a mile and a half; and it is provided with different chambers and other rooms, where the sons of the Signor reside separately with their mothers, and with a great number of eunuchs for their guard and service. There also reside the Sultanas, that is the mothers and the wives of the Signors; and there are three hundred damsels, placed there virgins, and given to the government of many matrons. To all of these damsels the Signor has it taught to embroider different designs, to each he gives pay of ten to twenty aspers per day; and twice every year at the two Bairams he has them clothed in stuffs of silk. And when one of these pleases him he does what he wishes with her, and when he has lain with her he gives her a golden bonnet and ten thousand aspers, and has her placed in a separate apartment from the others, increasing her ordinary pay.[774] In the aforesaid Palace there is an Agha of the Eunuchs: to these are given a hundred and twenty aspers for all. Three Kapuji-bashis, and with them a hundred Kapujis and Janissaries at the gate: among all these is given six hundred aspers a day. Ten Sakkas, who carry water, forty aspers in all. And the damsels are served and educated up to the age of twenty-five years. The teachers are the matrons, the servants are the youngest among them; and when they have arrived at twenty-five years, if it does not please the Signor to keep them for his own use, he marries them to Spahi-oghlans, and to others of the slaves of the Porte according to the degree and condition of both parties; and in their place he substitutes others.

There is also a palace near Pera for about four hundred boys, who have pay of six to ten aspers, and are clothed with silk twice a year. These have an Agha and eunuchs, as have those in the great palace, [and] Kapujis, Ajem-oghlans and a hundred teachers of various arts. Among all these is distributed eight hundred aspers a day. They are not so noble, or of so beautiful appearance or show of intelligence as are those who reside with the Signor; but from these also many become great, and some of them are taken into the great palace. And similarly in Adrianople there is a palace of three hundred boys under pay, an Agha, eunuchs, Kapujis, Janissaries, and teachers, about two hundred in all, who have all together two thousand eight hundred aspers a day. These are of third grade, but they are carefully taught and well kept like all the others, and from them according to the spirit and worth which they show promotions are made. There is also in that region another palace, recently built, with a large and beautiful garden: this is located on the river Maritza, and in it reside about three hundred Ajem-oghlans; on these [palaces] they spend every year two hundred thousand aspers for each, and they have an Agha with forty aspers and a lieutenant and secretaries with thirty aspers each per day. In various other places in Adrianople there are gardens: in these reside continually as on deposit one thousand five hundred Ajem-oghlans with Agha and secretaries, and on these they spend six thousand aspers a year[775] or a little more.

There is also an Agha of the Ajem-oghlans, or Janissary recruits, who resides in Constantinople; he has sixty aspers per day, and under him are about five thousand Ajem-oghlans: these they clothe twice a year, and on their teachers and chiefs they spend ten thousand aspers[776] a year. They put them on ships and buildings to carry wood and perform other tasks. They become cooks or servants of the Janissaries, and finally they become Janissaries.

And every four years the Turkish Signor sends into Greece and into Anatolia to seize boys, sons of Christians, ten or twelve thousand each time: these he sends into Anatolia in the region of Brusa or Caramania to dig the earth, so that they will become accustomed to hard labor, and so that there they may learn the Turkish language. These boys remain in such a place and occupation three or four years: then they are ordered to be gathered again, and are given to the government and discipline of the Agha of the Ajem-oghlans. For these the Signor does not have any expenses so long as they reside in Anatolia, because they are clothed and have their living from those whom they serve by plowing the ground and doing other work for them.

It seemed best to me to make mention in this place of all the palaces, because they are as it were of the same body as that of the Signor, and all the expenses of these are computed in the book of the expense of the great palace, or that of the Signor. To these expenses are added those, which are incurred in clothing twice each year the Pashas, the Kaziaskers, the Defterdars, the Beylerbeys, and the Nishanji, and the expenses which are incurred for the extraordinary presents of the Signor. These in all amount to and go beyond a million aspers a year.

There is also an Arsenal in the region of Pera, small and of short circuit: this has on the sea-front ninety-two vaults, and so little area and ground within that not merely no galleys but not even materials and timbers can be contained there. In it usually work each day about two hundred men; although there are under pay two hundred patrons with two thousand aspers per day for all.[777] A thousand Azabs, who have among them four thousand aspers. Foremen, or masters fifty in number, who have in leisure, that is, when not working, six aspers, and when working, twelve aspers each. An Intendant, forty aspers. A Secretary, twenty-five aspers, with ten clerks under him, who have a hundred aspers. All these fulfil their duties when there is great need; but they understand ill the trade and art of building galleys. For this reason they do not turn out good and ready ones like ours; and what few there are are overseen by Christians, who are well paid.

Over this Arsenal and all these persons, there is one who is called the Beylerbey of the sea; that is to say, Lord of lords, an office created at the time when I was in Constantinople; since in the past he who was Sanjak of Gallipoli was wont to be called Captain of the Sea. And Khaireddin Bey called Barbarossa was the first who had this title; he was then made fourth Pasha. To him is given the government of all the fleets, and he has for income every year a feudal grant of fourteen thousand ducats, besides that from Rhodes, Euboea, and Mytilene; so that he receives twice as much more.

I find nothing else that pertains to arrangements for the rule and watch of the sea which are worthy of note: wherefore I will now come to those of the land; these are in truth well and usefully ordered.

There is first one called the Beylerbey of Greece: in this are included all the lands which the Turkish Signor possesses in Europe: this Beylerbey is greater than all the others. He has from feudal grant sixteen thousand ducats a year, and gets more than double this. He sits at the Porte after the Pashas,[778] and is of great repute with everybody. He has under him besides his slaves, who number more than a thousand, a Defterdar with feudal income of three thousand ducats a year; a hundred clerks who keep the books and accounts of the feudal grants assigned to Subashis, Kazis, Spahis, and others; among all of whom are distributed ten thousand ducats a year.

Thirty-six Sanjaks: these are in obedience to him, and have for feudal income from five to twelve thousand ducats a year each. They are distributed through the provinces: in these they reside only so long as pleases the Signor: he changes them, as seems best to him, from one province to another. Their duty is to rule the Spahis, and to have them trained in arms, and to keep them in obedience.

Four hundred Subashis, who have among them all from feudal income four hundred thousand ducats, and have about five hundred slaves each.[779]

Thirty thousand Spahis: these are horse soldiery set apart some to the service of the Beylerbey, and some to that of all the Sanjaks of Greece. They have from feudal grant two hundred ducats each, and each of them, for every hundred ducats of feudal income, is obliged to maintain an armed man, with horse and lance. And then they have besides the armed man two or four or five servants and horses. These Spahis are all slaves of the Signor, and sons of slaves, and of Spahis.

Twenty thousand Timarjis who have ten to forty ducats of feudal income each year, and because they do not reach a hundred ducats, they are not called Spahis. These have each a horse and two or three servants, and they serve distributed through all the Sanjaks of Greece. The feudal grants are by assignment of land; the income of this assignment they get partly from rent, but the greater part from the tithes of all the income, which Turks as well as Christians pay, and from the poll-tax, which is twenty-five aspers per head from Christians alone, and from the imposts laid on animals, fruit-trees, and other things. These imposts, moreover, are in addition to those which they pay ordinarily to the Signor.

Sixty thousand Akinji, or mounted adventurers, inscribed for the lands of Greece and obliged to go to war without payment. But they are exempt from any burden, and cities and villages are bound to give them, when they pass through, living expenses only.

There are in all Greece, that is, in all the countries which the Turkish Signor possesses in Europe, sixty-eight thousand villages of Turkish and Christian people, subject to public burdens.[780]

There follow next six Beylerbeys of Asia, and a separate one of Egypt. The first of these is called the Beylerbey of Anatolia which was anciently Asia Minor: he has from feudal income fourteen thousand ducats, but gets a great deal more. This man has under him and in his government Pontus, Bithynia, Asia proper, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia: these provinces under a single name are called at present Anatolia. This man’s place at the Porte is after the Beylerbey of Greece. And he has under him, besides his own slaves, who are more than a thousand, twelve Sanjaks with feudal income of from four to six thousand ducats each. Ten thousand Spahis, with five to ten aspers a day, and also more or less feudal income according to their degree. Next after these follows

The Beylerbey of Caramania, which was anciently Cilicia and Pamphylia, with feudal income of ten thousand ducats. This man has under him seven Sanjaks with four to six thousand ducats of feudal income each, and five thousand Spahis, with five to ten aspers a day each and feudal income besides.

The Beylerbey of Amasia and Tokat, which was Cappadocia and Galatia, with feudal income of eight thousand ducats. Four Sanjaks with four to six thousand ducats of feudal income each. Four thousand Spahis with five to ten aspers a day each and feudal income.

The Beylerbey of Anadole, which is a region between Syria, Caramania, and Tokat, which was anciently Paphlagonia, and is the half of Armenia Minor. He has ten thousand ducats of feudal income, and under him seven Sanjaks with four to five thousand ducats of feudal income. Seven thousand Spahis, with five to ten aspers per day and feudal income. In this province of Anadole, they say that when the Signor is there, besides the paid troops thirty thousand persons are obliged to ride without any pay, but only with expenses from the villages.

The Beylerbey of Mesopotamia, under whom is the remainder of Armenia Minor and part of the Major, the other parts belonging to the Persians and the Kurds. This borders with Bagdad, or Baldach, which was anciently Babylonia. He has of feudal income thirty thousand ducats: and besides his own slaves, who number two thousand, he has under him twelve Sanjaks with feudal income of four to six thousand ducats a year, and ten[781] Spahis with ten to fifteen aspers per day each, and with large feudal income because of being at the confines of the Persians: with these they are continually in conflict.

A Beylerbey of Damascus and Syria and Judea, with feudal income of twenty-four thousand ducats; he has more than two thousand slaves, and under him twelve Sanjaks with feudal income of five to seven thousand ducats, and twenty thousand Spahis with ten to fifteen aspers per day each and with good feudal income.

A Beylerbey of Cairo: he holds jurisdiction as far as Mecca, or as far as into Arabia: this Arabia is possessed by the Turkish Signor in the way in which he possesses Albania, where he is not yielded such obedience as he is accustomed to receive from all his other states and countries. But [Arabia] Felix stands in somewhat greater obedience than the rest. He has for feudal income thirty thousand ducats, with numerous slaves: these amount to more than four thousand; sixteen Sanjaks with feudal income of six to eight thousand ducats each; and sixteen thousand Spahis with fifteen to twenty aspers each per day.

Near Mecca, and the countries of the Persians, are some Arabic lords who do not obey any one. The rest[782] then borders the Persians as far as Mesopotamia, in which is Bagdad.[783] Passing Mesopotamia it borders the Persians again to the plain of Naximan, then touches Erzinjan[784] and Erzerum, which are the chief places of Armenia Major. This Armenia borders with the Iberians and Georgians. In these Armenias, Major and Minor, are many Kurds, people of the mountains and warlike, those of [Armenia] Major obedient partly to the Turkish Signor, and partly to the Persian; those of [Armenia] Minor to no one. Next Trebizond borders with the Georgians and Mingrelians, and with part of the Iberians, which people were anciently called Colchians. And Ajemia,[785] which anciently was Assyria, belongs to the Persian: he is absolute master of it.

There are in all Anatolia, or in all the countries which the Turkish Signor possesses in Asia, villages of Turks and Christians to the number of more than seventy-two thousand, not counting those which are in Egypt, which are many.

The Sanjaks truly [set forth]: these (as I said above) have under government the provinces entrusted to the Beylerbeys; they are men of much and very great reputation and esteem, especially in the affairs of war; they are named as below by the names of the places which are given to their government. And first the Beylerbey of Greece holds as his sanjakate the places about Salonika. Then follow the others of Kaffa, Silistria, Nicopolis, Vidin, Semendria, Servia and Belgrade,[786] Zvornick, Bosnia, Hersek, which is the Servia called the Duchy,[787] Scutari, Avlona, Yanina, Karli Ili, Lepanto, Morea, Negropont, Trikkala, Gallipoli, Kirk-Kilisse or Forty Churches, Viza, Chirmen, Kostendil, Vishidrina, Prisrend, Okhrida, Alaja Hissar, Elbassan, Voinuch, Chiuchene, Zaiza. These are usually counted thirty-five, but five are regions united to neighboring places, namely Philippopolis, Sofia, Durazzo, Albania, and Uskup.

Anatolia, or Asia Minor: Pontus, Bithynia, Lydia, Caria, and Lycia. The sanjakate of the Beylerbey is at Kutaia. And the others are in Hoja-ili, Boli, Kastamuni, Angora, Kanghri,[788] Tekke-ili, Menteshe-ili, Aidin-ili, Alayeh,[789] Bigha, and Manissa,[790] which is that of Sultan Mustapha, the oldest son of the Signor. This place is opposite the middle of Chios near the sea.

Amasia, and Tokat, which is Paphlagonia, Galatia, and Cappadocia. The sanjakate of the Beylerbey is in Amasia, of the others in Chorum, Janik, Kara-hissar, Samsun, Trebizond.

Caramania, which is Cilicia opposite Cyprus and Pamphylia. The sanjakate of the Beylerbey is in Konia. The others have theirs in Naranda, Hissar, Eski-hissar, Versag-ili, Sivri-hissar.

Anadole, or Armenia Minor. The sanjakate of the Beylerbey is in Marash. Those of the others in Sarmussacli, Albistan-ovassi,[791] Adana, Tarsus.

Diarbekir, or Mesopotamia, and part of Armenia Major, of which the remainder belongs to the Persians and the Kurds. The sanjakate of the Beylerbey is in Diarbekir. And the others have theirs in Kara Amid, Arghana, Toljik, Hassan-Kief, Mardin, Kharput, Mosul, Erzerum, Baiburt, Bitlis, and Naximan-ovassi.

Syria, and Judea. The sanjakate of the Beylerbey is in Damascus. Of the others in Malatia, Divirigi, Aintab, Antioch, Aleppo, Tripoli, Hama, Homs, Safita, Jerusalem, Gaza.

Egypt, with part of Arabia Deserta as far as Jeddah;[792] Mecca, with all of Arabia Felix, where are many Arab lordlings, who are partly in devotion to the Turkish Signor, partly to no one. The sanjakate of the Beylerbey is in Cairo, and of the others....[793]

All the aforesaid Sanjaks, Beylerbeys, Pashas, and other officials have salary or feudal income, as I have said above, by fixed arrangement, that is, regularly: but they obtain from extraordinary sources about as much more. And they live with very great expenses for slaves: these they are accustomed to clothe and they give them also wages besides, so that they will not steal.

How great the revenues of this Signor are, may be estimated from the expenses. These revenues are obtained from the Kharâj, which is paid by the non-Turkish subjects; this gives a million and a half ducats: from the tax on animals, which gives eight hundred thousand ducats: from mines, which give six hundred thousand ducats: from countless other duties, salt-taxes, commendations, inheritances, gifts, the revenues of Egypt over and above the expenses, rents, and tributes. And they are so great that they not only meet the expenses, which amount besides the feudal income in ready money drawn from the Treasury to more than twelve thousand ducats a day;[794] but there remains over a great sum of money from the surplus of each year. And it is believed that all the revenues amount to fifteen millions in gold: five of which enter the Treasury, and the other ten remain for the servants of war.[795]

APPENDIX II PAMPHLET OF JUNIS BEY AND ALVISE GRITTI

Printed in 1537. Presented in the original Italian.

OPERA NOUA LA QUALE DECHIARA

tutto il gouerno del gran Turcho & tutta la Spesa che il gran Turcho ha sotto di lui cosi in pace como in guerra & il numero de le Persone & nome & gouerno de le sue Donne & Garzoni che lui tene nel Serraglio serrati & de tutta la Entrata che lui ha a lanno & nomina tutti li Signori de le sue prouincie: E il nome de tutte le sue terre chelha sotto se: & la ordināza del suo Campo quādo ua ala guerra como ua in ordinanza tutte le persone a sorte per sorte & come uanno e che arme portano. Nouamente stampata nel M D X X X V I I.

Il Signor grāde cioe il grā Turcho ha uno serraglio principale doue tene la sua sedia, & ha una camera deputada per lui doue dorme, & al gouerno dessa ha 8. gioueni ch’ lo uestano e suestano doi al giorno deputati ala guardia, & seruitii suoi, & la notte li fanno la guardia uno da capo, laltro da piede con due torce accese: & q̄lli doi che li hāno fatto la guardia la notte lo uestano la mattina, & li mettano ne la Scarsella del dulimano cioe de la casacha sua aspri Mille uno aspro ual soldi do di Milano, & in laltra duchati 20 doro: questi dinari sel Signor nō li dona uia quel giorno restano a colori ch’ lo spogliano la sera, & q̄sti giouani hāno uno capo ch’ si domāda Oddabassi cioe capo de li camarieri uno Papugi che li porta le scarpe, laltro Selictare che porta larco & frezze, laltro Ciochadar ch’ li porta le ueste, laltro Seracter che li porta il mastrapā zoe il ramī da lacq̄, laltro schēni ch’ porta la sedia questi sono li nomi che hanno li otto gioueni, & il capo de questi cioe Oddabassi ha aspri 30. al di di soldo, & li altri 8. gioueni hano chi 15. chi 20. aspri per uno secondo il loro grado.

El Capagasi e monuco cioe castrato & e portinaro de la porta del gran Turco ha aspri 60. di soldo.

El Capiagabasi cioe il capo del Serraglio doue sta il Turcho quādo il Signor e fora de Cōstantinopoli ha aspri 50. & ha sotto lui 12 mōuchi cioe castrati che hāno aspri 16. al di per uno di soldo & spesa.

El Casnādarbasi e monucho, cioe Tesorero de la Saluaroba del Signor ha aspri 60. al di di soldo.

Ha in el serraglio il Signor gioueni de anni 8. fino in 20. numero 700. che hāno di soldo al giorno chi 10. chi 14. secondo il suo grado & sono uestiti dal Signor q̄sti hàno maestri che li insegnano a legere e scriuere & la lege loro, & como escano del serraglio hanno nella porta cioe ne la sua corte officii chi Spacoglài chi Selictari chi Solachi & altri stipēdii secondo gratia e ualore loro.

Spacoglani sono gétilhomini che cortigiano il Signor quādo caualca: & li Selictari sono q̄lli che uano alla mā sinistra del Signor q̄ndo ua in campo: & li Solachi sono stafferi del Signor, & li suoi maestri sono Talasimāi uecchi detti Cogia dotti nella lege loro, cioe sacerdoti & questi putti sono ogni 10. in gouerno d’uno monucho detto Capogliano, ognuno ha uno schiauinotto nel qual dormino détro la notte de sorte che non si toccano insiemo & stanno in uno salotto & li Monuchi dormeno in mezo desso salotto & stanno le lume accese tutta la notte.

Ha uno giardino nel serraglio che uolge circa doi miglia doue stanno circa 400. putti giardineri detti Bustāgi sono Ianicerotti, & hanno uno capo che si domanda Bustāgibassi che e sopra tutti li giardini del Signor ch’ sono molti e lui ha aspri 40. il di di soldo & altre molte regalie & a li giardineri chi 3. chi 5. aspri al di & sono ognuno uestiti del Signor di pāno azuro turchesco & una gamisa e uno paro di braghe do uolte a lanno & quādo escano del serraglio che sono grādi diuentano Ianizari cioe guardiani del Signor, Solachi cioe staffieri & Capigi cioe Portinari: & il ditto Bonstāgibassi e q̄llo ch’e timonero quādo il Signor ua in Fusta hāno uno p̄toiro cioe loco tenente che ha aspri 20. al di & ogni 10 de detti hāno uno capo ditto Balucasi che ha aspri 20. il di & questi putti uāno per tutto dentro del Serraglio & mai escano fino che non sono homeni.

El Signor ha due Fuste che li nauegano li sopraditti giardineri, & lo capo loro sta al timone con le quale il Signor ua a spasso assai per canale & a li giardini lor.

El calualgibasi capo de le cōfettioni ha aspri 40. il di con 30. homini sotto di lui & hanno chi 5. chi 6. aspri al di.

El Vechilargibasi capo deli despésieri ha aspri 40. il di cō uno scriuano cō aspri 20 il di di soldo.

El Cessignirbassi capo de li cardēceri ha aspri 80. il di & questo porta la sera & mattina il piato al Signore & ha sotto di lui homini 100. che hanno chi 5. chi 6. aspri al di di soldo.

Vno Asgibassi capo de li coghi ha aspri 40. al di & ha da circa 80. coghi sotto di lui che hāno chi 5. chi 6. chi 8. aspri il di, & ha da 80. Ianicerotti da 10. in 20. anni ditti baltagi cioe taglia legne che tagliano le legne per la cucina del signore & per tutto il serraglio che hanno da 3. in 5. aspri il di per uno & sono uestiti dal Signore.

Ha circa 20. garzoni Ianicerotti carretteri che portano con li carri le legne nel serraglio & hanno aspri 3. in 5. al di & sono uestiti dal Signore.

Sacha 10. cioe acquaroli che portano lacqua con li caualli nel serraglio hanno 3. in 5. aspri il di & uestiti dal Signore.

Vna stalla con 200. caualli per la ꝑsona del Signore con 100. homini al gouerno suo che hanno aspri 5. in 8. al di di soldo per uno. Vnaltra stalla con 4000. caualli per li schiaui soi con 2000. homini al suo gouerno che hāno da 3 in 5 aspri al di di soldo & spesa.

Il gran Turcho ha molti giardini & si uendano li frutti & del tratto di essi si fa le spese a lui per essere entrate licite, & il suo serraglio paga di liuello aspri 1000. al giorno a la moschea cioe a la gesia del padre de suo padre Soltan memet.

Spesa nel piato del Signor aspri 5000. & per li garzoni soi aspri 2500. ogni giorno.

Vno Capigilarchi caiasi idest gouernator & capo de tutti li capigi cioe di portineri de la porta ha aspri 500. il di: & 3 capigibassi de la porta del signore hanno aspri 100. il di & uestiti, sotto q̄sti sono Capigi cioe Portinari numero 250. che hanno aspri 57. il di per uno, & questi fanno la guardia a la porta del Signor di 24. in 24. hore, & quando qualche Ambasciator ua a basciare la mano al Signor bisogna chel presenta tutti costori. Vno Capigi la che chi si Protoiro idest locotenente di Capigi ha aspri 40. il giorno.

El Ciausbasi capo de li ciausi cō 100. ciausi sotto lui q̄sti sono homini grādi & quādo uāno ꝑ fare morire alcuno sia dassai quāto si uoglia sono obediti senza altra cōmissione in scritto, & q̄ndo il Signor caualca uāno semp’ ináci a lui faciādo fare largo, hāno di soldi da aspri 25. sino in 40. al di secūdo lor grado & il ciaubasi ha aspri 200.

El Mecterbasi capo de quelli che destendano li padiglioni & tapedi & spazzan la porta & altre simile cose ha aspri 40. il di con il suo Protoiro che ha aspri 20. il di con 60. homini sotto di lui che si domandano Mecteri che hanno aspri 5. in 6. il di per uno & sono uestiti.

Sono ordinatamēte 4. Bascia soi cāzelleri e cōseieri el primo ha duchati 24000 di entrata a lanno: li altri tre hāno chi 16000. chi 18000. duchati a lanno & li sono date entrate doue cauano il tutto, & hāno molte altre regalie & p̄senti.

Abrain ch’era de la pargha albaneso e morto, hora li e Aiisbassa de la sinita ch’e il prícipale Albāeso uno altro mostafa bascia ch’e mamalucho di Alchayro & uno Casin bascia ch’e Crouato & Cayradibeii cioe Barbarossa ch’era greco di metelí Isola & niuno puo essere bascia se non Christiani renegati. Ayas ha numero 600. schiaui. Mostafa ne ha numero 200: Casin crouato ne ha numero 150. Barbarossa ne ha da numero 100. A liquali danno soldo caualli scufie doro & spade fornite dargento & di questi essi Bascia fanno la corte loro & sono uestiti da essi Bascia.

Doi Cadilescher talasimani uno de la Grecia laltro de la natolia cioe Asia, & ha di entrata ducati 6 in 7 milia a lanno per uno: q̄sti sono executori de la lege loro & hano 10. homini executori per uno dati dal Signor sono q̄lli che metteno li Cadi cioe podesta per tutto il paese del Signor & quādo uanno dal Signor entrano auanti deli Bascia hanno per uno mocturbasi cioe cursor, & como cauallieri de li executori & questi tutti uiuano di regalie, hāno lo Cadilescheri 200. in 300. schiaui per uno che se ne fanno la lor corte.

Doi Defterderi cioe thesoreri uno di Asia laltro di Europa che scodano tutte le entrade del Signor & gouernano quasi il tutto hanno di entrada ducati sie in sette milia a lanno per uno, & hanno 200. schiaui per uno & ne fanno la lor corte.

Hanno q̄sti Defterderi 50. scriuani per uno con li cogitori quali tengano conto del thesoro del Signor, questi scriuani sono posti dal Signor con soldo di 15. in 50. aspri al di per uno secondo il grado loro & hāno 15. in 20. schiaui per uno.

Secretarii 25. posti dal Signor che hanno 25. in 30. aspri il di & suoi schiaui sono doi Rosanamagi idest capi de li scriuani che reuedano li cōti & ch’ receuano dāno fora con 20. cōpagni sotto loro doi, hanno aspri 40. il di & li 25. compagni hāno aspri 8. in 10. al di per uno di soldo.

Cinque Seraferi idest Bancheri che uedano tutti li danari che si scodano hanno aspri 10. in 15. al di di soldo.

Vno Tescheregibassi che segna tutti li commandamenti del Signor ha di entrata ducati 7000. & 300. in 400. schiaui.

Vno Casmandarbassi di fora con 10. Casandari il capo ha aspri 50. il di & ha aspri 10. in 15. al di di soldo sintéde sopra la saluaroba del Signore di fuora del serraglio.

Vno Defterdaro emino cioe douanero sopra le intrade & tene il libro de li timarati ha aspri 40. il di con lo scriuano che ha aspri 10. in 15. al di.

Vno Agha de Ianiceri cioe Capitano de tutti li Ianiceri che ha intrata duch. 7000. lāno, & ha aspri 10000. per far pasto a li Ianizari quādo el da audiétia in casa sua che 2. o 3. uolte la settimana la da & ha 400. schiaui sotto se questi Ianizari sono la guardia del Signor tutti schiopetteri & uanno a piede.

Vno Gachaia de Ianizari cioe locotenéte ha 200 aspri al di & ducati 300. di timaro cioe entrata a lanno con 25. schiaui suoi.

Vno Scriuan di Ianizari che tien conto de loro Ianizari ha aspri 100. al di & circa a 200 schiaui.

Secmébassi capo di brachi da caza ha aspri 100. il di & ha del numero di Iāizari 200 sotto di lui.

Il Zarcagibassi capo de li liureri da cazza ha aspri 50 il di & ha del numero di Ianizari 700. sotto di se che menano li cani a spasso quādo bisogna.

Sono li Ianizari numero 12000. li quali hanno da 3. sino in 8. aspri il di di soldo & ogni 10. hanno il suo Odabassi cioe capo de numero dece & ogni cento hanno il suo capo che si domanda Bolucbassi, & li capi loro quando uanno in cāpo uāno a cauallo & hāno aspri 40. in 60. al[796] di per vno secondo il grado loro.

De li Ianizari si caua da 150 solachi che sono staferi dil Signor & 2 solachibassi capi de q̄lli & tutti sono sotto lagha de Ianizeri, & sono vestiti vna volta alanno dil Signor di pāno azuro, & hāno le stantie loro in 2 lochi in Constantinopoli fatto fabricare dil Signor & li stano q̄lli che non hāno moglie li maritati stano fora cō le dōne loro, & nel vitto ogniuno mette tāto al di & hano dispēsieri choghi & q̄lli che hāno pocho salario seruan al altri, & ogni 100 di loro quādo vano in cāpo portano vno padiglione, & sono soldati apedi schopeteri & alabarderi e simitarre. Quādo li ditti venghano in desgratia dil Signor o in veghieza si mādan a sario zoe castelli che sono guardiani & si cassano del libro de Ianizari & hāno entrate equalmente al suo primo soldo & li capi loro similmente vano castellani con timaro vtsupra.

Vno agha di Spachoglani capo cioe di destri giouene gentilhomo che a tra timaro e soldo ducat 10 il di con reghalie & 400 schiaui.

Vno Iaxagi scriuano de questi spachoglani ha aspri 30 il di con reghalie & 30 schiaui.

Vno Cacaia de ditti zoe protoiro a tra timaro e soldo aspri 100 al di.

Sono li Spachoglani 3000 che hano aspri 20 in 40 il di secondo il grado loro & ogni 20 hano vno capo domandato Bolucbassi & questi seruano a cauallo con 5 o 6 schiaui & altri tanti caualli per vno questi vano sempre ala man destra dil Signor, & alogiano appresso a lui in campo.

Vno Agha deto Selicterbassi capo de li sinistri che sono ala mā sinistra dil Signor ha aspri 250 il di & vno Protoiro cioe loco tenēte & vno scriuano cō aspri 30 il di per vno questo Aga e capo di 3000 Selictari a cauallo che stano a la man sinistra dil Signore & hano aspri 20 in 25 al di ꝑ vno & hano 4. o 5. schiaui & altri tanti caualli & lui capo a 200 schiaui soi.

Doi Holofagibassi da la man destra & sinistra uno per banda capi de li soldati a aspri 120 al di & hano 200 Holofagi sotto se cō aspri 16 il di pervno il suo logo tenente cō aspri 20 e vno scriuano cō aspri 20 & vano a cauallo con 2. o 3. caualli & tanti schiaui.

Doi Aga capo de li carippoglani zoe poueri gioueni che hano aspri 30 il di per vno cō il suo protoiro & scriuano con aspri 15 in 30 al di & sono li Carippoglani numero 2000 che hano da 7 sino in 14 aspri al di per vno li capi hano 25 schiaui per vno.

Doi Bracorbassi zoe maestri di stalla vno grande vno picolo il grāde a aspri 500 il di, & il picolo ne a 200 al di di soldo con protoiro & scriuano con 30 sino in 40 aspri il di per vno.

Sedici milia Sarachi zoe famigli che cōzano brene & selle Caysli zoe fanti di stalla Carmādari zoe mulateri deuegi zoe gābeleri che vano dreto a gambeli circirgli zoe mandreri che pascolano le mādre de li caualli in varii lochi hano di soldo da 2 sino ī 20 aspri il di pervno secōdo il grado loro chi piu chi meno.

Caualli da caualcare per il Signor & soi puti & monuchi zoe castrati numero 4000.

Vno Zarchigibassi capo de li astori che a di soldo aspri 150 il di & schiaui & vno Zarchigibassi capo di falconeri che a aspri 80 il di & schiaui con il suo protoiro & scriuano con aspri 25 per vno al di.

Vintimilia zainogiler homini a cauallo di lāza & mili soli de questi hāno soldo aspri 10 il di & resto hāno timari o vero exemption di angarie per essere homeni dil Signor & vano in campo.

Vno hebegibassi capo de le armature a aspri 60 il di con il suo protoiro & scriuan con aspri 20 per vno di soldo & à da 160 Ebegi zoe famigli sotto se con 7 fino in 10 aspri il di per vno, & vano a pede.

Vno Topgibassi capo de li bombarderi che ha aspri 60 il di con protoiro & scriuan con aspri 20 pervno & a 2000 Topgi sotto se zoe bombarderi cō 6 sino in 10 aspri il di di soldo per vno e vano a pede.

Vno Arabagibassi capo de li careteri a aspri 40 il di con protoiro & scriuano con aspri 20 per vno & a 1000 Arabagi zoe careteri sotto se con 3 sino in 6 aspri il di per vno.

Vno Mecterbassi capo de li trombeteri & tamburini a aspri 30 il di con protoiro & scriuan con aspri 12 ꝑ vno di soldo al di & a 12 millia compagni sotto se che hano di soldo 3 sino in 5 aspri il di per vno parti vano a piedi & parti a cauallo & altre regalie.

Imralem aga Capitanio che porta il stendardo dil Signor a di soldo aspri 200 al di & e sopra tutti li mecteri zoe trombetti & tamburini & banderali.

Vno Arpaemin prouiditore de le biaue per il campo con vno protoiro & vno cursor lemin a aspri 60 il di di protoiro a aspri 30 il cursor aspri 20 al di di soldo & a 20 persone sotto di lui con aspri 800 al di fra tutti quelli 20 persone.

Vno Saremin prouiditore de comun a cōzare le strade & fabricare in Constantinopli a aspri 50 il di, & a sotto di lui 400 homeni cō aspri 1000 al di fra tutti cō protoiro & scriuano cō aspri 57 il di per vno.

Vno Baratemin che dispensa tutti li comandamēti & che scode li denari de li ditti a aspri 40 il di & a 2 scriuani & doi soprastanti con aspri 60 il di per vno di soldo.

Vno Seraglio di donne in Constantinopli che circōda vno miglio e mezo cō stantie & camere doue stano li figlioli separati luno da laltro cō loro madre & monuchi, & soltane zoe molier dil Signor & li sono da 200 in 300 dōzelle sotto la custodia di molte matrone veghie alequa il Signor fa insegnare a ricamar diuersi lauori & a cadauna li da di soldo asp 10 fino in 20 per vna secondo il grado loro & ogni anno doi volte a li bairami zoe a le sue pasque li veste tutte di setta, & lequal donzelle quādo piace alcuna desse al Signore lui sta con lei & fa il fatto suo, & como la hauta li dona vna schufia doro che val duc. 200 & aspri 10 millia di cōtadi & la fa stare in vna camera separata da le altre & li cresse il soldo suo & q̄lla che fa prima fioli quella e la sua moglie prima.

In ditto seraglio & de tutti li altri monuchi zoe castrati che sono in detto seraglio a aspri 60 il di di soldo & stano in questo seraglio 20 monuchi & hano aspri 120 il di tra capigibassi zoe portinari & Ianizari nu. 100 a le porte ꝑ guardia hāno aspri 500 al di fra tutti & numero 10 Sacha che portano laqua dētro zoe aquaroli & hāno aspri 40 al di fra tutti di soldo.

Quando le donzelle sono in eta de anni 25 il Signor le maritta a li schiaui di la porta zoe di la sua corte & in loco loro ne mete de le altre & le piu giouane seruano a le altre.

A vno seraglio appresso a pera a de garzoni nu. 400. in circa che hano di soldo da 6 fin in 10 aspri il di ꝑ vno & li veste dói volte alanno di panno di seda si como fa a le dōne & vno Agha zoe capo del seraglio & 20 monuchi como nel altro seraglio & capigi & Ianizeri & maestri che imparano voltegiare a cauallo & īparano a sonare in tutto numero 100 homeni che hāno aspri 600 al di di soldo tra tutti & laga a aspri 60 il di di soldo & 10 sacha con aspri 40 il di di soldo fra tutti li aquaroli.

Vno Seraglio in Andranopoli nouo con vno bel giardino appresso a la mariza fiumera nel qual stano Ianizerotti numero 300 & hāno aspri 12 al di per vno Andranopoli e 5 zornate lōtan da Constantinopoli.

Vno capo de detti zardineri a aspri 40 il di con vno protoiro & vno scriuano che tengono cōto de ditto zardino con aspri 30 per vno al di.

In diuersi lochi il Signor ha piu giardini in liquali son assai Ianizerotti garzoni & soi capi hāno di soldo aspri 6000 al di fra tutti questi giardini.

Vno aga de agiamoglani Capitanio zoe gioueni greci in Cōstātinopoli a aspri 60 il di & a 4 in 5000 Ianizerotti sotto lui & li da di soldo tra tutti alāno ne a di spesa aspri 100 millia & liveste due fiate alanno & hano li loro capi como li altri & questi se metano sopra fabriche & condutte legne cō nauigli in Constantinopoli per il Signor & altre stente poi si fano coghi & famegli di Ianizeri & in fino si fano Ianizeri.

Ogni 4 anni il Signor manda a tore di gretia & di Natolia piu figlioli de christiani per il paxe zoe ꝑ leville & doue vno padre ha 2 fioli li piglian vno fiol ꝑ forza & lo fano turco & cosi a ognuno christiani ꝑ il suo paese fano zoe soi subditi & ne piglia 10 ī 12000 a la volta liquali puti li fano stare in la Natolia zoe in asia a zapare la terra acio imparano la lingua turcha & cosi stentano 3. o vero 4. anni & poi li manda a scriuere sotto laga di agiamoglani ditto vtsupra & di questi il Signor non ne a spesa alcuna per che sono vestiti & fatto le spese da quelli a che seruano per che li mete a stare cō altri sino chano imparato la lingua & poi quando sono scritti li da soldo per la prima 2. in 3 aspri per vno & secōdo li mete in altri officii li cresce il salario.

Ha di spesa in li altri seragli di viuere aspri 5000 il di ditto di sopra.

Veste due fiate alanno li Bassa zoe confieri defterderi zoe texoreri beglerbeii zoe Signor de Signori nesangibei zoe quello che sopra di frutti dil Signor & presenti di spexa aspri 5000 per volte.

Vna Arsenale doue ten le sue galere che a volti 100 zoe 30 di galere grosse che si domandano maone ꝑ portare caualli & il resto sono galere futile.

Tene continuamenti numero 200 patroni de galere pagati che hāno soldo fra tutti aspri 200000 alanno di spexa.

Tene continuo mille homeni axapi zoe marinero di galeri & ne a di spexa alāno fra tutti aspri 400000.

Maistri ouero proti numero 50 che sono sopra a far lauorare le galere zoe farle che in ocio hanno soldo aspri 6 il di & quando lauorano hāno aspri 12 il di.

Emino zoe capo de questi a aspri 40 il di vno scriuan che ten conto ha aspri 28 al di con 10 scriuani sotto lui con aspri 80 al di fra tutti.

El Zustiniano zoe vno zentilomo Venetiano che serue il Turcho & e sopra a far fare galere ancora lui spexe straordinaria ha di soldo aspri 50 il di.

Vno Beglerbei dil mar zoe Signor de Signori capo sopra le terre maritime che a di entrata duc. 14000 & traze piu dil duplo sopra rodi metelino negropōte & il tributo di sio isole in mar.

Il Beglerbei di la gretia zoe capo di tutto il paese di la gretia magior de tutti li altri a di entrada ducati 260 millia a lanno & traze il duplo & a schiaui 1000.

Vno protoiro zoe loco tenente di la gretia a ducati 4000 di entrada a lanno & a schiaui 300.

Vno Deftero zoe texorero de le entrate di la gretia che loro domandano timari a ducati 3000 de entrada a lanno & ha 900 schiaui soi seruitori.

Cento scriuani che tengono li libri & cōti dil Signor a di entrada fra tutti a lanno ducati 10000.

Trentasette Sanzachibei zoe contadi Signori per il paese che han di entrada di 5 in 12 millia ducati a lanno secondo il grado loro chi piu chi meno & hāno vno per laltro in tutto duca. 260 millia a lanno & 300 schiaui per vno.

Quatrocento Subasi per il paxe dil Signor zoe Capitanio di Iustitia che hāno duc. 100 alanno per vno di entrada & hāno 50 schiaui per vno soi famigli.

Trenta millia Spachi che hanno di entrada luno per laltro ducati 200 per vno alanno & ciaschaduno de ditti per ogni ducati 100 che hāno di entrada deue tener vno homo armato di lanza a cauallo & oltra le lanze hanno tre o 4 famigli per vno & altri tanti caualli zoe li Spachi.

Vintimillia Trimarati zoe q̄lli che scodano le entrate per il paese hano duc. 40 di entrata alanno ꝑ vno & per che non ariuano a li 100 ducati dintrada nō si chiamano spachi & sono homeni a cauallo & vano in campo.

Li Spacoglani li sopradetti timari cioe entrade de le decime de tutte le entrade cosi de christiani como di turchi splenza aspri 25 per testa da li christiani & da langaria de li animali & altra quanto pagano dil Signor zoe piu o meno secondo diuersi paesi.

Sesantamillia Iaching zoe ventureri scritti per il paese obligadi andare in campo quando piace al Signor senza soldo & quando vano a la guerra le ville & cita li dano il modo dil viuere.

Tutti li spachi sono schiaui & figli de schiaui del Sig.

Sette Beglerbei zoe Signor de signori sopra bassavno che se chiama di la natolia ilquale era antichamēte in assia minore il qual a di entrata ducati 24000 & ne traze assai piu & a sotto se il ponte labitinia azia ꝑpia Lidia carian, licia prouincie & a schiaui 1000 soi seruitori & a sanzachi 12 sotto lui zoe Signoroti cō entrada da 4 in 6000 ducati alanno per vno & schiaui 500 pervno & Spachi 1000 sotto se cō soldo da 5 in 10 aspri al di pervno secōdo la cōdition loro & q̄sto Beglerbei e di piu authorita de li altri & e forte nominato per il paese questi Spachi nō hano tanta entrata como vtsupra per essere piu abondantia la.

Beglerbei de caramania chera silicia & pamfilia prouincie ha di entrata ducati 10 millia & a 7 sanzachi sotto se con soldo ditto & spachi numero 500 sotto cō soldo como laltro beglerbei & schiaui mille.

Beglerbei di anādoule che e tra la soria & Caramania & tocat ch’era gia Pamphlagonia che e la mita di larmenia minore ha di entrada ducati 10 millia alanno & sette sanzachi che hano di entrada da 4 in 5000 ducati alāno & a schiaui 100 & Spachi 700 sotto lui quando il Signor hera fora si dice questo Beglerbei faceua persone da caualcare senza soldo numero 30 millia.

Beglerbei di la mexopotania sotto ilqual e il resto di larmenia minor & parte di la magiore che laltra parte e dil Sophi & de cordi a di entrata ducati trenta millia & schiaui due millia & sanzachi 12 con entrada vt supra & spachi diece millia cō soldo vtsupra & confina con baldach zoe la babilonia vera.

Beglerbei di Damascho & Soria & Giudea a di entrada ducati 24 millia & schiaui due millia & sanzachi 12 con entrada vtsupra & a Spachi numero vintimillia sotto di lui.

Beghlerbei di Alcario ha di entrada ducati trentamillia & schiaui quatro millia Sāzachi 16 con entrada vt supra pervno & Spachi sedeci millia sotto lui & Ianizeri tre millia & va fina alamecha cioe fina a la arabia liquali ello possede como si fa deli albanesi per forza benche la arabia felize stia in magior obedientia.

Tra lamecha & Sophi sono alcuni Signori arabi poi il resto confina con il Sophi fina in la mexopotania in laqual e baldach zoe Babilonia poi passato la mexopotania cōfina il Suphi ne la pianura di nassimō poi exdrun & extum che sono in la armenia mazore laqual cōfina con Zorgiani & hiberi & ne larmenia mazor & minor sono assai cordi obedienti quelli de la mazor parte al Signor Turcho & parte al Sophi Re di persia & trabixonda lucho de Imperio in mar magior cōfina con mengreli zoe mengrelia doue non si spende danari & ancora confina cō giorgiani che antichamente si dimandauano colchi azamia chera asiria e dil Sophi.

Armenia magior e minor sono christiani assai di quelli di san Thomaso trabixonda sono greci & mengreli sono christiani & giorgiani sono christiani.

Ottomā hebe in sua cōpagnia ad acꝗstare il dominio vno michali greco fatto turco dal qual son dissexi li mazalogli zoe mamaluchi de laqual stirpe n’e vno hora sanzaco in bosina zoe Conte devna prouincia.

Malco greco renegato alqual sono nasiuti li malcozogli, & di quella stirpe n’e vno & e Sanzaco in gretia. Aurami che si chiamano Eurcassi de laqual stirpe non si sa che ne sia alcun hora.

Tutti questi generatione promisse ottoman di nō mettere mai mane nel sangue loro ne mancharli mai di magistrato & ancora si conserua la promessa fatali & questi furono quelli che aiutorno la caxa ottomana.

Intrada dil gran Turcho de caragi zoe tributarii caua ducati 1300000 da la Natolia & grecia caua ducati 1600000 di Egipto caua duc. 700000 de Soria caua ducati 150000 de mexopotania ducati 250000 questi danari caua si non di terra ferma senza le Isole che sotto lui & li douane di Constantinopli e pera.

Le entrate che se dice disse il Signor Aluise Gritti che sono piu presto piu che meno & la spexa di la porta zoe di la corte dil Signor penso che cōsuma tutta la entrada o poco meno.

Li Beglerbei di egitto stano sotto il beglerbei di Alcairo per la magior parte & li sono Sanzachi sino in lamecha doue sta larcha de macomet Zingil Ghebur Iurcan & Tibris fiumi dil Paradiso Terestro.

Li Beglerbei & li Sanzachi a chi piu chi meno secōdo la autorità sua & son pagati de li territori doue stano escetto quelli che pigliano soldo dil gran Turcho la entrada de li ditti non si po sapere a ponto bisogna per arbitrio pensarla zoe de quelli di egitto.

QVI SI DICHIARA TVTTI LI SANZACHI zoe contadi che sono sotto li Beglerbei & si nomina li paexi doue sono & Prouincie doue stano e prima.

Li Sanzachi zoe Contadi che sono sotto il Beglerbei di la Gretia prima.

1 Gretia.

2 Cafa.

3 Silistria.

4 Nicopoli.

5 Vidin.

6 Suornich.

7 Bossina.

8 Ersech del Ducato.

9 Samandria belgrado.

10 Seruia.

11 Belgrado.

12 Schutari.

13 Valona.

14 Carlali.

15 Negroponte.

16 Lepanto.

17 Morea.

18 Trighala.

19 Galipoli.

20 Quaranta Giexie.

21 Vissa.

22 Crimen.

23 Ochria.

24 Giostaudil.

25 Vlzitrin.

26 Pisdren.

27 Alzasar.

28 Albasan.

29 Voinuch.

30 Ciuchene.

31 Zaiza.

Filipopoli.

Sofia.

Durazo.

Albania.

Schopia.

Li Sanzachi che sono sotto il Beglerbei di la Natolia zoe Asia minor.

1 Giotachie.

2 Cogia olli.

3 Bolli.

4 Castamoni.

5 Anghori.

6 Caugri.

7 Tescheli.

8 Metesseli.

9 Haeid neli.

10 Allaye.

11 Buga.

12 Manguixa il statto.

Li Sanzachi che sono sotto il Beglerbei di Cappadocia.

1 Amassia.

2 Cioriun.

3 Giauich.

4 Caraister.

5 Sauisum.

6 Trapixonda.

Li Sanzachi che sono sotto il Beglerbei di Caramania.

1 Siogna.

2 Naranda.

3 Assar.

4 Eschi assar.

Li Sanzachi che sono sotto il Beglerbei di Auandoule.

1 Maras.

2 Sarmus Sachi.

3 Albistanouasi.

4 Adaria.

5 Tersis.

Li Sāzachi che sono sotto il beglerbei di mesopotāia.

1 Dierbech.

2 Carachmit.

3 Argni.

4 Solgich.

5 Casangieph.

6 Meridim.

7 Carput.

8 Mussul.

9 Exrun.

10 Haiburth.

Dittilis. Nassim nouasi.

Li Sanzachi che sono sotto il Beglerbei di Soria.

Damasco.

Malatia.

Dirmighi.

Antep.

Antiocha.

Aleppo.

Tripoli.

Cama ama.

Cams.

Sefetto.

Ieroxalem.

Gazara.

Questi sono i lochi che ha sotto il Turco.

Questa sia la ordenanza dil Cāpo dil Signore zoe dil gran Turcho quādo va a la guerra primamente vna quātita di spacoglani gētilomini con lanza & spada.

Inanze al primo bassa li va numero 15 caualli ornati ꝑ la sua persona con vno Ianizero per banda.

E poi tre garzoni vestiti doro con schufie doro rosse vno li porta larcho vno li porta le veste & vno li porta il ramin da laqua.

E poi vno Aga con schufia doro zoe Capitanio.

E poi doi garzoni senza milza arente al bassa.

E poi mille Ianizeri schopeteri a piedi.

E poi da 60 Sanzachi zoe stendardi a cauallo.

E poi trombetti e tamburin insiema a cauallo.

E poi il campo a refuso de diuersi generationi e de diuersi lanze tutti a cauallo.

E poi gambelli muli bagaie del campo.

E poi Gentilomeni Spachi a cauallo con spada & archo e frize solle.

E poi li cari de lartelaria.

E poi caualli numero 30 con briglie doro per la persona dil Signor.

E poi tutti li capi de li Ianizari zoe Boluchbassi Odabassi a cauallo con barete doro aguze con vno penagio di garzette bianche in zima con lanze & con le banderolle zalle.

E poi 12 milia Ianizeri con schiopetti alabarde apedi.

E poi li solachi apedi staferi dil Signor cō archi e frize.

E poi il gran Turcho sollo in mezo di Solachi.

E poi 3 garzoni con schufie doro vestiti di pāno doro che li portano archo e frize e laqua & veste.

E poi 2 monuchi sēza coioni a cauallo dreto al signor.

E poi Imralemaga ch’ porta il stēdardo dil Signor tutto verde sollo.

E poi 6 Sanzachi zoe bandere vna rossa vna biācha vna verde due diuixa vna rossa e bianca & vna verde e rosso a cauallo.

E poi trombeteri & tamburi a cauallo.

E poi il campo a refuxo con li dulipante a cauallo cō lanze e spada con le banderole rosse.

A la banda destra dil Signor Spacoglani a cauallo cō lanze con banderole zalle.

A la banda sinistra dil Signor Selictari a cauallo con lanze con banderolle rosse e bianche.

E poi gambelli & mulli e bagaie dil campo e pagi.

E poi Spachi con lanze a cauallo con dulipāti biāchi.

E poi vno bassa solo con soi Stafeti.

E poi 22 Sanzachi zoe stendardi a cauallo.

E poi trombeteri tamburi a cauallo.

E poi il campo a refuso de diuerse sorte con dulipant & barette rosse de piu sorte generatione.

E poi gambelli e muli e bagaie dil campo insema.

E poi tutti li Iachingi zoe ventureri.

Questo libro e stato cauato da Ionus bei il qual era greco & hora e turcho & e interpetro grande dil Signor & dal Signor Aluise gritti fiol dil Duxo di Venetia & tutto e vero.

APPENDIX III INCOMPLETE TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE KANUN-NAMEH, OR COLLECTION OF EDICTS, OF SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT AS ARRANGED BY THE MUFTI EBU SU’UD

Translated from the Turkish

[From folios 69-70 of the Turkish MS. Fluegel No. 1816, Imperial Library, Vienna: “Fundamental Laws of Sultan Suleiman, according to the arrangement of the Mufti Ebu-Su’ud.” The table does not begin till folio 27 of the manuscript. The page references are to Hammer’s Staatsverfassung, where a translation of the paragraphs may be found.]

FOLIO

27. Law concerning mortgage and loan contracts. p. 396

28. Law concerning fallow fields. p. 397

29. Law concerning uncultivated lands. p. 398

29. Law concerning absent and missing [tenants]. p. 398

30. Law concerning the hereditary tenancy of land (tapu), and regulations determining what sort of lands are given in hereditary tenancy. p. 399

31. Regulations for the case when a Spahi of either a large or a small fief possesses his fief in common ownership. p. 401

32. Regulations for the case when a Spahi dies or is dispossessed before the delivery of the hereditary lease. (In Hammer the heading is different and is not logically placed.) p. 403

33. Regulations for the case when the tenant dies before the expiration of the hereditary lease. p. 404

33. Law concerning the giving out of the winter and summer pastures and concerning the legal relationships of meadow lands. p. 199

34. Law concerning the ground tax, concerning the taxes upon state-lands, sandy fields, peasants’ houses, etc. p. 406

35. Law concerning the tenth, the tax upon vineyards, leased vineyards, the bushel, and the bushel-tax. p. 407

36. Law concerning the tenth, the fifth, and the fodder tenth (salariyeh). p. 407

37. Regulations for the case of joint ownership when more than the tenth of the crop, namely, the half or the fifth, is demanded from the Spahi. (Not found in Hammer.)

38. Special regulations regarding the tenths of the Spahis. (Not found in Hammer.)

39. Law concerning the taxes on mills and green produce. p. 408

39. Law concerning the landlord’s share, the tenths and the fruits. p. 408

40. Law concerning the tenths [of honey, the tax on] bees, other taxes, etc. p. 409

41. Law concerning the sheep-tax and the fold-tax. p. 410

42. Law concerning the obligations of subjects and the tax on prisoners. (Hammer, the slave-tax.) p. 410

42. Law concerning the half-hide-tax. (Hammer, the bride-tax.) p. 411

43. Law concerning the hide-tax and the taxes on abandoned lands. p. 411

44. Law concerning fleeing the country. p. 412

45. Law concerning the wandering hordes. p. 413

46. Law concerning the wagoners. p. 413

47. Law concerning the irregular cavalry. (Hammer, fiefs for public service.) p. 414

48. Law concerning the Yayas and Mosellems (free foot-soldiers). p. 415

49. Law concerning the imperial foundations and the vakfs. p. 416

49. Regulations concerning lawsuits over land. p. 417

51. Law concerning the time of the harvest. p. 418

52. Law concerning the harvest and the designation of those persons who receive their income out of landed property but not at the time of harvest. (Not a separate heading in Hammer.) p. 419

53. Special regulations concerning fiefs in regard to dating, registering, etc. (Not found in Hammer.)

54. Law concerning the intendants of the fiscus, the receivers of taxes, and regulations concerning the revenues of the court. p. 419

55. Law concerning the holders of great and small fiefs, and concerning the freedom of some military persons from certain occasional taxes. p. 421

56. Law concerning the Beylerbeys, the Sanjak Beys, and the Kapuji-bashis. p. 422

57. Law concerning the fees of judges. p. 423

57. Law concerning the contents of the berats of the judges (their diplomas of appointment). (Omitted in Hammer.)

58. Regulations concerning lawsuits between Spahis and non-Mohammedans or between two Spahis. p. 424

60. Law concerning taxes which are demanded from leased land when the tenth alone is insufficient. (Not found in Hammer.)

APPENDIX IV THE GOVERNMENT OF THE MOGUL EMPIRE IN INDIA[797]

“The uncommon abilities of most of the princes, with the mild and humane character of all, rendered Hindostan the most flourishing empire in the world during two complete centuries.”—Dow.

General Comparison of Ottoman and Indian Conditions

When Baber first rode down through the grim gates of India’s northwest mountain-wall, the accession of Suleiman lay but a year in the future; the Mogul won the battle of Panipat but four months before the Turk was victorious at Mohacs. Thus the founding of the Mogul Empire nearly coincided with the meridian splendor of the Ottoman power, and its decisive battle of establishment with the victory which led to the last great extension of Ottoman authority into Europe. Not Baber or even Akbar, Suleiman’s contemporaries, but Aurangzeb, whose reign began a century after Suleiman’s death, affords the closest comparison with the Turkish monarch; yet the third battle of Panipat in 1761 marked the virtual destruction of the Mogul Empire, whereas the second battle of Mohacs in 1687 meant but the first noteworthy step of the Ottoman retreat. The house of Timur has disappeared from history, while the house of Osman still reigns over wide territories; less than two and a half centuries of genuine sovereign rule were enjoyed by the Moguls, while six centuries have not sufficed to measure the independent existence of the Ottomans.

The Mogul emperors perhaps never ruled so large a territory as the Ottoman sultans, but their lands were far more productive; moreover, having from five to ten times as many subjects as their Western cousins and an income in proportion, they could surpass even the Magnificent Suleiman in display and largesse. The inferior persistence of their dominion, therefore, suggests inferior strength and stability in their institutions, a suggestion to which even a limited investigation lends much support.

The Moguls shared with the Ottomans their relation to the ideas of the Mongol and Turkish Tatars of the steppe lands, and to those of the Persians and the Arabs. They were more directly and vitally influenced by the Tatars and Persians, and less directly by the Arabs. Farther than this their relations were not to the comparatively organized and energetic civilization of the Mediterranean but to the more speculative and passive culture of India. Over the lands into which they entered as conquerors lay the shadow not of sternly practical Roman legalism, but of Hindu and Buddhist contempt for things mundane.

They founded a despotism, but one that was never, even under Aurangzeb, so closely related to the Sacred Law of Mohammed as was the government of Suleiman. They ruled a variety of lands in a variety of relationships, but never with the stern control exercised by the Kaisar-i-Rûm (Roman emperor), the name which they gave to the Turkish ruler at Constantinople. They enforced the obedience of many peoples, who spoke many languages and practised many forms of religion; yet they never held these peoples under any such iron system of subjection as that which dominated the Christian subjects of the sultan, even to the seizure of their children for tribute.

Since the passing of those prehistoric times when all human ideas were solidified together into a single “crust of custom,” every nation has probably had two leading institutions, more or less closely connected,—the one of religion and the other of government. The foregoing pages have shown how powerful and pervasive were the Ottoman Ruling Institution and the Moslem Institution in the Ottoman Empire. In the parallel organizations of the empire of the Moguls, however, it is not possible to discern comparable unique individuality, systematic structure, and ordered efficiency. Some allowance must be made for a comparative lack of information, since not many Western observers have described the more distant empire; but this fact can hardly alter the conclusion materially. The institutional structure of the Mogul Empire was decidedly inferior to that of the Ottoman Empire in solidity, system, and persistent energy.

The Personnel of the Mogul Government

Baber’s following consisted of the comrades of his many years of fighting, an army of cavalry, artillery, and musketry composed in ancient Turkish fashion of high-spirited men attached to their chief by impressive leadership and open-handed generosity. Courage, military prowess, and the nominal profession of Islam were the necessary qualifications; differences of race, education, and Moslem doctrine were disregarded. Warriors of Turki stock, Persians of Shiite leanings, hardy Afghans, “Roman” artillery engineers from Stambul, were equals in the rough brotherhood of Baber’s camp. The principle of subordination, at least among persons of consequence, was not that of slaves to their master, but of tribesmen to their chief, of vassals to their honored suzerain.

When Turks had first invaded India, five centuries before, slavery as a means of recruiting and training soldiers and governors was in full swing. Mahmûd of Ghazni was the son of a father who had risen through slavery. The thirteenth century saw enthroned at Delhi a dynasty of slave kings which antedated by several decades the Mamelukes of Egypt. Late in the fourteenth century Firoz III owned 180,000 slaves, of whom 40,000 constituted his household. The Mameluke government endured for more than two and a half centuries, until overthrown by the more centralized and efficient slave system of the Ottomans; but in Central Asia and ultimately in India a new force speedily rendered the slave method, save for some survivals, antiquated and impossible.

The dominance of the Mongols was based on the discipline of an army of freemen who were intelligent enough willingly to render absolute obedience to their officers as the well-tested condition of certain success. With the break-up of the vast Mongol Empire, the lands now in Russian Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Persia lapsed toward the horde organization of nomad Tatars, but became more and more modified by Moslem feudalism. Under such conditions, Timur, high-born and adventurous, chivalrous and literary, fanatical and cruel, achieved an empire that was large and splendid, but personal to himself, and destined to vanish almost with its founder. Yet he presaged a time when in Asia and Europe alike there should come, after the disintegrating individualism of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a period of the gathering together of lands and peoples into large units under strong personal governments.