Index. (continued 3)

Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 38

Ovambo, of German South-West Africa, custom observed by young women at puberty among the, ii. 183

Owls, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202;

sex totem of women, 217;

called women's “sisters,” 218

Ox burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 301

—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, ii. 156

Ozieri, in Sardinia, bonfires on St. John's Eve at, i. 209

Padua, story of a were-wolf in, i. 309

Paha, on the Gold Coast, ii. 210

Pale colour of negro children at birth, ii. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2

Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 n. 3

Palm-branches, consecrated, at Easter, i. 121

—— Sunday, palm-branches consecrated on, i. 144, ii. 30, 85 n. 4;

boxwood blessed on, i. 184, ii. 47;

fern-seed used on, 288

—— -trees as life-indices, ii. 161, 163, 164

Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, ii. 239

Papuans, life-trees among the, ii. 163

Paraguay, the Chiquites Indians of, ii. 226 n. 1

Parallelism between witches and were-wolves, i. 315, 321

Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, ii. 69

—— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, ii. 81

—— rowan, superstitions about a, ii. 281 sq.

Paris, effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, ii. 38;

cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, 39

Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, ii. 97 sq.

—— and Punchkin, story of the, ii. 97 sq.

Parsees, their customs as to menstruous women, i. 85

Partridge, C., ii. 204

Paschal candle, i. 121, 122 n., 125

—— Mountains, i. 141

Passage over or through fire a stringent form of purification, ii. 24;

through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, 183 sq.

Passes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59

Passing over fire to get rid of ghosts, ii. 17 sq.;

through cleft trees and other harrow openings to get rid of ghosts, etc., 173 sqq.;

under a yoke as a purification, 193 sqq.

[pg 367]

Passing children through cleft trees, ii. 168 sqq.;

children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, ii. 190 sq.

Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, i. 17

Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170

Patani States, custom as to the after-birth in the, ii. 164

Paths, separate, for men and women, i. 78, 80, 89

Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, ii. 298 n. 2

Paton, W. R., on the Golden Bough, ii. 319

Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, i. 129

Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. 168

Patschkau, precautions against witches near, ii. 20 n.

Pâturages, processions with torches at, i. 108

Pawnee story of the external soul, ii. 151

Pawnees, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 n. 2

Pazzi family at Florence, i. 126

Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ii. 139 n.

Pear-tree as life-index of girl, ii. 165

—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108;

rarely attacked by mistletoe, ii. 315

Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples, i. 111 n. 1

Pebbles thrown into Midsummer fires, i. 183

Peguenches, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59

Peking, life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, ii. 167 sq.

Pelops at Olympia, ii. 90 n. 1

Pemba, island of, ii. 263

Pendle, the forest of, i. 245

Pennant, Thomas, on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, i. 152;

on Hallowe'en fires in Perthshire, 230

Pennefather River in Queensland, ii. 159;

treatment of girls at puberty on the, i. 38

Penny-royal burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213, 214;

gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51

Pentamerone, the, ii. 105

Penzance, Midsummer fires at, i. 199 sq.

Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188;

St. John's herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 46;

the Chêne-Doré in, 287 n. 1

Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a ceremony, i. 58

Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed at, ii. 288 sq.

Perigord, the Yule log in, i. 250 sq., 253;

magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 46;

crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, 180

Perkunas, Lithuanian god, his perpetual fire, ii. 91 n. 5

Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, ii. 58

Persians celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269

Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes in, i. 152 sq.;

traces of Midsummer fires in, 206;

Hallowe'en bonfires in, 230 sqq.;

need-fire in, 296 sq.

Peru, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132

Perun, the oak sacred to the god, ii. 89

Petronius, his story of the were-wolf, i. 313 sq.

Pett, Grace, a witch, i. 304

Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii. 170

Phalgun, a Hindoo month, ii. 2

Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158

Piazza del Limbo at Florence, i. 126

Picardy, Lenten fire-customs in, i. 113;

Midsummer fires in, 187

Piedmont, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John's morning in, ii. 82 sq.

Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, i. 123

Pig, roast, at Christmas, i. 259;

burnt sacrifice of a, 302

Pigeon, external soul of ogre in a, ii. 100;

external soul of dragon in a, 112 sq.

Pigeon's egg, external soul of fairy being in, ii. 132 sq., 139

Pigeons deposit seed of mistletoe, ii. 316 n. 1

Pigs sacrificed, i. 9;

driven through Midsummer fire, 179;

driven through the need-fire, 272, 273, 274 sq., 275 sq., 276 sq., 277, 278, 279, 297;

offered to monster who swallows novices at initiation, ii. 240, 246

Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, i. 20 sq.

Pillar, external soul of ogre in a, ii. 100 sq.

Pima Indians, their purification for manslaughter, i. 21

Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. 298

Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, ii. 14, 91 n. 1

Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, ii. 154 sq.

Pippin, king of the Franks, i. 270

Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, i. 230

[pg 368]

Pitrè, Giuseppe, on St. John's Day in Sicily, ii. 29

Placci, Carlo, i. 127 n. 1

Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, ii. 46

Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, i. 220

Plantain-tree, creeping through a cleft, as a cure, ii. 181

Plants, spirits of, in the form of snakes, ii. 44 n.;

external soul in, 159 sqq.;

and trees as life-indices, 160 sqq.

Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 n. 3

Plates or basins, divination by three, i. 237 sq., 240, 244

Plato, on the distribution of the soul in the body, ii. 221 n. 1

Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, ii. 168

Pleiades, beginning of year determined by observation of the, ii. 244, 245 n.

Pliny on “serpents' eggs,” i. 15;

on medicinal plants, 17;

on the touch of menstruous women, 96;

on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14;

on the mythical springwort, 71;

on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, 76 sq.;

on the virtues of mistletoe, 78;

on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, 316 n. 1;

on the different kinds of mistletoe, 317

Plough, piece of Yule log inserted in the, i. 251, 337

Ploughing in spring, custom at the first, i. 18

Ploughshare, crawling under a, as a cure, ii. 180

Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250

Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, ii. 221 sq.

Plutarch, on oak-mistletoe, ii. 318 n. 1

Pogdanzig, witches' Sabbath at, ii. 74

Pointing sticks or bones in magic, i. 14

Poitou, Midsummer fires in, i. 182, 190 sq., 340 sq.;

fires on All Saints' Day in, 246;

the Yule log in, 251 n. 1;

mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59

Poix, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Poland, need-fire in, i. 281 sq.

Polaznik, polazenik, polažaynik, Christmas visiter, i. 261, 263, 264

Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, i. 7

Poles, passing between two poles after a death, ii. 178 sq.;

passing between two poles in order to escape sickness or evil spirit, ii. 179 sqq.

Pollution, menstrual, widespread fear of, i. 76 sqq.

Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, ii. 294

Pomerania, hills called the Blocksberg in, i. 171 n. 3

Pommerol, Dr., i. 112

Pond, G. H., on ritual of death and resurrection among the Dacotas, ii. 269

Pongol or Feast of Ingathering in Southern India, ii. 1, 16

Pontesbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

Popinjay, shooting at a, i. 194

Popish Kingdome, The, of Thomas Kirchmeyer, i. 125 sq., 162

Poplar, the white, used in sacrificing to Zeus at Olympia, ii. 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7;

black, mistletoe on, 318 n. 6

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 282

Porcupine as charm to ensure women an easy delivery, i. 49

Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, their superstition as to lizards, ii. 216 sq.

Porta Triumphalis at Rome, ii. 195

Portrait statues, external souls of Egyptian kings deposited in, ii. 157

Portreach, sacrifice of a calf near, i. 301

Poseidon makes Pterelaus immortal, ii. 103;

priest of, uses a white umbrella, i. 20 n. 1

Posidonius, Greek traveller in Gaul, ii. 32

Poso in Central Celebes, custom at the working of iron in, ii. 154;

the Alfoors of, 222

Possession by an evil spirit cured by passing through a red-hot chain, ii. 186

Potawatomi women secluded at menstruation, i. 89

Potlatch, distribution of property, ii. 274

Pots used by girls at puberty broken, i. 61, 69

Powers, extraordinary, ascribed to first-born children, i. 295

Požega district of Slavonia, need-fire in, i. 282

Prättigau in Switzerland, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 119

Prayers of adolescent girls to the Dawn of Day, i. 50 sq., 53, 98 n. 1;

for rain, 133

Pretence of throwing a man into fire, i. 148, 186, ii. 25

Priapus, image of, at need-fire, i. 286

Priest of Aricia and the Golden Bough, i. 1;

of Earth, taboos observed by the, 4;

of Diana at Aricia, the King of the Wood, perhaps personified Jupiter, ii. 302 sq.;

at Nemi, 315

Priestesses not allowed to step on ground, i. 5

Priests expected to pass through fire, ii. 2, 5, 8, 9, 14

Primitive thought, its vagueness and inconsistency, ii. 301 sq.

[pg 369]

Prince Sunless, i. 21

—— of Wales Island, Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40

Princess royal, ceremonies at the puberty of a, i. 29, 30 sq.

Procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve, i. 268

Processions with lighted torches through fields, gardens, orchards, etc., i. 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 141, 179, 233 sq., 266, 339 sq.;

on Corpus Christi Day, 165;

to the Midsummer bonfires, 184, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193;

across fiery furnaces, ii. 4 sqq.;

of giants (effigies) at popular festivals in Europe, 33 sqq.

Profligacy at Holi festival in India, ii. 2

Prophecy, the Norse Sibyl's, i. 102 sq.

Proserpine River in Queensland, i. 39

Provence, Midsummer fires in, i. 193 sq.;

the Yule log in, 249 sqq.

Prussia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176 sq.;

mullein gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 63 sq.;

witches' Sabbath in, 74

——, Eastern, herbs gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 48 sq.;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 53, 61;

belief as to mistletoe growing on a thorn in, 291 n. 3

Prussian custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18

Prussians, the old, worshipped serpents, ii. 43 n. 3

Pterelaus and his golden hair, ii. 103

Puberty, girls secluded at, i. 22 sqq.;

fast and dream at, ii. 222 n. 5;

pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during initiatory rites at, 225 sqq.

Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 230 n., 231

Pulayars of Travancore, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Pulverbatch, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257;

belief as the bloom of the oak on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 292

Pumpkin, external soul in a, ii. 105

Punchkin and the parrot, story of, ii. 97 sq., 215, 220

Punjaub, supernatural power ascribed to the first-born in the, i. 295;

passing unlucky children through narrow openings in the, ii. 190

Purification by stinging with ants, i. 61 sqq.;

by beating, 61, 64 sqq.;

of mourners by fire, ii. 17, 18 sq.;

after a death, 178;

by passing under a yoke, 193 sqq.

Purificatory theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329 sq., 341, ii. 16 sqq.;

more probable than the solar theory, i. 346

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) gathered at Midsummer, ii. 65

Purra or poro, secret society in Sierra Leone, ii. 260 sq.

Puttenham, George, on the Midsummer giants, ii. 36 sq.

Pyrenees, Midsummer fires in the French, i. 193

Quarter-ill, a disease of cattle, i. 296

Quedlinburg, in the Harz Mountains, need-fire at, i. 276

Queen Charlotte Islands, the Haida Indians of, i. 44

—— of Heaven, ii. 303

—— of Summer, i. 195

Queen's County, Midsummer fires in, i. 203;

divination at Hallowe'en in, 242

Queensland, sorcery in, i. 14;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, 37 sqq.;

dread of women at menstruation in, 78;

natives of, their mode of ascertaining the fate of an absent friend, ii. 159 sq.;

use of bull-roarers in, 233

Quimba, a secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 256 n.

Quimper, Midsummer fires at, i. 184

Quirinus, sanctuary of, at Rome, ii. 168

Races at fire-festivals, i. 111;

to Easter bonfire, 122;

at Easter fires, 144;

with torches at Midsummer, 175.

See also Torch-races

Radium, bearing of its discovery on the probable duration of the sun, ii. 307 n. 2

Rahu, a tribal god in India, ii. 5

Rain, Midsummer bonfires supposed to stop, i. 188, 336;

bull-roarers used as magical instruments to make, ii. 230 sqq.

—— -clouds, smoke made in imitation of, i. 133

—— -makers (mythical), i. 133

—— -water in Morocco, magical virtues ascribed to, i. 17 sq.

Raking a rick in the devil's name, i. 243;

the ashes, a mode of divination, 243

Ralston, W. R. S., on sacred fire of Perkunas, ii. 91 n. 3

Rama, his battle with the King of Ceylon, ii. 102

Rampart, old, of Burghead, i. 267 sq.

Ramsay, John, of Ochtertyre, on Beltane fires, i. 146 sqq.;

on Midsummer fires, 206;

on Hallowe'en fires, 230 sq.;

on burying cattle alive, 325 sq.

Rarhi, Brahmans of Bengal, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68

[pg 370]

Rat, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. 199

Rattan, creeping through a split, to escape a malignant spirit, ii. 183

Rattle used at a festival, i. 28

Rattles to frighten ghosts, i. 52

Raven clan, ii. 271

Ray-fish, cure for wound inflicted by a, i. 98 n. 1

Raymi, a festival of the summer solstice, i. 132

Reapers throw sickles blindfold at last sheaf, ii. 279 n. 4

Reaping, girdle of rye a preventive of weariness in, i. 190

Reay, in Sutherland, the need-fire at, i. 294 sq.

Red earth or paint smeared on girls at puberty, i. 30, 31;

girl's face painted red at puberty, 49 sq., 54;

women at menstruation painted, 78

—— and white, girls at puberty painted, i. 35, 38, 39, 40;

women at menstruation painted, 78

—— -hot iron chain, passing persons possessed by evil spirits through a, ii. 186

—— Island, i. 39

—— ochre round a woman's mouth, mark of menstruation, i. 77

Redemption from the fire, i. 110

Reed, W. A., on a superstition as to a parasitic plant, ii. 282

Reed, split, used in cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Reef, plain of, in Tiree, i. 316

Regaby, in the Isle of Man, i. 224

Reindeer sacrificed to the dead, ii. 178

Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, O. Frh. von, on the Yule log, i. 249

Reiskius, Joh., on the need-fire, i. 271 sq.

Religion, movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 sq.

Religious associations among the Indians of North America, ii. 266 sqq.

Remedies, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14

Renewal of fire, annual, in China, i. 137.

See also Fire

Rengen, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. 48

Resoliss, parish of, in Ross-shire, burnt sacrifice of a pig in, i. 301 sq.

Resurrection, ritual of death and, ii. 225 sqq.

Reuzes, wicker giants in Brabant and Flanders, ii. 35

Revin, Midsummer fires at, i. 188

Rhenish Prussia, Lenten fires in, i. 115

Rheumatism, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. 180

Rhine, the Lower, need-fire on, i. 278;

St. John's wort on, ii. 54

Rhodesia, the Winamwanga of, ii. 297

Rhodomyrtus tomentosus, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. 8

Rhön Mountains, Lenten custom in the, i. 117

Rhys, Sir John, on Beltane fires, i. 157;

on driving cattle through fires, 159;

on old New Year's Day in the Isle of Man, 224;

on Hallowe'en bonfires in Wales, 239 sq.;

on burnt sacrifices in the Isle of Man, 305 sqq.;

on alleged Welsh name for mistletoe, ii. 286 n. 3

Ribble, the, i. 245

Ribwort gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49

Rickard, R. H., quoted, i. 34

Rickets, children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for, ii. 168;

children passed through cleft oaks as a cure for, 170;

children passed through a holed stone as a cure for, 187

Rickety children passed through a natural wooden ring, ii. 184

Riedel, J. G. F., on the Kakian association in Ceram, ii. 249

Rif, province of Morocco, Midsummer fires in, i. 214 n., 215;

bathing at Midsummer in, 216

Riga, Midsummer festival at, i. 177

Right hand, luckiness of the, i. 151 n.

—— turn (deiseal, dessil) in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 150 n. 1, 154

Rigveda, how Indra cured Apala in the, ii. 193

Ring, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. 184 sqq.;

divination by a, i. 237;

worn by initiates as token of the new birth, ii. 257.

See also Rings

Ringhorn, Balder's ship, i. 102

Ringing church bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to, ii. 47 sq.

Rings as amulets, i. 92;

mourners creep through, ii. 178, 179.

See also Ring

Rio de Janeiro, i. 59

—— Negro, ordeals of young men among the Indians of the, i. 63

Risley, Sir Herbert H., on Indian fire-walk, ii. 5 n. 3

Ritual, myths dramatized in, i. 105;

of death and resurrection, ii. 225 sqq.

Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., on tamaniu, ii. 199 n. 1

Rivers, menstruous women not allowed to cross or bathe in, i. 77, 97;

claim human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26 sqq.;

bathing in, at Midsummer, 30

[pg 371]

Rizano, in Dalmatia, the Yule log at, i. 263

Robertson, Rev. James, quoted, i. 150 sqq.

Robinson, C. H., on human life bound up with that of an animal, ii. 209

Rochholz, C. L., on need-fire, i. 270 n.

Rocks, sick people passed through holes in, ii. 186 sq., 189 sq.

Roman belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 n. 1

—— cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Romans deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. 299

Romanus Lecapenus, emperor, ii. 156

Rome, the sacred fire of Vesta at, i. 138, ii. 91;

Midsummer Day in ancient, i. 178;

myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at, ii. 168;

oak of the Vespasian family at, 168

Romove, sacred oak and perpetual fire at, ii. 91, 286

Roof of house, the external soul in, ii. 156

Rook, the island of, initiation of young men in, ii. 246

Roscher, Dr. W. H., on the Roman ceremony of passing under a yoke, ii. 194 n. 2

Roscoe, Rev. J., on life-trees of kings of Uganda, ii. 160;

on passing through a cleft stick or a narrow opening as a cure, 181

Roscommon, County, divination at Hallowe'en in, i. 243

Rose-tree, death in a blue, ii. 110

Roses, festival of the Crown of, i. 195;

the King and Queen of, 195

Ross-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153;

burnt sacrifice of a pig in, 301 sq.

Rotenburg on the Neckar, offering to the river on St. John's Day, ii. 28;

the wicked weaver of, 289 sq.

Rottenburg, in Swabia, burning the Angel-man at, i. 167;

precautions against witches on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 73

Roumanians of Transylvania, their belief as to the sacredness of bread, i. 13

Rowan, parasitic, esteemed effective against witchcraft, ii. 281;

superstitions about a, 281 sq.;

how it is to be gathered, 282;

not to be touched with iron and not to fall on the ground, 282

—— -tree a protection against witches, i. 154, 327 n. 1, ii. 184 n. 4, 185;

hoop of, sheep passed through a, 184.

See also Mountain-ash

Rubens, painter, ii. 33

Rucuyennes of Brazil, ordeal of young men among the, i. 63

Rue aux Ours at Paris, effigy of giant burnt in the, ii. 38

Rue burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Rügen, sick persons passed through a cleft oak in, ii. 172

Rum, island of, and the Lachlin family, ii. 284

Rupert's Day, effigy burnt on, i. 119

Rupt in the Vosges, Lenten fires at, i. 109;

the Yule log at, 254

Rupture, children passed through cleft ash-trees or oaks as a cure for, ii. 168 sqq., 170 sqq.

Russia, Midsummer fires in, i. 176, ii. 40;

need-fire in, i. 281, ii. 91;

treatment of the effigy of Kupalo in, 23;

the Letts of, 50;

purple loose-strife gathered at Midsummer in, 65;

fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65, 66, 287 sq.;

birth-trees in, 165

Russian feast of Florus and Laurus, i. 220

—— story of Koshchei the deathless, ii. 108 sqq.

Rustem and Isfendiyar, i. 104 sq.

Ruthenia, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 176

Rye, girdles of, a preventive of weariness in reaping, i. 190

Saale, the river, claims a human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Saaralben in Lorraine, ii. 47

Sabbaths of witches on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 n. 3, 181, ii. 73, 74

Sacramental bread at Nemi, ii. 286 n. 2

—— meal at initiation in Fiji, ii. 245 sq.

Sacred flutes played at initiation, ii. 241

—— kings put to death, i. 1 sq.

—— persons not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 2 sqq.;

not to see the sun, i. 18 sqq.

—— stick (churinga), ii. 234

Sacrifice of cattle at holy oak, i. 181;

of heifer at kindling need-fire, 290;

of an animal to stay a cattle-plague, 300 sqq.;

of reindeer to the dead, ii. 178

Sacrifices, human, at fire-festivals, i. 106;

traces of, 146, 148, 150 sqq., 186, ii. 31;

offered by the ancient Germans, 28 n. 1;

among the Celts of Gaul, 32 sq.;

the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 sqq.;

W. Mannhardt's theory, 43

“Sacrificial fonts” in Sweden, i. 172 n. 2

Sada, Saza, Persian festival of fire at the winter solstice, i. 269

Sage, divination by sprigs of red, on Midsummer Eve, ii. 61 n. 4

[pg 372]

Sagittarius, mistletoe cut when the sun is in the sign of, ii. 82

Sahagun, B. de, on the treatment of witches and wizards among the Aztecs, ii. 159

Saibai, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 40 sq.

Sail Dharaich, Sollas, in North Uist, need-fire at, i. 294

St. Antony, wood of, i. 110

St. Brandon, church of, in Ireland, sick women pass through a window of the, ii. 190

St. Christopher, name given to Midsummer giant at Salisbury, ii. 38

St. Columb Kill, festival of, i. 241

St. Corona, church of, at Koppenwal, holed stone in the, ii. 188 sq.

Saint-Denis-des-Puits, the oak of, ii. 287 n. 1

St. Eloi, Bishop of Noyon, his denunciation of heathen practices, ii. 190

St. Estapin, festival of, on August the sixth, ii. 188

St. George's Day, i. 223 n. 2

St. Hubert blesses bullets with which to shoot witches, i. 315 sq.

St. James's Day (July the twenty-fifth), the flower of chicory cut on, ii. 71

St. Jean, in the Jura, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 189

St. John blesses the flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 171;

his hair looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 190;

fires of, in France, 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193;

prayers to, at Midsummer, 210;

claims human victims on St. John's Day (Midsummer Day), ii. 27, 29;

print of his head on St. John's Eve, 57;

oil of, found on oak leaves, 83

——, the Knights of, i. 194

——, Grand Master of the Order of, i. 211

—— the Baptist associated by the Catholic Church with Midsummer Day, i. 160, 181

St. John's blood found on St. John's wort and other plants at Midsummer, ii. 56, 57

St. John's College, Oxford, the Christmas candle at, i. 255

—— Day, Midsummer fires on, i. 167 sqq., 171 sqq., 178, 179;

fire kindled by friction of wood on, 281;

fern-seed blooms on, ii. 287.

See also Midsummer.

—— Eve (Midsummer Eve) in Malta, i. 210 sq.;

wonderful herbs gathered on, ii. 45 sqq.;

sick children passed through cleft trees on, 171

St. John's fires among the South Slavs, i. 178;

among the Esthonians, 180.

See also Midsummer fires

—— flower at Midsummer, ii. 50;

gathered on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve), 57 sq.

—— girdle, mugwort, ii. 59

—— herbs gathered at Midsummer, ii. 46 sq., 49;

a protection against evil spirits, 49

—— Night (Midsummer Eve), precautions against witches on, ii. 20 n.

—— oil on oaks at Midsummer, ii. 293

—— root (Johanniswurzel), the male fern, ii. 66

—— wort (Hypericum perforatum), garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 169 n. 3, 196;

gathered on St. John's Day or Eve (Midsummer Day or Eve), ii. 49, 54 sqq.;

a protection against thunder, witches, and evil spirits, 54, 55, 74;

thrown into the Midsummer bonfires, 55

St. Juan Capistrano, in California, ordeal of nettles and ants among the Indians of, i. 64

St. Julien, church of, at Ath, ii. 36

St. Just, in Cornwall, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 200

St. Lawrence family, their lives bound up with an old tree at Howth castle, ii. 166

St. Martin invoked to disperse a mist, i. 280

St. Mary at Lübeck, church of, i. 100

St. Michael's cake, i. 149, 154 n. 3

St. Nonnosius, relics of, in the cathedral of Freising, Bavaria, ii. 188 sq.

St. Patrick and the Beltane fires, i. 157 sq.

St. Patrick's Chair, i. 205

—— Mount, i. 205

St. Peter, the Eve of, Midsummer fires in Ireland on, i. 202

—— and St. Paul, celebration of their day in London, i. 196

St. Peter's at Rome, new fire at Easter in, i. 125

—— Day, bonfires in Belgium on, i. 194 sq.;

bonfires at Eton on, 197;

fires in Scotland on, 207

—— Eve, bonfires on, i. 195, 198, 199 sq.;

gathering herbs on, ii. 45 n. 1

St. Rochus's day, need-fire kindled on, i. 282

St. Thomas's day (21st December), bonfires on, i. 266;

witches dreaded on, ii. 73

—— Mount, near Madras, the fire-walk at, ii. 8 n. 1

Saint-Valery in Picardy, i. 113

[pg 373]

St. Vitus's dance, mistletoe a cure for, ii. 84

—— Day, “fire of heaven” kindled on, i. 335

St. Wolfgang, Falkenstein chapel of, ii. 189

Saintes-Maries, Midsummer custom at, i. 194

Saintonge, the Yule log in, i. 251 n. 1;

wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve in, ii. 45;

St. John's wort in, 55;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62 n. 4;

four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, 63

—— and Aunis, Midsummer fires in, i. 192

Salee, in Morocco, Midsummer fires at, i. 214, 216

Salisbury, Midsummer giants at, ii. 37 sq.

Salop (Shropshire), fear of witchcraft in, i. 342 n. 4

Salt, prohibition to eat, i. 19, 20;

used in a ceremony after marriage, 25 sq.;

abstinence from, associated with a rule of chastity, 26 sqq.;

prohibition to taste, 60, 68, 69;

not to be handled by menstruous women, 81 sq., 84;

divination by, 244

—— cake, divination by, i. 238 sq.

Samhain, Eve of, in Ireland, i. 139, 225, 226;

All Saints' Day in Ireland, 225

Samhanach, Hallowe'en bogies, i. 227

Samhnagan, Hallowe'en fires, i. 230

Samland fishermen will not go to sea on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Samoan story of woman who was impregnated by the sun, i. 74 sq.

Samoyed shamans, their familiar spirits in boars, ii. 196 sq.

—— story of the external soul, ii. 141 sq.

Samson, effigy of, ii. 36;

an African, 314

San Salvador in West Africa, ii. 200

Sanctity and uncleanness not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, i. 97 sq.

Sanctuary of Balder, i. 104

Sand, souls of ogres in a grain of, ii. 120

Sandhill, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198

Sangerhausen, i. 169

Sangro, river, i. 210

Sankuru River, ii. 264

Santa Catalina Istlavacan, birth-names of the Indians of, ii. 214 n. 1

—— Maria Piedigrotta at Naples, i. 221

Sapor, king of Persia, i. 82 sq.

Sarajevo, need-fire near, i. 286

Sardinia, Midsummer fires in, i. 209

Satan preaches a sermon in the church of North Berwick, ii. 158;

brings fern-seed on Christmas night, 289

Satapatha Brahmana, on the sun as Death, ii. 174 n. 1

Saturday, Easter, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130;

second-sight of persons born on a, 285

Saturnalia at puberty of a princess royal, i. 30 sq.;

license of the, ii. 291 n. 2

Saucers, divination by seven, i. 209

Savage, secretiveness of the, ii. 224 sq.;

dread of sorcery, 224 sq.

Saxo Grammaticus, Danish historian, i. 102 n. 1;

his account of Balder, 103

Saxons of Transylvania, story of the external soul among the, ii. 116

Saxony, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160;

the Wends of, ii. 297

——, Lower, the need-fire in, i. 272

Scania, Midsummer fires in, i. 172

Schaffhausen, St. John's three Midsummer victims at, ii. 27

Schar mountains of Servia, need-fire in the, i. 281

Scharholz, Midsummer log in Germany, ii. 92 n. 1

Schaumburg, Easter bonfires in, i. 142

Schlegel, G., on Chinese festival of fire, ii. 5 n. 1

Schlich, W., on mistletoe, ii. 315 sq.;

on Loranthus europaeus, 317

Schlochau, district of, witches' Sabbath in, ii. 74

Schöllbronn in Baden, “thunder poles” at, i. 145

Schoolcraft, Henry R., on renewal of fire, i. 134 n. 1

Schürmann, C. W., on the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, ii. 216 sq.

Schvannes, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Schweina, in Thuringia, Christmas bonfire at, i. 265 sq.

Schwenda, witches burnt at, i. 6

Science, movement of thought from magic through religion to, ii. 304 sq.;

and magic, different views of natural order postulated by the two, 305 sq.

Scira, an Athenian festival, i. 20 n. 1

“Scoring above the breath,” cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 n. 2;

counter-spell to witchcraft, 343 n.

Scotch Highlanders, their belief in bogies at Hallowe'en, i. 227;

their belief as to Snake Stones, ii. 311

Scotland, sacred wells in, i. 12;

Celts called “thunder-bolts” in, 14 sq.;

Snake Stones in, 15 sq., ii. 311;

worship of Grannus in, i. 112;

Beltane fires in, 146 sqq.;

Midsummer fires in, 206 sq.;

divination at Hallowe'en in, 229, 234 sqq.;

need-fire in, 289 sqq.;

[pg 374]

animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302;

“scoring above the breath,” a counter-charm for witchcraft in, 315 n. 2;

witches as hares in, 315 n. 1;

St. John's wort in, ii. 54;

the divining-rod in, 67.

See also Highlands and Highlanders

Scots pine, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Scott, Sir Walter, on the fear of witchcraft, i. 343;

oaks planted by, ii. 166

Scourging girls at puberty, i. 66 sq.

Scouvion, i. 108.

See Escouvion

Scratching the person with the fingers forbidden to girls at puberty, i. 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92

Scrofula, vervain a cure for, ii. 62 n. 1;

creeping through an arch of vines as a cure for, 180;

passage through a holed stone a cure for, 187

Scylla, daughter of Nisus, the story of her treachery, ii. 103

Scythes and bill-hooks set out to cut witches as they fall from the clouds, i. 345 sq.

Sea, menstruous women not allowed to approach the, i. 79;

bathing in the, at Easter, 123;

bathing in the, at Midsummer, 208, 210, ii. 30;

demands a human victim on Midsummer Day, 26

Seal, descendants of the, in Sutherlandshire, ii. 131 sq.

Seats placed for souls of dead at the Midsummer fires, i. 183, 184

Seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 22 sqq.,;

in folk-tales, 70 sqq.;

reasons for the, 76 sqq.

—— of novices at initiation, ii. 233, 241, 250, 253, 257 n. 1, 258, 259, 261, 264, 266

—— of women at menstruation, i. 76 sqq.

Secret language learnt at initiation, ii. 253, 255 n. 1, 259, 261 n.

—— societies and totem clans, related to each other, ii. 272 sq.

Secretiveness of the savage, ii. 224 sq.

Sedbury Park oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

Sedum telephium, orpine, used in divination at Midsummer, ii. 61

Seed-corn, charred remains of Midsummer log mixed with the, ii. 92

Seeman, Berthold, on St. John's blood, ii. 56

Seler, Professor E., on nagual, ii. 213 n.

Semo, a secret society of Senegambia, ii. 261

Senal Indians of California, their notion as to fire stored in trees, ii. 295

Senegambia, the Walos of, ii. 79;

secret society in, 261 sq.

Sennar, a province of the Sudan, human hyaenas in, i. 313

Separation of children from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 n. 2

September, eve of the first of, new fire on the, i. 139;

the eighth, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220;

the fire-walk in, ii. 9

Serpent, girls at puberty thought to be visited by a, i. 31;

supposed to swallow girl at puberty, 57;

ten-headed, external soul in a, ii. 104 sq.;

twelve-headed, external soul of demon in a, 143;

external soul of chief in a, 201.

See also Snake

Serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in Luchon, ii. 38 sq., 43;

witches turn into, 41;

worshipped by the old Prussians, 43 n. 3;

in the worship of Demeter, 44 n.;

the familiars of witches, 202;

spirits of the dead incarnate in, 211 sq.

Serpents' eggs (glass beads) in ancient Gaul, i. 15

Servia, Midsummer fire custom in, i. 178;

the Yule log in, 258 sqq.;

need-fire in, 281, 282 sqq.

Servian stories of the external soul, ii. 110 sqq.

Servians, house-communities of the, i. 259 n. 1

Setonje, in Servia, need-fire at, i. 282 sqq.

Seven bonfires, lucky to see, i. 107, 108

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 213

—— sorts of plants gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51 sq.

—— years, a were-wolf for, i. 310 n. 1, 316 n. 2

Sex totems among the natives of South-Eastern Australia, ii. 214 sqq.;

called “brother” and “sister” by men and women respectively, 215

Sexes, danger apprehended from the relation of the, ii. 277 sq.

Seyf el-Mulook and the jinnee, the story of, ii. 137

Sgealoir, the burying-ground of, i. 294

Sgreball, three pence, i. 139

Sham-fights at New Year, i. 135

Shamans of the Yakuts and Samoyeds keep their external souls in animals, ii. 196

Shamash, the Assyrian sun-god, ii. 80 n. 3

Shanga, city in East Africa, ii. 314

Shawnee prophet, ii. 157

Sheaf, the last cut at harvest, the Yule log wrapt up in, i. 248;

reapers blindfold throw sickles at the, ii. 279 n. 4

Sheaves of wheat or barley burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215

Sheep made to tread embers of extinct Midsummer fires, i. 182;

driven over [pg 375] ashes of Midsummer fires, 192;

burnt to stop disease in the flock, 301;

burnt alive as a sacrifice in the Isle of Man, 306;

witch in shape of a black, 316;

driven through fire, ii. 11 sqq.;

omens drawn from the intestines of, 13;

passed through a hole in a rock to rid them of disease, 189 sq.

Shells used in ritual of death and resurrection, ii. 267 n. 2, 269

Sherbro, Sierra Leone, secret society in the, ii. 259 sqq.

Shirley Heath, cleft ash-tree at, ii. 168

Shirt, wet, divination by, i. 236, 241

Shoe, divination by thrown, i. 236

Shoes of boar's skin worn by king at inauguration, i. 4;

magical plants at Midsummer put in, ii. 54, 60, 65

Shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, ii. 291

—— at witches in the clouds, i. 345

“Shot-a-dead” by fairies, i. 303

Shropshire, the Yule log in, i. 257;

fear of witchcraft in, 342 n. 4;

the oak thought to bloom on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 292, 293

Shrove Tuesday, effigies burnt on, i. 120;

straw-man burnt on, ii. 22;

wicker giants on, 35;

cats burnt alive on, 40;

the divining-rod cut on, 68;

custom of striking a hen dead on, 279 n.

Shuswap Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 53 sq.;

girls at puberty forbidden to eat anything that bleeds, 94;

fence themselves with thorn bushes against ghosts, ii. 174 n. 2;

personal totems among the, 276 n. 1;

their belief as to trees struck by lightning, 297 n. 3

Siam, king of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3;

tree-spirit in serpent form in, ii. 44 n. 1

Siamese, their explanation of a first menstruation, i. 24;

their story of the external soul, ii. 102

Siberia, marriage custom in, i. 75;

external souls of shamans in, ii. 196 sq.

Sibyl, the Norse, her prophecy, i. 102 sq.

Sibyl's wish, the, i. 99

Sicily, Midsummer fires in, i. 210;

St. John's Day (Midsummer Day) regarded as dangerous and unlucky in, ii. 29;

bathing at Midsummer in, 29;

St. John's wort in, 55

Sickness, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109;

transferred to animal, ii. 181

Sieg, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248

Siena, the, of the Ivory Coast, their totemism, ii. 220 n. 2

Sierck, town on the Moselle, i. 164

Sierra Leone, birth-trees in, ii. 160;

secret society in, 260 sq.

Sieve, divination by, i. 236

Sikkhim, custom after a funeral in, ii. 18

Silence compulsory on girls at puberty, i. 29, 57;

in ritual, 123, 124, ii. 63, 67, 171, 184

Silesia, Spachendorf in, i. 119;

fires to burn the witches in, 160;

Midsummer fires in, 170 sq., 175;

need-fire in, 278;

witches as cats in, 319 sq.;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 53

Silius Italicus, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14 n. 3

Sill of door, unlucky children passed under the, ii. 190

Silver sixpence or button used to shoot witches with, i. 316

Silvia and Mars, story of, ii. 102

Simeon, prince of Bulgaria, his life bound up with the capital of a column, ii. 156 sq.

Simla, i. 12

Simurgh and Rustem, i. 104

Sin-offering, i. 82

Singhalese, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 69

Singleton, Miss A. H., ii. 192 n. 1

Siouan tribes of North America, names of clans not used in ordinary conversation among the, ii. 224 n. 2

Sioux or Dacotas, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 sq.

Sipi in Northern India, i. 12

Sirius, how the Bushmen warm up the star, i. 332 sq.

Sister's Beam (Sororium tigillum) at Rome, ii. 194, 195 n. 4

Sisyphus, the stone of, i. 298

Sixpence, silver, witches shot with a, i. 316

Sixth day of the moon, mistletoe cut on the, ii. 77

Sixty years, cycles of, ii. 77 n. 1

Skin disease, traditional cure of, in India, ii. 192;

leaping over ashes of fire as remedy for, 2

Sky, girls at puberty not allowed to look at the, i. 43, 45, 46, 69

Skye, island of, i. 289;

the need-fire in, 148

Slane, the hill of, i. 158

Slave Coast, custom of widows on the, ii. 18 sq.;

use of bull-roarers on the, 229 n.

Slavonia, the Yule log in, i. 262 sq.;

need-fire in, 282

[pg 376]

Slavonian (South) peasants, the measures they take to bring down witches from the clouds, i. 345

Slavonic peoples, need-fire among, i. 280 sqq., 344

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 108 sqq.

Slavs, the oak a sacred tree among the, ii. 89;

oak wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, 91

——, the South, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178;

the Yule log among the, 247, 258 sqq.;

divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, ii. 50;

their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, 74 sq.;

need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among the, 91

Sleep, magic, at initiation, ii. 256 sq.

Sligo, the Druids' Hill in County, i. 229

Slope of Big Stones in Harris, i. 227

Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. 75

Smith, a spectral, i. 136

Smoke made in imitation of rain-clouds, i. 133;

used to stupefy witches in the clouds, 345;

used to fumigate sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

—— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, i. 116, 131, 337;

intended to drive away dragons, 161;

allowed to pass over corn, 201, 337

—— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, i. 188;

a protection against disease, 192;

beneficial effects of, 214 sq.

—— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, ii. 48;

used to fumigate cattle, 53

—— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, i. 280

Smyth, R. Brough, on menstruous women in Australia, i. 13

Snake said to wound a girl at puberty, i. 56;

seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, ii. 144;

external soul of medicine-man in, 199.

See also Serpent

—— Stones, superstitions as to, i. 15 sq.;

belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, ii. 311

Snakes, fat of, i. 14;

thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, 15 sq.;

charm against, 17;

spirits of plants and trees in the form of, ii. 44 n.;

sympathetically related to human beings, 209 sq.

Snow, external soul of a king in, ii. 102

Societies, secret, and clans, totemic, related to each other, ii. 272 sq.

Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, ii. 99 sq.

Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, i. 312

Sofala in East Africa, i. 135 n. 2

Sogamoso, heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, i. 19

Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder's Grove on the, i. 104, ii. 315

Solar festival in spring, ii. 3

—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, i. 329, 331 sqq., ii. 15 sq., 72

Solstice, the summer, new fire kindled at the, i. 132, 133;

its importance for primitive man, 160 sq.

——, the winter, celebrated as the Birthday of the Sun, i. 246;

Persian festival of fire at the, 269

Solstices, the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the birthdays of Christ and St. John the Baptist, i. 181 sq.;

festivals of fire at the, 246, 247, 331 sq.;

fern-seed gathered at the, ii. 290 sq.;

mistletoe gathered at the, 291 sq.

Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

Soma, Hindoo deity, i. 99 n. 2

Somme, the river, i. 113;

the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 58

Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199

Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, ii. 6 sqq.

Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, ii. 261 sq.

Soracte, fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on Mount, ii. 14 sq.;

the Soranian Wolves at, 91 n. 7

“Soranian Wolves” (Hirpi Sorani), ii. 14;

at Soracte, 91 n. 1

Soranus, Italian god, ii. 14, 15 n. 1, 16

Sorcerers, Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. 45;

detected by St. John's wort, 55;

detected by fern root, 67

Sorcery, pointing sticks or bones in, i. 14;

bonfires a protection against, 156;

sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, 190;

mistletoe a protection against, ii. 85;

savage dread of, 224 sq.

See also Witchcraft

—— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection against, ii. 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72

Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 sq.

Soul, the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, ii. 221;

the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, 221

—— of chief in sacred grove, ii. 161

[pg 377]

Soul of child deposited in a coco-nut, ii. 154 sq.;

deposited in a bag, 155;

bound up with knife, 157

—— of iron, ii. 154

—— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, ii. 172

—— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, ii. 153 sq.

—— the external, in folk-tales, ii. 95 sqq.;

in parrot, 97 sq.;

in bird, 98 sq.;

in necklace, 99 sq.;

in a fish, 99 sq., 122 sq.;

in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, 100 sq.;

in a bee, 101;

in a lemon, 102;

in a tree, 102;

in a barley plant, 102;

in a box, 102, 117, 143 n. 4, 149;

in a firebrand, 103;

in hair, 103 sq.;

in snow, 103 sq.;

in two or three doves, 104;

in a ten-headed serpent, 104 sq.;

in a pumpkin, 105;

in a spear, 105;

in a dragon, 105;

in a gem, 105 sq.;

in an egg, 107, 125, 127, 140 sq.;

in a duck's egg, 109 sq., 115 sq., 116, 119 sq., 120, 126, 130, 132;

in a blue rose-tree, 110;

in a bird, 111, 119, 142, 150;

in a pigeon, 112 sq.;

in a light, 116;

in a flower, 117 sq.;

in grain of sand, 120;

in a stone, 125 n. 1, 156;

in a thorn, 129;

in a gem, 130;

in a pigeon's egg, 132, 139;

in a dove's egg, 133;

in a box-tree, 133;

in the flower of the acacia, 135 sq.;

in a sparrow, 137;

in a beetle, 138, 140;

in a bottle, 138;

in a golden cock-chafer, 140;

in a dish, 141 sq.;

in a precious stone, 142;

in a bag, 142;

in a white herb, 143;

in a wasp, 143 sq.;

in a twelve-headed serpent, 143;

in a golden ring, 143;

in seven little birds, 144;

in a seven-headed snake, 144;

in a quail, 144 sq.;

in a vase, 145 sq.;

in a golden sword and a golden arrow, 145;

in entrails, 147 sq.;

in a golden fish, 147 sq., 220;

in a hair as hard as copper, 148;

in a cat, 150 sq.;

in a bear, 151;

in a buffalo, 151;

in inanimate things, 153 sqq.;

in a hemlock branch, 152;

in folk-custom, 153 sqq.;

in a mountain scaur, 156;

in ox-horns, 156;

in roof of house, 156;

in a tree, 156;

in a spring of water, 156;

in capital of column, 156 sq.;

in a portrait statue, 157;

in plants, 159 sqq.;

in animals, 196 sqq.;

of shaman or medicine-man in animal, 196, 199;

kept in totem, 220 sqq.

—— -boxes, amulets as, ii. 155

—— -stones, ii. 156

—— -stuff of ghosts, ii. 182

Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck's egg, Lithuanian story of the, ii. 113 sqq.

Souls of dead sit round the Midsummer fire, i. 183, 184;

of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, ii. 153;

male and female, in Chinese philosophy, 221;

the plurality of, 221 sq.;

human, transmigrate into their totemic animals, 223

Sow, the cropped black, at Hallowe'en, i. 239, 240

Sower, the Wicked, driving away, i. 107, 118

Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, ii. 57;

on orpine, 61 n. 4;

on yellow hoary mullein, 64;

on the Golden Bough, 284 n. 3;

on mistletoe, 316 n. 5

Sowing hemp seed, divination by, i. 235

Spachendorf, in Silesia, effigy burnt at, i. 119

Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, ii. 125 sq.

Spain, Midsummer fires and customs in, i. 208;

bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Spark Sunday in Switzerland, i. 118

Sparks of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, etc., i. 251, 262, 263, 264

Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, ii. 137

Spear used to help women in hard labour, i. 14;

external soul in a, ii. 105

Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John's fires at, i. 169

Spell recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290;

of witchcraft broken by suffering, 304

Spells cast on cattle, i. 301, 302;

cast by witches on union of man and wife, 346

Spencer (B.) and Gillen (F. J.) on initiation of medicine-man, ii. 238

Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Spirit or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, ii. 21 sq.;

reasons for burning, 23;

leaf-clad representative of, burnt, 25

Spirits of the hills, their treasures, ii. 69

—— of plants and trees in the form of snakes, ii. 44 n. 1

—— of water propitiated at Midsummer, ii. 31

Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Spreewald, the Wends of the, ii. 48

Sprenger, the inquisitor, ii. 158

[pg 378]

Spring of water, external soul in a, ii. 156

Springs, underground, detected by divining-rod, ii. 67 sq.

Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, ii. 69 sqq.;

reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and invulnerable, 69 sq.

Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43 sq.

Spruce trees free from mistletoe, ii. 315

Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, i. 9

Squirrels burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142, ii. 40

Stabbing a transformed witch or werewolf in order to compel him or her to reveal himself or herself, i. 315

Staffordshire, the Yule log in, i. 256

Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, i. 288 sq.

Starling, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 100

Stebbing, E. B., on Loranthus vestitus in India, ii. 317 n. 2

Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the bull-roarer, ii. 233 n. 2

Stelis, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, i. 203, 338

Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, i. 274

Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, ii. 184

Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft, i. 342 n. 4

Stheni, near Delphi, ii. 317

Sticks, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, i. 144

——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, i. 131

——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, i. 121;

preserve wheat from blight and mildew, 143

——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, i. 165, 166, 173, 174;

a charm against lightning and foul weather, 174;

kept to make the cattle thrive, 180;

thrown into wells to improve the water, 184;

a protection against thunder, 184, 192;

a protection against lightning, 187, 188, 190

——, sacred, whittled, i. 138 n. 1

Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, i. 343 n., 345

Stinging girls and young men with ants, i. 61, 62 sq.

—— with ants as a form of purification, i. 61 sqq.

Stipiturus malachurus, emu-wren, men's “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. 216

Stolen kail, divination by, i. 234 sq.

Stone, look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, i. 46;

the Hairy, at Midsummer, 212;

external soul in a, ii. 125 n. 1, 156;

precious, external soul of khan in a, 142;

magical, put into body of novice at initiation, 271

Stones thrown into Midsummer fire, i. 183, 191, 212;

placed round Midsummer fires, 190;

carried by persons on their heads at Midsummer, 205, 212;

at Hallowe'en fires, divination by, 230 sq., 239, 240;

used for curing cattle, 324, 325;

sick people passed through holes in, ii. 186 sqq.;

magical, inserted by spirits in the body of a new medicine-man, 235

Stoole, near Downpatrick, Midsummer ceremony at, i. 205

Stow, John, on Midsummer fires in London, i. 196 sq.

Strabo, on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14;

on the human sacrifices of the Celts, 32

Strackerjan, L., on fear of witchcraft in Oldenburg, i. 343 n.

Strap of wolf's hide used by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1

Strathpeffer, in Ross-shire, i. 153

Strathspey, sheep passed through a hoop of rowan in, ii. 184

Straw tied round trees to make them fruitful, i. 115

Streams, menstruous women not allowed to cross running, i. 97;

need-fire kindled between two running, 292

Strength of people bound up with their hair, ii. 158 sq.

Striking or throwing blindfold, ii. 279 n. 4

Striped Petticoat Philosophy, The, i. 6.

Stromberg Hill, burning wheel rolled down the, i. 163

Strutt, Joseph, on Midsummer fires in England, i. 196

Stseelis Indians of British Columbia, dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the, i. 89

Stuart, Mrs. A., on withered mistletoe, ii. 287 n. 1

—— Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Stukeley, W., on a Christmas custom at York, ii. 291 n. 2

Styria, fern-seed on Christmas night in, ii. 289

Styx, the passage of Aeneas across the, ii. 294

Subincision at initiation of lads in Australia, ii. 227 sq., 234, 235

Sub-totems in Australia, ii. 275 n. 1

Sudan, ceremony of new fire in the, i. 134;

human hyaenas in, 313

Sudeten mountains in Silesia, i. 170

[pg 379]

Suffering, intensity of, a means to break the spell of witchcraft, i. 304

Suffolk, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 n. 2;

duck baked alive as a sacrifice in, 303 sq.

Suk of British East Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 81

“Sultan of the Oleander,” i. 18

Sumatra, the Minangkabauers of, i. 79;

the Kooboos of, ii. 162 n. 2;

the Looboos of, 182 sq.;

totemism among the Battas of, 222 sqq.;

use of bull-roarers in, 229 n.

Summer, King of, chosen on St. Peter's Day, i. 195

Sun, rule not to see the, i. 18 sqq.;

priest of the, uses a white umbrella, 20 n. 1;

not to shine on girls at puberty, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68;

not to be seen by Brahman boys for three days, 68 n. 2;

impregnation of women by the, 74 sq.;

made to shine on women at marriage, 75;

sheep and lambs sacrificed to the, 132;

temple of the, at Cuzco, 132;

the Birthday of the, at the winter solstice, 246;

Christmas an old heathen festival of the birth of the, 331 sq.;

symbolized by a wheel, 334 n. 1, 335;

in the sign of the lion, ii. 66 sq.;

magical virtues of plants at Midsummer derived from the, 71 sq.;

in the sign of Sagittarius, 82;

calls men to himself through death, 173, 174 n. 1;

fern-seed procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, 291;

the ultimate cooling of the, 307

Sun-charms, i. 331;

the solstitial and other ceremonial fires perhaps sun-charms, ii. 292

—— -god, ii. 1, 16

Sundal, in Norway, need-fire in, i. 280

Sunday, children born on a Sunday can see treasures in the earth, ii. 288 n. 5

—— of the Firebrands, i. 110

—— in Lent, the first, fire-festival on the, i. 107 sqq.

Sung-yang, were-tiger in, i. 310

Sunless, Prince, i. 21

Sunshine, use of fire as a charm to produce, i. 341 sq.

Superb warbler, called women's “sister” among the Kurnai, ii. 215 n. 1, 216, 218

Superstitions, Index of, i. 270;

about trees struck by lightning, ii. 296 sqq.

Surenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, i. 169 sq.

Sûrya, the sun-god, ii. 1

Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture in, ii. 169 sq.

Sutherland, the need-fire in, i. 294 sq.

Sutherlandshire, sept of the Mackays, “the descendants of the seal,” in, ii. 131 sq.

Swabia, “burning the witch” in, i. 116;

custom of throwing lighted discs in, 116 sq.;

Easter fires in, 144 sq.;

custom at eclipses in, 162 n.;

the Midsummer fires in, 166 sq.;

witches as hares and horses in, 318 sq.;

the divining-rod in, ii. 68 n. 4;

fern-seed brought by Satan on Christmas night in, 289

Swahili of East Africa, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 133, 140;

birth-trees among the, ii. 160 sq.;

their story of an African Samson, ii. 314

Swallows, stones found in stomachs of, i. 17

Swan-woman, Tartar story of the, ii. 144

Swan's bone, used by menstruous women to drink out of, i. 48, 49, 50, 90, 92

Swans' song in a fairy tale, ii. 124

Swanton, J. R., quoted, i. 45 n. 1

Sweden, customs observed on Yule Night in, i. 20 sq.;

Easter bonfires in, 146;

bonfires on the Eve of May Day in, 159, 336;

Midsummer fires in, 172;

the need-fire in, 280;

bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29;

“Midsummer Brooms” in, 54;

the divining-rod in, 69, 291;

mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, 82;

mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83;

medical use of mistletoe in, 84;

mistletoe used as a protection against conflagration in, 85, 293;

mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, 86;

mystic properties ascribed to mistletoe on St. John's Eve in, 86;

Balder's balefires in, 87;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 170;

crawling through a hoop as a cure in, 184;

superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 281

Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 118 sq.;

new fire kindled by friction of wood in, 169 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, 172;

the Yule log in, 249;

need-fire in, 279 sq., 336;

people warned against bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 27;

the belief in witchcraft in, 42 n. 2;

divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61

Sympathetic relation between cleft tree and person who has been passed through it, ii. 170, 171 n. 1, 172;

between man and animal, 272 sq.

Syria, restrictions on menstruous women in, i. 84

Syrmia, the Yule log in, i. 262 sq.

Tabari, Arab chronicler, i. 82

[pg 380]

Taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, i. 6 sq.

Tabooed men, i. 7 sq.

—— persons kept from contact with the ground, i. 2 sqq.

—— things kept from contact with the ground, i. 7 sqq.

—— women, i. 8

Taboos regulating the lives of divine kings, i. 2;

observed by priest of Earth in Southern Nigeria, 4

Tacitus, on human sacrifices offered by the ancient Germans, ii. 28 n. 1;

on the goddess Nerthus, 28 n. 1

Tahiti, king and queen of, not allowed to set foot on the ground, i. 3;

the fire-walk in, ii. 11

Tahitians, the New Year of the, ii. 244

Tajan and Landak, districts of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. 164

Talbot, P. Amaury, on external human souls in animals, ii. 208 n. 1, 209 n. 1

Talegi, Motlav word for external soul, ii. 198

Tales of maidens forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 sqq.

Talismans of cities, i. 83 n. 1

Talmud, the, on menstruous women, i. 83

Tamanaks of the Orinoco, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 61 n. 3

Tamaniu, external soul in the Mota language, ii. 198 sq., 220

Tamarisk, Isfendiyar slain with a branch of a, i. 105

Tami, the, of German New Guinea, their rites of initiation, ii. 239 sqq.

Tanganyika, Lake, tribes of, i. 24

Tanner, John, and the Shawnee sage, ii. 157

Tantad, Midsummer bonfire, i. 183

Taoist treatise on the soul, ii. 221

Tapajos, tributary of the Amazon, i. 62

Taphos besieged by Amphitryo, ii. 103

Tara, new fire in the King's house at, i. 158

Tar-barrels, burning, swung round pole at Midsummer, i. 169;

burnt at Midsummer, 180;

procession with lighted, on Christmas Eve, 268

Tarbolton, in Ayrshire, annual bonfire at, i. 207

Tartar stories of the external soul, ii. 142 sq., 144 sq.

Tartars after a funeral leap over fire, ii. 18

Tattooing, medicinal use of, i. 98 n. 1;

at initiation, ii. 258, 259, 261 n.

Tay, Loch, i. 232

Tcheou, dynasty of China, i. 137

Teak, Loranthus on, ii. 317

Teanlas, Hallowe'en fires in Lancashire, i. 245

Teeth filed as preliminary to marriage, i. 68 n. 2

Tegner, Swedish poet, on the burning of Balder, ii. 87

Tein Econuch, “forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292

Tein-eigin (teine-eigin, tin-egin), need-fire, i. 147, 148, 289, 291, 293

Teine Bheuil, fire of Beul, need-fire, i. 293

Tent burnt at Midsummer, i. 215

Termonde in Belgium, Midsummer fires at, i. 194

Tessier, on the burning wheel at Konz, i. 164 n. 1

Tests undergone by girls at puberty, i. 25

Teutates, Celtic god, ii. 80 n. 3

Teutonic stories of the external soul, ii. 116 sqq.

Texas, the Toukaway Indians of, ii. 276

Thahu, curse or pollution, i. 81

Thays of Tonquin, their customs after a burial, ii. 177 sq.

Thebes, in Greece, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130 sq.

Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, his denunciation of a heathen practice, ii. 190 sq.

Theophrastus on the different kinds of mistletoe, ii. 317

Therapia, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 131

Thief wears a toad's heart to escape detection, i. 302 n. 2

Thiers, J. B., on the Yule log, i. 250;

on gathering herbs at Midsummer, ii. 45 n. 1;

on belief concerning wormwood, 61 n. 1

Thieves detected by divining-rod, ii. 68

Thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 n. 1

Thirty years' cycle of the Druids, ii. 77

Thlinkeet Indians. See Tlingit

Thomas, N. W., ii. 210 n. 2

Thomas the Rhymer, verses ascribed to, ii. 283 sq.

Thompson Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 49 sqq.;

their dread of menstruous women, 89 sq.;

prayer of adolescent girl among the, 98 n. 1;

supposed invulnerability of initiated men among the, ii. 275 sq.;

their ideas as to wood of trees struck by lightning, 297

Thomsdorf, in Germany, i. 99

Thomson, Basil, ii. 244 n. 1, 2

Thonga, the, of Delagoa Bay, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 29 sq.;

will not use the wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. 297;

think lightning caused by a bird, 297 n. 5

[pg 381]

Thor, a Norse god, i. 103

Thorn, external soul in a, ii. 129;

mistletoe on a, 291 n. 3

—— bushes used to keep off ghosts, ii. 174 sq.

Thought, the web of, ii. 307 sq.

Threatening fruit-trees, i. 114

Three Holy Kings, the divining-rod baptized in the name of the, ii. 68

—— leaps over bonfire, i. 214, 215

Threshold, shavings from the, burnt, ii. 53

Thrice to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. 180;

to pass through a wreath of woodbine, 184

Throwing or striking blindfold, ii. 279 n. 4

Thrumalun, a mythical being who kills and resuscitates novices at initiation, ii. 233.

See also Daramulun and Thuremlin

Thrushes deposit seeds of mistletoe, ii. 316 n. 1

Thunder associated with the oak, i. 145;

Midsummer fires a protection against, 176;

charred sticks of Midsummer bonfire a protection against, 184, 192;

ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 190;

brands from the Midsummer fires a protection against, 191;

certain flowers at Midsummer a protection against, ii. 54, 58, 59;

the sound of bull-roarers thought to imitate, 228 sqq.

See also Lightning

Thunder and lightning, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;

bonfires a protection against, 344;

smoke of Midsummer herbs a protection against, ii. 48;

vervain a protection against, 62;

name given to bull-roarers, 231 sq.

—— and the oak, the Aryan god of the, i. 265

“—— -besom,” name applied to mistletoe and other bushy excrescences on trees, ii. 85, 301;

a protection against thunderbolts, 85

—— -bird, the mythical, i. 44

“—— -bolts,” name given to celts, i. 14 sq.

“—— -poles,” oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145

Thunderstorms and hail caused by witches, i. 344;

Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 48

Thuremlin, a mythical being who kills lads at initiation and restores them to life, ii. 227.

See also Daramulun

Thuringia, custom at eclipses in, i. 162 n.;

Midsummer fires in, 169, ii. 40;

Schweina in, i. 265;

belief as to magical properties of the fern in, ii. 66 sq.

Thursday, Maundy, i. 125 n. 1

Thurso, witches as cats at, i. 317

Thurston, E., on the fire-walk, ii. 9

Thyme burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213;

wild, gathered on Midsummer Day, ii. 64

Tibet, sixty years' cycle in, ii. 78 n.

Ticunas of the Amazon, ordeal of young men among the, i. 62 sq.

Tiger, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Tiger's skin at inauguration of a king, i. 4

Timmes of Sierra Leone, their secret society, ii. 260 n. 1

Tinneh Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 47 sqq.;

their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 sqq.

Tinnevelly, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69

Tipperary, county of, were-wolves in, i. 310 n. 1;

woman burnt as a witch in, 323 sq.

Tiree, the need-fire in, i. 148;

the Beltane cake in, 149;

witch as sheep in, 316

Tivor, god or victim, i. 103 n.

Tiyans of Malabar, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 68 sq.

Tlactga or Tlachtga in Ireland, i. 139

Tlingit (Thlinkeet) Indians of Alaska, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 45 sq.

Tlokoala, a secret society of the Nootka Indians, ii. 271

Toad, witch in form of a, i. 323

—— clan, ii. 273

—— -stools thrown into Midsummer bonfires as a charm, i. 172

Toad's heart worn by a thief to prevent detection, i. 302 n. 2

Toads burnt alive in Devonshire, i. 302

Toaripi of New Guinea, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 84

Tobas, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 59

Tobelorese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. 248

Toboengkoe, the, of Central Celebes, custom observed by widower among the, ii. 178 sq.

Tocandeira, native name for the Cryptocerus atratus, F., ant, i. 62

Todas of the Neilgherry Hills, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136

Tokio, the fire-walk at, ii. 9 sq.

Tokoelawi of Central Celebes, custom observed by mourners among the, ii. 178

Tomori, the Gulf of, in Celebes, i. 312

Tongue of medicine-man, hole in, ii. 238, 239

[pg 382]

Tonquin, the Thays of, their burial customs, ii. 177 sq.

Tonwan, magical influence of medicine-bag, ii. 268, 269

Tooth of novice knocked out at initiation, ii. 227, 235

Toradjas of Central Celebes, were-wolves among the, i. 311 sq.;

their custom at the smelting of iron, ii. 154

Torch-races at Easter, i. 142;

at Midsummer, 175

Torches interpreted as imitations of lightning, i. 340 n. 1

——, burning, carried round folds and lands at Midsummer, i. 206;

applied to fruit-trees to fertilize them, 340

—— of Demeter, i. 340

——, processions with lighted, i. 141, 141 sq., 233 sq.;

through fields, gardens, orchards, and streets, 107 sq., 110 sqq., 113 sqq., 179, 339 sq.;

at Midsummer, 179;

on Christmas Eve, 266

Torres Straits Islands, seclusion of girls at puberty in the, i. 36 sq., 39 sqq.;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, 78 sq.;

use of bull-roarers in the, ii. 228 n. 2, 232

Tortoises, external human souls lodged in, ii. 204

Torture, judicial, of criminals, witches, and wizards, ii. 158 sq.

Totem, transference of man's soul to his, ii. 219 n., 225 sq.;

supposed effect of killing a, 220;

the receptacle in which a man keeps his external soul, 220 sqq.;

the individual or personal, 222 n. 5, 224 n. 1, 226 n. 1

See also Sex totem

—— animal, artificial, novice at initiation brought back by, ii. 271 sq.;

transformation of man into his, 275

—— clans and secret societies, related to each other, ii. 272 sq.

—— names kept secret, ii. 225 n.

—— plants among the Fans, ii. 161

Totemism, suggested theory of, ii. 218 sqq.

Totems, honorific, of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 sqq.;

personal, among the North American Indians, 273, 276 n. 1;

multiplex, of the Australians, 275 n. 1

Touch of menstruous women thought to convey pollution, i. 87, 90

Toukaway Indians of Texas, ceremony of mimic wolves among the, ii. 276

Toulouse, torture of sorcerers at, ii. 158

Touraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 182

Train, Joseph, on Beltane fires in Isle of Man, i. 157

Transference of a man's soul to his totem, ii. 219 n., 225 sq.

Transformation of men into wolves at the full moon, i. 314 n. 1;

of witches into animals, 315 sqq., ii. 311 sq.;

of men into animals, 207;

of man into his totem animal, 275

Transmigration of soul of ruptured person into cleft oak-tree, ii. 172;

of human souls into totem animals, 223

Transylvania, the Roumanians of, i. 13;

story of the external soul among the Saxons of, ii. 116;

belief as to children born on a Sunday in, 288 n. 5

Travancore, women deemed liable to be attacked by demons in, i. 24 n. 2;

the Pulayars of, 69

Travexin, in the Vosges, witch as hare at, i. 318

Treasures guarded by demons, ii. 65;

found by means of fern-seed, 65, 287;

discovered by divining-rod, 68;

revealed by springwort, 70;

revealed by mistletoe, 287, 291;

bloom in the earth on Midsummer Eve, 288 n. 5

Trebius, on the springwort, ii. 71

Tree burnt in the Midsummer bonfire, i. 173 sq., 180, 183;

external soul in a, ii. 102, 156

—— -creeper (Climacteris scandens), women's “sister” among the Yuin, ii. 216

—— -spirit, effigies of, burnt in bonfires, ii. 21 sqq.;

human representatives of, put to death, 25;

human representative of the, perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, 90

—— spirits bless women with offspring, ii. 22;

in the form of serpents, 44 n. 1

Trees, men changed into, by look of menstruous women, i. 79;

burnt in spring fires, 115 sq., 116, 142;

burnt in Midsummer fires, 173 sq., 185, 192, 193, 209;

burnt at Holi festival in India, ii. 2;

burnt in bonfires, 22;

lives of people bound up with, 159 sqq.;

hair of children tied to, 165;

the fate of families or individuals bound up with, 165 sqq.;

creeping through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, 170 sqq.;

fire thought by savages to be stored like sap in, 295;

struck by lightning, superstitions about, 296 sqq.

—— and plants as life-indices, ii. 160 sqq.

Tréfoir, the Yule log, i. 249

Tréfouet, the Yule log, i. 252 n. 2, 253

Tregonan, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Trench cut in ground at Beltane, i. 150, 152

[pg 383]

Trevelyan, Marie, on Midsummer fires, i. 201;

on Hallowe'en, 226 n. 1;

on St. John's wort in Wales, ii. 55 n. 2;

on burnt sacrifices in Wales, 301

Treves, the archbishop of, i. 118

Triangle of reeds, passage of mourners through a, ii. 177 sq.

Trie-Chateau, dolmen near Gisors, ii. 188

Trilles, Father H., on the theory of the external soul among the Fans, ii. 201

Trinidad, the fire-walk in, ii. 11

Triumphal arch, suggested origin of the, ii. 195

Trolls, efforts to keep off the, i. 146;

and evil spirits abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172;

Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 54;

rendered powerless by mistletoe, 86, 283, 294

True Steel, whose heart was in a bird, ii. 110 sq.

Trumpets sounded at initiation of young men, ii. 249

—— penny, at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 221, 222

Tsetsaut tribe of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 46

Tsimshian girls at puberty, rules observed by, i. 44 n. 2

Tubuan or Tubuvan, man disguised as cassowary in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii. 247

Tugeri or Kaya-Kaya of Dutch New Guinea, ii. 242;

their use of bull-roarers, 242 sq.

Tui Nkualita, a Fijian chief, founder of the fire-walk, ii. 11

Tulsi plant, its miraculous virtue, ii. 5

Tummel, the valley of the, i. 231

Tunis, New Year fires at, i. 217;

gold sickle and fillet said to be found in, ii. 80 n. 3

Tunnel, creeping through a, as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 sq.

Turf, sick children and cattle passed through holes in, ii. 191

Turks of Siberia, marriage custom of the, i. 75

Turukhinsk region, Samoyeds of the, ii. 196

Tutu, island of Torres Strait, treatment of girls at puberty in, i. 41

Twanyirika, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, ii. 233 sq.;

kills and resuscitates lads at initiation, 234

Twelfth Day, Eve of, the bonfires of, i. 107;

processions with torches on, 340

—— Night, the King of the Bean on, i. 153 n. 3;

cake, 184;

the Yule log on, 248, 250, 251;

the divining-rod cut on, ii. 68

Twelve Nights, remains of Yule log scattered on fields during the, i. 248;

between Christmas and Epiphany, were-wolves abroad during the, 310 n. 1

“Twice born” Brahman, ii. 276

Twin brothers in ritual, i. 278

—— -producing virtue ascribed to a kind of mistletoe, ii. 79

Twins and their afterbirths counted as four children, ii. 162 n. 2

Twins, father of, i. 24

Two Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the, ii. 134 sqq.

Tyrol, “burning the witch” in the, i. 116;

fires to burn the witches in the, 160;

Midsummer fires in the, 172 sq.;

magical plants culled on Midsummer Eve in the, ii. 47;

St. John's wort in the, 54;

mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in the, 58;

use of four-leaved clover in the, 62 sq.;

dwarf-elder gathered at Midsummer in the, 64;

the divining-rod in the, 68;

mistletoe used to open all locks in the, 85;

belief as to mistletoe growing on a hazel in the, 291 n. 3

Tyrolese peasants use fern-seed to discover buried gold and to prevent money from decreasing, ii. 288

—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 72

Ualaroi, the, of the Darling River, their belief as to initiation, ii. 233

Uaupes of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 61

Uganda, kings of, not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 3 sq.;

life of the king of, bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. 160;

passage of sick man through a cleft stick or a narrow opening in, 181 sq.;

cure for lightning-stroke in, 298 n. 2

See also Baganda

Uisnech, in County Meath, great fair at, i. 158

Uist, Beltane cakes in, i. 154

——, North, need-fire in, i. 293 sq.

——, South, fairies at Hallowe'en in, i. 226;

salt cake at Hallowe'en in, 238 sq.

Uiyumkwi tribe, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39 sq.

Ukami, in German East Africa, ii. 313

Ukpong, external soul in Calabar, ii. 206

Ulad Bu Aziz, Arab tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. 214

Umbrellas in ritual, i. 20 n. 1, 31

Uncleanness, ceremonial, among the Indians of Costa Rica, i. 65 n. 1;

and sanctity not clearly differentiated in the primitive mind, 97 sq.

[pg 384]

Uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 76 sqq.

See also Menstruous

Unguent made from fat of crocodiles and snakes, i. 14

Universal healer, name given to mistletoe, ii. 77

Unlucky, Midsummer Day regarded as, ii. 29

—— children passed through narrow openings, ii. 190

Unmasking a were-wolf or witch by wounding him or her, i. 315, 321

Unmatjera tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. 234;

initiation of a medicine-man in the, 238

Up-helly-a', at Lerwick, i. 269 n.

Uraons. See Oraons

Urabunna tribe of Central Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. 234

Ustrels, a species of vampyre in Bulgaria, i. 284

Vagney, in the Vosges, Christmas custom at, i. 254

Vagueness and inconsistency of primitive thought, ii. 301 sq.

Val di Ledro, effigy burnt in the, at Carnival, i. 120

Valais, the canton of, Midsummer fires in, i. 172;

cursing a mist in, 280

Valenciennes, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 n. 4

Valentines at bonfires, i. 109 sq.

Vallancey, General Charles, on Hallowe'en customs in Ireland, i. 241 sq.

Vallée des Bagnes, cursing a mist in the, i. 280

Vampyres, need-fire kindled as a safeguard against, i. 284 sqq., 344

Vapour bath, i. 40

Var, Midsummer fires in the French department of, i. 193

Varro, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14 n. 3

Vase, external soul of habitual criminal in a, ii. 145 sq.

Vecoux, in the Vosges, i. 254

Vedic hymns, the fire-god Agni in the, ii. 295 sq.

Vegetables at Midsummer, their fertilizing influence on women, ii. 51

Vegetation, spirit of, burnt in effigy, ii. 21 sq.;

reasons for burning, 23;

leaf-clad representative of, burnt, 25

—— -spirits, W. Mannhardt's view that the victims burnt by the Druids represented, ii. 43

Velten, C., on an African Balder, ii. 312 sq.

Verbascum, mullein, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 63 sq.;

its relation to the sun, 64

Verbena officinalis, vervain, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 62

Verges, in the Jura, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 114 sq.

Vermin exorcized with torches, i. 340

Versipellis, a were-wolf, i. 314 n. 1

Vervain, garlands or chaplets of, at Midsummer, i. 162, 163, 165;

burnt in the Midsummer fires, 195;

used in exorcism, ii. 62 n. 4;

a protection against thunder and lightning, sorcerers, demons, and thieves, 62;

gathered at Midsummer, 62

Vespasian family, the oak of the, ii. 168

Vesper-bell on Midsummer Eve, ii. 62

Vessels, special, used by menstruous women, i. 86, 90;

used by girls at puberty, 93

Vesta, sacred fire in the temple of, annually kindled, i. 138;

the fire of, at Rome, fed with oak-wood, ii. 91, 286

Vestal Virgins relit the sacred fire of Vesta, i. 138;

their rule of celibacy, 138 n. 5

Vestini, the ancient, i. 209

Veth, P. J., on the Golden Bough, ii. 319

Victims, human, claimed by St. John on St. John's Day (Midsummer Day), i. 27, 29;

claimed by water at Midsummer, ii. 26 sqq.

Victoria, aborigines of, their custom as to emu fat, i. 13;

their dread of women at menstruation, 77 sq.

—— sex totems in, ii. 217

Vidovec in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178

Vienne, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191;

the Yule log in, 251

Vilavou, New Year's Men, name given to newly initiated lads in Fiji, ii. 244

Village surrounded with a ring of fire as a protection against an evil spirit, i. 282

Vimeux, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Vintage, omens of, i. 164

Vipers sacred to balsam trees in Arabia, ii. 44 n. 1

Virbius at Nemi interpreted as an oak-spirit, ii. 295

Virgil, on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 14;

his account of the Golden Bough, 284 sq., 286, 293 sq., 315 sqq.

Virgin, the, blesses the fruits of the earth, i. 118;

the hair of the Holy, found in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 191;

feast of the Nativity of the, 220 sq.;

and child supposed to sit on the Yule log, 253 sq.

[pg 385]

Virgins of the Sun at Cuzco, i. 132;

the Vestal, and the sacred fire, 136

Virginia, rites of initiation among the Indians of, ii. 266 sq.

Virginity, test of, by blowing up a flame, i. 137 n.

Virility supposed to be lost by contact with menstruous women, i. 81

Viscum album, common mistletoe, ii. 315 sqq.;

Viscum quernum, 317

Visiter, the Christmas, i. 261 sq., 263, 264

Viti Levu, the largest of the Fijian Islands, ii. 243

Vitrolles, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 194

Vogel Mountains, i. 118

Voigtland, bonfires on Walpurgis Night in, i. 160;

tree and person thrown into water on St. John's Day in, ii. 27 sq.;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 53;

mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer in, 57 sq.;

wild thyme gathered at Midsummer in, 64;

precautions against witches in, 73 sq.

Volga, the Cheremiss of the, i. 181

Volksmarsen in Hesse, Easter fires at, i. 140

Voluspa, the Sibyl's prophecy in the, i. 102 sq.

Voralberg, in the Tyrol, “burning the witch” at, i. 116

Vorges, near Laon, Midsummer fires at, i. 187

Vosges, Midsummer fires in the, i. 188, 336;

the Yule log in the, 254;

cats burnt alive on Shrove Tuesday in the, ii. 40

—— Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 109;

witches as hares in the, 318;

magic herbs culled on Eve of St. John in the, ii. 47

Vrid-eld, need-fire, i. 280

Vultures, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202

Wadai, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 134, 140

Wadoe, the, of German East Africa, ii. 312

Wafiomi, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 28

Wagstadt in Silesia, Judas ceremony at, i. 146 n. 3

Wajagga, the, of German East Africa, birth-plants among the, ii. 160

Wakelbura tribe (Australia), dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in the, i. 78

Wakondyo, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. 162 sq.

Wales, Snake Stones in, i. 15 sq.;

Beltane fires and cakes in, 155 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, 200 sq.;

divination at Hallowe'en in, 229, 240 sq.;

Hallowe'en fires in, 239 sq.;

the Yule log in, 258;

burnt sacrifices to stop cattle-disease in, 301;

witches as hares in, 315 n. 1;

belief as to witches in, 321 n. 2;

bewitched things burnt in, 322;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 53;

St. John's wort in, 55;

mistletoe to be shot or knocked down with stones in, 82;

mistletoe cut at Midsummer in, 86;

mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, 86;

Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak-wood in, 91;

mistletoe gathered at Midsummer in, 293

Walhalla, i. 101

Walking over fire as a rite, ii. 3 sqq.

Walls, fortified, of the ancient Gauls, i. 267 sq.

Walnut, branches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-sheds, i. 191

Walos of Senegambia, their belief as to a sort of mistletoe, ii. 79 sq.

Walpi, Pueblo Indian village, use of bull-roarers at, ii. 231

Walpurgis Day, i. 143

—— Night, witches abroad on, i. 159 sq.;

a witching time, 295;

precautions against witches on, ii. 20 n.;

witches active on, 73, 74

Wangen in Baden, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 117

Wanyamwezi, their belief as to wounded crocodiles, ii. 210 n. 1

Warlock, the invulnerable, stories of, ii. 97 sqq.

Warriors tabooed, i. 5

Warwickshire, the Yule log in, i. 257

Washamba, the, of German East Africa, their custom at circumcision, ii. 183

Washington State, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 43

Wasmes, processions with torches at, i. 108

Wasp, external soul of enchanter in a, ii. 143

Wasps, young men stung with, as an ordeal, i. 63

Wassgow mountains, the need-fire in the, i. 271

Water from sacred wells, i. 12;

menstruous women not to go near, 77;

consecrated at Easter, 122 sqq., 125;

turned to wine at Easter, 124;

improved by charred sticks of Midsummer fires, 184;

at Midsummer, people drenched with, 193 sq.;

heated in need-fire and sprinkled on cattle, 289;

[pg 386]

claims human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26 sqq.;

supposed to acquire certain marvellous properties at Midsummer, 29 sqq.;

haunted and dangerous at Midsummer, 31

Water of life, ii. 114 sq.

—— of springs thought to acquire medicinal qualities on Midsummer Eve, i. 172

——, rites of, at Midsummer festival in Morocco, i. 216;

at New Year in Morocco, 218

—— spirits, offerings to, at Midsummer, ii. 28

Wayanas of French Guiana, ordeals among the, i. 63 sq.

Weariness, magical plants placed in shoes a charm against, ii. 54, 60

Weaver, the wicked, of Rotenburg, ii. 289 sq.

Weeks, Rev. John H., on rites of initiation on the Lower Congo, ii. 255 n. 1

Weeping of girl at puberty, i. 24, 29

Weidenhausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Wells, sacred, in Scotland, i. 12;

menstruous women kept from, 81, 96 sq.;

charred sticks of Midsummer fires thrown into, 184;

crowned with flowers at Midsummer, ii. 28

——, holy, resorted to on Midsummer Eve in Ireland, i. 205 sq.

——, the Lord of the, ii. 28

Welsh cure for whooping-cough, ii. 180, 192 n. 1

—— name, alleged, for mistletoe, ii. 286 n. 3

See also Wales

Wends, their faith in Midsummer herbs, ii. 54

—— of Saxony, their idea as to wood of trees struck by lightning, ii. 297

—— of the Spreewald gather herbs and flowers at Midsummer, ii. 48;

their belief as to the divining-rod, 68 n. 4

Wensley-dale, the Yule log in, i. 256

Were-tigers in China and the East Indies, i. 310 sq., 313 n. 1

—— -wolf, how a man becomes a, i. 310 n. 1;

story in Petronius, 313 sq.

—— -wolves compelled to resume their human shape by wounds inflicted on them, i. 308 sqq.;

put to death, 311;

and the full moon, 314 n. 1;

and witches, parallelism between, 315, 321

Werner, Miss Alice, on a soul-box, ii. 156 n. 1;

on African Balders, 314

Westenberg, J. C., on the Batta theory of souls, ii. 223 n. 2

Westermarck, Dr. Edward, on New Year rites in Morocco, i. 218;

on Midsummer festival in North Africa, 219;

his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are purificatory, 329 sq.;

on water at Midsummer, ii. 31

Westphalia, Easter fires in, i. 140;

the Yule log in, 248;

divination by orpine at Midsummer in, ii. 61;

camomile gathered at Midsummer in, 63;

the Midsummer log of oak in, 92 n. 1

Wetteren, wicker giants at, ii. 35

Wetterpfähle, oak sticks charred in Easter bonfires, i. 145

Wexford, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Whalton, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198

Wheat thrown on the man who brings in the Christmas log, i. 260, 262, 264;

protected against mice by mugwort, ii. 58 sq.

Wheel, fire kindled by the rotation of a, i. 177, 179, 270, 273, 289 sq., 292, 335 sq., ii. 91;

as a symbol of the sun, i. 334 n. 1, 335;

as a charm against witchcraft, 345 n. 3

——, burning, rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 sq., 119, 141, 143, 161, 162 sq., 163 sq., 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 sq., 338;

thrown into the air at Midsummer, 179;

rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 sq.;

perhaps intended to burn witches, 345

Wherry, Mrs., i. 108 n. 2, ii. 36 n. 1

Whips cracked to drive away witches, ii. 74

Whitby, the Yule log at, i. 256

White, Rev. G. E., on passing through a ring of red-hot iron, ii. 186;

on passing sheep through a rifted rock, 189 sq.

White birds, ten, external soul in, ii. 142

—— bulls sacrificed by Druids at cutting the mistletoe, ii. 77

—— chalk, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. 241

—— clay, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. 255 n. 1, 257

—— cloth, fern-seed caught in a, i. 65, ii. 291;

springwort caught in a, i. 70;

mistletoe caught in a, ii. 77, 293;

used to catch the Midsummer bloom of the oak, 292, 293

—— cock burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. 40

—— herb, external souls of two brothers in a, ii. 143

—— horse, effigy of, carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203

—— Sunday, i. 117 n. 1

Whiteborough, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Whooping-cough cured by crawling under a bramble, ii. 180;

Bulgarian [pg 387] cure for, 181;

child passed under an ass as a cure for, 192

Wicked Sower, driving away the, i. 107, 118

Wicken (rowan) tree, a protection against witchcraft, i. 326, 327 n. 1

Wicker giants at popular festivals in Europe, ii. 33 sqq.;

burnt in summer bonfires, 38

Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, i. 319

“Wild fire,” the need-fire, i. 272, 273, 277

Wilde, Lady, her description of Midsummer fires in Ireland, i. 204 sq.

Wilken, G. A., on the external soul, ii. 96 n. 1

Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 43

Will-fire, or need-fire, i. 288, 297

Willow, mistletoe growing on, ii. 79, 315, 316;

children passed through a cleft willow-tree as a cure, 170;

crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, 184;

crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, 181;

Orpheus and the, 294

Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii. 318

Winamwanga, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 24 sq.;

their custom as to lightning-kindled fire, ii. 297 sq.

Wind, bull-roarers sounded to raise a, ii. 232

Window, magic flowers to be passed through the, ii. 52

Wine thought to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 96

Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the, i. 169 sq.

Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268

Winnowing-basket, divination by, i. 236

Winter solstice, Persian festival of fire at the, i. 269

“Winter's Grandmother,” burning the, i. 116

Winterbottom, Thomas, on a secret society of Sierra Leone, ii. 260

Wintun Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42 sq.

Witch, burning the, i. 116, 118 sq.;

effigy of, burnt in bonfire, 159;

compelled to appear by burning an animal or part of an animal which she has bewitched, 303, 305, 307 sq., 321 sq.;

in form of a toad, 323.

See also Witches

Witch, MacCrauford, the great arch, i. 293

“—— -shot,” a sudden stiffness in the back, i. 343 n., 345

Witch's herb, St. John's wort, ii. 56 n. 1

“—— nest,” a tangle of birch-branches, ii. 185

Witchcraft, bonfires a protection against, i. 108, 109;

holy water a protection against, 123;

cattle driven through Midsummer fire as a protection against, 175;

burs and mugwort a preservative against, 177, ii. 59 sq.;

Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 185, 188;

a broom a protection against, 210;

need-fire kindled to counteract, 280, 292 sq., 293, 295;

in Devonshire, 302;

great dread of, in Europe, 340;

the fire-festivals regarded as a protection against, 342;

stiffness in the back attributed to, 343 n., 345;

colic and sore eyes attributed to, 344;

a wheel a charm against, 345 n.;

thought to be the source of almost all calamities, ii. 19 sq.;

leaping over bonfires as a protection against, 40;

its treatment by the Christian Church, 42;

and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, 45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72;

St. John's wort a protection against, 54;

dwarf-elder used to detect, 64;

fern root a protection against, 67;

mistletoe a protection against, 85 sq., 282, 283, 294;

fatal to milk and butter, 86;

oak log a protection against, 92;

the rowan a protection against, i. 327 n. 1, ii. 184 n. 4, 185, 281;

children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, 185;

a “witch's nest” (tangle of birch-branches) a protection against, 185.

See also Sorcery

Witches not allowed to touch the bare ground, i. 5 sq.;

burnt and beheaded, 6;

effigies of, burnt in bonfires, 107, 116 sq., 118 sq., 342, ii. 43;

charm to protect fields against, i. 121;

Beltane fires a protection against, 154;

cast spells on cattle, 154;

steal milk from cows, 154, 176, 343, ii. 74;

in the form of hares and cats, i. 157, 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., 317, 318, 319 sq., ii. 41, 311;

burnt on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160;

fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 sq., ii. 20 n.;

abroad on Walpurgis Night, i. 159 sq.;

kept out by crosses, 160 n. 1;

driving away the, 160, 170, 171;

resort to the Blocksberg, 171;

Midsummer fires a protection against, 176, 180;

steal milk [pg 388] and butter at Midsummer, 185;

on Midsummer Eve, 210, ii. 19;

active on Hallowe'en and May Day, 19, 73 sqq., 184 n. 4, 185;

burnt in Hallowe'en fires, i. 232 sq.;

abroad at Hallowe'en, 226, 245;

the Yule log a protection against, 258;

thought to cause cattle disease, 302 sq.;

transformed into animals, 315 sqq.;

as cockchafers, 322;

come to borrow, 322, 323, ii. 73;

cause hail and thunder-storms, i. 344;

brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, 345 sq.;

burning missiles hurled at, 345;

burnt or banned by fire, ii. 19 sq.;

gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, 47;

gather St. John's wort on St. John's Eve, 56;

purple loosestrife a protection against, 65;

tortured in India, 159;

animal familiars of, 202.

See also “Burning the Witches”

Witches at Ipswich, i. 304 sq.

—— and hares in Yorkshire, ii. 197

—— and were-wolves, parallelism between, i. 315. 321

—— and wizards thought to keep their strength in their hair, ii. 158 sq.;

put to death by the Aztecs, 159

—— and wolves the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, i. 343

“——, Burning the,” a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. 43

Witches' Sabbath on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, i. 171 n. 3, 181, ii. 73, 74

“Withershins,” against the sun, in curses and excommunication, i. 234

Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, ii. 234

Wizards gather baleful herbs on the Eve of St. John, ii. 47;

gather purple loosestrife at Midsummer, 65;

animal familiars of, 196 sq., 201 sq.

Woden, Odin, or Othin, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 n. 1

Wolf, Brotherhood of the Green, at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 sq., ii. 15 n., 25

—— clan in North-Western America, ii. 270, 271, 272 n. 1

—— masks worn by members of a Wolf secret society, ii. 270 sq.

—— society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into the, ii. 270 sq.

Wolf's hide, strap of, used by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1

Wolfeck, in Austria, leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day at, ii. 25 sq.

Wolfenbüttel, need-fire near, i. 277

Wolves and witches, the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, i. 343

Woman burnt alive as a witch in Ireland in 1895, i. 323 sq.

Women in hard labour, charm to help, i. 14;

after childbirth tabooed, 20;

who do not menstruate supposed to make gardens barren, 24;

impregnated by the sun, 74 sq.;

impregnated by the moon, 75 sq.;

at menstruation painted red, 78;

leap over Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, 194, 339;

fertilized by tree-spirits, ii. 22;

barren, hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, 51;

creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy delivery, 189;

not allowed to see bull-roarers, 234, 235, 242.

See also Menstruous women

Wonghi or Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales, ritual of death and resurrection at initiation among the, ii. 227

Wood, the King of the, at Nemi, i. 2, 285, 286, 295, 302, 309

Woodbine, sick children passed through a wreath of, ii. 184

Woodpecker brings the mythical springwort, ii. 70 sq.

Wootton-Wawen, in Warwickshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

“Working for need-fire,” a proverb, i. 287 sq.

Worms, popular cure for, i. 17

Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), ii. 58 n. 3;

burnt to stupefy witches, i. 345;

superstitions concerning, ii. 61 n. 1

Worship of ancestors in Fiji, ii. 243 sq.;

of the oak explained by the frequency with which oaks are struck by lightning, 298 sqq.

Worth, R. N., on burnt sacrifices in Devonshire, i. 302

Worthen, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

Wotjobaluk, of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems among the, ii. 215 sq.

Wounding were-wolves in order to compel them to resume their human shape, i. 308 sqq.

Wounds, St. John's wort a balm for, ii. 55

Wreath of woodbine, sick children passed through a, ii. 184

Wreaths of flowers thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 174;

superstitious uses made of the singed wreaths, 174;

hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, 201

Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in, i. 166;

leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, ii. 26

Würzburg, Midsummer fires at, i. 165

[pg 389]

Yabim, the, of New Guinea, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 35;