Index. (continued 2)

[pg 344]

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, ii. 169 sq.

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, i. 159, 165, 336

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, i. 194;

the Yule log in, 249;

wicker giants in, ii. 35

Flax, leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, i. 119;

charms to make flax grow tall, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180

—— crop, omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 165

—— seed sown in direction of flames of bonfire, i. 140, 337

Fleabane as a cure for headache, i. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, i. 211, 212, 217

Flight into Egypt, the, ii. 69 n.

Flints, fire kindled by, i. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, i. 261

Florence, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 126 sq.

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220

Flowers thrown on bonfire, ii. 8;

external souls in, 117 sq.

See also Crown

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs as a protection against lightning, i. 169;

festival of, 177 sq.;

as talismans, 183;

in fires, 184, 188, 190;

wreaths of, hung over doors and windows, 201;

placed on mouths of wells, ii. 28;

divination from, 50

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, i. 171;

the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 sqq.;

used in divination, 52 sq.;

used to dream upon, 52, 54

Flutes, sacred, played at initiation, ii. 241

Fly River, in British New Guinea, ii. 232

“Flying-rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, ii. 281;

used to make a divining-rod, 281 sq.

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, ii. 280;

the totem of a clan in India, 281

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, ii. 3 sqq.

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, ii. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, ii. 153 sqq.

—— -tales, the external soul in, ii. 95 sqq.

Follies of Dunkirk, ii. 34 sq.

Food, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13 sq.;

girls at puberty not allowed to handle, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42

Foods, forbidden, i. 4, 7, 19, 36 sq., 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94

“Fool's Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, i. 195

Forbidden thing of clan, ii. 313

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter in, i. 143

Foreskins of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, ii. 243 sq.

Forespeaking men and cattle, i. 303

Forgetfulness of the past after initiation, ii. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259, 266 sq.

Forked shape of divining-rod, ii. 67 n. 3

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292

Foulères, bonfires, i. 111 n. 1

Foulkes, Captain, quoted, ii. 210

Four kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, ii. 69, 291

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, ii. 36 n. 2

Four-leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316;

at Midsummer useful for magic, ii. 62 sq.

Fowler, W. Warde, on Midsummer custom, i. 206 n. 2;

on sexta luna, ii. 77 n. 1;

on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, 195 n. 4;

on the oak and the thunder-god, 298, 299 n. 2, 300

Fowls' nests, ashes of bonfires put in, i, 112, 338

Fox prayed to spare lambs, i. 152

Foxes burnt in Midsummer fires, ii. 39, 41;

witches turn into, 41

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 n. 1

Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii. 318

Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

France, Lenten fires in, i. 109 sqq.;

Midsummer fires in, 181 sqq.;

fires on All Saints' Day in, 245 sq.;

the Yule log in, 249 sqq.;

wonderful herbs gathered on St. John's Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, ii. 45 sqq.;

mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, 58 sq.;

fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65;

judicial treatment of sorcerers in, 158;

birth-trees in, 165;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in, 170.

See also French

Franche-Comté, Lenten fires in, i. 110 sq.;

fires of St. John in, 189;

the Yule log in, 254

[pg 345]

Franken, Middle, fire custom at Easter in, i. 143

Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Fraser Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Freiburg, in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 119;

fern and treasure on St. John's Night in, ii. 288

Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the cathedral of, ii. 189

French cure for whooping-cough, ii. 192 n. 1

—— Islands, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 229 n.

—— peasants, their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, i. 137 n.

Friction of wood, fire made by the, i. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 sq., 148, 155, 169 sq., 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 sqq., 335 sq., ii. 8;

the most primitive mode of making fire, 90, 295

“Friendly Society of the Spirit” among the Naudowessies, ii. 267

Frigg or Frigga, the goddess, and Balder, i. 101, 102

Fringes worn over the eyes by girls at puberty, i. 47, 48

Fruit-trees threatened, i. 114;

Midsummer fires lit under, 215;

shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, 248;

fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 280;

fertilized by burning torches, 340

Fuga daemonum, St. John's wort, ii. 55

Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, ii. 28

Fumigating crops with smoke of bonfires, i. 201, 337

—— sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

Fumigation of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i. 170;

of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, 280;

of byres with juniper, 296;

of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, ii. 64

Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, ii. 191

Funeral, customs observed by mourners after a funeral in order to escape from the ghost, ii. 174 sqq.

—— ceremony among the Michemis, i. 5

Furnace, walking through a fiery, ii. 3 sqq.

Furness, W. H., on passing under an archway, ii. 179 sq., 180 n. 1

Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 n. 1

Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, ii. 57

Gaboon, birth-trees in the, ii. 160;

theory of the external soul in, 200 sq.

Gacko, need-fire at, i. 286

Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft trees, ii. 171

Gage, Thomas, on naguals among the Indians of Guatemala, ii. 213

Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. 89

Galatians kept their old Celtic speech, ii. 89 n. 2

Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 79

Galelareese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. 248

Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, i. 199

Gallows Hill, magical plants gathered on the, ii. 57

—— -rope used to kindle need-fire, i. 277

Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, i. 277

Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire at, ii. 39 sq.

Gardner, Mrs. E. A., i. 131 n. 1

Garlands of flowers placed on wells at Midsummer, ii. 28;

thrown on trees, a form of divination, 53

Garlic roasted at Midsummer fires, i. 193

Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 193

Gatschet, A. S., on the Toukawe Indians, ii. 276 n. 2

Gaul, “serpents' eggs” in ancient, i. 15;

human sacrifices in ancient, ii. 32 sq.

Gauls, their fortification walls, i. 267 sq.

Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, the Ingniet society in the, ii. 156

Gem, external soul of magician in a, ii. 105 sq.;

external soul of giant in a, 130

Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

Genius, the Roman, ii. 212 n.

Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Gerhausen, i. 166

German stories of the external soul, ii. 116 sqq.

Germans, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, ii. 28 n. 1;

the oak sacred among the, 89

Germany, Lenten fires in, i. 115 sq.;

Easter bonfires in, 140 sqq.;

custom at eclipses in, 162 n.;

the Midsummer fires in, 163 sqq.;

the Yule log in, 247 sqq.;

belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, 321 n. 2;

colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the [pg 346] back attributed to witchcraft in, 344 sq.;

mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59;

orpine gathered at Midsummer in, 62 n.;

fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65;

mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83;

the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, 91;

oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, 91 sq.;

birth-trees in, 165;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, 170 sqq.

Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, ii. 125 sq.

Gewar, King of Norway, i. 103

Ghost, oracular, in a cave, ii. 312 sq.

Ghosts extracted from wooden posts, i. 8;

fire used to get rid of, ii. 17 sqq.;

mugwort a protection against, 59;

kept off by thorn bushes, 174 sq.;

creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, 174 sqq.

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, ii. 96 sqq., 119 sq.;

mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, 243

Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Giants of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, ii. 33 sqq.;

burnt in the summer bonfires, 38

Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144

Gion shrine in Japan, i. 138

Gippsland, the Kurnai of, ii. 216

Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, i. 315 n. 1

Girdle of wolf's hide worn by were-wolves, i. 310 n. 1;

of St. John, mugwort, ii. 59

Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John's Day or Eve as preservative against backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, ii. 59

Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Girl at puberty said to be wounded by a snake, i. 56;

to be swallowed by a serpent, 57

—— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, 281

Girls at puberty, secluded, i. 22 sqq.;

not allowed to touch the ground, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60;

not allowed to see the sun, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68;

not allowed to handle food, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42; half buried in ground, 38 sqq.;

not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 47, 50, 53, 92;

not allowed to lie down, 44;

gashed on back, breast, and belly, 60;

stung by ants, 61;

beaten severely, 61, 66 sq.;

supposed to be attacked by a demon, 67 sq.;

not to see the sky, 69;

forbidden to break bones of hares, 73 n. 3

Gisors, crawling through a holed stone near, ii. 188

Givoy agon, living fire, made by the friction of wood, i. 220

Glamorgan, the Vale of, Beltane and Midsummer fires in the, i. 154;

Midsummer fires in, 201, 338

Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, i. 251

Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, i. 317

Glass, the Magician's or Druid's, i. 16

Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 20 n.

Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, i. 217

Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 sqq.

Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

“Glory, the Hand of,” mandragora, ii. 316

Gloucestershire, mistletoe growing on oaks in, ii. 316

Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, ii. 235

Gnid-eld, need-fire, i. 280

Goajiras of Colombia, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 34 n. 1

Goatsucker or fern owl, sex totem of women, ii. 217

God, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, i. 265

—— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, ii. 264

Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Gold, the flower of chicory to be cut with, ii. 71;

root of marsh mallow to be dug with, 80 n. 3;

buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, 287 sqq., 291

—— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, ii. 57.

See also Golden

Golden axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, ii. 80 n. 3

Golden Bough, the, ii. 279 sqq.;

and the priest of Aricia, i. 1;

a branch of mistletoe, ii. 284 sqq., 315 sqq.;

Virgil's account of the, 284 sq., 286, 293 sq., 315 sqq.;

origin of the name, 286 sqq.

—— fish, girl's external soul in a, ii. 147 sq., 220

—— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, ii. 80 n. 3

—— ring, half a hero's strength in a, ii. 143

—— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, ii. 77, 88;

sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, 80 n. 3

[pg 347]

Golden sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, ii. 145

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the ukpong or external soul in Calabar, ii. 206

Goliath, effigy of, ii. 36

Goluan, Midsummer, i. 199

Good Friday, Judas driven out of church on, i. 146;

the divining-rod cut on, ii. 68 n. 4;

sick children passed through cleft trees on, 172

Goodrich-Freer, A., quoted, i. 154 n. 3

Googe, Barnabe, i. 124

Gooseberry bushes, wild, custom as to, ii. 48

Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202

Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, ii. 75

Grain Coast, West Africa, initiation of girls on the, ii. 259

Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the “Crown of Roses” at, i. 195;

the Yule log at, 249

Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, i. 19

Grand Halleux, bonfires at, i. 107

Grannas-mias, torches, i. 111

Granno, invocation of, i. 111 sq.

Granno-mio, a torch, i. 111

Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, i. 111 sq.

Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, i. 342 n. 4

Grass, ceremony to make grass plentiful, i. 136

Gratz, puppet burned on St. John's Eve at, i. 173

Grave, dance at initiation in, ii. 237

Great Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of lightning, ii. 298

Greece, Midsummer fires in, i. 211 sq.;

mistletoe in, ii. 316, 317

Greek belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 n. 1

—— Church, ritual of the new fire at Easter in the, i. 128 sq.

—— stories of girls who were forbidden to see the sun, i. 72 sqq.;

of the external soul, ii. 103 sqq.

Greeks deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. 299

Green Wolf, Brotherhood of the, ii. 15 n.;

at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 sq., ii. 25, 88

Greenlanders, their notion that women can conceive by the moon, i. 75 sq.

Gregor, Rev. Walter, ii. 284 n. 1;

on virtue of children born feet foremost, i. 295 n. 3;

on the “quarter-ill,” 296 n. 1;

on the bewitching of cattle, 303

Greig, James S., ii. 187 n. 3

Greta, river in Yorkshire, i. 287

Grey, Sir George, on the kobong or totem, ii. 219 sq.

Grimm, J., on need-fire, i. 270 n., 272 sq.;

on the relation of the Midsummer fires to Balder, ii. 87 n. 6;

on the sanctity of the oak, 89;

on the oak and lightning, 300

Grisons, threatening a mist in the, i. 280

Grizzly Bear clan, ii. 274

Groot, J. J. M. de, on mugwort in China, ii. 60

Grottkau, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Ground, sacred persons not allowed to set foot on, i. 2 sqq.;

not to sit on bare, 4, 5, 12;

girls at puberty not allowed to touch the, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60;

magical plants not to touch the, ii. 51;

mistletoe not allowed to touch the, 280

Grouse clan, ii. 273

Grove, Miss Florence, on withered mistletoe, ii. 287 n. 1

Grove, Balder's, i. 104, ii. 315;

sacred grove of Nemi, 315;

soul of chief in sacred, 161.

See also Arician

Grubb, Rev. W. B., i. 57 n. 1

Grün, in Bohemia, mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer at, ii. 58 n. 1

Guacheta in Colombia, i. 74

Guaranis of Brazil, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 56

Guaraunos of the Orinoco, uncleanness of menstruous women among the, i. 85 sq.

Guardian angels, afterbirth and navel-string regarded as a man's, ii. 162 n. 2

—— spirit, afterbirth and seed regarded as, ii. 223 n. 2;

acquired in a dream, 256 sq.

Guatemala, the nagual or external soul among the Indians of, ii. 212 sq.

Guatusos of Costa Rica, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 230 n.

Guayquiries of the Orinoco, their beliefs as to menstruous women, i. 85

Guelphs, the oak of the, ii. 166

Guiana, British, the Macusis of, i. 60;

ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 63 sq.

——, French, the Wayanas of, i. 63

Guizing at Christmas in Lerwick, i. 268 sq.

Guleesh and the fairies at Hallowe'en, i. 277 sq.

Gunn, David, kindles need-fire, i. 291

Guns fired to drive away witches, ii. 74

Gwalior, Holi fires in, ii. 2

Hadji Mohammad shoots a were-wolf, i. 312 sq.

[pg 348]

Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 44 sq.

Hail, bonfires thought to protect fields against, i. 344;

ceremonies to avert, 144, 145;

Midsummer fires a protection against, 176;

mountain arnica a protection against, ii. 57 sq.

—— and thunderstorms caused by witches, i. 344

Hainan, island, i. 137

Hainaut, province of Belgium, fire customs in, i. 108;

procession of giants in, ii. 36

Hair, unguent for, i. 14;

prohibition to cut, 28;

of girls at puberty shaved, 31, 56, 57, 59;

Hindoo ritual of cutting a child's, 99 n. 2;

of the Virgin or St. John looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182 sq., 190, 191;

external soul in, ii. 103 sq., 148;

strength of people bound up with their, 158 sq.;

of criminals, witches, and wizards shorn to make them confess, 158 sq.;

of children tied to trees, 165;

of novices cut at initiation, 245, 251

—— and nails of child buried under a tree, ii. 161

Hairy Stone, the, at Midsummer, i. 212

Halberstadt district, need-fire in the, i. 273

Hall, C. F., among the Esquimaux, i. 13, 134

——, Rev. G. R., quoted, i. 198

Hallowe'en, new fire at, in Ireland, i. 139;

an old Celtic festival of New Year, 224 sqq.;

divination at, 225, 228 sqq.;

witches, hobgoblins, and fairies let loose at, 226 sqq., 245;

witches and fairies active on, ii. 184 n. 4, 185

—— and Beltane, the two chief fire festivals of the British Celts, ii. 40 sq.

—— cakes, i. 238, 241, 245

—— fires, i. 222 sq., 230 sqq.;

in Wales, 156

Halmahera, rites of initiation in, ii. 248

Haltwhistle, in Northumberland, burnt sacrifice at, i. 301

Hamilton, Gavin, quoted, i. 47 sq.

Hammocks, girls at puberty hung up in, i. 56, 59, 60, 61, 66

“Hand of Glory,” mandragora, ii. 316

Hannibal despoils the shrine on Soracte, ii. 15

Hanover, the need-fire in, i. 275;

Easter bonfires in, 140;

custom on St. John's Day about, ii. 56

Hare, pastern bone of a, in a popular remedy, i. 17

Hares, witches in the form of, i. 157;

witches changed into, 315 n. 1, 316 sqq., ii. 41

Hares and witches in Yorkshire, ii. 197

Hareskin Tinneh, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 48

Harris, Slope of Big Stones in, i. 227

Hartland, E. S., on the life-token, ii. 119 n.

Haruvarus, degenerate Brahmans, their fire-walk, ii. 9

Harz district, Easter bonfires in the, i. 140;

Midsummer fires in the, 169

—— Mountains, Easter fires in the, i. 142;

need-fire in the, 276;

springwort in the, ii. 69 sqq.

Hats, special, worn by girls at puberty, i. 45, 46, 47, 92.

See also Hoods

Hausa story of the external soul, ii. 148 sq.

Hawaiians, the New Year of the, ii. 244

Hawkweed gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Hawthorn, mistletoe on, ii. 315, 316

Haxthausen, A. von, i. 181

Hays of Errol, their fate bound up with an oak-tree and the mistletoe growing on it, ii. 283 sq.

Hazebrouch, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. 35

Hazel, the divining-rod made of, ii. 67 sq.;

never struck by lightning, 69 n.

—— rods to drive cattle with, i. 204

Headache, cure for, i. 17;

mugwort a protection against, ii. 59

Headdress, special, worn by girls at first menstruation, i. 92

Headless Hugh, Highland story of, ii. 130 sq.

—— horsemen in India, ii. 131 n. 1

Heads or faces of menstruous women covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90

Hearne, Samuel, quoted, i. 90 sq.

Heart of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, i. 321 sq.

Hearts of diseased cattle cut out and hung up as a remedy, i. 269 n. 1, 325

Heaven, the Queen of, ii. 303

—— and earth, between, i. 1 sqq., 98 sq.

Hector, first chief of Lochbuy, ii. 131 n. 1

Heiberg, Sigurd K., i. 171 n. 3

Heifer sacrificed at kindling need-fire, i. 290

Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, Hallowe'en at, i. 237 n. 5

“Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226

Helmsdale, in Sutherland, need-fire at, i. 295

Helpful animals in fairy tales, ii. 107, 117, 120, 127 sqq., 130, 132, 133, 139 n. 2, 140 sq., 149

Hemlock branch, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 152

[pg 349]

Hemlock branches, passing through a ring of, in time of sickness, ii. 186

—— stone in Nottinghamshire, i. 157

Hemorrhoids, root of orpine a cure for, ii. 62 n.

Hemp, how to make hemp grow tall, i. 109;

leaping over the Midsummer bonfire to make the hemp grow tall, 166, 168

—— seed, divination by, i. 235, 241, 245

Hen and chickens imitated by a woman and her children at Christmas, i. 260

Henderson, William, on need-fire, i. 288 sq.;

on a remedy for cattle-disease, 296 n. 1;

on burnt sacrifice of ox, 301

Hen's egg, external soul of giant in a, ii. 140 sq.

Henshaw, Richard, on external or bush souls in Calabar, ii. 205 sq.

Hephaestus worshipped in Lemnos, i. 138

Herb, a magic, gathered at Hallowe'en, i. 228

—— of St. John, mugwort, ii. 58

Herbs thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 182, 201;

wonderful, gathered on St. John's Eve or Day, ii. 45 sqq.;

of St. John, wonderful virtues ascribed to, 46

—— and flowers cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173

Hercules at Argyrus, temple of, i. 99 n. 3

Herdsmen dread witches and wolves, i. 343

Herefordshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199;

the Yule log in, 257 sq.

Herndon, W. L., quoted, i. 62 n. 3

Hernia, cure for, i. 98 n. 1

Herodias, cursed by Slavonian peasants, i. 345

Herrera, A. de, on naguals among the Indians of Honduras, ii. 213 sq.

Herrick, Robert, on the Yule log, i. 255

Herring, salt, divination by, i. 239

Herzegovina, the Yule log in, i. 263;

need-fire in, 288

Hesse, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 118;

Easter fires in, 140;

wells decked with flowers on Midsummer Day in, ii. 28

Hewitt, J. N. B., on need-fire of the Iroquois, i. 299 sq.

Hiaina district of Morocco, ii. 51

Hidatsa Indians, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. 221 sq.

Hieracium pilosella, mouse-ear hawk-weed, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Higgins, Rev. J. C., i. 207 n. 2

High Alps, department of the, Midsummer fires in the, ii. 39 sq.

High Priest, the Fijian, ii. 245

Highland story of Headless Hugh, ii. 130 sq.

Highlanders of Scotland, their medicinal applications of menstruous blood, i. 98 n. 1;

their belief in the power of witches to destroy cattle, 343 n. 1;

their belief concerning snake stones, ii. 311

Highlands of Scotland, snake stones in the, i. 16;

Beltane fires in the, 146 sqq.;

divination at Hallowe'en in the, 229, 234 sqq.;

need-fire and Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak in the, ii. 91

Hildesheim, Easter rites of fire and water at, i. 124;

Easter bonfires at, 141;

the need-fire at, 272 sq.;

hawk-weed gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. 57

Hill of the Fires in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 149

—— of Ward, in County Meath, i. 139

Himalayan districts, mistletoe in the, ii. 316

Hindoo maidens secluded at puberty, i. 68

—— marriage custom, i. 75

—— ritual, abstinence from salt in, i. 27;

as to cutting a child's hair, 99 n. 2

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 97 sqq.

—— use of menstruous fluid, i. 98 n. 1

—— women, their restrictions at menstruation, i. 84

Hindoos of Southern India, their Pongol festival, ii. 1;

of the Punjaub, their custom of passing unlucky children through narrow openings, 190

Hippopotamus, external soul of chief in, ii. 200;

lives of persons bound up with those of hippopotamuses, 201, 202, 205, 209

Hirpi Sorani, their fire-walk, ii. 14 sq.

Hlubi chief, his external soul in a pair of ox-horns, ii. 156

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, on Hallowe'en in Wales, i. 239

Hogg, Alexander, i. 206

Hogmanay, the last day of the year, i. 224, 266

Hohenstaufen Mountains in Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in the, i. 166

Hole in tongue of medicine-man, ii. 238, 239

Holed stones which people creep through as a cure, ii. 187 sqq.

Holes in rocks or stones, sick people passed through, ii. 186 sqq.

Holi, a festival of Northern India, ii. 2 sq.

Holiness or taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs to be insulated, i. 6 sq.

[pg 350]

Holland, Easter fires in, i. 145

Hollantide Eve (Hallowe'en) in the Isle of Man, i. 244

Hollertau, Bavaria, Easter fires in the, i. 122

Hollis, A. C., ii. 262 n. 2

Holly-tree, children passed through a cleft, ii. 169 n. 2

Holm-oak, the Golden Bough growing on a, ii. 285

Holy Apostles, church of the, at Florence, i. 126

—— Land, fire flints brought from the, i. 126

—— of Holies, the Fijian, ii. 244, 245

—— Sepulchre, church of the, at Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire in the, i. 128 sq.

Homesteads protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i. 344

Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 49, 133, ii. 287

Homoeopathy, magical, ii. 177

Homolje mountains in Servia, i. 282

Honduras, the nagual or external soul among the Indians of, ii. 213 sq., 226 n. 1

Honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 sqq.

Hoods worn by women after childbirth, i. 20;

worn by girls at puberty, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55;

worn by women at menstruation, 90.

See also Hats

Hoop, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. 184;

of rowan-tree, sheep forced through a, 184

Hoopoe brings the mythical springwort, ii. 70 n. 2

Horatius purified for the murder of his sister, ii. 194

Hornbeam, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Horse, the White, effigy carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203 sq.;

witch in the shape of a, 319

—— sacrifice in ancient India, ii. 80 n. 3

Horse's head thrown into Midsummer fire, ii. 40

Horse-chestnut, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Horses used by sacred persons, i. 4 n. 1;

not to be touched or ridden by menstruous women, 88 sq., 96;

driven through the need-fire, 276, 297

Hos, the, of Togoland (West Africa), their dread of menstruous women, i. 82

Hose, Dr. Charles, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii. 175 sq.

—— and W. McDougall, on the ngarong or secret helper of the Ibans, ii. 224 n. 1

Hother, Hodr, or Hod, the blind god, and Balder, i. 101 sqq., ii. 279 n. 4

Hottentots drive their sheep through fire, ii. 11 sqq.

House-communities of the Servians, i. 259 n. 1

Houses protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i. 344;

made fast against witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. 73

“—— of the soul” in Isaiah, ii. 155 n. 3

Housman, Professor A. E., on the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i. 220 sq.

Houstry, in Caithness, need-fire at, i. 291 sq.

Howitt, A. W., on seclusion of menstruous women, i. 78;

on killing a totem animal, ii. 220 n. 2;

on secrecy of totem names, 225 n.;

on the drama of resurrection at initiation, 235 sqq.

Howitt, Miss E. B., ii. 226 n. 1

Howth, the western promontory of, Midsummer fire on, i. 204

—— Castle, life-tree of the St. Lawrence family at, ii. 166

Huahine, one of the Tahitian islands, ii. 11 n. 3

Hudson Bay Territory, the Chippeways of, i. 90

Hughes, Miss E. P., on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 n. 1

Human beings burnt in the fires, ii. 21 sqq.

—— divinities put to death, i. 1 sq.

—— sacrifices at fire-festivals, i. 106;

traces of, 146, 148, 150 sqq., 186, ii. 31;

offered by the ancient Germans, ii. 28 n. 1;

among the Celts of Gaul, 32 sq.;

the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 sqq.;

Mannhardt's theory, 43

—— victims annually burnt, ii. 286 n. 2

Hungarian story of the external soul, ii. 140

Hungary, Midsummer fires in, i. 178 sq.

Hunt, Holman, his picture of the new fire at Jerusalem, i. 130 n.

Hunt, Robert, on burnt sacrifices, i. 303

Hunters avoid girls at puberty, i. 44, 46;

luck of, spoiled by menstruous women, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94

Huon Gulf in German New Guinea, ii. 239

Hupa Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42

Hurons of Canada, custom of their women at menstruation, i. 88 n. 1

Huskanaw, initiatory ceremony of the Virginian Indians, ii. 266

Hut burnt at Midsummer, i. 215 sq.

Hutchinson, W., quoted, i. 197 n. 4

Huts, special, for menstruous women, i. 79, 82, 85 sqq.

Huzuls of the Carpathians kindle new fire at Christmas, i. 264;

gather simples on St. John's Night, ii. 49

Hyaenas, men turned into, i. 313

[pg 351]

Hypericum perforatum, St. John's wort, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 54 sqq.

See also St. John's Wort

Hyphear, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Hyrrockin, a giantess, i. 102

Ibans of Borneo, their ngarong or secret helper, ii. 224 n. 1

Ibos of the Niger delta, their belief in external human souls lodged in animals, ii. 203 sq.

Ibrahim Pasha, i. 129

Icelandic stories of the external soul, ii. 123 sqq.

Icolmkill, the hill of the fires in, i. 149

Ideler, L., on the Arab year before Mohammed, i. 217 n. 1

Idhlozi, ancestral spirit in serpent form, ii. 211

Iglulik, Esquimaux of, i. 134

Ilmenau, witches burnt at, i. 6

Iluvans of Malabar, marriage custom of, i. 5

Image of god carried through fire, ii. 4;

reason for carrying over a fire, 24

Images, colossal, filled with human victims and burnt, ii. 32 sq.

Imitative magic, i. 329, ii. 231

Immortality, the burdensome gift of, i. 99 sq.;

of the soul, experimental demonstration of the, ii. 276

Immortelles, wreaths of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177

Implements, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 sq.

Impregnation of women by the sun, i. 74 sq.;

by the moon, 75 sq.

“—— rite” at Hindoo marriages, i. 75

Inauguration of a king in Brahmanic ritual, i. 4

Inca, fast of the future, i. 19

Incas of Peru, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 132

Incantation recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290

Inconsistency and vagueness of primitive thought, ii. 301 sq.

India, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68 sqq.;

fire-festivals in, ii. 1 sqq.;

sixty years' cycle in, 77 n. 1;

the horse-sacrifice in ancient, 80 n. 3;

torture of suspected witches in, 159;

ancient, traditional cure of skin disease in, 192;

Loranthus in, 317

Indian Archipelago, birth-custom in the, ii. 155

—— legend parallel to Balder myth, ii. 280

Indians of Costa Rica, their customs in fasts, i. 20

—— of Granada seclude their future rulers, i. 19

Indians of North America, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, i. 5;

seclusion of girls among the, 41 sqq.;

imitate lightning by torches, 340 n. 1;

rites of initiation into religious associations among the, ii. 267 sqq.

“Index of Superstitions,” i. 270

Indra and Apala, in the Rigveda, ii. 192

—— and the demon Namuci, Indian legend of, ii. 280

Indrapoora, story of the daughter of a merchant of, ii. 147

Infants tabooed, i. 5, 20

Ingleborough in Yorkshire, i. 288

Ingleton, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 288

Ingniet or Ingiet, a secret society of New Britain, ii. 156

Initiation, rites in German New Guinea, ii. 193;

at puberty, pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life again during, 225 sqq.;

in Australia, 227, 233 sqq.;

in New Guinea, 239 sqq.;

in Fiji, 243 sqq.;

in Rook, 246;

in New Britain, 246 sq.;

in Halmahera, 248;

in Fiji apparently intended to introduce the novices to the worshipful spirits of the dead, 246;

in Ceram, 249 sqq.;

in Africa, 251 sqq.;

in North America, 266 sqq.

—— of young men, bull-roarers sounded at the, ii. 227 sqq., 233 sqq.;

of a medicine-man in Australia, 237 sqq.

Inn, effigies burnt at Midsummer in the valley of the river, i. 172 sq.

Innerste, river, i. 124

Innuits (Esquimaux), i. 14

Insanity, burying in an ant-hill as a cure for, i. 64

Inspired men walk through fire unharmed, ii. 5 sq.

Insulation of women at menstruation, i. 97

Interpretation of the fire-festivals, i. 328 sqq., ii. 15 sqq.

Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153

Invulnerability conferred by a species of mistletoe, ii. 79 sq.;

conferred by decoction of a parasitic orchid, 81;

of Balder, 94;

attained through blood-brotherhood with animal, 201;

thought to be attained through initiation, 275 sq., 276 n. 1

Invulnerable warlock or giant, stories of the, ii. 97 sqq.

Ipswich witches, i. 304 sq.

Iran, marriage custom in, i. 75

Ireland, the Druid's Glass in, i. 16;

new fire at Hallowe'en in, 139, 225;

Beltane fires in, 157 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, 201 sqq.;

fairies at Hallowe'en [pg 352] in, 226 sq.;

Hallowe'en customs in, 241 sq.;

witches as hares in, 315 n. 1;

bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29;

cure for whooping-cough in, 192 n. 1

Irish story of the external soul, ii. 132

Iron not to be used in digging fern root, ii. 65;

mistletoe gathered without the use of, 78;

not to be used in cutting certain plants, 81 n.;

custom observed by the Toradjas at the working of, 154

Iron-wort, bunches of, held in the smoke of the Midsummer fires, i. 179

Iroquois, ceremony of the new fire among the, i. 133 sq.;

need-fire among the, 299 sq.

Isaiah, “houses of the soul” in, ii. 155 n. 3

Isfendiyar and Rustem, i. 104 sq., 314

Island, need-fire kindled in an, i. 290 sq., 291 sq.

Isle de France, Midsummer giant burnt in, ii. 38

—— of Man, Beltane fires in the, i. 157.

See Man, Isle of

Istria, the Croats of, ii. 75

Italian stories of the external soul, ii. 105, sqq.;

ancient practice of passing conquered enemies under a yoke, 193 sq.

Italians, the oak the chief sacred tree among the ancient, ii. 89

Italy, birth-trees in, ii. 165;

mistletoe in, 316, 317

Itongo, plural amatongo, ii. 202 n.

Ivory Coast, totemism among the Siena of the, ii. 220 n. 2

Ivy to dream on, i. 242

Ixia, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Jablanica, need-fire at, i. 286

Jack-in-the-Green, ii. 37

Jaffa, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.

Jakkaneri, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 9

James, M. R., on the Sibyl's Wish, i. 100 n.

James and Philip, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158

Jamieson, J., on the “quarter-ill,” i. 296 n. 1

January, the Holi festival in, ii. 1;

the fire-walk in, 8

—— the sixth, the nativity of Christ on, i. 246

Janus and Jupiter, ii. 302 n. 2

Japan, the Ainos of, i. 20, ii. 60;

the fire-walk in, 9 sq.

Japanese ceremony of new fire, i. 137 sq.

Java, birth-trees in, ii. 161 n. 1

Jebel Bela mountain, in the Sudan, i. 313

Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire, at Easter in, i. 128 sq.

Jeugny, the forest of, ii. 316

Jevons, Dr. F. B., on the Roman genius, ii. 212 n.

Jewitt, John R., on ritual of mimic death among the Nootka Indians, ii. 270

Johanniswurzel, the male fern, ii. 66

Johnstone, Rev. A., quoted, i. 233

Jônee, joanne, jouanne, the Midsummer fire (the fire of St. John), i. 189

Joyce, P. W., on driving cattle through fires, i. 159 n. 2;

on the bisection of the Celtic year, 223 n. 2

Judas, effigies of, burnt in Easter fires, i. 121, 127 sq., 130 sq., 143, 146, ii. 23;

driven out of church on Good Friday, i. 146

—— candle, i. 122 n.

—— fire at Easter, i. 123, 144

Julian calendar used by Mohammedans, i. 218 sq.

July, procession of giants at Douay in, ii. 33

—— the twenty-fifth, St. James's Day, flower of chicory cut on, ii. 71

Jumièges, in Normandy, Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at, i. 185 sq., ii. 25

Jumping over a wife, significance of, i. 23

June, the fifteenth of, St. Vitus's Day, i. 335

—— the fire-walk in, ii. 6

Juniper burnt in need-fire, i. 288;

used to fumigate byres, 296

Juno and Diana, ii. 302 n. 2

Jupiter represented by an oak-tree on the Capitol, ii. 89;

perhaps personified by the King of the Wood, the priest of Diana at Nemi, 302 sq.;

Jupiter and Janus, 302 n. 2

——, cycle of sixty years based on the sidereal revolution of the planet, ii. 77 n. 1

Jura, fire-custom at Lent in the, i. 114

—— Mountains, Midsummer bonfires in the, i. 188 sq.;

the Yule log in the, 249

Jurby, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 305

Jutland, sick children and cattle passed through holes in turf in, ii. 191;

superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 281

Ka, external soul or double in ancient Egypt, ii. 157 n. 2

Kabadi, a district of British New Guinea, i. 35

[pg 353]

Kabenau river, in German New Guinea, ii. 193

Kabyle tale, milk-tie in a, ii. 138 n. 1;

the external soul in a, 139

Kahma, in Burma, annual extinction of fires in, i. 136

Kai of New Guinea, their seclusion of women at menstruation, i. 79;

their use of a cleft stick as a cure, ii. 182;

their rites of initiation, 239 sqq.

Kail, divination by stolen, i. 234 sq.

Kakian association in Ceram, rites of initiation in the, ii. 249 sqq.

Kalmuck story of the external soul, ii. 142

Kamenagora in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178

Kamtchatkans, their purification after a death, ii. 178

Kanna district, Northern Nigeria, ii. 210

Kappiliyans of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Karens of Burma, their custom at childbirth, ii. 157

Kasai River, ii. 264

Katajalina, a spirit who eats up boys at initiation and restores them to life, ii. 234

Katrine, Loch, i. 231

Kauffmann, Professor F., i. 102 n. 1, 103 n.;

on the external soul, ii. 97 n.

Kaupole, a Midsummer pole in Eastern Prussia, ii. 49

Kawars, of India, their cure for fever, ii. 190

Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 242

Kayans or Bahaus of Central Borneo, i. 4 sq.;

custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. 175 sq.;

their way of giving the slip to a demon, 179

Keating, Geoffrey, Irish historian, quoted, i. 139;

on the Beltane fires, 158

Keating, W. H., quoted, i. 89

Kei Islands, birth-custom in the, ii. 155

Keitele, Lake, in Finland, ii. 165

Kemble, J. M., on need-fire, i. 288

Kerry, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Kersavondblok, the Yule log, i. 249

Kersmismot, the Yule log, i. 249

Khambu caste in Sikkhim, their custom after a funeral, ii. 18

Kharwars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstruous women, i. 84

Khasis of Assam, story of the external soul told by the, i. 146 sq.

Khnumu, Egyptian god, fashions a wife for Bata, ii. 135

Khonds, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 n. 2

Kia blacks of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39

Kidd, Dudley, on external souls of chiefs, ii. 156 n. 2

Kildare, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Kilkenny, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Killin, the hill of the fires at, i. 149

Killing a totem animal, ii. 220

—— the novice and bringing him to life again at initiation, pretence of, ii. 225

King, nominal, chosen at Midsummer, i. 194, ii. 25;

presides at summer bonfire, 38

—— and Queen of Roses, i. 195

—— of the Bean, i. 153 n. 3

—— of Summer chosen on St. Peter's Day, i. 195

—— of the Wood at Nemi put to death, i. 2;

in the Arician grove a personification of an oak-spirit, ii. 285;

the priest of Diana at Aricia, perhaps personified Jupiter, 302 sq.

See also Kings

Kingaru, clan of the Wadoe, ii. 313

Kings, sacred or divine, put to death, i. 1 sq.;

subject to taboos, 2

—— and priests, their sanctity analogous to the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 97 sq.

—— of Uganda, their life bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. 160

Kings, The Epic of, i. 104

Kingsley, Miss Mary H., on external or bush souls, ii. 204 sq.;

on rites of initiation in West Africa, 259

Kingussie, in Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153

Kinship created by the milk-tie, ii. 138 n. 1

Kirchmeyer, Thomas, author of Regnum Papisticum, i. 124, 125 n. 1;

his account of Midsummer customs, 162 sq.

Kirghiz story of girl who might not see the sun, i. 74

Kirk Andreas, in the Isle of Man, i. 306

Kirkmichael, in Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes at, i. 153

Kirton Lindsey, in Lincolnshire, i. 318;

medical use of mistletoe at, ii. 84

Kitching, Rev. A. L., on cure for lightning stroke, ii. 298 n. 2

Kiwai, island off New Guinea, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 232

Kiziba, to the west of Victoria Nyanza, theory of the afterbirth in, ii. 162 n. 2

Kloo, in the Queen Charlotte Islands, i. 45

Knawel, St. John's blood on root of, ii. 56

[pg 354]

Knife, divination by, i. 241;

soul of child bound up with, ii. 157;

“Darding Knife,” honorific totem of the Carrier Indians, 273, 274 sq.

Kobong, totem, in Western Australia, ii. 219 sq.

Köhler, Joh., lights need-fire and burnt as a witch, i. 270 sq.

Köhler, Reinhold, on the external soul in folk-tales, ii. 97 n.

Kolelo, in East Africa, ii. 313

Konz on the Moselle, custom of rolling a burning wheel down hill at, i. 118, 163 sq., 337 sq.

Kooboos of Sumatra, their theory of the afterbirth and navel-string, ii. 162 n. 2

Koppenwal, church of St. Corona at, ii. 188 sq.

Koran, passage of, used as a charm, i. 18

Koryaks, their festivals of the dead and subsequent purification, ii. 178;

their custom in time of pestilence, 179

Koshchei the Deathless, Russian story of, ii. 108 sqq.

Koskimo Indians of British Columbia, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 n.

Kreemer, J., on the Looboos of Sumatra, ii. 182 sq.

Kroeber, A. L., quoted, i. 41 sq.

Kruijt, A. C., on Toradja custom as to the working of iron, ii. 154 n. 3

Kuga, an evil spirit, i. 282

Kuhn, Adalbert, on need-fire, i. 273;

on Midsummer fire, 335;

on the divining-rod, ii. 67

Kühnau, R., on precautions against witches in Silesia, ii. 20 n.

Kukunjevac, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Kulin nation of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems in the, ii. 216

—— tribe of Victoria, ii. 226 n. 1

Kumaon, in North-West India, the Holi festival in, ii. 2

Kupalo, image of, burnt or thrown into stream on St. John's Night, i. 176;

effigy of, carried across fire and thrown into water, ii. 5, 23

Kupalo's Night, Midsummer Eve, i. 175, 176

Kurnai, a tribe of Gippsland, sex totems and fights concerning them among the, ii. 215 n. 1, 216

Küstendil, in Bulgaria, need-fire at, i. 281

Kwakiutl, Indians of British Columbia, their story of an ogress whose life was in a hemlock branch, ii. 152;

pass through a hemlock ring in time of epidemic, 186

Kylenagranagh, the hill of, in Ireland, i. 324

La Manche, in Normandy, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 115

La Paz, in Bolivia, Midsummer fires at, i. 213;

Midsummer flowers at, ii. 50 sq.

Lacaune, belief as to mistletoe at, ii. 83

Lachlan River, in Australia, ii. 233

Lachlins of Rum and deer, superstition concerning, ii. 284

Ladyday, ii. 282

Lahn, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248

Lamb burnt alive to save the rest of the flock, i. 301

Lammas, the first of August, superstitious practice at, i. 98 n. 1

Lamoa, gods in Poso, ii. 154

Lancashire, Hallowe'en customs in, i. 244 sq.

Landak, district of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. 164

Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 286

Lang, Andrew, on the fire-walk, ii. 2 n. 1;

on the bull-roarer, 228 n. 2

Language of animals learned by means of fern-seed, ii. 66 n.

L'ánṣăra (El Anṣarah), Midsummer Day in North Africa, i. 213, 214 n.

Lanyon, in Cornwall, holed stone near, ii. 187

Laon, Midsummer fires near, i. 187

Laos, custom of elephant hunters in, i. 5;

the natives of, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 222

Lapps, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 91;

their story of the external soul, ii. 140 sq.;

their custom of shooting arrows at skin of dead bear, 280 n.

Larkspur, looking at Midsummer bonfires through bunches of, i. 163, 165 sq.

Larrakeeyah tribe of South Australia, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 38

Laurus and Florus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220

Lausitz, Midsummer fires in, i. 170;

marriage oaks in, ii. 165

Lawgivers, ancient, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 sq.

Lead, melted, divination by, i. 242

Leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day, ii. 25 sq.

Leaping over bonfires to ensure good crops, i. 107;

as a preventive of colic, 107, 195 sq., 344;

to make the flax grow tall, 119, 165, 166, 166 sq., 168, 173, 174, 337;

to ensure a happy marriage, 107, 108;

to ensure a plentiful harvest, 155, 156;

to be free from backache at reaping, 165, 168;

[pg 355]

as a preventive of fever, 166, 173, 194;

for luck, 171, 189;

in order to be free from ague, 174;

in order to marry and have many children, 204, 338 sq.;

as cure of sickness, 214;

to procure offspring, 214, 338;

over ashes of fire as remedy for skin diseases, ii. 2;

after a burial to escape the ghost, 18;

a panacea for almost all ills, 20;

as a protection against witchcraft, 40

Leaping of women over the Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, i. 194, 339

Leaps of lovers over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Leather, Mrs. Ella Mary, on the Yule log, i. 257 sq.

Lebanon, peasants of the, their dread of menstruous women, i. 83 sq.

Lech, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 166

Lechrain, the divining rod in, ii. 68

Lecky, W. E. H., on the treatment of magic and witchcraft by the Christian Church, ii. 42 n. 2

Lee, the laird of, his “cureing stane,” i. 325

Leeting the witches, i. 245

Legends of persons who could not die, i. 99 sq.

Legs and thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296 n. 1, 325

Leine, river, i. 124

Leinster, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Leitrim, Midsummer fires in County, i. 203;

divination at Hallowe'en in, 242;

need-fire in, 297;

witch as hare in, 318

Lemnos, worship of Hephaestus in, i. 138

Lemon, external souls of ogres in a, ii. 102

Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, i. 75 n. 2;

seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 56;

masquerade of boys among, 57 n. 1

Lent, the first Sunday in, fire-festival on, i. 107 sqq.;

bonfires on, 107 sqq.

Lenten fires, i. 106 sqq.

Lenz, H. O., on ancient names for mistletoe, ii. 318

Leobschütz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170

Leonard, Major A. G., on souls of people in animals, ii. 206 n. 2

Leopard the commonest familiar of Fan wizards, ii. 202

Leopards, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206;

external human souls in, 207

Lerwick, Christmas guizing at, i. 268 sq.;

procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at, 268;

celebration of Up-helly-a' at, 269 n. 1

Lesachthal (Carinthia), new fire at Easter in the, i. 124

Lesbos, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 211 sq.

Leslie, David, on Caffre belief as to spirits of the dead incarnate in serpents, ii. 211 n. 2, 212 n.

L'Étoile, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Lettermore Island, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Letts of Russia, Midsummer fires among the, i. 177 sq.;

gather aromatic plants on Midsummer Day, ii. 50

Lewis, Professor W. J., i. 127 n. 1

Lewis, island of, custom of fiery circle in the, i. 151 n.;

need-fire in the, 293

Lexicon Mythologicum, author of, on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 n. 3

Lhwyd, Edward, on snake stones, i. 16 n. 1

License, annual period of, i. 135;

at Midsummer festival, 180, 339

Liège, Lenten fires near, i. 108

Lierre, in Belgium, the witches' Sabbath at, ii. 73

Life of community bound up with life of divine king, i. 1 sq.;

the water of, ii. 114 sq.;

of woman bound up with ornament, 156;

of a man bound up with the capital of a column, 156 sq.;

of a man bound up with fire in hut, 157;

of child bound up with knife, 157;

of children bound up with trees, 160 sqq.;

the divisibility of, 221.

See also Soul

—— -indices, trees and plants as, ii. 160 sqq.

—— -tokens in fairy tales, ii. 118 n. 1

—— -tree of the Manchu dynasty at Peking, ii. 167 sq.

—— -trees of kings of Uganda, ii. 160

Ligho, a heathen deity of the Letts, i. 177, 178 n. 1

Light, girls at puberty not allowed to see the, i. 57;

external soul of witch in a, ii. 116

Lightning, charred sticks of Easter fire used as a talisman against, i. 121, 124, 140 sq., 145, 146;

the Easter candle a talisman against, 122;

brands of the Midsummer bonfires a protection against, 166 n. 1, 183;

flowers thrown on roofs at Midsummer as a protection against, 169;

charred sticks of bonfires a protection against, 174, 187, 188, 190;

ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 187, 188, 190;

torches interpreted as imitations [pg 356] of, 340 n. 1;

bonfires a protection against, 344;

a magical coal a protection against, ii. 61;

pine-tree struck by, used to make bull-roarer, 231;

superstitions about trees struck by, 296 sqq.;

thought to be caused by a great bird, 297;

strikes oaks oftener than any other tree of the European forests, 298 sq.;

regarded as a god descending out of heaven, 298;

mode of treating persons who have been struck by, 298 n. 2;

places struck by lightning enclosed and deemed sacred, 299.

See also Thunder

Lightning and thunder, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;

mountain arnica a protection against, ii. 57 sq.

Lillooet Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 52 sq.

Limburg, processions, with torches in, i. 107 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, 194;

the Yule log in, 249

Lime-kiln in divination, i. 235, 243

—— -tree, the bloom of the, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49;

mistletoe on limes, 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 281, 283, 286

Lincolnshire, the Yule log in, i. 257;

witches as cats and hares in, 318;

calf buried to stop a murrain in, 326;

mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy and St. Vitus's dance in, ii. 83 sq.

Lindenbrog, on need-fire, i. 335 n. 1

Lint seed, divination by, i. 235

Liongo, an African Samson, ii. 314

Lion, the sun in the sign of the, ii. 66 sq.

Lismore, witch as hare in, i. 316 sq.

Lithuania, Midsummer fires in, i. 176;

sanctuary at Romove in, ii. 91

Lithuanians, their custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18;

their worship of the oak, ii. 89;

their story of the external soul, 113 sqq.

Lives of a family bound up with a fish, ii. 200;

with a cat, 150 sq.

Living fire made by friction of wood, i. 220;

the need-fire, 281, 286

Livonia, story of a were-wolf in, i. 308

Livonians cull simples on Midsummer Day, ii. 49 sq.

Lizard, external soul in, ii. 199 n. 1;

sex totem in the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, 216;

said to have divided the sexes in the human species, 216

Loaf thrown into river Neckar on St. John's Day, ii. 28

Loango, rule as to infants in, i. 5;

girls secluded at puberty in, 22

Loch Katrine, i. 231

—— Tay, i. 232

Lock and key in a charm, i. 283

Locks opened by springwort, ii. 70;

and by the white flower of chicory, 71;

mistletoe a master-key to open all, 85

Locust, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Log, the Yule, i. 247 sqq.

Logierait, in Perthshire, Beltane festival in, i. 152 sq.;

Hallowe'en fires in, 231 sq.

Loiret, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114

Loki and Balder, i. 101 sq.

Lokoja on the Niger, ii. 209

Lombardy, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John's Morning in, ii. 82 sq.

London, the immortal girl of, i. 99;

Midsummer fires in, 196 sq.

Longridge Fell, leeting the witches at, i. 245

Looboos of Sumatra creep through a cleft rattan to escape a demon, ii. 182 sq.

Looking at bonfires through mugwort a protection against headache and sore eyes, ii. 59

Loranthus europaeus, a species of mistletoe, ii. 315, 317 sqq.;

called “oak mistletoe” (visco quercino) in Italy, 317

—— vestitus, in India, ii. 317

Lord of the Wells at Midsummer, ii. 28

Lorne, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

Lorraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 169;

the Yule log in, 253;

Midsummer customs in, ii. 47

Loudoun, in Ayrshire, i. 207

Louis XIV. at Midsummer bonfire in Paris, ii. 39

Love-charm of arrows, i. 14

Lovers leap over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Low Countries, the Yule log in the, i. 249

Lowell, Percival, his fire-walk, ii. 10 n. 1

Lübeck, church of St. Mary at, i. 100

Lucerne, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 118 sq.;

bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 30

Luchon, in the Pyrenees, serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival in, ii. 38 sq., 43

Lucian, on the Platonic doctrine of the soul, ii. 221 n. 1

Luck, leaping over the Midsummer fires for good, i. 171, 189

Luckiness of the right hand, i. 151

Lunar calendar of Mohammedans, i. 216 sq., 218 sq.

[pg 357]

Lungs or liver of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear, i. 321 sq.

Lushais of Assam, sick children passed through a coil among the, ii. 185 sq.

Lussac, in Poitou, Midsummer fires at, i. 191

Luther, Martin, burnt in effigy at Midsummer, i. 167, 172 sq., ii. 23

Luxemburg, “Burning the Witch” in, ii. 116

Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 65

Mabuiag, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36 sq.;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 78 sq.;

girls at puberty in, 92 n. 1;

belief as to a species of mistletoe in, ii. 79

Mac Crauford, the great arch witch, i. 293

Macassar in Celebes, magical unguent in, i. 14

Macdonald, Rev. James, on the story of Headless Hugh, ii. 131 n. 1;

on external soul in South Africa, 156

Macdonell, A. A., on Agni, ii. 296

McDougall, W., and C. Hose, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii. 176 n. 1

Macedonia, Midsummer fires among the Greeks of, i. 212;

bonfires on August 1st in, 220;

need-fire among the Serbs of Western, 281;

St. John's flower at Midsummer in, ii. 50

Macedonian peasantry burn effigies of Judas at Easter, i. 131

McGregor, A. W., on the rite of new birth among the Akikuyu, ii. 263

Mackay, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 294 sq.

Mackays, sept of the “descendants of the seal,” ii. 131 sq.

Mackenzie, E., on need-fire, i. 288

Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., i. 268 n. 1

Macphail, John, on need-fire, i. 293 sq.

Macusis of British Guiana, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 60

Madangs of Borneo, custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. 175 sq.

Madern, parish of, Cornwall, holed stone in, ii. 187

Madonie Mountains, in Sicily, Midsummer fires on the, i. 210

Madras Presidency, the fire-walk in the, ii. 6

Madura, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69;

the Parivarams of, 69

Maeseyck, processions with torches at, i. 107 sq.

Magic, homoeopathic or imitative, i. 49, 133, 329, ii. 231, 287;

dwindles into divination, i. 336;

movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 sq.

Magic and ghosts, mugwort a protection against, ii. 59

—— and science, different views of natural order postulated by the two, ii. 305 sq.

—— flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 sqq.

Magical bone in sorcery, i. 14

—— implements not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 sq.

—— influence of medicine-bag, ii. 268

—— virtues of plants at Midsummer apparently derived from the sun, ii. 71 sq.

Magician's apprentice, Danish story of the, ii. 121 sqq.

—— Glass, the, i. 16

Magyars, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178 sq.;

stories of the external soul among the, ii. 139 sq.

Mahabharata, Draupadi and her five husbands in the, ii. 7

“Maiden-flax” at Midsummer, ii. 48

Maidu Indians of California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 42;

their notion as to fire in trees, ii. 295;

their idea of lightning, 298

Maimonides, on the seclusion of menstruous women, i. 83

Makalanga, a Bantu tribe, i. 135 n. 2

Makral, “the witch,” i. 107

Malabar, the Iluvans of, i. 5;

the Tiyans of, 68

Malassi, a fetish in West Africa, ii. 256

Malay belief as to sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197

—— story of the external soul, ii. 147 sq.

Malayo-Siamese families of the Patani States, their custom as to the afterbirth, ii. 163 sq.

Malays of the Peninsula, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 222

Male and female souls in Chinese philosophy, ii. 221

Malkin Tower, witches at the, i. 245

Malta, fires on St. John's Eve in, i. 210 sq.

Malurus cyaneus, superb warbler, women's “sister,” among the Kurnai, ii. 216

Man and animal, sympathetic relation between, ii. 272 sq.

Man, the Isle of, Midsummer fires in, i. 201, 337;

old New Year's Day in, 224 sq.;

Hallowe'en customs in, 243 sq.;

bonfires on St. Thomas's Day in, 266;

cattle burnt alive to stop a murrain in, 325 sqq.;

mugwort gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 59.

See also Isle of Man

[pg 358]

Manchu dynasty, the life-tree of the, ii. 167 sq.

Mandragora, “the hand of glory,” ii. 316

Mang'anje woman, her external soul, ii. 157

Mango tree, festival of wild, i. 7 sqq.;

ceremony for the fertilization of the, 10

Manitoo, personal totem, ii. 273 n. 1

Mannhardt, W., on fire-customs, i. 106 n. 3;

on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, 25;

his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to secure sunshine, 329, 331 sqq.;

on torches as imitations of lightning, 340 n. 1;

on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 15 n.;

on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, 33;

his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, 43;

his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, 72;

on killing a cock on the harvest-field, 280 n.

Mantis religiosus, a totem, ii. 248 n.

Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95;

the Laws of, on the three births of the Aryan, ii. 276 sq.

Manx mummers at Hallowe'en, i. 224

Maoris, birth-trees among the, ii. 163

Mara tribe of Northern Australia, initiation of medicine-men in the, ii. 239

Marake, an ordeal of being stung by ants and wasps, i. 63 sq.

Marcellus of Bordeaux, his medical treatise, i. 17

March, the month of, the fire-walk in, ii. 6;

mistletoe cut at the full moon of, 84, 86

—— moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, ii. 184

Margas, exogamous totemic clans of the Battas of Sumatra, ii. 222 sq.

Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, ii. 318 n. 6

Marjoram burnt at Midsummer, i. 214;

gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51;

a talisman against witchcraft, 74

Mark of Brandenburg, need-fire in the, i. 273;

simples culled at Midsummer in the, ii. 48;

St. John's blood in the, 56;

the divining-rod in the, 67

Marotse. See Barotse

Marquesas Islands, the fire-walk in the, ii. 11

Marriage, leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, i. 107, 108, 110;

omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, 168, 174, 178, 185, 189;

omens of, drawn from bonfires, 338 sq.;

omens of, from flowers, ii. 52 sq., 61;

oak-trees planted at, 165

Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, i. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339;

young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, 116;

the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, 192;

men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, 192 sq.;

married men kindle need-fire, 289;

last married bride made to leap over bonfire, ii. 22

Mars and Silvia, ii. 105

Marsaba, a devil who swallows lads at initiation, ii. 246

Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, i. 193;

Midsummer king of the double-axe at, 194;

the Yule log at, 250;

Midsummer flowers at, ii. 46

Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, ii. 200

Marsi, the ancient, i. 209

Martin of Urzedow, i. 177

Martin, M., on dessil (deiseal), i. 151 n.;

on need-fire, 289

Marwaris, of India, Holi festival among the, ii. 2 sq.

Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, i. 118

Masai, peace-making ceremony among the, ii. 139 n.

Mask, not to wear a, i. 4

Masked dances, bull-roarers used at, ii. 230 n.

Masks worn by girls at puberty, i. 31, 52;

worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, ii. 247;

worn by members of a secret society, 270, 271

Masquerade of boys among the Lengua Indians, i. 57 n. 1

Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, Midsummer fire kindled by the revolution of a wheel at, i. 177, 335 sq.;

divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 52, 53;

divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61;

camomile gathered at Midsummer in, 63;

fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, 91

Matabeles fumigate their gardens, i. 337

Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58

Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls at puberty, i. 58

Matthes, B. F., on sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197 n. 4

Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59;

ordeal of young men among the, 62

Maundy Thursday, i. 125 n. 1

Maurer, Konrad, on Icelandic story of the external soul, ii. 125 n. 1

May Day in the Isle of Man, i. 157;

[pg 359]

sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, 306;

witches active on, ii. 19, 184 n. 4, 185

——, Eve of, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15;

a witching time, 295;

witches active on, ii. 73

May-tree carried about, i. 120, ii. 22

Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, i. 228

M'Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, ii. 160

Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, ii. 10 sq.

Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, i. 214 n.

Meath, County, Hill of Ward in, i. 139;

Uisnech in, 158

Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, i. 182

Mecklenburg, need-fire in, i. 274 sq.;

simples gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 48;

mugwort at Midsummer in, 60;

the divining-rod in, 67;

treatment of the afterbirth in, 165;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, 171 sq.;

custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, 279 n. 4

Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at initiation, ii. 268 sq.

—— -man in Australia, initiation of, ii. 237 sqq.

Megara besieged by Minos, ii. 103

Meinersen, in Hanover, i. 275

Meissen or Thuringia, horse's head thrown into Midsummer fire in, ii. 40

Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. 197 sqq.

—— and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, ii. 239

Meleager and the firebrand, story of, ii. 103;

and the olive-leaf, 103 n. 2

Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8 sq.

Men disguised as women, i. 107

—— and women eat apart, i. 81

Mên-an-tol, “holed stone” in Cornwall, ii. 187

Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 n. 1

Menstruation, seclusion of girls at the first, i. 22 sqq.;

the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, 24;

reasons for secluding women at, 97

Menstruous blood, the dread of, i. 76.

See also Blood

—— energy, beneficent applications of, i. 98 n. 1

—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, i. 98 n. 1

Menstruous women keep their heads or faces covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44 sq., 48 sq., 55, 90, 92;

not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, 77;

not allowed to go near water, 77;

supposed to spoil fisheries, 77, 78, 90 sq., 93;

painted red, or red and white, 78;

not allowed to use the ordinary paths, 78, 80, 84, 89, 90;

not allowed to approach the sea, 79;

not allowed to enter cultivated fields, 79;

obliged to occupy special huts, 79, 82, 85 sqq.;

supposed to spoil crops, 79, 96;

not allowed to cook, 80, 82, 84, 90;

not allowed to drink milk, 80, 84;

not allowed to handle salt, 81 sq., 84;

kept from wells, 81, 82, 97;

obliged to use separate doors, 84;

not allowed to lie on high beds, 84;

not allowed to touch or see fire, 84, 85;

not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, 84, 91, 93;

excluded from religious ceremonies, 85;

not allowed to eat with men, 85, 90;

thought to spoil the luck of hunters, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94;

not allowed to ride horses, 88 sq., 96;

not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, 90;

dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, 94;

not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, 96;

not allowed to salt or pickle meat, 96 n. 2;

not allowed to cross running streams, 97;

not allowed to draw water at wells, 97;

used to protect fields against insects, 98 n. 1

dreaded and secluded in Australia, i. 76 sqq.,

in the Torres Straits Islands, 78 sq.,

in New Guinea, 79,

in Galela, 79,

in Sumatra, 79,

in Africa, 79 sqq.,

among the Jews and in Syria, 83 sq.,

in India, 84 sq.,

in Annam, 85,

in America, 85 sqq.

Mequinez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216

Merolla, J., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 31 n. 3

Merrakech, in Morocco, Midsummer custom at, i. 216;

New Year fires at, 217

Mesopotamia, Atrae in, i. 82

Mespelaer, St. Peter's fires at, i. 195

Messaria, in Cythnos, ii. 189

Metz, F., on the fire-walk, ii. 9

Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, ii. 39

Mexican ceremony of new fire, i. 132

—— representation of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 n. 1

Mexico, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 127 sq.;

the Zapotecs of, ii. 212

Michael, in the Isle of Man, i. 307

Michaelmas, cakes baked at, i. 149.

See also St. Michael

Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, i. 5

Middle Ages, the Yule log in the, i. 252;

the need-fire in the, 270

[pg 360]

Midsummer, wells crowned with flowers at, ii. 28;

bathing at, 29 sq.;

sacred to Balder, 87.

See also St. John's Day

—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” i. 334;

intended to drive away dragons, 161

“—— Brooms” in Sweden, ii. 54

—— Day, charm for fig-trees on, i. 18;

water claims human victims on, 26 sqq.;

in ancient Rome, 178;

regarded as unlucky, ii. 29

—— Eve, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15;

Trolls and evil spirits abroad on, 172;

witches active on, ii. 19;

the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, 45 sqq.;

the magic flowers of, 45 sqq.;

divination on, 46 n. 3, 50, 52 sqq., 61, 64, 67 sqq.;

dreams of love on, 52, 54;

fernseed blooms at, 65, 287;

the divining-rod cut at, 67 sqq.;

activity of witches and warlocks on, 73 sqq.;

treasures bloom in the earth on, 288 n. 5;

the oak thought to bloom on, 292, 293

—— festival common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, i. 219, ii. 31;

the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, 40;

its relation to Druidism, 45

—— fires, i. 160 sqq.;

in Wales, 156

—— flowers and plants used as talismans against witchcraft, ii. 72

—— Men, orpine, ii. 61

—— mummers clad in green fir branches, ii. 25 sq.

Midwinter fires, i. 246 sqq.

Mijatovich, Chedo, on the Zadrooga or Servian house-community, i. 259 n. 1

Mikado not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2 sq.;

the sun not allowed to shine on him, 18 sq.

Milk, girls at puberty forbidden to drink, i. 22, 30;

libations of, 30;

not to be drunk by menstruous women, 80, 84;

stolen by witches from cows, 176, 343, ii. 74;

omens drawn from boiling, 8;

libations of, poured on fire, 8, 9;

libations of, poured into a stream, 9;

poured on sick cattle, 13

—— and butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180;

stolen by witches at Midsummer, 185;

witchcraft fatal to, ii. 86

—— -tie as a bond of kinship, ii. 138 n. 1

—— -vessels not to be touched by menstruous women, i. 80

Milking cows through a hole in a branch or a “witch's nest,” ii. 185

Millaeus on judicial torture, ii. 158

Miller's wife a witch, story of the, i. 319 sq.

Miming, a satyr of the woods, i. 103

Minahassa, in Celebes, ceremony at a house-warming in, ii. 153

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 79;

use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 n.

Minos, king of Crete, besieges Megara, ii. 103

Mint, flowers of, gathered on St. John's Day, ii. 51

Mirzapur, the Bhuiyars of, i. 84

Misfortune burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215;

got rid of by leaping over Midsummer fires, 215

Missel-thrush and mistletoe, ii. 316

“Mist-healing,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. 279

Mistletoe, the divining-rod made of, ii. 69, 291;

worshipped by the Druids, 76 sq., 301;

cut on the sixth day of the moon, 77;

makes barren animals and women to bring forth, 77, 78, 79;

cut with a golden sickle, 77, 80;

thought to have fallen from the sky, 77, 80;

called the “all-healer,” 77, 79, 82;

an antidote to all poison, 77, 83;

gathered on the first day of the moon, 78;

not to touch the earth, 78, 80;

a cure for epilepsy, 78, 83, 84;

extinguishes fire, 78, 84 sq., 293;

venerated by the Ainos of Japan, 79;

growing on willow specially efficacious, 79;

confers invulnerability, 79 sq.;

its position as a parasite on a tree the source of superstitions about it, 80, 81, 84;

not to be cut but shot or knocked down with stones, 81 sq.;

in the folk-lore of modern European peasants, 81 sqq.;

medical virtues ascribed to, 82 sqq.;

these virtues a pure superstition, 84;

cut when the sun is in Sagittarius, 82, 86;

growing on oak a panacea for green wounds, 83;

mystic qualities ascribed to mistletoe at Midsummer (St. John's Day or Eve), 83, 86;

cut at the full moon of March, 84, 86;

called “thunder-besom” in Aargau, 85, 301;

a masterkey to open all locks, 85;

a protection against witchcraft, 85 sq.;

given to first cow that calves after New Year, 86;

gathered especially at Midsummer, 86 sq.;

grows on oaks in Sweden, 87;

ancient Italian belief that mistletoe could be destroyed neither by fire nor water, 94;

Balder's life or death in the, 279, 283;

life of oak in, 280;

not allowed to touch the ground, 280;

a protection against witchcraft and Trolls, 282, 283, 294;

a protection against fairy changelings, 283;

hung over doors of stables and byres [pg 361] in Brittany, 287; thought to disclose treasures in the earth, 287, 291 sq.;

gathered at the solstices, Midsummer and Christmas, 291 sqq.;

traditional privilege of, 291 n. 2;

growing on a hazel, 291 n. 3;

growing on a thorn, 291 n. 3;

life of the oak conceived to be in the, 292;

perhaps conceived as a germ or seed of fire, 292;

sanctity of mistletoe perhaps explained by the belief that the plant has fallen on the tree in a flash of lightning, 301;

two species of, Viscum album and Loranthus europaeus, 315 sqq.;

found most commonly on apple-trees, 315, compare 316 n. 5;

growing on oaks in England, 316;

seeds of, deposited by missel-thrush, 316;

ancient names of, 317 sq.;

Virgil on, 318 sqq.;

Dutch names for, 319 n. 1

Mistletoe and Balder, i. 101 sq., ii. 76 sqq., 302

—— and the Golden Bough, ii. 315 sqq.

Mitchell, Sir Arthur, on a barbarous cure for murrain, i. 326

Mithr, Armenian fire-god, i. 131 n. 3

Mithraic mysteries, initiation into the, ii. 277

Mizimu, spirits of the dead, ii. 312

Mlanje, in British Central Africa, ii. 314

Mnasara tribe of Morocco, i. 214

Mogk, Professor Eugen, i. 330

Mohammedan calendar lunar, i. 216 sq., 218 sq.

—— New Year festival in North Africa, i. 217 sq.

—— peoples of North Africa, Midsummer fires among the, i. 213 sqq.

Moharram, first Mohammedan month, i. 217

Moles and field-mice driven away by torches, i. 115, ii. 340

Molsheim in Baden, i. 117

Mondays, witches dreaded on, ii. 73

Mongolian story, milk-tie in a, i. 138 n. 1;

the external soul in a, ii. 143 sq.

Monster supposed to swallow and disgorge novices at initiation, ii. 240 sq., 242

Mont des Fourches, in the Vosges, i. 318

Montaigne on ceremonial extinction of fires, i. 135 n. 2

Montanus, on the Yule log, i. 248

Montenegro, the Yule log in, i. 263

Montezuma not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2

Montols of Northern Nigeria, their belief in their sympathetic relation to snakes, ii. 209 sq.

Moon, impregnation of women by the, i. 75 sq.;

the sixth day of the, mistletoe cut on, 77;

the first day of the, mistletoe gathered on, 78;

the full, transformation of were-wolves at, 314 n. 1

Mooney, James, on Cherokee ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. 296

Moore, Manx Surnames, quoted by Sir John Rhys, i. 306

Moors, their superstition as to the “sultan of the oleander,” i. 18

Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, leaf-clad mummer at, ii. 26

Moravia, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160;

Midsummer fires in, 175;

the divining-rod in, ii. 67

Moravians cull simples at Midsummer, ii. 49, 54

Moray, remedy for a murrain in the county of, i. 326

Morayshire, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. 84

Morbihan in Brittany, ii. 287

Moresin, Thomas, on St. Peter's fires in Scotland, i. 207

Morice, Father A. G., on customs and beliefs of the Carrier Indians as to menstruous women, i. 91 sqq.;

on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 sqq.

Morlaks, the Yule log among the, i. 264

Morlanwelz, bonfires at, i. 107

Morning star, the rising of the, i. 40, 133

Morocco, magical virtue ascribed to rain-water in, i. 17 sq.;

Midsummer fires in, 213 sqq.;

water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, ii. 30 sq.;

magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, 51

Morven, i. 290;

consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 sq.

Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, i. 139

Moselle, bonfires on the, i. 109;

Konz on the, 118, 163 sq.

Moses on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 sq.

Mosquito territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous women in the, i. 86

Mota, in the New Hebrides, conception of the external soul in, ii. 197 sq.

Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 162

Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe'en fires in, i. 230

Moulton, Professor J. H., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. 15 n. 1

Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57 sq.;

a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, 58

[pg 362]

Mountain-ash, parasitic, used to make the divining rod, ii. 69;

mistletoe on, 315.

See also Rowan

—— scaur, external soul in, ii. 156

Mourne Mountains, i. 159

Mourners tabooed, i. 20;

step over fire after funeral in China, ii. 17;

purified by fire, 17, 18 sq.;

customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, 174

Mourning, the great, for Isfendiyar, i. 105

Mouse-ear hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella) gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 sq.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 163, 165, 174;

a preventive of sore eyes, 174;

a preservative against witchcraft, 177;

a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, ii. 59 sq.;

gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, ii. 58 sqq.;

thrown into the Midsummer fires, 59;

used in exorcism, 60

Mull, the need-fire in, i. 148, 289 sq.;

the Beltane cake in, 149;

remedy for cattle-disease in, 325;

consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 sq.

Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle against sickness and sorcery, i. 190;

bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-shed, 191;

yellow (Verbascum), gathered at Midsummer, ii. 63 sq.;

yellow hoary (Verbascum pulverulentum), its golden pyramid of blooms, 64;

great (Verbascum thapsus), called King's Candle or High Taper, 64

Mummers at Hallowe'en in the Isle of Man, i. 224

Munster, the King of, i. 139;

Midsummer fires in, 203

Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Münsterland, Easter fires in, i. 141;

the Yule log in, 247

Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78

Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, ii. 92 n. 4

Murrain, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 278, 282, 290 sqq.;

burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, 300 sqq.;

calf burnt alive to stop a, 300 sq.;

cattle buried to stop a, 326.

See also Cattle disease

Murray, the country of, i. 154 n. 1

Murray River, in Australia, ii. 233;

natives of, their dread of menstruous women, i. 77

Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, ii. 165

Myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, ii. 168

Myths dramatized in ritual, i. 105

Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, ii. 10

Nagas of North-Eastern India, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136

Nagual, external soul, among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, ii. 212 sqq., 220, 226 n. 1

Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 230

Names on chimney-piece, divination by, i. 237;

of savages kept secret, ii. 224 n. 2;

new, taken by novices after initiation, 259

Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in, ii. 295

Namuci and Indra, legend of, ii. 280

Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108

Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their custom of driving sick cattle round a fire, ii. 13;

use of bull-roarers among the, 229 n.

Nanga, sacred enclosure in Fiji, ii. 243, 244

Nanna, the wife of Balder, i. 102, 103

Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, i. 317

Naples, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, i. 220 sq.

Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly pursuers, ii. 177 sqq.

Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, ii. 3

Nativity of the Virgin, feast of the, i. 220 sq.

Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 267

Naueld, need-fire, i. 280

Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a fish in, ii. 200

Navajoes, their story of the external soul, ii. 151 sq.;

use of bull-roarers among the, 230 n., 231

Navel-string buried under a plant or tree, ii. 160 sq., 161, 163;

regarded as brother or sister of child, 162 n. 2

Ndembo, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 251 sqq.

Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, ii. 200

Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26;

loaf thrown into the river, 28

Necklace, girl's soul in a, ii. 99 sq.

[pg 363]

Need-fire, i. 269 sqq.;

kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, 270 sqq., 343;

cattle driven through the, 270 sqq.;

derivation of the name, 270 n.;

kindled by the friction of a wheel, 270, 273, 289 sq., 292;

kindled with oak-wood, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., 294;

called “wild-fire,” 272, 273, 277;

kindled by fir-wood, 278, 282;

kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, 280, 292 sq., 293, 295;

called “living fire,” 281, 286;

healing virtue ascribed to, 281, 286;

kindled by lime-wood, 281, 283, 286;

kindled by poplar-wood, 282;

regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil spirit, 282, 285 sq.;

kindled by cornel-tree wood, 286;

revealed by an angel from heaven, 287;

used to heat water, 289;

kindled on an island, 290 sq., 291 sq.;

kindled by birch-wood, 291;

kindled between two running streams, 292;

kindled to prevent fever, 297;

probable antiquity of the, 297 sq.;

kindled by elm-wood, 299;

the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, 299, 343;

used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, 344;

sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, poplar, cornel-wood, ii. 91 n. 1

Need-fire, John Ramsay's account of, i. 147 sq.;

Lindenbrog on, 335 n. 1

Negro children pale at birth, ii. 251 n. 1, 259 n. 2

Neil, R. A., on Gaelic name for mistletoe, ii. 82 n. 5

Neilgherry Hills, the Badagas of the, ii. 8 sq.;

the Todas of the, i. 136

Neisse, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 n.

Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. 47

Nemi, the King of the Wood at, i. 2;

the Lake of, annual tragedy enacted at, ii. 286;

sacramental bread at, 286 n. 2;

Virbius at, 295; at evening, 308 sq.;

sacred grove of, 315;

priests of Diana at, 315

Nerthus, old German goddess, ii. 28 n. 1

Nestelknüpfen, i. 346 n. 2

Nets fumigated with smoke of need-fire, i. 280

Nettles, Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, i. 64

Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

Neumann, J. B., on the Batta doctrine of souls, ii. 223 n. 2

Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170;

near Marburg, the need-fire at, 270

New birth of novices at initiation, ii. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq.

—— body obtained at initiation, ii. 252

—— Britain, the Duk-duk society of i. 11, ii. 246 sq.

—— fire kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 sqq.;

made at the New Year, 134 sq., 138, 140;

made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264

—— Guinea, British, festival of wild mango in, i. 7;

custom observed after childbirth in, 20;

seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35;

dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79;

the Toaripi of, 84;

use of bull-roarers in, ii. 228 n. 2

—— Guinea, German, the Kai of, ii. 182;

ceremony of initiation in, 193;

the Yabim of, 232;

rites of initiation in, 239 sqq.

—— Hebrides, conception of the external soul in the, ii. 197 sqq.

—— Ireland, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 32 sqq.;

Duk-duk society in, ii. 247

—— Mexico, the Zuni Indians of, i. 132;

and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 230 n., 231

—— South Wales, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78;

the Wongh tribe of, ii. 227;

the drama of resurrection at initiation in, 235 sqq.

—— water at Easter, i. 123

—— World, Easter ceremonies in the, i. 127 sq.;

magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, ii. 50 sq.

—— Year, new fire made at the, i. 134 sq., 138, 140;

festival of Mohammedans in North Africa, 217 sq.;

the Celtic, on November first, 224 sq.;

the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, ii. 244

Newstead, Byron's oak at, ii. 166

Nganga, “the Knowing Ones,” initiates, ii. 251

Ngarong, secret helper, of the Ibans of Borneo, ii. 224 n. 1

Nguu, district of German East Africa, ii. 312

Nias, story of the external soul told in the island of, ii. 148;

ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, 173 sq.

Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, i. 313 sq.

Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8

Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, ii. 92 n. 1

Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. 48

[pg 364]

Niger, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, ii. 209

Nigeria, the Ibo of Southern, i. 4;

theory of the external soul in, ii. 200, 203, sqq.

Nigerian, South, story of the external soul, ii. 150

Night-jars, the lives of women in, ii. 215;

called women's “sisters,” 216

Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, i. 324 sq.

Nile, the Alur of the Upper, i. 64

Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through a cleft ash-tree and attended by nine persons, ii. 170

—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, i. 174, 185, 189, 339

—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, i. 155;

used for the Midsummer bonfires, 172, 201;

burnt in the need-fire, 271, 278;

used to kindle need-fire, 278, 280

—— grains of oats in divination, i. 243

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 193

—— men employed to make fire by the friction of wood, i. 148, 155

—— ridges of ploughed land in divination, i. 235

—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, i. 175;

gathered, ii. 52 sq.

—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. 180

—— times nine men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295

—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, ii. 184;

passed through a holed stone, 187

—— turns round a rick, i. 243

Niska Indians of British Columbia, rites of initiation among the, ii. 271 sq.

Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, ii. 103

Nkimba, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 255 n. 1

Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, ii. 217 n. 4

Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, i. 179

Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John's Eve, ii. 45

Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43 sq.;

ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 270 sq.

Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, ii. 35

Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 n. 3

Nore, A. de, on the Yule log, i. 250 sq., 253

Norfolk, use of orpine for divination in, ii. 61 n. 4

Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John's Day, ii. 51 sq.

Normandy, Midsummer fires in, i. 185 sq.;

the Yule log in, 252;

torch-light processions on Christmas Eve in, 266;

processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day, in, 340;

wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, ii, 46;

wreaths of mugwort in, 59;

vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 172

Norse stories of the external soul, ii. 119 sq.

North American Indians, their personal totems, ii. 222 n. 5, 226 n. 1

—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, ii. 158

Northamptonshire, sacrifice of a calf in, i. 300

Northumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197 sq.;

divination at Hallowe'en in, 245;

the Yule log in, 256;

need-fire in, 288 sq.;

ox burnt alive in, to stop a murrain, 301

Norway, bonfires on Midsummer Eve in, i. 171;

the need-fire in, 280;

superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, ii. 281

Norwich, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 n.

Nottinghamshire, the Hemlock Stone in, i. 157

Nouer l'aiguilette, i. 346 n. 2

Nouzon, in the Ardennes, the Yule log at, i. 253

November the first, old New Year's Day in the Isle of Man, i. 224 sq.;

the first of, All Saints' Day, 225

Novice at initiation killed as a man and brought to life as an animal, ii. 272

Novices (lads) at initiation supposed to be swallowed and disgorged by a spirit or monster, ii. 235, 240 sq., 242, 246;

supposed to be newly born, 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 sq.;

begotten anew, 248

Nurtunjas, sacred poles among the Arunta, ii. 219

Nut-water brewed at Midsummer, ii. 47

Nuts passed across Midsummer fires, i. 190;

in fire, divination by, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Nyanja chief, ii. 314

Nyanja-speaking tribes of Angoniland, their customs as to girls at puberty, i. 25 sq.

[pg 365]

Nyassa, Lake, i. 28, 81;

people to the east of, crawl through an arch as a precaution against sickness, evil spirits, etc., ii. 181

Oak associated with thunder, i. 145;

worshipped by the Druids, ii. 76 sq., 301;

the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, 89 sq.;

human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the fire-festivals, 90, 92 sq.;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets, 170 sqq.;

life of, in mistletoe, 280, 292;

struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European forest, 298 sqq.;

supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, 292, 293

—— and thunder, Aryan god of the, i. 265

—— -leaves, “oil of St. John” found on St. John's Morning upon, ii. 82 sq.

—— log a protection against witchcraft, ii. 92

—— -mistletoe an “all-healer” or panacea, ii. 77, 79, 82;

a remedy for epilepsy, 78, 83;

to be shot down with an arrow, 82;

a panacea for green wounds, 83;

a protection against conflagration, 85, 293

—— of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, ii. 283 sq.

—— of the Guelphs, ii. 166 sq.

—— of Romove, ii. 286

—— of the Vespasian family at Rome, ii. 168

—— planted by Byron, ii. 166

—— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of an, ii. 285

—— tree worshipped by the Cheremiss, i. 181

—— -trees planted at marriage, ii. 165

—— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, ii. 20

—— -wood used to kindle the need-fire, i. 148, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 sq., ii. 90 sq.;

used to kindle the Beltane fires, i. 148, 155;

used to kindle Midsummer fire, 169, 177, ii. 91 sq.;

used for the Yule log, i. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 sq., ii. 92;

fire of, used to detect a murderer, 92 n. 4;

perpetual fires of, 285 sq.

Oaks planted by Sir Walter Scott, ii. 166;

mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, 87;

mistletoe growing on, in England and France, 316

Oath not to hurt Balder, i. 101

Oats, nine grains of, in divination, i. 243

Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals in the, ii. 206 sqq.

Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, i. 248 sq.

Obermedlingen, in Swabia, fire kindled on St. Vitus's Day at, i. 335 sq.

Obubura district of S. Nigeria, ii. 204

October, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 136;

the last day of (Hallowe'en), 139

Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, i. 130 n.

Odin, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, i. 101, 102, 103 n.

Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, ii. 208

Oels, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170

Oeniadae, the ancient, i. 21

Oesel, Midsummer fires in the island of, i. 180;

St. John's herbs in the island of, ii. 49

Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, i. 168

Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, ii. 229 n.

Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, ii. 98 sq.

“Oil of St. John” found on St. John's morning, ii. 82 sq.;

on oaks at Midsummer, 293

Oise, French department of, dolmen in, ii. 188

Ojebways, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268

Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, ii. 271 sq.

Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, i. 308

“Old Wife” (“Old Woman”), burning the, i. 116, 120

Oldenburg, the immortal dame of, i. 100;

Shrove Tuesday customs in, 120;

Easter bonfires in, 140;

burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch to appear in, 321 sq.;

witch as toad in, 323;

children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, ii. 171 sq.;

custom as to milking cows in, 185;

sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, 185

Olea chrysophilla, used as fuel for bonfire, ii. 11

“Oleander, the Sultan of the,” i. 18, ii. 51;

gathered at Midsummer, 51

Olive, the sacred, at Olympia, ii. 80 n. 3

Olofaet, a fire-god, ii. 295

Olympia, the sacred olive at, ii. 80 n. 3;

white poplar used for sacrifices to Zeus at, 90 n. 1, 91 n. 7

Omaha tribe, Elk clan of the, i. 11

—— women secluded at menstruation, i. 88 sq.

[pg 366]

Omens from birds and beasts, i. 56;

from the smoke of bonfires, 116, 131, 337;

from flames of bonfires, 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337;

from cakes rolled down hill, 153;

from boiling milk, ii. 8;

from intestines of sheep, 13

—— of death, ii. 54, 64

—— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189, 339;

drawn from bonfires, 338 sq.;

from flowers, ii. 52 sq., 61

Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, ii. 268, 269

Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, i. 216

Orange River, the Corannas of the, ii. 192

Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their belief as to the transformation of witches into cats, ii. 311 sq.

Ordeal of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, i. 61, and by young men, 62 sqq.;

of boiling resin, 311

Ordeals as an exorcism, i. 66;

undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, ii. 264 sqq.

Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and science, ii. 305 sq.

Organs, internal, of medicine-man replaced by a new set at initiation, ii. 237, 238 sq.

Origin of fire, primitive ideas as to the, ii. 295 sq.

Orinoco, the Banivas of the, i. 66;

the Guaraunos of the, 85; the Guayquiries of the, 85;

the Tamanaks of the, 61 n. 3

Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, ii. 156

Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, ii. 156 n. 2

Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 185

Oro, West African bogey, ii. 229

Orpheus and the willow, ii. 294

Orpine (Sedum telephium) at Midsummer, i. 196;

used in divination at Midsummer, ii. 61

Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, i. 210

Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, ii. 166 sq.

Osterode, Easter bonfires at, i. 142

Ot Danoms of Borneo, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 35 sq.