Volume 2 — GENERAL INDEX.

A. Aard-vark of East Africa, figure of, i. 261 Aard-vark, ii. 246 Aard-wolf, ii. 196 Abacetus, ii. 491 Abax, ii. 489 Abisara, ii. 475 Ablabes, ii. 375 Ablepharus, ii. 395 Abramis, ii. 453 Abronia, ii. 392 Abrornis, ii. 258 Abrostomus, ii. 451 Aburria, ii. 343 Acalyptus, ii. 384 Acanthias, ii. 401 Acanthicus, ii. 444 Acanthion, ii. 240 Acanthis, ii. 283 Acanthisitta, ii. 265 Acanthiza, ii. 258 Acanthobrama, ii. 453 ACANTHOCLINIDÆ, ii. 432 Acanthodactylus, ii. 391 Acanthodelphis, ii. 209 Acantholabrus, ii. 437 Acanthomys, ii. 229 Acanthophis, ii. 383 Acanthopsis, ii. 453 ACANTHOPTERYGII, ii. 424 ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNCOGNATHI, ii. 437 Acanthopthalmus, ii. 453 Acanthoptila, ii. 261 Acanthopyga, ii. 390 Acanthorhynchus, ii. 275 Acanthosaura, ii. 402 Acara, ii. 438 Accentor, ii. 260 Accentorinæ, ii. 257 Accipenser, ii. 459 ACCIPENSERIDÆ, ii. 459 Accipiter, ii. 348 Accipitres, European Eocene, i. 163 Accipitres, classification of, i. 97 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 312 range of Oriental genera of, i. 385 range of Australian genera of, i. 484 ACCIPITRES, ii. 345 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 351 ACCIPITRINÆ, ii. 347 Acerina, ii. 425 Aceros, ii. 317 Acerotherium, ii. 214 Acerotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Acestra, ii. 444 Acestura, ii. 108 Achalinus, ii. 375 Acharnes, ii. 434 Achatina, ii. 515 Achatinella, ii. 514 Acherontia, ii. 483 Achilognathus, ii. 452 Achænodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Acicula, ii. 519 ACICULIDÆ, ii. 519 Acmæodera, ii. 497 Acodon, ii. 230 ACONTIADÆ, ii. 399 Acontias, ii. 399 Acotherium, European Eocene, i. 126 Acotherium, ii. 215 Acræa, ii. 473 ACRÆIDÆ, ii. 473 Acrantus, ii. 390 Acredula, ii. 266 Acridotheres, ii. 287 Acris, ii. 419 Acrobata, ii. 252 Acrocephalus, ii. 258 Acrochilus, ii. 452 ACROCHORDIDÆ, ii. 382 Acrochordonichthys, ii. 442 Acrochordus, ii. 382 ACRONURIDÆ, ii. 433 Acropternis, ii. 297 Acryllium, ii. 340 Actenodes, ii. 497 Actinodura, ii. 261 Ada, ii. 390 Adamsiella, ii. 521 Adapis, European Eocene, i. 125 Addax, ii. 223 Adelomia, ii. 108 Adelotopus, ii. 490 Adenomera, ii. 416 Adolias, ii. 474 Aedon, ii. 259 Ægeria, ii. 482 ÆGERIIDÆ, ii. 482 Ægialitis, ii. 356 Ægithaliscus, ii. 266 Ægithalus, ii. 266 Ægocera, ii. 482 Ægotheles, ii. 318 Æluredus, ii. 275 Ælurichthys, ii. 443 ÆLURIDÆ, ii. 201 Ælurogale, European Eocene, i. 125 Æluropus, ii. 201 Ælurus, ii. 201 Æmona, ii. 472 Ænigma, ii. 490 Æolidæ, ii. 530 Æpyceros, ii. 223 Æpyornis, of Madagascar, i. 164 Æpyornis, ii. 370 ÆPYORNITHIDÆ, ii. 370 Æsacus, ii. 355 Æshna, from the Lias, i. 167 Æthopyga, ii. 276 Æthya, ii. 364 Agama, ii. 402 AGAMIDÆ, ii. 401 Agapornis, ii. 328 Agarista, ii. 482 Agaristidæ, ii. 482 Agelasta, ii. 501 Agelastinæ, ii. 340 Agelæus, ii. 282 Ageniosus, ii. 443 Ageronia, ii. 474 Aglæactis, ii. 108 Agnopterus, European Eocene, i. 163 Agoniates, ii. 445 Agonostoma, ii. 435 Agonus, ii. 428 Agouti, ii. 241 Agra, ii. 490 Agraulis, ii. 474 Agrilus, ii. 497 Agriochœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Agrion, from the Lias, i. 167 Agriornis, ii. 100 Ahætulla, ii. 379 Ailia, ii. 442 Aipysurus, ii. 384 Aithurus, ii. 107 Aix, ii. 363 Akysis, ii. 442 Alæmon, ii. 289 Alaska, birds of, ii. 136 Alauda, ii. 289 ALAUDIDÆ, ii. 289 Albatrosses, ii. 365 Albulichthys, ii. 452 Alburnus, ii. 453 Alca, ii. 367 Alcadia, ii. 522 ALCEDINIDÆ, ii. 315 Alcedo, ii. 316 ALCEPHALINÆ, ii. 224 Alcephalus, Indian Miocene, i. 122 Alcephalus, ii. 224 Alces, ii. 219 ALCIDÆ, ii. 367 Alcippe, ii. 261 Alcurus, ii. 267 Alcyone, ii. 316 Aldabra Islands, land-tortoises of, i. 289 Alectorurus, ii. 100 Alectrœnas, ii. 332 ALEPOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 454 Alesa, ii. 475 Alestes, ii. 445 Alethe, ii. 262 Aletornis, N. American Eocene, i. 163 Aleutian Islands, birds of, ii. 137 Algeria, Post-Pliocene deposits and caves of, i. 111 Algira, ii. 391 Alleghany sub-region, ii. 130 mammalia of, ii. 132 birds of, ii. 132 reptiles of, ii. 133 amphibia of, ii. 134 fishes of, ii. 134 islands of, ii. 134 Allen, Mr. J. A., on Zoological regions, i. 61 objections to his system of circumpolar zones, i. 67 objections to his zoo-geographical nomenclature, i. 68 on birds of N. America, ii. 133, 136 Alligator, ii. 406 ALLIGATORIDÆ, ii. 406 Alligators, ii. 406 Allotinus, ii. 477 Alopecias, ii. 460 Alsæcomus, ii. 332 Alsecus, ii. 259 Alseonax, ii. 270 Alsodes, ii. 417 Altai mountains, fossils in caves, i. 111 Alytes, ii. 417 ALYTIDÆ, ii. 417 Amadina, ii. 287 Amara, ii. 489 Amarynthis, ii. 476 Amathusia, ii. 472 Amauresthes, ii. 287 Amaurospiza, ii. 285 Amazilia, ii. 109 Amblyrhiza, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148 AMBLYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 380 Amblycephalus, ii. 380 Amblyceps, ii. 443 Amblychila, ii. 487 Amblymora, ii. 501 Amblyopsis, ii. 450 Amblyornis, ii. 275 Amblypharyngodon, ii. 452 Amblypodia, ii. 477 Amblyrhamphus, ii. 282 Amblyrhiza, ii. 237 Amblyrhynchichthys, ii. 452 Amblystoma, ii. 413 Ameiva, ii. 390 America, recent separation of North and South, i. 40 extinct mammalia of, i. 129 N., Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 129 American Creepers, ii. 295 AMIIDÆ, ii. 458 Amiurus, ii. 442 Ammodromus, ii. 284 Ammodytes, ii. 440 Ammomanes, ii. 289 AMMONITIDÆ, ii. 506 Amomys, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Ampeliceps, ii. 287 AMPELIDÆ, ii. 280 Ampelio, ii. 102 Ampelis, ii. 280 Amphechinus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 188 Amphibia, means of dispersal of, i. 28 classification of, i. 100 peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 226 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 237 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 of West Africa, i. 264 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 280 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298 of the Oriental region, i. 317 of the Indian sub-region, i. 326 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340 table of Oriental families of, i. 369 of the Australian region, i. 397 resemblances of Australian and South-American, i. 400 of New Guinea, i. 416 of New Zealand, i. 457 Neotropical, ii. 11 of South Temperate America, ii. 41 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54 of the Antilles, ii. 72 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89 of the Nearctic region, ii. 120 of California, ii. 128 of Central North America, ii. 131 of Eastern United States, ii. 134 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143 AMPHIBIA, ii. 411 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 422 fossil, ii. 423 summary and conclusion, ii. 548 lines of migration of, ii. 548 Amphibola, ii. 510 Amphibos, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 225 Amphicyon, European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 ii. 198 ii. 202 Amphiglossus, ii 398 Amphimericidæ, European Miocene, i. 119 Amphimoschus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220 Amphioxus, ii. 464 Amphipnous, ii. 455 Amphisbæna, ii. 389 AMPHISBÆNIDÆ, ii. 388 Amphisorex, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 191 Amphitragulus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 218 Amphiuma, ii. 412 AMPHIUMIDÆ, ii. 412 Amphixestus, ii. 397 Ampullaria, ii. 510 Amydrus, ii. 288 Amytis, ii. 258 Anabatoides, ii. 103 Anabazenops, ii. 103 Anableps, ii. 450 ANACANTHINI, ii. 439 Anacyrtus, ii. 445 Anadenus, ii. 517 Anadia, ii. 393 ANADIADÆ, ii. 393 Anæretes, ii. 101, 291 Anaides, ii. 413 Analcipus, ii. 268 Anarhynchus, ii. 356 Anarrhichas, ii. 431 Anas, ii. 363 Anastoma, European Tertiary, i. 169 ii. 527 Anastomus, ii. 361 ANATIDÆ, ii. 363 ANATINIDÆ, ii. 536 Anatinella, ii. 536 Anausorex, ii. 191 Anchilophus, European Eocene, i. 125 Anchippodus, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Anchippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Anchitheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 212 Anchitherium, European Miocene, i. 119 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Ancient fauna of New Zealand, i. 459 Ancistrops, ii. 103 Ancylotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 121 Ancylotherium, ii. 246 Ancyluris, ii. 476 Ancylus, ii. 518 Andaman Islands, zoology of, i. 333 probable past history of, i. 334 Andigena, ii. 307 Andrias, European Miocene, i. 165 Androdon, ii. 107 Andropadus, ii. 267 Aneitea, ii. 517 Anguilla, ii. 456 Anguis, ii. 397 Angwantibo, ii. 176 Animal kingdom, primary divisions of, i. 85 Animals, development of, affecting distribution, i. 7 dispersal and migration of, i. 10 rapid multiplication of, i. 10 Anisacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 Anoa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428 Anoa, ii. 222 Anodon, ii. 534 Anolius, ii. 400 Anomalurus, ii. 235 Anomalpus, ii. 397 Anoplodipsas, ii. 381 Anoplotheriidæ, European Miocene, i. 119 Anoplotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 European Eocene, i. 126 S. American Eocene, i. 1 Anopthalmus, ii. 489 Anostomus, ii. 445 Anous, ii. 365 Anser, ii. 363 Anseranas, ii. 363 Anseres, arrangement of, i. 98 peculiar Palæarctic genera of, i. 250 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 313 peculiar Australian genera of, i. 485 ANSERES, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 367 Antarctia, ii. 490 ii. 492 Ant-eaters, ii. 247 Antechinomys, ii. 249 Antechinus, ii. 249 Antelopes in the Indian Miocene deposits, i. 122 birthplace and migrations of, i. 155 Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221 Antelotherium, Indian Miocene, i. 122 Antennarius, ii. 431 Anteros, ii. 476 Anthia, ii. 491 Anthipes, ii. 270 Anthocharis, ii. 478 Anthochæra, ii. 275 Anthornis, ii. 275 Anthracotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 Anthracotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 215 Anthreptes, ii. 276 Anthropoid apes, ii. 170 Anthropoides, ii. 357 Anthus, ii. 290 Antiacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Antillean sub-region, ii. 61 mammalia of, ii. 62 birds of, ii. 64 illustration of zoology of, ii. 67 table of distribution of resident land-birds of, ii. 68 reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 72 fresh-water fish of, ii. 73 insects of, ii. 73 land-shells of, ii. 75 past history of, ii. 78 Antilles, Pliocene Mammalia of, i. 148 land-shells of, ii. 526 Antilocapra, ii. 223 ANTILOCAPRINÆ, ii. 223 Antilope, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 223 ii. 226 Antiquity of the genera of insects, i. 166 of the genera of land and fresh-water shells, i. 168 Antrostomus, ii. 319 Ant-thrushes, ii. 297 Anumbius, ii. 103 ANURA, ii. 414 Anurosorex, ii. 190 Aonyx, ii. 199 Apalis, ii. 258 Apaloderma, ii. 314 Apatura, ii. 474 Aphanapteryx of Mauritius, i. 164 ii. 352 Aphantocera, ii. 107 Aphelotherium, European Eocene, i. 125 Aphneus, ii. 477 Aphobus, ii. 283 APHREDODERIDÆ, ii. 425 Aphritis, ii. 428 ii. 549 Aphriza, ii. 356 Aphysiadæ, ii. 530 Aphyocypris, ii. 452 Aplocerus, ii. 224 Aplodontia, ii. 236 Aplonis, ii. 288 Aplopelia, ii. 383 Apodemia, ii. 476 Apogon, ii. 425 Aprasia, ii. 396 APRASIADÆ, ii. 396 Aprosmictus, ii. 325 Aptenodytes, ii. 366 APTERYGIDÆ, ii. 369 Apteryx, ii. 369 Apua, ii. 453 Aquila, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 348 AQUILINÆ, ii. 348 Ara, ii. 328 Arachnechthra, ii. 276 Arachnothera, ii. 277 ARAMIDÆ, ii. 357 Aramides, ii. 352 Aramus, ii. 357 Arapaima, ii. 454 Arborophila, ii. 338 ARCADÆ, ii. 534 Archæomys, ii. 238 Archæopteryx, Bavarian Oolite, i. 163 Archibuteo, ii. 348 Arctic shells, ii. 518 zone not a separate region, i. 68 Arctitis, ii. 195 Arctocebus, ii. 176 Arctocephalus, ii. 202 Arctocyon, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 206 Arctodus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 202 Arctogale, ii. 195 Arctomys, European Pliocene, i. 113 ii. 235, 236 Arctonyx, ii. 199 Arctopithecus, ii. 244 Arctotherium in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 Ardea, ii. 359 ARDEIDÆ, ii. 359 Ardistomus, ii. 490 Argentina, ii. 488 Arges, ii. 444 ARGONAUTIDÆ. ii. 505 Argus pheasant, figure of, i. 339 peculiarity in display of plumage, and confirmation of Mr. Darwin's views, i. 340 Argusianus, ii. 340 Argutor, ii. 489 Argynnis, ii. 474 Aricoris, ii. 476 Ariella, ii. 195 Arinia, ii. 520 Arion, ii. 517 Aristobia, ii. 501 Arius, ii. 443 Armadillos, ii. 245 Arnoglossus, ii. 441 Aromochelys, ii. 408 Arremon, ii. 99 Arrhenotus, ii. 501 Artamia, ii. 268 ii. 271 ii. 288 ARTAMIDÆ, ii. 288 Artamides, ii. 269 Artamus, ii. 288 Arthroleptis, ii. 421 Artiodactyla, European Eocene, i. 126 N. American Tertiary, i. 137 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 Artomyias, ii. 270 Arundinicola, ii. 100 Arvicola, European Pliocene, i. 113 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 S. American Eocene, i. 148 Arvicola, ii. 230, 231 Asio, ii. 350 Aspergillum, ii. 537 Aspidoparia, ii. 452 Aspidorhinus, ii. 391 Aspidura, ii. 374 Aspius, ii. 453 Aspredo, ii. 444 Aspro, ii. 425 Astarte, ii. 535 Astathes, ii. 501 Asterophys, ii. 421 Asterophysus, ii. 443 Asthenodipsas, ii. 381 Astrapia, ii. 274 Astroblepus, ii. 444 Astur, ii. 348 Asturina, ii. 348 Asturinula, ii. 348 ATELEOPODIDÆ, ii. 440 Ateles, ii. 174 Atelopus, ii. 416 Atelornis, ii. 312 Aterica, ii. 474 Athene, ii. 350 Atherina, ii. 434 Atherinichthys, ii. 434 ATHERINIDÆ, ii. 434 Atheris, ii. 386 Atherura, ii. 240 Athylax, ii. 195 Athyma, ii. 474 ATLANTIDÆ, ii. 531 Atlapetes, ii. 284 ATRACTASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383 Atractaspis, ii. 383 Atretium, ii. 375 Atrichia, ii. 299 ATRICHIIDÆ, ii. 299 Atropos, ii. 385 Attagis, ii. 354 ATTALINÆ, ii. 293 Atthis, ii. 108 Atticora, ii. 281 Attila, ii. 102 Auchenaspis, ii. 443 Auchenia, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 217 Auchenipterus, ii. 443 Auckland Islands, birds of, i. 455 Augastes, ii. 108 Auks, ii. 367 Aulia, ii. 102 Aulacodes, ii. 239 Aulacodon, ii. 239 Aulacorhamphus, ii. 307 Aulopoma, ii. 520 Aulopyge, ii. 452 Auricula, ii. 519, 527 AURICULIDÆ, ii. 518 Auriparus, ii. 266 Australia, physical features of, i. 387 Australia and S. America, supposed land connection between, i. 398 Australian region, description of, i. 387 zoological characteristics of, i. 390 mammalia of, i. 390 birds of, i. 391 reptiles of, i. 396 amphibia of, i. 397 fresh-water fish of, i. 397 summary of vertebrata of, i. 397 supposed land-connection of with S. America, i. 398 insects of, i. 403 lepidoptera of, i. 404 coleoptera of, i. 405 land-shells of, i. 407 sub-regions of, i. 408 early history of, i. 465 Australian sub-region, mammalia of, i. 438 illustration of mammalia of, i. 439 birds of, i. 440 illustration of fauna of, i. 441 Australian hedgehog, ii. 254 Austro-Malayan sub-region, physical features of, i. 388 zoology of, i. 409 Automolus, ii. 103 AVICULIDÆ, ii. 533 Avocettula, ii. 107 Avocettinus, ii. 108 Aye-aye, figure of, i. 278 ii. 177 Axiocerces, ii. 477 Azores, visited by European birds, i. 17 birds of, i. 207 butterflies of, i. 207 beetles of, i. 207, 209 peculiarly modified birds of, i. 207 stragglers to, i. 208 how stocked with animal life, i. 208 B. Babirusa of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 428 Babirusa, ii. 215 Badger, figure of, i. 195 Badis, ii. 433 Bæotis, ii. 475 Bagarius, ii. 443 Bagrichthys, ii. 442 Bagroides, ii. 442 Bagrus, ii. 442 Baird, Professor, on fauna of Cape St. Lucas ii. 130 on representative birds of United States, ii. 180 Balæna, European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 207 Balæniceps, ii. 360 BALÆNIDÆ, ii. 207 Balænodon, European Pliocene, i. 112 Balænoptera, ii. 207 Balænopteridæ, ii. 207 Balea, ii. 516 Balearica, ii. 357 Baly, Mr., on Phytophaga of Japan, i. 230 Banca, its peculiar species and solution of a problem in distribution, i. 356 Band-fish, ii. 435 Bandicoots, ii. 250 Barangia, ii. 199 Barbatula, ii. 306 Barbets, ii. 305 Barbichthys, ii. 452 Barbus, ii. 451 Barilius, ii. 452 Barissia, ii. 392 Barriers, as affecting distribution, i. 6 permanence of, as affecting distribution, i. 7 to the dispersal of birds, i. 17 Baryphthengus, ii. 313 Barypus, ii. 492 Basileuterus, ii. 279 Basilornis, ii. 287 Bassaris, ii. 200 Batara, ii. 104 Bates, Mr., on Carabidæ of Japan, i. 228 on Longicorns of Japan, i. 230 Bathmodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Bathrodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Bathyerges, ii. 231 BATOIDEI, ii. 462 BATRACHIDÆ, ii. 431 Batrachocephalus, ii. 443 Batrachoseps, ii. 413 Batrachostomus, ii. 318 Bats, powers of flight of, i. 15 classification of, i. 87 of New Zealand, i. 450 Baucis, ii. 108 Baza, ii. 349 Bdeogale, ii. 195 Bearded Reedling, ii. 262 Bears, probable cause of absence of, from tropical Africa, i. 291 ii. 201 Beaver, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 Beavers, ii. 234 Bee-eaters, ii. 312 Beetles, families selected for study, i. 103 from the Lias, i. 167 of Azores, i. 207 of Japan, i. 228 of S. Temperate America, ii. 44 BELEMNITIDÆ, ii. 506 Belemnoziphius, European Pliocene, i. 112 Belideus, ii. 252 Belionota, ii. 497 Belodontichthys, ii. 441 Belone, ii. 450 Belonesox, ii. 450 Belt, Mr., his theory of a great Siberian lake during the glacial epoch, i. 218; ii. 206 on change of climate caused by diminution of obliquity of ecliptic, i. 466 Beluga, ii. 209 Bembecidium, ii. 489 Berardius, ii. 208 Berenicornis, ii. 317 Bermudas, zoology of, ii. 134 Bernicla, ii. 363 Bernieria, ii. 258 BERYCIDÆ, ii. 424 Bessonornis, ii. 256 Bettongia, ii. 251 Bhringa, ii. 269 Bhutanitis, ii. 479 Bias, ii. 270 Biatas, ii. 104 Bibos, ii. 222 Bison, ii. 222, 225 Binney, Mr., on Air-breathing Molluscs of N. America, ii. 528 Birds, means of dispersal of, i. 15 dispersal of by winds, i. 16 American, found in Europe, i. 16 reaching the Azores, i. 17 barriers to dispersal of, i. 17 limited by forests, i. 17 classification of, i. 93 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 extinct, i. 160 fossil of Palæarctic region, i. 161 European of Miocene period, i. 161 Eocene of Europe, i. 162 relations of, i. 162 extinct of North America, i. 163 recently extinct in New Zealand, i. 164 Cretaceous of N. America, i. 164 remains of in Brazilian caves, i. 164 recently extinct in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 164 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 numerous Palæarctic genera, i. 183 of the European sub-region, i. 193 northern range of in Europe, i. 193 of the zone of pine forests, i. 194 of Iceland, i. 198 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 203 of Malta, i. 206 (note) of the Azores, i. 207 of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 219 Oriental found in Siberia, i. 219 extreme northern Asiatic, i. 219 of northern Asiatic forests, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 223 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 224 Oriental genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 224 characteristic of N.W. China and Mongolia, i. 226 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 235 of West Africa, i. 243 list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243 of the Ethiopian region, i. 253 of the East African sub-region, i. 260 S. African, i. 267 genera of, peculiar to Madagascar, i. 275 common to Madagascar and Oriental or Ethiopian regions, i. 276 species common to Madagascar and Africa or Asia, i. 277 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 295 table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306 of the Oriental region, i. 316 of the Indian sub-region, i. 323 Oriental genera of in Central India, i. 324 Palæarctic and Ethiopian genera in Central India, i. 325 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub region, i. 330 of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 337 illustration of peculiar Malayan, i. 339 of the Philippine Islands, i. 346 table of Oriental families of, i. 366 table of Oriental genera of, i. 375 of Australian region, i. 391 specially organized Australian families of, i. 392 of the Papuan Islands, i. 410 peculiarities of, i. 413 brilliant colours of, i. 413 remarkable forms of, i. 414 of the Moluccas, i. 418 peculiarities of, i. 421 of the Timor group, i. 423 of Celebes, i. 428 of Australia, i. 440 of New Zealand, i. 451 peculiar to New Zealand, i. 452 of Norfolk Island, i. 453 of Lord Howe's Island, i. 453 of the Chatham Islands, i. 454 of the Auckland Islands, i. 455 table of families of Australian, i. 471 table of genera of Australian, i. 478 of the Neotropical region, ii. 6 distinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 7 of the Mexican sub region, ii. 52 of the Antilles, ii. 64 table of distribution of, ii. 68 table of families of Neotropical, ii. 86 table of genera of Neotropical, ii. 86 of the Nearctic region, ii. 116 list of typical genera of, ii. 118 of California, ii. 127 of Central N. America, ii. 130 of Eastern United States, ii. 132 of Canada, ii. 136 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 141 table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 148 and Mammals, parallelism of distribution of, ii. 545 lines of migration of, ii. 545 peculiar development of, in islands, ii. 546 contrast of distribution in tropical and temperate oceanic islands, ii. 546 Biziura , ii. 364 Blacicus, ii. 102 Black ape of Celebes, i. 427 Bland, Mr. Thomas, on Antillean land-shells, ii. 19 ii. 526 Blanford, Mr. W. T., on the "Indian" region, i. 60 on relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321 Blapsidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167 Blarina, ii. 191 Blauneria, ii. 519 BLENNIDÆ, ii. 431 Blenniops, ii. 431 Blennius, ii. 431 Blethisa, ii. 489 Blind burrowing snakes, ii. 372 Blunt-heads, ii. 380 Blyth, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 60 on the relations of Indian sub-region with Africa, i. 321 Boa, ii. 381 Boædon, ii. 380 Boas, ii. 381 Bola, ii. 452 Bolborhynchus, ii. 328 Boleosoma, ii. 425 BOMBINATORIDÆ, ii. 416 Bombinator, ii. 417 Bonasa, ii. 339 Bonnet-limpets, ii. 511 Bony Pikes, ii. 459 Bootherium, ii. 225 Borneo, probable recent changes in, i. 357 Bos, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 222, 225 Botaurus, ii. 359 Bothriodon, ii. 215 Botia, ii. 453 Bourbon, zoology of, i. 280 reptiles of, i. 281 Bourcieria, ii. 108 ii. 521 Bovidæ, European Miocene, i. 120 BOVIDÆ, ii. 221 BOVINÆ, ii. 222 Brachinus, ii. 489 BRACHIOPODA, ii. 532 Brachiurophis, ii. 383 Brachiurus, ii. 175 Brachyalestes, ii. 445 Brachycephalus, ii. 414 Brachygalba, ii. 311 Brachylophus, ii. 401 Brachymeles, ii. 397 Brachymerus, ii. 416 Brachymys, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 232 ii. 236 Brachymystax, ii. 447 Brachypteryx, ii. 256 Brachypternus, ii. 303 Brachytarsomys, ii. 230 Brachypteracias, ii. 312 Brachyrhamphus, ii. 367 Bradybates, ii. 413 Bradycellus, ii. 489 Bradyornis, ii. 271 BRADYPODIDÆ, ii. 244 Bradyptetus, ii. 258 Bradypus, ii. 244 Bradytus, ii. 489 Brama, ii. 429 Bramatherium, Miocene of Perim Island, i. 122 ii. 226 Branchiosteus, ii. 442 Branta, ii. 364 BRASSOLIDÆ, ii. 472 Brassolis, ii. 472 Brazilian cave-fauna, i. 143 remarks on, i. 145 Brazilian sub-region, description of, ii. 21 mammalia of, ii. 23 birds of, ii. 24 illustration of mammalia of, ii. 23 illustration of birds of, ii. 28 islands of, ii. 29 Breviceps, ii. 416 Breyeria borinensis, Carboniferous insect, i. 168 Britain, peculiar species in, i. 197 British Isles, zoology of, i. 197 Broad-bill, Malayan, figure of, i. 340 Broad-bills, ii. 294 Bronchocela, ii. 402 Brontes, ii. 444 Brontotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 Brontotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 Brotogerys, ii. 328 Brush-turkeys, ii. 341 Brycon, ii. 445 Bryconops, ii. 445 Bryttus, ii. 425 Buarremon, ii. 99 Bubalus, ii. 222 Bubo, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 350 BUCCINIDÆ, ii. 507 Buccinum, ii. 507 Bucco, ii. 310 BUCCONIIDÆ, ii. 310 Bucephala, ii. 364 Bucephalus, ii. 379 Buceros, ii. 317 BUCEROTIDÆ, ii. 316 Bucorvus, ii. 317 Budorcas, ii. 224 Budorcinæ, ii. 224 Budytes, ii. 290 Buffaloes, ii. 221 Bufo, ii. 415 BUFONIDÆ, ii. 415 Bulbuls, ii. 267 BULLIDÆ, ii. 530 Buliminus, ii. 514 Bulimulus, ii. 514 Bulimus, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 514, 523 Bunælurus, N American Tertiary, i. 134 Bungarus, ii. 383 Bungia, ii. 452 Bunocephalichthys, ii. 444 Bunocephalus, ii. 444 Buphaga, ii. 288 BUPRESTIDÆ, ii. 495 Buprestidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167 Busarellus, ii. 348 Bush-shrikes, ii. 297 Bustards, ii. 356 Butalis, ii. 270 Butastur, ii. 348 Buteo, ii. 348 Buteogallus, ii. 348 BUTEONINÆ, ii. 348 Buteola, ii. 348 Buthraupis, ii. 98 Butterflies, arrangement of, i. 103 Palæarctic, i. 187 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of Azores, i. 207 peculiar to Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of Japan and North China, i. 227 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 number of Ethiopian species, i. 256 of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342 of the Australian region, i. 404 of the Austro-Malay sub-region, i. 404 of the Moluccas, i. 419 of Celebes, peculiarities of, i. 434 of New Zealand, i. 457 ii. 470 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 483 fossil, ii. 486 of S. Temperate America, ii. 43 Bycanistes, ii. 317 C. Cabalus, ii. 352 Cabrita, ii. 391 Cacatua, ii. 325 CACATUIDÆ, ii. 324 Caccabis, ii. 339 Cachius, ii. 453 Cacomantis, ii. 309 Cacophis, ii. 383 Cacopitta, ii. 261 Cacopus, ii. 416 Cacotus, ii. 417 Cactornis, ii. 284 Cadurcotherium, European Eocene, i. 125 Cæcilia, ii. 411 CÆCILIADÆ, ii. 411 Cæcum, ii. 509 Cælodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 Cælogenys, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 241 Cænopithecus, European Eocene, i. 124 ii. 178 Cæntropus, ii. 445 Cainotherium, European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126 Cairina, ii. 364 Caica, ii. 328 Calamanthus, ii. 258 Calamaria, ii. 374 CALAMARIIDÆ, ii. 374 Calamodon, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Calamodus, ii. 258 Calamoherpinæ, ii. 287 Calamoichthys, ii. 458 Calamospiza, ii. 285 Calandrella, ii. 289 Calao, ii. 317 Calathus, ii. 489 Caledonica, ii. 487 Calendula, ii. 289 Calicalicus, ii. 271 Calictis, ii. 195 Calidris, ii. 353 Caliecthrus, ii. 309 California, illustration of zoology of, ii. 128 Californian sub-region, ii. 127 mammalia of, ii. 127 birds of, ii. 127 reptiles of, ii. 128 amphibia of, ii. 128 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 128 Caligo, ii. 472 Calinaga, ii. 479 Calisto, ii. 471 Callæas, ii. 287 Callia, ii. 521 Callichroma, ii. 501 Callichrous, ii. 442 Callichthys, ii. 444 Callida, ii. 490 Callidryas, ii. 478 Callionymus, ii. 430 Calliope, ii. 259 Callipepla, ii. 339 Calliperidia, ii. 108 Calliphlox, ii. 198 Callirhynus, ii. 375 Callisaurus, ii. 401 Calliste, ii. 98 Callisthenus, ii. 489 Callithea, ii. 474 Callithrix, in Brazilian caves, i. 184 ii. 175 ii. 178 Callocephalus, ii. 204 Callochen, ii. 363 Callomystax, ii. 443 Callophis, ii. 383 Callophysus, ii. 443 Callopistes, ii. 390 Callorhinus, ii. 202 Calloselasma, ii. 385 Callosune, ii. 478 Callula, ii. 416 Calobates, ii. 290 Calocitta, ii. 273 Calodromas, ii. 344 Calœnas, ii. 333 Caloperdix, ii. 339 Calophena, ii. 490 Calopsitta, ii. 325 Caloragia, ii. 375 Calorhamphus, ii. 306 Calornis, ii. 288 Calosoma, ii. 489 Calostethus, ii. 419 Calotes, ii. 402 Calothorax, ii. 108 Calydna, ii. 476 Calypte, ii. 108 Calyptocephalus, ii. 421 Calyptomena, ii. 295 Calyptorhynchus, ii. 325 CALYPTRÆIDÆ, ii. 511 Calyptura, ii. 102 Camarhynchus, ii. 284 Camaroptera, ii. 258 Camel, fossil in Indian Miocene, i. 122 birth-place and migrations of, i. 155 Palæarctic, i. 182 Camelidæ, essentially extra-tropical, i. 112 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 CAMELIDÆ, ii. 216 CAMELOPARDALIDÆ, ii. 221 Camelopardalis, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 221 Camelotherium, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 217 Camels, ii. 216 Camelus, ii. 216 Camena, ii. 477 Campephaga, ii. 269 CAMPEPHAGIDÆ, ii. 268 Campephilus, ii. 303 Campsiempis, ii. 101 Camptolaimus, ii. 364 Campylopterus, ii. 107 Campylorhynchus, ii. 264 Canadian sub-region, mammalia of, ii. 135 birds of, ii. 136 reptiles and fishes of, ii. 137 insects of, ii. 137 Canaries, birds of, i. 208 beetles of, i. 209 Cancroma, ii. 359 Canidæ, European Miocene, i. 118 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 remarkable S. African, i. 267 CANIDÆ, ii. 197 Canis, European Pliocene, i. 112 Post-Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 N. American Tertiary, i. 134, 135 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 197 Cantharus, ii. 427 Cantoria, ii. 376 Cape Ant-eater, ii. 246 Cape of Good Hope, peculiar flora and fauna of, i. 266 Cape Verd Islands, zoology of, i. 214 Cape-hare, S. African, i. 267 Capito, ii. 306 CAPITONINÆ, ii. 306 Capoeta, ii. 451 Capra, ii. 224, 225 Capreolus, ii. 219 CAPRIMULGIDÆ, ii. 319 Caprimulgus, ii. 319 CAPRINÆ, ii. 224 Capromys, ii. 238 Capys, ii. 477 CARABIDÆ, ii. 488 Carabus, ii. 488 ii. 489 CARANGIDÆ, ii. 429 Carassius, ii. 451 CARCHARIIDÆ, ii. 460 Carcineutes, ii. 316 Cardellina, ii. 279 CARDIADÆ, ii. 535 Cardinalis, ii. 285 Cardiodus, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Cardiopthalmus, ii. 492 Cardita, ii. 535 Carenum, ii. 490 Cariama, Brazilian caves, i. 164 ii. 357 CARIAMIDÆ, ii. 357 Caridonax, ii. 316 Carlia, ii. 397 Carnivora of European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 Carnivora, classification of, i. 88 antiquity of, i. 153 of the Palæarctic region, i. 182 list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 240 list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 302 range of Oriental genera of, i. 373 list of Australian genera of, i. 476 CARNIVORA, ii. 192 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 204 range of, in time, ii. 206 summary and conclusion, ii. 541 Caroline Islands, birds of, i. 444 Carpenter, Dr. Philip, on Panama shells, ii. 20 Carpiodes, ii. 451 Carpococcyx, ii. 309 Carpodacus, ii. 285 Carpodectes, ii. 102, 294 Carpophaga, ii. 332 Carterodon in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239 Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of animals, i. 85 Professor, on classification of the Cetacea, i. 88 Carychium, ii. 519 Casarca, ii. 363 Cascelius, ii. 492 Casiornis, ii. 102, 293 Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 225 Casnonia, ii. 489 Cassiculus, ii. 282 Cassicus, ii. 282 Cassidaria, ii. 507 Cassidix, ii. 283 Cassinia, ii. 270 Cassowaries, ii. 368 Castalia, ii. 534 Castnia, ii. 481 CASTNIIDÆ, ii. 481 Castor, European Pliocene, i. 113 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 234 CASTORIDÆ, ii. 234 Castoroides, ii. 234 Casuarius, ii. 369 CASUARIIDÆ, ii. 368 Catadromus, ii. 490 Catagramma, ii. 474 Catamblyrhynchus, ii. 285 Catamenia, ii. 285 Catascopus, ii. 489 ii. 491 Cataulus, ii. 520 Catharistes, ii. 346 Cathartes, Brazilian caves, i. 124 ii. 346 Catharus, ii. 256 Catherpes, ii. 264 Catla, ii. 451 Catoblepas, ii. 224 Catodon, ii. 208 Catodontidæ, ii. 207 Catopra, ii. 433 Catoprion, ii. 446 Catostomus, ii. 451 Catoxantha, ii. 496 Catriscus, ii. 258 Cats, ii. 192 Cave-fauna of Brazil, i. 143 Cavia, European Miocene, i. 121 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 241 Cavies, ii. 241 CAVIIDÆ, ii. 241 CEBIDÆ, ii. 174 Cebochœrus, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 215 Cebus in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 174 ii. 178 Cecina, ii. 521 Celebes, physical features of, i. 389 mammalia of, i. 426 birds of, i. 428 insects of, i. 434 origin of fauna of, i. 436 Celestus, ii. 327 Celeus, ii. 303 Celia, ii. 489 Cenchris, ii. 385 Centetes, ii. 188 Centetidæ, European Miocene, i. 118 CENTETIDÆ, ii. 188 Centrarchus, ii. 425 CENTRISCIDÆ, ii. 436 Centriscus, ii. 436 Centrites, ii. 101, 291 Centrocercus, ii. 339 Centrolabrus, ii. 437 Centrolophus, ii. 429 Centromochlus, ii. 443 Centronotus, ii. 431 Centropus, ii. 309 Centronyx, ii. 286 Centropyx, ii. 390 Centurus, ii. 303 Cephalepis, ii. 108 Cephalopeltis, ii. 389 CEPHALOPHINÆ, ii. 224 Cephalophus, ii. 224 CEPHALOPODA, ii. 505 Cephalopterus, ii. 103, 294 Cephalopyrus, ii. 266 Cepola, ii. 435 CEPOLIDÆ, ii. 435 CERAMBYCIDÆ, ii. 493 Ceratichthys, ii. 452 Ceratina, ii. 470 Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, i. 397 Ceratodus, ii. 458 Ceratohyla, ii. 418 Ceratophora, ii. 402 Ceratophorus, ii. 501 Ceratophrys, ii. 420 Ceratoptera, ii. 463 Ceratorhina, ii. 367 Ceratorhinus, ii. 213 Ceratotherium, ii. 213 Cerberus, ii. 376 Cercaspis, ii. 380 Cerchneis, ii. 349 Cercocebus, ii. 173 Cercolabes in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 240 CERCOLABIDÆ, ii. 239 Cercoleptes, ii. 200 Cercomacra, ii. 104 Cercomela, ii. 260 Cercomys, ii. 239 Cercopithecus in European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 173 Cercosaura, ii. 394 CERCOSAURIDÆ, ii. 394 Cereopsis, ii. 363 Ceriornis, ii. 340 CERITHIADÆ, ii. 509 Certhia, ii. 264 Certhidea, ii. 278 CERTHIADÆ, ii. 264 Certhilauda, ii. 289 Certhiola, ii. 278 Certhiparus, ii. 266 Cervicapra, ii. 224 CERVICAPRINÆ, ii. 224 Cervidæ, European Miocene, i. 120 birth-place and migrations of, i. 155 CERVIDÆ, ii. 218 Cervulus, ii. 219 Cervus, European Pliocene, i. 113 Indian Pliocene and Miocene, i. 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 219 Ceryle, ii. 316 CESTRACIONTIDÆ, ii. 461 Cetacea, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 140 Cetacea, classification of, i. 89 range of Oriental genus, i. 374 CETACEA, ii. 207 Cethosia, ii. 474 CETONIIDÆ, ii. 494 Cetopsis, ii. 443 Cettia, ii. 258 Ceuthmochares, ii. 309 Ceycopsis, ii. 316 Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of, i. 327 Ceylonese sub-region, i. 326 mammalia of, i. 327 birds of, i. 327 reptiles of, i. 327 amphibia of, i. 327 insects of, i. 327 past history of, as indicated by its fauna. i. 328 Ceyx, ii. 316 Chaca, ii. 441 Chæmarrhornis, ii. 259 Chæmepelia, ii. 333 Chærocampa, ii. 482 Chætobranchus, ii. 439 Chætocercus, ii. 108 ii. 249 Chætodon, ii. 427 Chætomys, ii. 240 Chætops, ii. 256 Chætoptila, ii. 276 Chætorhynchus, ii. 269 Chætostomus, ii. 444 Chætura, ii. 320 Chætusia, ii. 356 Chalceus, ii. 445 CHALCIDÆ, ii. 393 Chalcinopsis, ii. 445 Chalcinus, ii. 445 Chalcis, ii. 393 Chalcochloris, ii. 189 Chalcopelia, ii. 333 Chalcophaps, ii. 333 Chalcostetha, ii. 276 Chalicomys, European Pliocene, i. 113 Chalicotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 122 fossil in N. China, i. 123 Chamæleo, N. American Eocene, i. 165 Chalybura, ii. 107 Chamæa, ii. 264 CHAMÆIDÆ, ii. 264 CHAMÆLEONIDÆ, ii. 402 Chamæleons, ii. 402 Chamæpetes, ii. 343 Chamæospiza, ii. 284 Chamæsaura, ii. 394 CHAMÆSAURIDÆ, ii. 394 Chamæza, ii. 104 CHAMIDÆ, ii. 534 Chamois, figure of, i. 195 ii. 224 Chamostrea, ii. 536 Chanodichthys, ii. 453 CHARACINIDÆ, ii. 444 Characodon, ii. 450 CHARADRIIDÆ, ii. 355 Charadrius, ii. 356 Charina, ii. 373 Charis, ii. 476 Charitornis, ii. 274 Charmosyna, ii. 327 Chasiempis, ii. 271 Chasmodes, ii. 431 Chasmorhynchus, ii. 103, 294 Chatarrhæa, ii. 261 Chatham Islands, birds of, i. 454 Chatterers, ii. 293 Chaulelasmus, ii. 364 Chauna, ii. 361 Chaunonotus, ii. 272 Chaunoproctus, ii. 284 Chela, ii. 453 Chelemys, ii. 408 Chelidon, ii. 281 Chelidoptera, ii. 311 Chelidorynx, ii. 271 Chelodina, ii. 408 Chelomeles ii. 397 Chelone, ii. 409 Chelonia, classification of, i. 100 CHELONIA, ii. 407 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 410 fossil, ii. 410 CHELONIIDÆ, ii. 409 CHELYDIDÆ, ii. 408 Chelydobatrachus, ii. 416 Chelydra, European Pliocene, i. 165 ii. 408 Chelys, ii. 408 Chenalopex, ii. 363 Chera, ii. 286 Chersina, ii. 408 Chersydrus, ii. 382 Chevrotain of Malaya, figure of, i. 336 Chevrotains, ii. 218 Chiamela, ii. 397 Chiasognathus, ii. 493 Chibia, ii. 269 Chilabothrus, ii. 381 Chili should not be placed in the Palæarctic or Nearctic regions, i. 63 Chili and Temperate S. America, distribution of Carabidæ in, ii. 492 Chilian Andes, illustration of zoology of, ii. 40 Chilian sub-region, ii. 36 mammalia of, ii. 36 birds of, ii. 37 illustration of zoology of, ii. 40 reptiles and amphibia of, ii. 40 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 42 insects of, ii. 42 origin and migrations of insects of, ii. 47 Chili, islands of, ii. 49 Chilinia, ii. 518 Chilobranchus, ii. 456 Chilomeniscus, ii. 375 Chimæra, ii. 460 CHIMÆRIDÆ, ii. 460 China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of Indian and European Miocene, i. 362 North, mammalia of, i. 222 Chinchilla, ii. 237 Chinchillidæ in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148 CHINCHILLIDÆ, ii. 237 Chioglossa, ii. 413 Chionabas, ii. 471 CHIONIDIDÆ, ii. 354 Chionis, ii. 354 CHIROCENTRIDÆ, ii. 454 CHIROCOLIDÆ, ii. 393 Chirodon, ii. 445 Chirodryas, ii. 418 Chirogaleus, ii. 176 Chiroleptes, ii. 421 Chiromachæris, ii. 102, 292 Chiromantis, ii. 419 CHIROMYIDÆ, ii. 177 Chironectes, ii. 248 Chiroptera, classification of, i. 87 list of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 list of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 range of Oriental genera of, i. 371 list of Australian genera of, i. 475 Chiroptera, European Eocene, i. 125 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 CHIROPTERA, ii. 181 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 185 fossil, ii. 185 summary and conclusion, ii. 441 Chirotes, ii. 388 CHIROTIDÆ, ii. 388 Chiroxiphia, ii. 102, 292 CHITONIDÆ, ii. 512 Chittya, ii. 519 Chlænius, ii. 489 Chlamydodera, ii. 275 Chlamydophorus, ii. 246 Chlamydotherium, ii. 246 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 Chlenasicus, ii. 262 Chloëphaga, ii. 363 Chlorochrysa, ii. 98 ii. 99 Chloronerpes, ii. 303 Chlorophanes, ii. 278 Chlorophonia, ii. 98 ii. 99 Chloropipo, ii. 102 Chlorospiza, ii. 283 Chlorospingus, ii. 99 ii. 100 Chlorostilbon, ii. 109 Choanomphalus, ii. 518 Choanopoma, ii. 521 Chœromorus, European Miocene, i. 119 Chœropotamus, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 215 Chœropus, ii. 250 Chœrotherium, Indian Miocene, i. 122 Cholæpus, ii. 244 Chologastes, ii. 450 Cholornis, ii. 262 Chondestes, ii. 285 Chondropoma, ii. 521 CHONDROPTERYGII, ii. 46 CHONDROSTEI, ii. 459 Chondrostoma, ii. 452 Choneziphius, European Pliocene, i. 112 Chordeiles, ii. 320 Chough, Alpine, figure of, i. 195 Choughs, ii. 274 CHROMIDÆ, ii. 438 Chromis, ii. 438 Chrysichthys, ii. 442 Chrysobronchus, ii. 108 Chrysococcyx, ii. 310 CHRYSOCHLORIDÆ, ii. 189 Chrysochloris, ii. 189 Chrysocolaptes, ii. 303 Chrysocyon, ii. 197 Chrysolampis, ii. 108 Chrysomitris, ii. 283 Chrysopelea, ii. 379 Chrysophrys, ii. 427 Chrysoptilus, ii. 303 Chrysothrix, ii. 175 Chrysotis, ii. 328 Chrysuronia, ii. 109 Chthonicola, ii. 258 Ciccaba, ii. 350 Cichla, ii. 439 Cichladusa, ii. 261 Cichlopsis, ii. 260 Cicigna, ii. 392 Cicindela, ii. 486 CICINDELIDÆ, ii. 486 Cicinnurus, ii. 275 Ciconia, ii. 360 Ciconiidæ, ii. 360 CINCLIDÆ, ii. 262 Cinclocerthia, ii. 256 Cinclodes, ii. 103 Cinclorhamphus, ii. 260 Cinclosoma, ii. 261 Cinclus, ii. 263 Cinnicerthia, ii. 264 Cinnyricinclus, ii. 276 ii. 288 Cinosternon, ii. 408 Cinyxis, ii. 408 Cionella, ii. 515 Circaëtus, ii. 348 Circe, ii. 109 Circumpolar zones, objections to system of, i. 67 Circus, ii. 347 Cirrhina, ii. 451 CIRRHITIDÆ, ii. 427 Cirrhochroa, ii. 474 CIRRHOSTOMI, ii. 464 Cissa, ii. 273 Cissopis, ii. 99 Cisticola, ii. 257 Cistothorus, ii. 263 Cistula, ii. 521 Cithara, ii. 508 Citharinus, ii. 445 Cittura, ii. 316 Cladognathus, ii. 493 Clais, ii. 108 Clam-shells, ii. 535 Clarias, ii. 441 Clarotes, ii. 442 Classification as affecting the study of distribution, i. 83 Claudius, ii. 408 Clausilia, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 514 Clerome, ii. 472 Clibanornis, ii. 103 Climacteris, ii. 265 Climate, as a limit to the range of mammalia, i. 11 gradual change of, before the glacial epoch, i. 41 Clinteria, ii. 494 CLIONIDÆ, ii. 531 Clostophis, ii. 520 Clupea, ii. 454 CLUPEIDÆ, ii. 454 Clymenia, ii. 209 Clypeicterus, ii. 282 Clytoctantes, ii. 104 Clytolæna, ii. 108 Clytus, ii. 501 Cnidoglanis, ii. 441 Cnipodectes, ii. 101 Cnipolegus, ii. 101, 291 Cobitis, ii. 453 Cobras, ii. 382 Coccothraustes, ii. 284 Coccygus, ii. 309 Coccystes, ii. 310 Cochlognathus, ii. 452 Cochlostyla, ii. 514 Cochlothraustes, ii. 309 Cochoa, ii. 269 Cockatoos, ii. 324 Cockles, ii. 535 Cocos Islands, bird of, ii. 60 Cocytia, ii. 481 Cœligena, ii. 107 Cœlodon, ii. 245 Cœlonotus, ii. 457 Cœlopeltis, ii. 377 Cœlosterna, ii. 501 Cœnonympha, ii. 471 Cœreba, ii. 278 CŒREBIDÆ, ii. 278 Cogia, ii. 208 Colaptes, ii. 304 Coleoptera, families selected for study, i. 103 Palæarctic, i. 188 number of Palæarctic species, i. 189 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 of the Ethiopian region, i. 256 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 282, 283 of the Oriental region, i. 319 of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 342 of the Australian region, i. 405 affinity of Australian and South American, i. 406, 407 of Celebes, i. 435 of New Zealand, i. 457 of the Neotropical region, ii. 15 of S. Temperate America, ii. 44 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 56 of the Antilles, ii. 74 of the Nearctic region, ii. 123 COLEOPTERA, ii. 486 general observations on the distribution of, ii. 502 (see also Beetles) Colias, ii. 478 Colies, ii. 307 COLIIDÆ, ii. 307 Colius, ii. 307 Coliuspasser, ii. 286 Collocalia, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 320 Colluricincla, ii. 272 Collyris, ii. 486, 487 Colobus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 172 Colænis, ii. 474 Colonoceras, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Colopterus, ii. 101 Colossochelys of Indian Miocene, i. 123, 165 Colpodes, ii. 489 Coluber, ii. 375 COLUBRIDÆ, ii. 375 COLUBRINÆ, ii. 375 Columbæ, classification of, i. 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311 range of Oriental genera of, i. 384 range of Australian genera of, i. 485 Columba, ii. 332 COLUMBÆ, ii. 331 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 335 COLUMBIDÆ, ii. 331 Columbula, ii. 333 Columna, ii. 516 COLYMBIDÆ, ii. 366 Colymbus, ii. 366 COMEPHORIDÆ, ii. 432 Comephorus, ii. 549 Comoro islands, zoology of, i. 281 Compsosoma, ii. 98, 375 CONCHIFERA, ii. 533 Condylura, ii. 190 Cones, ii. 508 Conger, ii. 456 CONIDÆ, ii. 508 Conirostrum, ii. 278 Conognatha, ii. 496 Conophaga, ii. 100 CONOPHAGINÆ, ii. 291 Conophis, ii. 375 Conopias, ii. 101 Conorhynchus, ii. 443 Conostoma, ii. 262 Continents, distribution of, i. 37 recent changes of, i. 38 Continental extension in Mesozoic times, i. 156 Contopus, ii. 102, 291 CONURIDÆ, ii. 327 Conurus, ii. 328 Conus, ii. 508 Copea, ii. 416 Cophoscincus, ii. 397 Copidoglanis, ii. 441 Coptodera, ii. 489, 492 Copurus, ii. 101 Copsychus, ii. 259 Coracias, ii. 311 CORACIIDÆ, ii. 311 Coracopsis, ii. 328 Corades, ii. 471 Corallus, ii. 381 Corbis, ii. 535 Cordylosaurus, ii. 392 Cordylus, ii. 392 Coregonus, ii. 447 Coriphilus, ii. 327 Coris, ii. 437 Coronella, ii. 375 CORONELLINÆ, ii. 375 Coronis, ii. 481 Cornufer, ii. 419 CORVIDÆ, ii. 272 Corvina, ii. 428 Corvinella, ii. 272 Corvultur, ii. 274 Corvus, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 274 Corydalla, ii. 290 Corydon, ii. 295 Corynopoma, ii. 445 Coryphistera, ii. 103 Coryphodon, European Eocene, i. 126 Coryphospingus, ii. 284 Corythaix, ii. 307 Corythopis, ii. 100 Corythornis, ii. 316 Cosmeteira, ii. 277 Cosmetornis, ii. 320 Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, i. 175 Cossypha, ii. 256 Cotinga, ii. 102, 294 COTINGIDÆ, ii. 293 Cottus, ii. 428 Coturniculus, ii. 284 Coturnix, ii. 338 Cotyle, ii. 281 Coua, ii. 309 Couchia, ii. 439 Coues, Dr., on the blue crow of the Rocky Mountains, ii. 128 Coursers, ii. 355 Cowries, ii. 508 Coypu, ii. 238 CRACIDÆ, ii. 342 CRACINÆ, ii. 343 Cracticus, ii. 273 Cranes, ii. 357 CRANIADÆ, ii. 532 Cranorrhinus, ii. 317 Craspedocephalus, ii. 385 Craspedopoma, ii. 521 Crateropus, ii. 261 Crax, ii. 343 Creadion, ii. 287 Creagrus, ii. 364 Creagrutus, ii. 445 Creepers, ii. 264 Cremna, ii. 475 Crenicichla, ii. 439 Crenilabrus, ii. 437 Crenuchus, ii. 445 Creurgops, ii. 99 Cricetodon, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 230 Cricetomys, ii. 230 Cricetulus, ii. 230 Cricetus, European Pliocene, i. 113 ii. 230 Cricosoma, ii. 476 Crinia, ii. 420 Criniger, ii. 267 Crithagra, ii. 285 Crocidura, ii. 191 Crocodiles, Eocene, i. 165 ii. 406 lines of migration of, ii. 548 Crocodilia, classification of, i. 100 CROCODILIA, ii. 405 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 406 fossil, ii. 407 CROCODILIDÆ, ii. 406 Crocodilurus ii. 390 Crocodilus, ii. 406 Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, i. 456 Crossarchus, ii. 195 Crossochilus, ii. 451 Crossodactylus, ii. 419 Crossoptilon, ii. 340 Crossopus, ii. 191 CROTALIDÆ, ii. 384 Crotalophorus, ii. 385 Crotalus, ii. 385 Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, i. 209 Crotophaga, ii. 309 Crowned-pigeon, figure of, i. 415 Crows, ii. 273 Crypsirhina, ii. 273 Cryptoblepharus, ii. 395 Cryptodacus, ii. 375 Cryptoprocta, ii. 194 CRYPTOPROCTIDÆ, ii. 194 Cryptopterus, ii. 441 Cryptornis, European Eocene, i. 163 Cryptotis, ii. 421 Crypturus, ii. 344 Ctenodactyla, ii. 490 Ctenodactylus, ii. 238 Ctenolabrus, ii. 437 Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 238 Ctenopharyngodon, ii. 452 Ctenopoma, ii. 521 Ctenostoma, ii. 486 Cuba, extinct mammalia of, i. 148 Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167 Cubina, ii. 400 CUCULIDÆ, ii. 308 Cuculus, ii. 309 Cuckoo-shrikes, ii. 268 Cuckoos, ii. 308 Culter, ii. 453 Cunningham, Professor, lizard discovered by, in Tierra-del-Fuego, ii. 41 Cuniculus, ii. 230 Cuphopterus, ii. 272 Cupidonia, ii. 339 Curassows, ii. 342 Curæus, ii. 282 Curetis, ii. 477 Curimatus, ii. 445 Curruca, ii. 259 Cursoria, ii. 382 Cursorius, ii. 355 Cuscus, ii. 252 Custa, ii. 390 Cutia, ii. 266 Cuttle fish, ii. 505 Cyanecula, ii. 259 Cyanocorax, ii. 273 Cyanomyia, ii. 109 Cyanopica, ii. 273 Cyanoptila, ii. 270 Cyanorhamphus, ii. 325 Cyanospiza, ii. 284 Cyanotis, ii. 101 Cyanurus, ii. 273 Cybernetes, ii. 101 Cychloris, ii. 280 Cychrus, ii. 489 CYCLADIDÆ, ii. 535 Cyclas, ii. 535 Cyclocorus, ii. 380 Cycloderma, ii. 409 Cyclodina, ii. 397 Cyclodus, ii. 397 Cyclophis, ii. 376 Cyclophorus, ii. 520 Cyclopterus, ii. 430 Cyclopsitta, ii. 326 Cyclorhamphus, ii. 420 Cyclostoma, Eocene, i. 169 CYCLOSTOMATA, ii. 463 CYCLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 520 Cyclostomus, ii. 521 Cyclothorus, ii. 247 Cyclotopsis, ii. 521 Cyclotus, ii. 521 Cyclusa, ii. 401 Cygnus, ii. 363 Cylindrella, ii. 515 Cylindrophis, ii. 373 Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, i. 167 Cymba, ii. 508 Cymbilanius, ii. 104 Cymbirhynchus, ii. 295 Cymindis, ii. 489 Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 193 Cynanthus, ii. 108 Cynictis, ii. 195 Cynocephalus, ii. 173 Cynodictis, ii. 198 Cynodon, ii. 445 Cynogale, ii. 195 CYNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 172 Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, i. 427 Cynopithecus, ii. 173 Cynomys, ii. 235 Cyornis, ii. 270 Cyotherium, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 198 Cyphogastra, ii. 496 Cyphorhinus, ii. 264 CYPRÆIDÆ, ii. 508 Cyprina, ii. 535 CYPRINIDÆ, ii. 451 ii. 535 Cyprinus, ii. 451 Cyprinion, ii. 452 Cyprinodon, ii. 450 CYPRINODONTIDÆ, ii. 450 CYPSELIDÆ, ii. 320 Cypseloides, ii. 320 Cypselus, ii. 320 Cypsnagra, ii. 99 Cyrena, ii. 535 Cyrestis, ii. 474 Cyrtonotus, ii. 489 Cyrtonyx, ii. 339 Cyrtophis, ii. 383 Cystignathus, ii. 420 Cystophora, ii. 204 D. Dacelo, ii. 316 Dacnis, ii. 278 Dactylethra, ii. 422 DACTYLETHRIDÆ, ii. 422 Dactylomys, ii. 239 Dactylopsila, ii. 249 Dactylozodes, ii. 496 Dafila, ii. 363 Dama, ii. 219 Damias, ii. 481 Damophila, ii. 109 DANAIDÆ, ii. 470 Danais, ii. 470 Dangila, ii. 451 Danio, ii. 452 Daptophilus, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Darters, ii. 365 Darwin, Mr., his explanation of the cause of the abundance of apterous insects in Madeira, i. 211 on the relation of flowers and insects, i. 463 amphibia collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 41 mice collected by, in S. Temperate America, ii. 37 on physical geography of the Galapagos, ii. 33 Dasia, ii. 397 Dasylophus, ii. 309 Dasyopthalma, ii. 472 Dasypeltis, ii. 377 DASYPODIDÆ, ii. 245 Dasyprocta, European Miocene, i. 121 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 241 Dasyptilus, ii. 329 Dasypus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 246 DASYURIDÆ, ii. 249 Dasyurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 249 Daudebardia, ii. 516 David, Père, his researches in China and Thibet, i. 221, 222 on birds of N. China, i. 226 Debis, ii. 471 Deer, fossil in N. American Tertiary formations, i. 138 Palæarctic, i. 182 probable cause of absence from tropical Africa, i. 291 ii. 218 Deilephila, ii. 482 Deltatria, ii. 107 Delma, ii. 395 Deloneura, ii. 477 Delphinapterus, ii. 209 DELPHINIDÆ, ii. 208 Delphinus, European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 209 DENDRASPIDIDÆ, ii. 383 Dendraspis, ii. 383 Dendrexetastes, ii. 104 Dendrochelidon, ii. 320 Dendrocitta, ii. 273 Dendrocolaptes, ii. 103 DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ, ii. 295 DENDROCOLAPTINÆ, ii. 295 Dendrocincla, ii. 103 Dendrocygna, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 363 Dendrœca, ii. 279 Dendrohyrax, ii. 229 Dendrolagus, ii. 251 Dendromus, ii. 303 Dendromys, ii. 230 Dendrophila, ii. 265 DENDROPHIDÆ, ii. 378 Dendrophis, ii. 378 Dendropicus, ii. 303 Dendroplex, ii. 103 Dendrornis, ii. 103 Dendrortyx, ii. 339 Denisonia, ii. 383 DENTALIADÆ, ii. 512 Dentalium, ii. 512 ii. 539 Dentex, ii. 426 Dercas, ii. 478 Dermatemys, ii. 408 Dermatocera, ii. 520 Dermatochelys, ii. 409 Deroptyus, ii. 328 Dermognathus, ii. 413 Desert-snakes, ii. 377 Desman of S. Russia, figure of, i. 219 Desmodus, ii. 182 Deudorix, ii. 477 Diadema, ii. 474 Diagramma, ii. 426 Dibamus, ii. 372 DIBRANCHIATA, ii. 505 DICÆIDÆ, ii. 277 Dicælus, ii. 490 Dicæum, ii. 277 Dicallaneura, ii. 475 Dicamptodon, ii. 413 Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 Dicerca, ii. 496 Dicerobatis, ii. 463 Dichobune, European Eocene, i. 126 Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 137 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 birthplace and migrations of, i. 155 ii. 215 Dicotylinæ, ii. 214 Dicrocerus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220 Dicrodon, ii. 390 Dicroglossus, ii. 421 Dicrorrhagia, ii. 474 DICRURIDÆ, ii. 269 Dicrurus, ii. 269 DIDELPHYIDÆ, ii. 248 Didelphys, European Eocene, i. 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 248 Dididæ, i. 164 DIDIDÆ, ii. 334 Didocus, ii. 417 DIDUNCULIDÆ, ii. 333 Didunculus, ii. 334 Didus, ii. 334 Dieba, ii. 197 Diemenia, ii. 383 Diglossa, ii. 278 Diglossopis, ii. 278 Dilophus, ii. 287 Dilophyrus, ii. 402 Dimodes, ii. 377 Dimylus, ii. 190 Dinictis, ii. 194 Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, i. 139 Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, i. 163 of New Zealand and Australia, i. 164 ii. 369 Dinornithidæ of New Zealand, i. 164 DINORNITHIDÆ, ii. 269 Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 Miocene of Perim Island, i. 123 Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Dinylus, European Miocene, i. 117 Diomedia, ii. 365 Dioplodon, ii. 208 Diorhina, ii. 476 Diphlogæna, ii. 108 Diphylla, ii. 182 Diphyllodes, ii. 274 Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Diplodactylus, ii. 399 Diploglossus, ii. 397 Diplolæmus, ii. 401 Diplomesodon, ii. 191 DIPLOMMATINIDÆ, ii. 519 Diplommatina, ii. 520 Diplomystax, ii. 443 Diplopelma, ii. 416 Diplopoma, ii. 521 Diplopterus, ii. 309 DIPNOI, ii. 458 DIPODIDÆ, ii. 231 Dipodomys, ii. 233 Dippers, ii. 263 Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251 DIPSADIDÆ, ii. 379 Dipsadoboa, ii. 379 Dipsas, ii. 379 Diptychus, ii. 452 Dipus, ii. 232 Dircenna, ii. 470 Discina, ii. 539 DISCINIDÆ, ii. 532 Discoboli, ii. 430 DISCOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 421 Discoglossus, ii. 421 Discognathus, ii. 451 Discophora, ii. 472 Discura, ii. 107 Dispersal of animals, i. 10 of mammalia, i. 10 of reptiles and amphibia, i. 28 Disteira, ii. 384 Distichodus, ii. 445 Distribution, affected by climate, i. 5 affected by physical features, i. 5 contrasts of, in similar climates, i. 5 similarities of, in diverse climates, i. 6 barriers as affecting, i. 6 study of, dependent on a good classification, i. 83 of animals an adjunct to geology, i. 8 of animals requires certain preliminary studies, i. 8 of animals dependent on physical geography, i. 35 of animals, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 40 of animals, as affected by changes of vegetation, i. 43 of animals, as affected by organic changes, i. 44 of animals, hypothetical illustration of, i. 46 of animals, complexity of the causes affecting the, i. 49 of animals, problems in, i. 51 of plants, as affected by the glacial epoch, i. 42 Distrigus, ii. 490 Diuca, ii. 284 Diucopis, ii. 99 Diva, ii. 98 Divers, ii. 366 Docimastes, ii. 108 Dodo of Mauritius, i. 282 ii. 334 Dodona, ii. 475 Dolerisca, ii. 107 Dolichodon, ii. 208 Dolichonyx, ii. 282 Dolichopterus, European Miocene, i. 162 Dolichotis, ii. 241 Doliophis, ii. 383 Dolium, ii. 507 Dommina, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Donacobius, ii. 264 Donacola, ii. 287 Donacospiza, ii. 284 Doras, ii. 443 Dorcatherium, European Miocene, i. 120 Dorcopsis, ii. 251 Dorcus, ii. 493 Doricha, ii. 108 DORIDÆ, ii. 530 Doritis, ii. 479 Dormice, ii. 232 Doryichthys, ii. 457 Doryphora, ii. 107 Douroucoulis, ii. 175 Draco, ii. 402 Dremotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 218 DREPANIDIDÆ, ii. 277 Drepanis, ii. 277 Drepanornis, ii. 275 ii. 276 Dresser, Mr. H. E., on northern range of European birds, i. 193 Drimostoma, ii. 489 Dromæus, ii. 368 Dromas, ii. 356 Dromatherium, N. American Triassic, i. 134 oldest American mammal, i. 160 Dromica, ii. 486, 487 Dromicia, ii. 252 Dromicus, ii. 375 Dromius, ii. 489 Dromococcyx, ii. 309 Dromolæa, ii. 260 Dromophis, ii. 377 Drongo-shrike, Malayan, figure of, i. 340 ii. 269 DRYADINÆ, ii. 375 DRYIOPHIDÆ, ii. 379 Dryiophis, ii. 379 Drymocataphus, ii. 261 Drymodes, ii. 259 Drymœca, ii. 257 Drymœcinæ, ii. 257 Drymomys, ii. 230 Drymornis, ii. 103 Dryocopus, ii. 303 Dryopithecus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 178 Dryospiza, ii. 284 Dryotriorchis, ii. 348 Dubusia, ii. 98 Ducks, ii. 363 Dulus, ii. 280 Dumerilia, ii. 408 Dumetia, ii. 261 Dumeticola, ii. 258 Duncan, Dr., on fossil corals of the Antilles, ii. 21 D'Urbania, ii. 477 Dwarf-ground snakes, ii. 374 Dynastor, ii. 472 Dyschirus, ii. 489 Dysauxis, ii. 481 Dysithamnus, ii. 104 Dysopes, ii. 184 E. Eagles, ii. 347 Eared Seals, ii. 202 Ear-shells, ii. 511 East Africa, geographical features of, i. 258 wide range of genera and species over, i. 259 few special types in, i. 260 East African sub-region, description of, i. 258 genera and species ranging over the whole of, i. 259 mammalia of, i. 260 birds of, i. 260 reptiles of, i. 260 amphibia and fishes of, i. 260 insects of, i. 260 few peculiar types in, i. 260 illustration of zoology of, i. 261 East Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 440 East Thibet, mammalia of, i. 222 Eaton, Rev., A. E., on insects of Kerguelen Island, i. 211 Eburna, ii. 507 Echidna, ii. 254 ECHIDNIDÆ, ii. 254 Echimyidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ECHIMYIDÆ, ii. 238 Echimys, ii. 239 Echinogale, European Miocene, i. 118 Echinops, ii. 188, 189 Echinorhinus, ii. 461 Echiothrix, ii. 230 Echis, ii. 386 Eclectus, ii. 326 Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Ectopistes, ii. 332 Edentata, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Pliocene, i. 140 of Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Edentata, classification of, i. 90 probable birthplace of, i. 155 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 305 range of Oriental genus of, i. 375 EDENTATA, ii. 244 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 247 summary and conclusion, ii. 543 Ega, ii. 490 Egerina, ii. 397 Elainea, ii. 101, 291 ELAINEINÆ, ii. 291 Elania, ii. 397 Elanoides, ii. 349 Elanus, ii. 349 Elaphodus, ii. 220 Elaphrus, ii. 489 ELAPIDÆ, ii. 382 Elapochrus, ii. 375 Elaps, ii. 383 Elapsoidea, ii. 383 Elasmognathus, ii. 212 Electra, ii. 209 ELEPHANTIDÆ, ii. 227 Elephants, fossil, of Indian Miocene, i. 123 fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene formations, i. 130 birthplace and migrations of, i. 155 ii. 227 Elephant shrews, S. African, i. 267 ii. 186 Elephas, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 fossil in N. China, i. 123 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 227 Eliomys, ii. 232 Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds of paradise, i. 415 on classification of the birds of paradise, ii. 274 Ellipesurus, ii. 463 Ellipsoglossa, ii. 413 Ellisia, ii. 258 Ellobius, ii. 231 Elminia, ii. 271 Elodina, ii. 478 Elopichthys, ii. 453 Elornis, European Miocene, i. 162 Elosia, ii. 419 Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137, 139 ii. 215, 216 Elseya, ii. 408 Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, i. 204 on true relations of the birds of Central India, i. 323 Elymnias, ii. 471 ELYMNIIDÆ, ii. 471 ELSIADÆ, ii. 530 Embasis, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Emberiza, ii. 285 EMBERIZINÆ, ii. 285 Emberizoides, ii. 284 Emblema, ii. 287 Embernagra, ii. 284 EMBROTOCIDÆ, ii. 438 Emesis, ii. 476 Emeu, figure of, i. 441 Emeus, ii. 368 Emminia, ii. 390 Empidagra, ii. 101 Empidias, ii. 102, 291 Empidochanes, ii. 102 Empidonax, ii. 102, 291 Empidonomus, ii. 102 Emyda, ii. 409 Emydida, Indian Miocene, i. 123 Emydocephalus, ii. 384 Emys, Indian Miocene, i. 123 Miocene and Eocene, i. 165 ii. 408 Enes, ii. 501 Engystoma, ii. 416 ENGYSTOMIDÆ, ii. 416 Enhydrina, ii. 384 Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 200 Enhydris, ii. 199 Enicurus, ii. 263 Enispe, ii. 472 Enodes, ii. 288 Enophrys, ii. 375 Ensophleus, ii. 420 Entelopes, ii. 501 Entomiza, ii. 276 Entomophila, ii. 275 Enygrus, ii. 381 Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Eocene period, i. 124 fauna of S. America, i. 148 Eophona, ii. 284 Eopsaltria, ii. 271 Eos, ii. 327 Epalzeorhynchus, ii. 451 Ephemera, from the Lias, i. 167 Ephthianura, ii. 260 Epicalia, ii. 474 Epicrates, ii. 381 EPIMACHINÆ, ii. 275 Epimachus, ii. 275 Epiodon, ii. 208 Epirhixis, ii. 419 Epitola, ii. 477 Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 EQUIDÆ, ii. 211 Equidæ, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Eocene, i. 125 Equus, European Pliocene, i. 112 Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 211 Erebia, ii. 471 Eremias, ii. 391 Eremomela, ii. 258 Eremophilus, ii. 444 Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 Eresia, ii. 474 Erethistes, ii. 444 Erethizon, ii. 239 Ereunetes, ii. 353 Ergaticus, ii. 279 Ergolis, ii. 474 Ericulus, ii. 188 Ericymba, ii. 452 ERINACEIDÆ, ii. 187 Erinaceus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 187 Eriocnemis, ii. 109 Eriodes, ii. 174 Erismatura, ii. 364 Erithacus, ii. 259 Eroessa, ii. 258 Eronia, ii. 478 Erpornis, ii. 267 ERYCIDÆ, ii. 381 ERYCINIDÆ, ii. 476 Erynnis, ii. 480 Erythrinus, ii. 445 Erythrocercus, ii. 270 Erythrocnema, ii. 347 Erythrogonys, ii. 356 Erythrolampus, ii. 375 Erythromachus of Rodriguez, i. 164 ii. 352 Erythrospiza, ii. 285 Erythrosterna, ii. 270 Erythrura, ii. 387 Eryx, ii. 382 ESOCIDÆ, ii. 449 Esox, ii. 449 Esthemopsis, ii. 476 Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Estrilda, ii. 286 Etheria, ii. 534 Ethiopian region should not include any part of India, i. 63 defined, i. 73 subdivisions of, i. 73 general features of, i. 251 zoological characteristics of, i. 252 mammalia of, i. 253 great speciality of, i. 253 birds of, i. 253 reptiles of, i. 254 amphibia of, i. 255 fresh-water fish of, i. 255 summary of vertebrates of, i. 255 insects of, i. 255 coleoptera of, i. 256 terrestrial mollusca of, i. 257 sub-regions of, i. 258 Atlantic islands of, i. 269 the probable past history of, i. 285 tables of distribution of animals of, i. 293 Euanemus, ii. 443 Eubagis, ii. 474 Eucephala, ii. 109 Euchætes, ii. 98 Eucometis, ii. 99 Euchromia, ii. 481 Eucichla, ii. 298 Euclyptosternum, ii. 443 Eudromias, ii. 356 Eudynamis, ii. 310 Eudyptes, ii. 366 Eueides, ii. 473 Eugenes, ii. 107 Eugenia, ii. 107 Euhyrax, ii. 229 Eulabeornis, ii. 352 Eulabes, ii. 287 Eulampis, ii. 107 Eumæus, ii. 477 Eumeces, ii. 397 Eumetopias, ii. 203 Eumomota, ii. 313 Eumys, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 231 Eumyias, ii. 270 Eunectes, ii. 381 Eunica, ii. 474 Eunogyra, ii. 475 Eupetes, ii. 263 Eupetomena, ii. 107 Euphema, ii. 325 Eupherusa, ii. 109 Euphonia, ii. 98 Euphractus, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Euphryne, ii. 401 Euphysetes, ii. 208 Eupleres, ii. 195 Euplœa, ii. 470 EUPLOCAMINÆ, ii. 340 Euplocamus, ii. 340 Eupodotis, ii. 356 Euprepes, ii. 397 Eupsychortyx, ii. 339 Euptilotis, ii. 314 Euptychia, ii. 471 Eurinorhynchus, ii. 353 Eurocephalus, ii. 272 Europe, recent changes in physical geography of, i. 39 Miocene fauna of Central, i. 117 Miocene fauna of, allied to existing fauna of tropical Asia and Africa, i. 124 European sub-region, description of, i. 191 forests of, i. 192 mammalia of, i. 192 birds of, i. 193 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 195 fresh-water fish of, i. 196 insects of, i. 196 islands of, i. 197 Eurostopodus, ii. 320 Euryades, ii. 479 Euryapteryx, ii. 370 Euryarthrium, ii. 501 Eurybia, ii. 475 Euryceros of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278 Euryceros, ii. 288 Eurycus, ii. 479 Eurygona, ii. 476 EURYGONIDÆ, ii. 476 EURYLÆMIDÆ, ii. 294 Eurylæmus, ii. 295 Euryodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246 Euryphene, ii. 474 Eurypyga, ii. 358 EURYPYGIDÆ, ii. 358 Eurystomus, ii. 312 Eurytela, ii. 474 Eurytherium, European Eocene, i. 126 Eurytrichus, ii. 490 Euscarthmus, ii. 101 Euschemon, ii. 480 ii. 481 Eusemia, ii. 482 Euspiza, ii. 285 Eustephanus, ii. 108 Eustira, ii. 453 Eutatus, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 246 Eutelodon, European Eocene, i. 126 Eutemnodus, S. American Eocene, i. 148 Euterpe, ii. 285 Euthyrhynchus, ii. 276 Eutoxeres, ii. 107 Eutriorchis, ii. 348 Eutropia, ii. 209 Eutropiichthys, ii. 441 Eutropius, ii. 442 Eutroplus, ii. 438 Exocetus, ii. 449 Exoglossum, ii. 452 Exostoma, ii. 444 Extinct mammalian fauna of Europe, general considerations on, i. 126 mammalia of N. America and Europe, comparison of, i. 140 mammalia of the Antilles, i. 148 mammalia of the Old and New Worlds, general remarks on, i. 148 fauna of New Zealand, i. 459 Amphibia, ii. 423 Ant-eaters, ii. 247 Armadillos, ii. 246 Bovidæ, ii. 225 Bradypodidæ, ii. 245 Camelidæ, ii. 217 Camelopardalidæ, ii. 221 Canidæ, ii. 197 Castoridæ, ii. 234 Caviidæ, ii. 241 Centetidæ, ii. 189 Cercolabidæ, ii. 240 Cetacea, ii. 209 Chinchillidæ, ii. 237 Chiroptera, ii. 185 Crocodiles, ii. 407 Deer, ii. 220 Didelphyidæ, ii. 249 Dipodidæ, ii. 232 Echidnidæ, ii. 254 Echimyidæ, ii. 239 Elephants, ii. 227 Equidæ, ii. 211 Erinaceidæ, ii. 188 Felidæ, ii. 193 Hippopotami, ii. 214 Hyænas, ii. 196 Hystricidæ, ii. 240 Insectivora, ii. 192 Lacertilia, ii. 404 Lagomyidæ, ii. 242 Leporidæ, ii. 243 Macropodidæ, ii. 251 Muridæ, ii. 230 Mustelidæ, ii. 199 Myoxidæ, ii. 232 Octodontidæ, ii. 238 Ophidia, ii. 387 Orycteropodidæ, ii. 246 Otariidæ, ii. 203 Procyonidæ, ii. 201 Quadrumana, ii. 178 Rallidæ, ii. 252 Rhinocerotidæ, ii. 213 Sciuridæ, ii. 236 Seals, ii. 204 Sirenia, ii. 210 Struthionidæ, ii. 369 Suidæ, ii. 215 Talpidæ, ii. 190 Tapirs, ii. 212 Tortoises, ii. 410 Tragulidæ, ii. 218 Tupaiidæ, ii. 186 Ursidæ, ii. 202 Viverridæ, ii. 195 Extinction of large animals, causes of, i. 158 F. Falcinellus, ii. 360 Falco, ii. 349 FALCONIDÆ, ii. 347 FALCONINÆ, ii. 349 Falcons, ii. 347 Falculia, ii. 228 Falkland Islands, zoology of, ii. 49 Fanged ground-snakes, ii. 380 Farancia, ii. 377 Fauna of Japan, general character and affinities of, i. 230 of Palæarctic region, general conclusions as to, i. 231 extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene Islands, i. 282 Malayan, probable origin of, i. 359 Moluccan, peculiarities of, i. 419 Timorese, origin of, i. 422 of Celebes, origin of, i. 436 of New Zealand, origin of, i. 460 of Galapagos, origin of, ii. 33 of Central America, origin of, ii. 57 of Antilles, origin of, ii. 78 of Neotropical region, origin of, ii. 80 FELIDÆ, ii. 192 Felis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 193 Felis spelæa, i. 110 Feniseca, ii. 477 Fennecus, ii. 197 Ferania, ii. 376 Fernando Po, zoological features of, i. 265 Feroculus, ii. 191 Fiber, ii. 230 Figulus, ii. 493 Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443 Finches, ii. 283 FIROLIDÆ, ii. 531 Fishes, means of dispersal of, i. 29 classification of, i. 101 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 of the Palæarctic region, i. 186 of the European sub-region, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227 fresh-water, table of Palæarctic families of, i. 227 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 of South Africa, i. 268 fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of, i. 298 fresh-water, of the Oriental region, i. 318 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341 fresh-water, table of Oriental families of i. 369 fresh-water, of the Australian region, i. 397 fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and S. American, i. 400 how the transmission may have taken place, i. 401 fresh-water, of New Zealand, i. 457 fresh-water, table of Neotropical families of, ii. 89 of Central N. America, ii. 131 of Eastern United States, ii. 134 of Canada, ii. 137 fresh-water, table of Nearctic families of, ii. 143 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 464 fossil, ii. 466 Fishing-hawks, ii. 349 FISSURELLIDÆ, ii. 511 FISTULARIDÆ, ii. 436 Fitzroya, ii. 450 Flamingoes, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 361 Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scarcity of insects, i. 462 fossil of Australia, i. 467 Floras, cretaceous and tertiary, of North America, ii. 155 Florisuga, ii. 107 Flower-peckers, ii. 277 Flower, Professor, on classification of mammalia, i. 85 classification of carnivora, i. 87 Fluvicola, ii. 100 Flycatchers, ii. 270 Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, i. 337 ii. 186 Flying Lizards, ii. 401 Flying Opossum, figure of, i. 442 Fordonia, ii. 376 Forests, essential to existence of many European animals, i. 192 Siberian, greatest extent of, i. 216 FORMICARIIDÆ, ii. 297 FORMICARIINÆ, ii. 298 Formicarius, ii. 104 Formicivora, ii. 104 FORMICIVORINÆ, ii. 297 Formosa, zoology of, i. 332 Fossa, ii. 195 Foudia, ii. 286 Francolinus, ii. 338 Fraseria, ii. 272 Fratercula, ii. 367 Fregetta, ii. 365 Fregilupus, ii. 288 Fregilus, ii. 274 Fresh-water fishes, Neotropical, ii. 12 of S. Temperate America, ii. 42 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54 of the Antilles, ii. 73 of the Nearctic region, ii. 120 of California, ii. 128 summary and conclusion, ii. 549 Fresh-water mussels, ii. 534 shell, the most Arctic, ii. 518 snakes, ii. 376 snails, ii. 518 Fringilla, ii. 283 Fringillaria, ii. 285 Fringillauda, ii. 282 FRINGILLIDÆ, ii. 284 Frog-mouths, ii. 318 Frogs, ii. 420 Fulica, ii. 352 Fuligula, ii. 364 Fulmarus, ii. 365 Fundulus, ii. 450 FURNARIINÆ, ii. 295 Furnarius, ii. 103 Fusus, ii. 507 G. GADIDÆ, ii. 439 GADOPSIDÆ, ii. 439 Gadus, ii. 439 Galago, ii. 177 Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, i. 463 Galapagos islands, ii. 29 mammalia of, ii. 29 birds of, ii. 30 reptiles of, ii. 32 insects of, ii. 33 land-shells of, ii. 33 conclusions as to the origin of their fauna, ii. 33 Galatea, ii. 536 Galaxias, ii. 448 GALAXIDÆ, ii. 448 Galbalcyrhynchus, ii. 311 Galbula, ii. 311 GALBULIDÆ, ii. 311 Galecynus, in European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 198 Galeichthys, ii. 443 GALEOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 186 Galeoscoptes, ii. 256 Galeospalax, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 190 Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, i. 111 Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 Galerella, ii. 195 Galerita, ii. 289 ii. 490 Galerix, ii. 188 Galethylax, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 198 Galeus, ii. 460 Galictis, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 199 Galidia, ii. 195 Galidictis, ii. 195 Gallinæ, classification of, i. 96 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 248 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311 range of Oriental genera of, i. 384 range of Australian genera of, i. 485 GALLINÆ, ii. 337 ii. 340 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 344 Gallinago, ii. 353 Gallinula, ii. 352 Gallus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 ii. 340 Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, i. 161 Galogale, ii. 195 Gambusia, ii. 450 Gampsonyx, ii. 349 Gampsorhynchus, ii. 261 Gannets, ii. 365 GANOIDEI, ii. 458 Gape-eyed Scinks, ii. 395 Gar-fish, ii. 459 Garrod, Professor, on the Classification of Parrots, ii. 324 Garrulax, ii. 261 Garrulus, ii. 273 GASTEROPODA, ii. 507 GASTEROSTEIDÆ, ii. 424 Gasterosteus, ii. 424 Gastornis, European Eocene, i. 163 GASTROCHÆNIDÆ, ii. 537 Gastropelecus, ii. 445 GAVIALIDÆ, ii. 405 Gavialis, ii. 405 Gavials, ii. 405 Gazella, ii. 223 GAZELLINÆ, ii. 223 Gazera, ii. 481 Gecinulus, ii. 303 Gecinus, ii. 303 Gecko, ii. 399 GECKOTIDÆ, ii. 399 Geese, ii. 363 Gehyra, ii. 400 Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene faunas of N. America, i. 132 Genetta, ii. 195 Genidens, ii. 443 Geobates, ii. 103 Geobiastes, ii. 312 Geocichla, ii. 256 Geococcyx, ii. 309 Geocolaptes, ii. 304 GEODEPHAGA, ii. 486 Geoffroyus, ii. 326 Geographical zoology, introduction, ii. 167 materials for, ii. 168 Geological history of Oriental region, i. 362 Geology and Physical Geography of the Antilles, ii. 62, 79 Geomelania, ii. 519 Geomys, ii. 233 Geopelia, ii. 332 Geophaps, ii. 333 Geophagus, ii. 439 Geopsittacus, ii. 325 Georissa, ii. 522 Georychus, ii. 231 Geositta, ii. 103 Geospiza, ii. 284 Geothlypis, ii. 279 Geotrochus, ii. 523 Geotryon, ii. 333 Geotrypus, ii. 190 Geranospiza, ii. 347 Gerbillus, ii. 230 ii. 232 Geronticus, ii. 360 Gerrhonotus, ii. 392 Gerrhosaurus, ii. 392 GERRIDÆ, ii. 438 Gervasia, ii. 260 Gerygone, ii. 258 Giant-Clams, ii. 534 Gibbon, ii. 171 Gibraltar, cave fauna of, i. 114 Giraffes, ii. 221 Girardinus, ii. 450 Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of animals, i. 40 as a cause of the great change in the fauna of the temperate zones, since Pliocene times, i. 151 probably simultaneous in both hemispheres, i. 151 causing a general subsidence of the ocean, i. 152 Glandina, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 515 Glareola, ii. 355 GLAREOLIDÆ, ii. 355 Glaucis, ii. 107 Glaucidium, ii. 350 Glauconeza, ii. 536 Glaucopis, ii. 481 Gliciphila, ii. 275 Glis, ii. 232 Globiocephalus, ii. 209 Glossoptila, ii. 278 Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 247 Glycimeris, ii. 536 Glyphidodon, ii. 437 Glyphoglossus, ii. 416 Glyphorhynchus, ii. 103 Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Glyptosternum, ii. 443 Gnaphodes, ii. 471 Gnathodon, ii. 536 Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Goats, Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221 Goat-suckers, ii. 519 GOBIESOCIDÆ, ii. 436 GOBIIDÆ, ii. 430 Gobio, ii. 452 Gobius, ii. 430 Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the Azores, i. 207 Golden Moles, S. African, i. 267 Goliathi, ii. 494 Gonepteryx, ii. 478 Goniodactylus, ii. 400 Gongylophis, ii. 382 Gonorhynchidæ, ii. 453 Gonyocephalus, ii. 402 Gonyosoma, ii. 379 Gouldia, ii. 107 Goura, ii. 333 Graculavus, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164 Grallæ, arrangement of, i. 97 peculiar or characteristic Palæarctic genera, i. 249 peculiar Ethiopian genera of, i. 31 peculiar Oriental genera of, i. 386 peculiar Australian genera of, i. 484 GRALLÆ, ii. 351 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 362 Grallaria, ii. 104 Grallaricula, ii. 104 Grallina, ii. 273 Grammatophorus, ii. 402 Grammatoptila, ii. 261 Grampus, ii. 209 Granatellus, ii. 279 Grandala, ii. 259 Graphidurus, ii. 232 Graphipterus, ii. 491 Graucalus, ii. 268 Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea, i. 88 Grayia, ii. 376 Grayson, Col, on birds of Tres Marias, ii. 59 Grebes, ii. 367 Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, i. 115 summary of Miocene fauna of, i. 116 Green Bulbuls, ii. 267 Greenland, zoology of, ii. 138 Greenlets, ii. 280 Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, ii. 184 Grouse, ii. 328 GRUIDÆ, ii. 356 Grus, ii. 357 Grypsicus, ii. 421 Grypus, ii. 107 Guacharo, ii. 107 Guans, ii. 342 Guaraunas, ii. 357 Gubernatrix, ii. 285 Guillemots, ii. 267 Guira, ii. 309 Guiraca, ii. 285 Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidæ of the Sandwich Islands, i. 446 Gulls, ii. 364 Gulo, ii. 199 Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, i. 98 his classification of fishes, i. 101 on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the Mascarene Islands, i. 289 on range of Indian reptiles in the Himalayas, i. 329 on identical Atlantiic and Pacific fishes, ii. 21 on fresh-water fishes of Central America, ii. 54 Gygis, ii. 365 GYMNARCHIDÆ, ii. 449 Gymnarchus, ii. 449 Gymnetinæ, ii. 494 Gymnobucco, ii. 306 Gymnocephalus, ii. 103 Gymnocichla, ii. 104 Gymnocorvus, ii. 274 Gymnocypris, ii. 452 Gymnodactylus, ii. 400 GYMNODERINÆ, ii. 293 Gymnoderus, ii. 103 GYMNODONTES, ii. 457 Gymnoglaux, ii. 350 Gymnokitta, ii. 273 Gymnomystax, ii. 282 Gymnopelia, ii. 333 Gymnops, ii. 287 GYMNOPHTHALMIDÆ, ii. 395 Gymnophthalmus, ii. 395 Gymnopus, ii. 199 Gymnorhina, ii. 273 Gymnostomus, ii. 451 GYMNOTIDÆ, ii. 455 Gymnotus, ii. 455 Gymnura, ii. 188 Gypaëtus, ii. 348 Gypohierax, ii. 348 Gypoictinia, ii. 349 Gyps, ii. 346 H. Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand, i. 460 Habitat, definition of, i. 4 Habrocomus, ii. 238 Habroptila, ii. 352 Habrura, ii. 101 Hadrostomus, ii. 102, 293 Hæmatoderus, ii. 103 Hæmatopus, ii. 356 Hæmatospiza, ii. 285 Hæmophila, ii. 284 Hæmulon, ii. 426 Hætera, ii. 471 Hagria, ii. 397 Hainan, zoology of, i. 334 Halcyon, ii. 316 Halcyornis, European Eocene, i. 103 Halicyon, ii. 204 Haliæetus, ii. 348 Haliastur, ii. 348 Halichærus, ii. 204 Halicore, ii. 210 HALIOTIDÆ, ii. 511 Halitherium, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 211 Halmaturus, ii. 251 HALOSAURIDÆ, ii. 455 Halys, ii. 385 Hamadryas, ii. 470 Hang-nests, ii. 281 Hapale, ii. 176 ii. 178 Hapalemur, ii. 176 HAPALIDÆ, ii. 175 Hapalotis, ii. 230 Hapalus, ii. 524 Haplocerus, ii. 374 Haplochilus, ii. 450 Haplochiton, ii. 446 HAPLOCHITONIDÆ, ii. 446 Haplodactylus, ii. 427 Haploodon, ii. 236 HAPLOODONTIDÆ, ii. 236 Haplospiza, ii. 284 Hapsidrophis, ii. 379 Harelda, ii. 364 Hares, ii. 242 Harma, ii. 474 Harpa, ii. 349 ii. 507 Harpactes, ii. 314 Harpagus, ii. 349 Harpalus, ii. 489 Harporhynchus, ii. 256 Harpyhaliæetus, ii. 348 Hartlaubius, ii. 288 Hathliodes, ii. 502 Hatteria of New Zealand, i. 456 Hatteria, ii. 405 Hawks, ii. 347 Hedgehogs, ii. 187 Hedymeles, ii. 285 Helarctos, ii. 202 Helcyra, ii. 474 Heleothreptus, ii. 320 Heliactin, ii. 108 Heliangelus, ii. 108 Helianthea, ii. 108 Heliastes, ii. 437 HELICIDÆ, ii. 512 Helicina, ii. 522 HELICONIDÆ, ii. 473 ii. 522 Heliconius, ii. 473 Helicophagus, ii. 442 Helicops, ii. 377 Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331 Helictis, ii. 199 Heliobletus, ii. 103 Heliochæra, ii. 102 Heliodoxa, ii. 107 Heliomastes, ii. 108 Heliopædica, ii. 107 Heliophobus, ii. 231 Helioporus, ii. 417 Heliornis, ii. 352 Heliothrix, ii. 108 Heliotrypha, ii. 108 Helix, Eocene, i. 169 ii. 513 Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 221 Helluomorpha, ii. 490 Helmintherus, ii. 279 Helminthophaga, ii. 279 Heloderma, ii. 390 HELODERMIDÆ, ii. 390 Helodromas, ii. 353 Helogale, ii. 195 Helogenes, ii. 442 HELORNITHINÆ, ii. 352 Helotarsus, ii. 348 Hemibos, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 225 Hemicentetes, ii. 188 Hemicercus, ii. 303 Hemichelidon, ii. 290 Hemichromis, ii. 438 Hemicyon, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 198 Hemidacnis, ii. 278 Hemidactylium, ii. 413 Hemidactylus, ii. 399 Hemierges, ii. 397 Hemigalea, ii. 195 Hemignathus, ii. 277 Hemimantis, ii. 419 Hemiodus, ii. 445 Hemiphractus, ii. 420 Hemipimelodus, ii. 443 Hemiprocne, ii. 320 Hemipus, ii. 270 Hemirhamphus, ii. 450 Hemisilurus, ii. 442 Hemisorubim, ii. 442 Hemistilbon, ii. 109 Hemisus, ii. 414 Hemitriccus, ii. 101 Hemixus, ii. 267 Henicognathus, ii. 328 Henicopernis, ii. 349 Henicophaps, ii. 333 Henicorhina, ii. 264 Henicornis, ii. 103 Heptapterus, ii. 444 Heredia, ii. 413 Herons, ii. 359 Heros, ii. 438 Herpestes, ii. 195 Herpetethiops, ii. 376 Herpetodryas, ii. 376 Herpeton, ii. 376 Herpetoreas, ii. 375 Herpetotheres, ii. 348 Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Herpsilochmus, ii. 104 Herring, ii. 454 Hesperia, ii. 480 HESPERIDÆ, ii. 480 Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 230, 231 Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164 Hestia, ii. 470 Hestima, ii. 501 Heterobranchus, ii. 441 Heterocephalus, ii. 231 Heterocercus, ii. 102 Heterochroa, ii. 474 Heterocnemis, ii. 104 Heterocorys, ii. 289 Heterodactylus, ii. 393 Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246 ii. 376 Heterogynis, ii. 481 Heterolocha, ii. 287 Heteromorpha, ii. 262 Heteromys, ii. 233 Heteronota, ii. 400 Heteronympha, ii. 471 Heteropelma, ii. 102, 292 Heteropus, ii. 397 HETEROPYGII, ii. 450 Heterospizias, ii. 348 Heterotis, ii. 454 Heterura, ii. 290 Hewitsonia, ii. 477 Hexagonia, ii. 491 Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, i. 122 Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinction of large animals, i. 158 Hieracidea, ii. 349 Hierax, ii. 349 Hierococcyx, ii. 310 Hierofalco, ii. 349 Hill-Tits, ii. 266 Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups in the, i. 329, 333 Himantornis, ii. 352 Himantopus, ii. 353 Hinulia, ii. 397 Hipistes, ii. 376 Hipparchia, ii. 471 Hipparion, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 211 Hippocampus, ii. 457 Hippoglossoides, ii. 441 Hippoglossus, ii. 441 HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ, ii. 214 Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 European Pliocene, i. 113 Indian Pliocene, i. 122 ii. 214 Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Hippotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 122 HIPPOTRAGINÆ, ii. 223 Hippotragus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 223 HIPPURITIDÆ, ii. 534 Hirundinea, ii. 101 HIRUNDINIDÆ, ii. 280 Hirundo, ii. 281 Hoazin, ii. 345 Holocanthus, ii. 427 Holbrookia, ii. 401 Holochilus, ii. 230 Hologerrhum, ii. 379 HOLOSTEI, ii. 458 Holurophis, ii. 380 Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene, i. 146 Homalophis, ii. 376 Homalophus, European Miocene, i. 161 HOMALOPSIDÆ, ii. 376 Homalopsis, ii. 376 Homaloptera, ii. 453 Homalosoma, ii. 490 Hombronia, ii. 397 Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217 Homorus, ii. 103 ii. 524 Honey-guides, ii. 304 Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 392 ii. 275 Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New Zealand plants, i. 464 Hoopoes, ii. 317 Hopladelus, ii. 442 HOPLEGNATHIDÆ, ii. 433 Hoplobatrachus, ii. 421 HOPLOCEPHALA, ii. 460 Hoplocephalus, ii. 383 Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, i. 112 Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Hoplophorus, ii. 246 Hoplopterus, ii. 356 Horites, ii. 258 Hornbills, ii. 316 Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, i. 121 perfect series of ancestral, in N. America, i. 136 probable birthplace of, i. 154 ii. 211 Horse-shoe bats, ii. 182 Hortulia, ii. 381 Howling monkeys, ii. 175 Hudson, Mr., on land-birds of Patagonia, ii. 39 Humming-birds, ii. 321 Huro, ii. 425 Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand fauna, i. 461 Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, i. 59 division of animal kingdom by, i. 85 Hyades, ii. 472 Hyæna, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 fossil in N. China, i. 123 ii. 196 Hyænarctos in European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 196 Hyænidæ, European Miocene, i. 118 HYÆNIDÆ, ii. 196 Hyænodon, European Miocene, i. 118 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Hyænodontidæ, European Miocene, i. 118 HYALEIDÆ, ii. 531 Hyalimax, ii. 517 Hyalina, ii. 515 Hyalosaurus, ii. 392 Hyantis, ii. 472 Hybocystis, ii. 520 Hyborhynchus, ii. 452 Hydrocena, ii. 521 Hydrochelidon, ii. 364 Hydrochœrus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 Hydrochœrus, ii. 241 Hydrocissa, ii. 317 Hydrocyon, ii. 445 Hydrogale, ii. 199 Hydromedusa, ii. 408 Hydromys, ii. 230 Hydrophasianus, ii. 355 HYDROPHIDÆ, ii. 384 Hydrophis, ii. 384 Hydropotes, ii. 219 Hydropsalis, ii. 319 Hydrornis, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 298 Hydrosaurus, ii. 389 Hyetornis, ii. 309 Hygrogonus, ii. 439 Hyla, ii. 418 Hylactes, ii. 297 Hylambates, ii. 419 Hylaplesia, ii. 415 HYLAPLESIDÆ, ii. 414 Hylarana, ii. 419 Hylatomus, ii. 303 Hylella, ii. 418 HYLIDÆ, ii. 418 Hyliota, ii. 270 Hylobates, ii. 171 Hylocharis, ii. 109 ii. 271 Hylodes, ii. 419 Hylomanes, ii. 313 Hylomys, ii. 186 Hylophilus, ii. 280 Hylorhina, ii. 420 Hylotrupes, ii. 502 Hyloxalus, ii. 419 Hymenolaimus, ii. 364 HYODONTIDÆ, ii. 453 Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Hyomoschus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 218 Hyopicus, ii. 303 Hyopotamus, European Miocene, i. 119 N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 216 Hyopsodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Hyotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 215 Hypargos, ii. 287 Hyperantha, ii. 496 Hypergerus, ii. 261 Hypermnestra, ii. 479 Hyperodapedon, ii. 405 Hyperolius, ii. 417 Hyperoodon, ii. 208 HYPEROODONTIDÆ, ii. 208 Hyperopsius, ii. 448 Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Hyphantornis, ii. 286 Hypherpes, ii. 265 Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Hypna, ii. 474 Hypnale, ii. 385 Hypochera, ii. 287 Hypochrysops, ii. 477 Hypocista, ii. 471 Hypocnemis, ii. 104 Hypocolius, ii. 272 Hypodes, ii. 272 Hypogeomys, ii. 230 Hypolais, ii. 258 Hypolithus, ii. 491 Hypolycæna, ii. 477 Hypomesus, ii. 477 Hypopachus, ii. 416 Hypophthalmichthys, ii. 453 Hypophthalmus, ii. 442 Hypopyrrhus, ii. 282 Hyporissus, ii. 190 Hypothymis, ii. 271 Hypoxanthus, ii. 304 Hypsipetes, ii. 267 Hypsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251 Hypsirhina, ii. 376 Hypsirhynchus, ii. 375 Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 HYRACIDÆ, ii. 228 Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 ii. 214 ii. 248 Hyracoidea, classification of, i. 90 Palæarctic, i. 242 Ethiopian, i. 304 HYRACOIDEA, ii. 228 Hyracotherium, supposed, in European Eocene, i. 125 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 216 ii. 229 Hyrax, ii. 228 HYSTRICIDÆ, ii. 240 Hystricodon, ii. 445 Hystrix, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 240 I. Ialmenus, ii. 477 Ianthœnas, ii. 332 Ianthina, ii. 511 Ibidipodia, European Miocene, i. 162 Ibidorhynchus, ii. 353 Ibidorhynchus, figure of, i. 331 Ibis, ii. 360 Ibises, ii. 360 Ibycter, ii. 347 Iceland, zoology of, i. 198 Ichneumia, ii. 195 Ichthyoborus, ii. 445 Ichthyopsis, ii. 411 Icteria, ii. 279 ICTERIDÆ, ii. 281 Icterus, ii. 282 Icthyornis, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164 Icticyon in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 197 Ictinia, ii. 349 Ictitherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 195 ii. 197 Ictonyx, ii. 199 Ictops, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Ideopsis, ii. 470 Idmais, ii. 478 Iguana, ii. 401 Iguanas, ii. 400 IGUANIDÆ, ii. 400 Ilerda, ii. 477 Ilicura, ii. 102 India, Miocene fauna of, allied to that of Europe, i. 123 geological features of, i. 328 Indian sub-region, description of, i. 321 supposed relation to Ethiopian region, i. 321 mammalia of, i. 322 birds of, i. 323 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 326 Indicator, ii. 304 INDICATORIDÆ, ii. 304 Indo-Chinese sub-region, description of, i. 329 zoological characteristics of, i. 330 illustration of, i. 331 reptiles of, i. 331 amphibia of, i. 331 insects of, i. 332 islands belonging to, i. 333 Indo-Malayan sub-region, description of, i. 334 mammalia of, i. 336 illustrations of, i. 336, 339 birds of, i. 337 remote geographical relations of, i. 339 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 340 fishes of, i. 341 insects of, i. 341 coleoptera of, i. 342 terrestrial mollusca of, i. 343 zoological relations of islands of, i. 345 recent geographical changes in, i. 357 probable origin of fauna of, i. 359 Inia, ii. 209 Insectivora, European Miocene, i. 117 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Insectivora, classification of, i. 87 of the Palæarctic region, i. 181 of N. China and E. Thibet, i. 222 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 of Madagascar, i. 273 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 301 of the Oriental region, i. 315 range of Oriental genera of, i. 372 range of Australian genera of, i. 476 INSECTIVORA, ii. 186 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 191 summary and conclusion, ii. 541 Insects, means of dispersal of, i. 32 tenacity of life of, i. 33 adapted to special conditions, i. 33 groups selected for the study of their geographical distribution, i. 102 antiquity of the genera of, i. 166 fossil of European Miocene, i. 166 European Cretaceous, i. 167 European Wealden, i. 167 Palæozoic, i. 168 Palæarctic, i. 187 of Central Europe, i. 196 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 205 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227 of the Ethiopian region, i. 255 of the E. African sub-region, i. 260 of W. African, i. 265 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 282 general remarks on, i. 284 of tropical Africa and America, probable cause of similarities in, i. 291 of Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 332 of the Oriental region, i. 318 of Ceylon, i. 327 of Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 341 statistics of collecting in the various islands of the Malay Archipelago, i. 343 of the Australian region, i. 403 of New Guinea, i. 417 of the Moluccas, i. 420 of the Timor group, i. 426 of Celebes, i. 454 of New Zealand, i. 458 scarcity of, in New Zealand, i. 462 influence of, on the flora, i. 463 of the Neotropical region, ii. 13 of S. Temperate America, ii. 42 of S. Temperate America, Palæarctic affinity of, ii. 45 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 55 of the Antilles, ii. 73 of the Nearctic region, ii. 122 of Canada, ii. 137 distribution of, ii. 468 range of, in time, ii. 469 summary and conclusion, ii. 550 lines of migration of, ii. 551 Iodopleura, ii. 102 Iolæma, ii. 107 Iolaus, ii. 477 Iole, ii. 267 Iora, ii. 267 Iphias, ii. 478 ii. 394 IPHISADÆ, ii. 394 Irena, ii. 269 Iridina, ii. 534 Iridornis, ii. 98 Irrisor, ii. 318 IRRISORIDÆ, ii. 318 Isacis, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Ischcognathus, ii. 375 Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 236 Islands, N. European, zoology of, i. 197 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 206 of the W. African sub-region, i. 265 of the Ethiopian region, i. 269 Mascarene, i. 280 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 333 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 345 Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, i. 443 Society and Marquesas, i. 444 New Caledonia and New Hebrides, i. 445 Sandwich, i. 446 of New Zealand sub-region, i. 453 Norfolk, i. 453 Lord Howe's, i. 454 Chatham, i. 454 Auckland, i. 455 of Tropical S. America, ii. 29 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 59 of Eastern United States, ii. 134 peculiar colours of pigeons in, ii. 336 abundance of land-shells in, ii. 525 Isodactylium, ii. 413 Ispidina, ii. 316 Issiodromys, European Pliocene, i. 113 ii. 232 Ithaginis, ii. 340 Ithomia, ii. 470 Ithycyphus, ii. 379 Ixalus, ii. 419 Ixonotus, ii. 267 Ixulus, ii. 266 J. Jacamaralcyon, ii. 311 Jacamars, ii. 311 Jacamerops, ii. 311 Jacanas, ii. 255 Jacchus, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 Jaculus, ii. 232 Jaltris, ii. 375 Jamaicia, ii. 521 Janella, ii. 517 Janthocincla, ii. 261 Japalura, ii. 402 Japan and North China, physical features of, i. 221 southern extremity of perhaps belongs to the Oriental region, i. 226 Japan, general character of the fauna of, i. 230 former land-connexions of, i. 231 Java, mammalia of, i. 349 productions of, well known, i. 350 birds of, i. 351 representative species of birds in, i. 352 origin of the anomalous features of its fauna, i. 352 Sumatra and Borneo, their geographical contrasts and zoological peculiarities explained, i. 357 Jays, ii. 273 Jenynsia, ii. 450 Jerboas, ii. 231 Juan Fernandez, Carabidæ of, ii. 44 birds of, ii. 49 beetles and land-shells of, ii. 51 Juida, ii. 288 Juliamyia, ii. 109 Junco, ii. 284 Junonia, European Miocene, i. 167 ii. 474 K. Kagu, ii. 359 Kakapoe, of New Zealand, i. 455 Kalophrynus, ii. 415 Kangaroos, extinct in Australia, i. 157 ii. 251 Keneuxia, ii. 397 Kerguelen Island, apterous insects of, i. 211 (note) Kerodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 241 Ketingus, ii. 443 Ketupa, ii. 350 King-fisher, racquet-tailed, of New Guinea, figure of, i. 415 King-fishers, ii. 315 Kittacincla, ii. 259 Kiwi of New Zealand, i. 455 Kneria, ii. 453 Kobus, ii. 224 Koodoo antelope, figure of, i. 261 Kricogonia, ii. 478 Krynickia, ii. 517 L. Labeo, ii. 451 Labrax, ii. 425 LABRIDÆ, ii. 437 Labrus, ii. 437 LABYRINTHICI, ii. 434 Lacerta, ii. 391 LACERTIDÆ, ii. 390 Lacertilia, classification of, i. 99 LACERTILIA, ii. 388 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 403 fossil, ii. 404 Lacuna, ii. 510 Ladrone Islands, birds of, i. 444 Læmargus, ii. 461 Læmosthenes, ii. 489 Læosopis, ii. 477 Lafresnaya, ii. 107 Lagenocetus, ii. 208 Lagenorhynchus, ii. 209 Lagidium, ii. 237 LAGOMYIDÆ, ii. 242 Lagomys, European Pliocene, i. 113 European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 242 Lagopus, ii. 339 Lagorchestes, ii. 251 Lagostomus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 237 Lagothrix, ii. 174 Lais, ii. 442 Lake Baikal, seals of, i. 218 ii. 206 Lalage, ii. 269 Laletes, ii. 280 LAMIIDÆ, ii. 498 Lamna, ii. 460 LAMNIDÆ, ii. 460 Lampornis, ii. 107 Lampreys, ii. 463 Lamprima, ii. 493 Lampris, ii. 429 Lamprocolius, ii. 288 Lamprolæma, ii. 107 Lamrophis, ii. 380 Lampropsar, ii. 282 Lampropygia, ii. 108 Lamprospilus, ii. 477 Lamprospiza, ii. 99 Lamprotes, ii. 98 Lancelet, ii. 464 Land-lizards, ii. 391 Land and water, proportions of, i. 35 Land and fresh-water shells, antiquity of the genera of, i. 168 Land-shells, Palæozoic, i. 169 Palæarctic, i. 190 of Madeira, i. 209 of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 of the Ethiopian region, i. 257 of W. Africa, i. 265 of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, i. 285 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 344 of the Australian region, i. 407 of the Sandwich Islands, i. 466 of New Zealand, i. 459 of the Neotropical region, ii. 19 of the Antilles, ii. 75 conditions favouring development of, ii. 75 of N. America, ii. 124 general observations on the distribution of, ii. 522 richness of islands in, ii. 525 their mode of diffusion, ii. 525, 528 comparative distribution of Operculate and In-operculate, ii. 526 estimated numbers of, ii. 526 Land-snakes, ii. 382 Langaha, ii. 379 Laniarius, ii. 272 Lanicterus, ii. 268 Laniellus, ii. 272 LANIIDÆ, ii. 272 Lanio, ii. 99 Lanius, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 272 Laopithecus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164 Laprissa, ii. 421 LARIDÆ, ii. 364 Larimus, ii. 428 Larks, ii. 289 Larus, ii. 364 Larvivora, ii. 259 Lasiomys, ii. 229 Lasiuromys, ii. 239 Latax, ii. 199 Lates, ii. 425 Lathria, ii. 102 Latonia, ii. 421 Latrunculus, ii. 430 Layardia, ii. 261 Lea, Dr. Isaac, on N. American Unionidæ, ii. 125 Lebia, ii. 489 Lebiasina, ii. 445 Legatus, ii. 101 Leiocephalus, ii. 401 Leiolæmus, ii. 401 Leistes, ii. 282 Leistus, ii. 489 Leiuperus, ii. 420 Leiyla, ii. 419 Lemonias, ii. 476 Lemur, ii. 176 Lemur, fossil, ii. 178 Lemuravidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Lemuria, a hypothetical land, i. 76 Lemuridæ, European Eocene, i. 124 LEMURIDÆ, ii. 176 Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 range of Oriental genera of, i. 371 LEMUROIDEA, ii. 176 Lemurs, ii. 176 Leonia, ii. 521 Lepadogaster, ii. 436 Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Lepidocepalichthys, ii. 453 Lepidocephalus, ii. 453 Lepidogrammas, ii. 309 Lepidolarynx, ii. 108 Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, i. 177 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 238 S. African, i. 268 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 299 of the Oriental region, i. 318 table of Oriental families of, i. 369 of the Australian region, i. 404 table of Australian families of, i. 472 of the Neotropical region, ii. 13 of the Antilles, ii. 73 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 90 of the Nearctic region, ii. 122 Nearctic families of, ii. 143 LEPIDOPTERA, ii. 470 Lepidosiren, ii. 458 LEPIDOSTEIDÆ, ii. 459 Lepidosteus, ii. 459 LEPIDOSTERNIDÆ, ii. 389 Lepidosternon, ii. 389 Lepilemur, ii. 176 Lepistes, ii. 450 LEPORIDÆ, ii. 242 Leporinus, ii. 445 Lepricornis, ii. 476 Leprodera, ii. 501 Leptalis, ii. 478 Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 202 Leptasthenura, ii. 103 Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Leptobarbina, ii. 452 Leptobrachium, ii. 421 LEPTOCARDII, ii. 464 Leptocera, ii. 502 Leptochœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215 Leptocircus, ii. 479 Leptodeira, ii. 379 Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 ii. 214 ii. 349 Leptognathus, ii. 381 Leptomantis, ii. 419 Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 220 Lepton, ii. 535 Leptoneura, ii. 471 Leptonyx, ii. 204 Leptopogon, ii. 101 Leptoma, ii. 520 Leptoptila, ii. 333 Leptoptilus, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 361 Leptorhytaon, ii. 380 Leptornis, ii. 276 LEPTOSOMIDÆ, ii. 310 Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene, i. 168 ii. 310 Leptosomus of Madagascar, i. 278 figure of, i. 279 Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 226 Leptotriccus, ii. 101 Leptura, ii. 502 Lepus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Lerista, ii. 395 Lerwa, ii. 339 Lesbia, ii. 108 Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Leucippus, ii. 109 Leuciscus, ii. 452 Leucochroa, ii. 516 Leucocyon, ii. 197 Leucomelæna, ii. 332 Leuconerpes, ii. 304 Leucophantes, ii. 270 Leucophasia, ii. 478 Leucopleurus, ii. 209 Leucosarcia, ii. 333 Leucosomus, ii. 452 Leucosticte, ii. 285 Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, i. 228 LIALIDÆ, ii. 396 Lialis, ii. 396 Liasis, ii. 381 Libellula, from the Lias, i. 167 Libythea, ii. 475 LIBYTHEIDÆ, ii. 475 Lichanotus, ii. 381 Lichenops, ii. 101 Licina, ii. 521 Licmetis, ii. 325 Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, i. 90 LIMACIDÆ, ii. 517 LIMACINIDÆ, ii. 531 Limax, ii. 517 Limenitis, ii. 474 Limnæa, Eocene, i. 169 European Secondary, i. 169 ii. 518 LIMNÆIDÆ, ii. 518 Limnatornis, European Miocene, i. 161 Limnocharis, ii. 420 Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Limnodynastes, ii. 420 Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Limnophis, ii. 376 Limnornis, ii. 103 Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Limnurgus, ii. 450 Limosa, ii. 353 Limpets, ii. 511 Lingula, ii. 538 LINGULIDÆ, ii. 532 Linota, ii. 285 Linsang, ii. 195 Liocassis, ii. 442 Liopelma, ii. 417 Liopis, ii. 375 Lioptilus, ii. 267 Lioscelis, ii. 297 LIOTRICHIDÆ, ii. 266 Liothrix, ii. 266 Lipaugus, ii. 102 Liparis, ii. 430 Liphyra, ii. 477 Lipinia, ii. 397 Lipoa, ii. 342 Liposarcus, ii. 444 Liptala, ii. 477 Lissolepis, ii. 397 Listriodon, European Miocene, i. 119 Lithiodon, ii. 521 Lithomys, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 236 Lithornis, European Eocene, i. 163 Litoria, ii. 418 Littorina, ii. 510 LITTORINIDÆ, ii. 510 Lizards, classification of, i. 90 Tertiary, i. 165 wide range of a species in Polynesia, i. 448 distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547 Lobodon, ii. 204 Lochmias, ii. 103 Locustella, ii. 258 Loddigesia, ii. 108 Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239 Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239 LONGICORNIA, ii. 498 Longicornia, Palæarctic, i. 188 Ethiopian, i. 257 Oriental, i. 320 Australian, i. 407 Neotropical, ii. 17 of Chili, ii. 46 Nearctic, ii. 123 Lontra, ii. 199 Lophiodon, European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Tertiary, i. 136 ii. 212 Lophiomeryx, ii. 218 Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Lophius, ii. 431 Lophoaëtus, ii. 348 LOPHOBRANCHII, ii. 456 Lophocitta, ii. 273 Lophogyps, ii. 346 Lophoictinia, ii. 349 Lopholaimus, ii. 362 Lophiomys, ii. 230 Lophophaps, ii. 333 Lophophanes, ii. 266 LOPHOPHORINÆ, ii. 340 Lophophorus, ii. 340 Lophorhina, ii. 274 Lophornis, ii. 107 Lophortix, ii. 339 Lophostrix, ii. 350 LOPHOTIDÆ, ii. 432 Lophotragus, ii. 220 Lophotriorchis, ii. 348 Lophura, ii. 402 Lord Howe's Island, birds of, i. 453 Loricaria, ii. 444 Loriculus, ii. 326 Loris, ii. 176 Lorius, ii. 327 Lota, ii. 439 Loxia, ii. 285 Loxigilla, ii. 285 Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148 ii. 237 Loxops, ii. 277 Lucania, ii. 450 LUCANIDÆ, ii. 492 Lucanus, ii. 493 Lucia, ii. 477 Lucidella, ii. 522 Lucifuga, ii. 440 LUCINIDÆ, ii. 535 Lucinopsis, ii. 536 LUCIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 434 Lucioperca, ii. 425 Luciotrutta, ii. 447 Lucisoma, ii. 452 Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, i. 143 Lupus, ii. 197 Lurocalis, ii. 320 Luscinia, ii. 259 Lusciniola, ii. 258 Lutra, European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 199 Lutronectes, ii. 199 Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 ii. 196 LYCÆNIDÆ, ii. 477 Lycalopex, i. 197 LYCODIDÆ, ii. 439 Lycodon, ii. 380 LYCODONTIDÆ, ii. 380 Lycophidion, ii. 380 Lycorea, ii. 470 Lygosoma, ii. 397 Lygosomella, ii. 397 Lymanopoda, ii. 471 Lymnas, ii. 476 Lyncornis, ii. 320 Lyncus, ii. 193 Lytorhynchus, ii. 376 Lyre-bird, figure of, i. 441 ii. 298 M. Mabouya, ii. 397 Macacus, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 Indian Miocene, i. 121 supposed in European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 173 ii. 178 Macaws, ii. 327 Machairodus, i. 110, 111 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 Indian Miocene, i. 121 N. American Tertiary, i. 134 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 193 Machetornis, ii. 101 Machærhamphus, ii. 349 Machærirhynchus, ii. 271 Machæropterus, ii. 102 Machetes, ii. 353 Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, i. 146 Macrocalamus, ii. 374 Macroceramus, ii. 516 Macrochilus, ii. 491 Macrocyclis, ii. 516 Macrodipteryx, ii. 320 Macrodon, ii. 445 Macroglossa, ii. 482 Macrones, ii. 442 Macronus, ii. 261 Macronyx, ii. 290 MACROPODIDÆ, ii. 250 Macropus, ii. 251 Macropygia, ii. 332 Macrorhamphus, ii. 353 MACROSCELIDIDÆ, ii. 186 Macroscelides, ii. 186 Macrosila, ii. 482 Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 121 ii. 246 Macrotus californicus, ii. 182 MACROURIDÆ, ii. 440 MACTRIDÆ, ii. 443 Madagascar, extinct birds of, i. 164 description of, i. 272 mammalia of, i. 272 birds of, i. 274 reptiles of, i. 279 amphibia of, i. 280 extinct fauna of, i. 282 general remarks on insect fauna of, i. 284 Madeira, birds of, i. 208 land-shells of, i. 208 beetles of, i. 210 wingless insects numerous in, i. 211 how stocked with animals, i. 213 MALACANTHIDÆ, ii. 433 Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, i. 353 comparison of mammalia, i. 354 of birds, i. 355 Malacocircus, ii. 261 Malacopteron, ii. 261 Malacoptila, ii. 310 Malacorhynchus, ii. 364 Malacothrix, ii. 230 Malagasy sub-region, description of, i. 272 mammalia of, i. 272 birds of, i. 274 illustration of zoology of, i. 278 reptiles of, i. 279 amphibia of, i. 280 extinct fauna of, i. 282, 289 insects of, i. 282 early history of, i. 286 Malapterurus, ii. 443 Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, i. 345 (note) Malaya, meaning of term, ii. 261 Malay Archipelago, distribution of butterflies in, ii. 484 distribution of Cicindelidæ in, ii. 487 distribution of Longicorns in, ii. 500 Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, i. 263 fauna, probable origin of, i. 359 resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, i. 361 Malimbus, ii. 286 Mallodon, ii. 501 Mallotus, ii. 447 Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 114 formerly joined to Africa, i. 201 fossil elephants of, i. 201 birds of, i. 206 (note) Malurus, ii. 258 Mammal, the most ancient American, i. 134 Mammalia, means of dispersal of, i. 10 as limited by climate, i. 11 as limited by rivers, i. 12 how far limited by the sea, i. 13 dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, i. 14 means of dispersal of aquatic, i. 15 of most importance in determining zoological regions, i. 57 classification of, i. 85 birthplace and migrations of some families of, i. 142, 153 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 of the Palæarctic region, i. 181 of the European sub-region, i. 192 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 202 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 217 characteristic of Western Tartary, i. 218 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222 Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222 Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, i. 223 peculiar to Japan, i. 223 characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, i. 226 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 234 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 of the Ethiopian region, i. 253 absence of certain important groups, i. 253 of the E. African sub-region, i. 260 of W. Africa, i. 262 of S. Africa, i. 267 of Madagascar, i. 272 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 294 table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 of the Oriental region, i. 315 range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, i. 322 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 330 of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 336 illustration of characteristic Malayan, i. 336 of the Philippine Islands, i. 345 table of Oriental families of, i. 365 table of Oriental genera of, i. 371 of Australian region, i. 390 of the Papuan Islands, i. 410 of the Moluccas, i. 417 of the Timor group, i. 422 of Celebes, i. 427 of Australia, i. 439 illustration of, i. 439 of New Zealand, i. 450 table of families of Australian, i. 470 table of genera of Australian, i. 475 destinctive characters of Neotropical, ii. 6 of S. Temperate America, ii. 36 of Straits of Magellan, ii. 37 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 52 of the Antilles, ii. 62 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 85 table of Neotropical genera of, ii. 91 of the Nearctic region, ii. 115 of California, ii. 127 of N. American central plains, ii. 129 of E. United States, ii. 132 of Canada, ii. 135 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 140 table of Nearctic genera of, ii. 145 Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, i. 107 extinct, of historic period, i. 110 extinct, comparative age of in Europe, i. 127 extinct, of the New World, i. 129 extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, i. 141 original birthplace of some families and genera, i. 142, 153 of the secondary period, i. 160 MAMMALIA, summary and conclusion, ii. 540 lines of migration of, ii. 544 Manakins, ii. 102 MANATIDÆ, ii. 210 Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 210 Manchurian sub-region, description of, i. 220 mammalia of, i. 222 birds of, i. 223 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 227 fresh-water fish of, i. 227 insects of, i. 227 coleoptera of, i. 228 MANIDIDÆ, ii. 245 Manis, ii. 245 Manorhina, ii. 276 Manticora, ii. 487 Manucodia, ii. 274 Mareca, ii. 363 Margaroperdix, ii. 338 Margarops, ii. 256 Margarornis, ii. 103 Marginella, ii. 508 Marine Mollusca, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 537 Marine shells of the Neotropical region, ii. 20 Marmosets, ii. 175 Marquesas Islands, birds of, i. 443 Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, i. 200 on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, i. 200 MARSUPIALIA, ii. 248 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 253 Marsupials, classification of, i. 91 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 European Miocene, i. 121 first migration to America, i. 155 diversified forms of, i. 391 of America prove no connection with Australia, i. 399 list of Australian genera of, i. 476 MARSUPIALIA and MONOTREMATA, summary and conclusion, ii. 543 Martes, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 ii. 198 Mascarene Islands, zoology of, i. 280 extinct fauna of, i. 282 gigantic land-tortoises of, i. 289 Masius, ii. 102 MASTACEMBELIDÆ, ii. 437 Mastodon, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Indian Miocene, i. 123 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 227, 228 Mauritius, zoology of, i. 280 reptiles of, i. 281 McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, i. 466 Mechanitis, ii. 470 Meda, ii. 452 Mediterranean, recent changes in, i. 39 sub-region, description of, i. 199 mammalia of, i. 202 birds of, i. 203 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 204 fresh-water fish of, i. 205 insects of, i. 205 islands of, i. 206 sea not separating distinct faunas, i. 201 Megabias, ii. 270 Megablabes, ii. 376 Magacephala, ii. 478 Megacephalon, ii. 342 Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 Megaderma, ii. 182 Megærophis, ii. 383 Megalæma, ii. 306 MEGALÆMIDÆ, ii. 305 MEGALÆMINÆ, ii. 306 Megalixalus, ii. 419 Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, i. 148 Megalomastoma, ii. 521 Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Megalomma, ii. 487 Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Megalophrys, ii. 421 Megalostoma, Eocene, i. 169 Megalurus, ii. 258 Megalophonus, ii. 289 Megamys, S. American Eocene, i. 148 ii. 238 Meganostoma, ii. 478 MEGAPODIIDÆ, ii. 341 Megapodius, ii. 342 Megaptera, ii. 207 Megarhynchus, ii. 101 Megaspira, European Tertiary, i. 169 ii. 527 Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 245 Meiornis, ii. 369 Melampitta, ii. 298 Melampus, ii. 519 Melanerpes, ii. 303 Melania, European Secondary, i. 169 MELANIADÆ, ii. 509 Melanitis, ii. 471 Melanochlora, ii. 266 Melanocorypha, ii. 289 Melanophidium, ii. 374 Melanoptila, ii. 256 Melanotis, ii. 256 MELEAGRINÆ, ii. 340 Meleagris, N. American Miocene, i. 163 ii. 340 Meles, ii. 199 Melidectes, ii. 276 Melidora, ii. 316 Melierax, ii. 348 Melinæa, ii. 470 Meliornis, ii. 275 Meliphaga, ii. 275 MELIPHAGIDÆ, ii. 275 Melipotes, ii. 276 Melirrhophetes, ii. 276 Melitæa, ii. 474 Melithreptus, ii. 276 Melittophagus, ii. 312 Melizophilus, ii. 259 Mellisuga, ii. 108 Mellivora, Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 199 Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167 Melopelia, ii. 333 Melopsittacus, ii. 325 Melopyrrha, ii. 285 Melospiza, ii. 284 Melursus, ii. 202 Menetia, ii. 395 Meniceros, ii. 317 Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Menobranchus, ii. 412 Menopoma, ii. 412 MENOPOMIDÆ, ii. 412 Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Menura, ii. 298 MENURIDÆ, ii. 298 Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 199 Merganetta, ii. 364 Mergulus, ii. 367 Mergus, ii. 364 Meriones, ii. 232 ii. 230 Meristes, ii. 272 Merluccius, ii. 439 Meroe, ii. 536 MEROPIDÆ, ii. 312 Meropiscus, ii. 312 Meropogon, ii. 312 Merops, ii. 312 Merulaxis, ii. 297 Merychus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Merychippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Merychochœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Merycodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 220 Merycopotamus, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 214 Merycotherium, of Siberian drift, i. 112 ii. 217 Mesacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Mesapia, ii. 479 Mesites, ii. 263 Mesohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Mesomys, ii. 239 Mesonauta, ii. 438 Mesonyx, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Mesopithecus, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 ii. 178 Mesoprion, ii. 425 Mesops, ii. 439 Mesosemia, ii. 475 Messalina, ii. 391 Messaras, ii. 474 Metallura, ii. 108 Metapheles, ii. 476 Methonella, ii. 476 Metius, ii. 492 Metopia, ii. 102 Metopiana, ii. 364 Metoponia, ii. 283 Metopothrix, ii. 102 Metriopelia, ii. 333 Mexican sub-region, ii. 51 mammalia of, ii. 52 birds of, ii. 52 reptiles of, ii. 54 amphibia of, ii. 54 fresh-water fish of, ii. 54 insects of, ii. 55 land-shells of, ii. 57 its relations to the N. and S. American continents, ii. 57 islands of, ii. 59 Meyer, Dr. A.B., on reptiles and amphibia of New Guinea, i. 415¨ Micræca, ii. 270 Micracantha, ii. 501 Micrastur, ii. 347 Micrathene, ii. 350 Micrhyla, ii. 414 Microbates, ii. 104 Microcebus, ii. 176 Microcerculus, ii. 264 Microchæra, ii. 107 Microglossus, ii. 325 Microhierax, ii. 349 Microlestes, oldest European mammal, i. 160 Micromeryx, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220 Micropelama, ii. 353 Micropternus, ii. 304 Micropterus, ii. 364 Microscelis, ii. 267 Microstoma, ii. 448 Microsyops, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Microtherium, European Miocene, i. 120 Midas, ii. 176 Middendorf, on extreme northern birds, i. 219 Midea, ii. 478 Miglyptes, ii. 304 Migrating birds, in which region to be placed, i. 185 Migration of animals, i. 10 general phenomena of, i. 18 of birds, i. 19 of birds in Europe, i. 19 probable origin of, i. 22 of birds in India and China, i. 23 of birds in N. America, i. 23 changes in extent of, i. 24 of birds in S. Temperate America, i. 25 general remarks on, i. 25 Miletus, ii. 477 Milvulus, ii. 102, 291 Milvus, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 349 Mimeta, ii. 268 Mimetes, ii. 170 Mimocichla, ii. 256 Mimus, ii. 256 Minla, ii. 266 Miocene fauna of the Old World, i. 114 fauna of Geece, i. 115 fauna of Greece, summary of, i. 116 fauna of Central Europe, i. 117 deposits of Siwalik Hills, i. 121 faunas of Europe and Asia, general observations on, i. 123 Miohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Mionectes, ii. 101 Mirafra, ii. 289 Miro, ii. 260 Misgurnus, ii. 453 Mitra, ii. 508 Mitrephorus, ii. 102 Mitua, ii. 343 Mivart, Professor, on classification of primates, i. 86 on classification of insectivora, i. 87 on classification of amphibia, i. 101 of classification of lemurs, ii. 176 Mixornis, ii. 261 Mniotilta, ii. 279 MNIOTILTIDÆ, ii. 278 Mochocus, ii. 443 Mocoa, ii. 397 Moho, ii. 276 Mole-rat of W. Tartary, i. 218 Mole-rats, ii. 231 Moles, almost wholly Palæarctic, i. 181 ii. 190 Mollienesia, ii. 450 Mollusca, means of dispersal of, i. 30 classification of, i. 104 groups selected for study, i. 104 MOLLUSCA, distribution of, ii. 504 range of families of, in time, ii. 538 Moluccas, zoology of, i. 417 birds of, i. 419 reptiles of, i. 420 insects of, i. 420 peculiarities of fauna of, i. 421 Molossus, ii. 184 Molothrus, ii. 282 Molva, ii. 439 MOMOTIDÆ, ii. 313 Momotus, ii. 313 Monachalcyon, ii. 316 Monarcha, ii. 270 Monasa, ii. 311 Monitor, ii. 389 Monkeys on the high Himalayas, i. 12 fossil in N. American Miocene, i. 133 in E. Thibet, i. 222 abundance of in the Oriental region, i. 315 Monoceros, ii. 507 Monodon, ii. 208 MONODONTIDÆ, ii. 208 Monoplocus, ii. 390 Monopterus, ii. 455 Monotremata, classification of, i. 91 list of Australian genera of, i. 477 MONOTREMATA, ii. 253 remarks on the distribution of, ii. 254 Monotrophis, ii. 289 Montacuta, ii. 535 Monticola, ii. 256 Montifringilla, ii. 284 Mörch, Dr., on Panama shells, ii. 20 Morelia, ii. 381 "More-pork" of Australia, figure of, i. 442 Morethria, ii. 395 Mormolyce, ii. 490 MORMYRIDÆ, ii. 448 Mormyrops, ii. 448 Mormyrus, ii. 488 Morococcyx, ii. 309 Morotherium, N. American Pliocene, i. 140 MORPHIDÆ, ii. 472 Morphnus, ii. 348 Morpho, ii. 472 Morunga, ii. 204 Moschus, ii. 219 Motacilla, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 290 MOTACILLIDÆ, ii. 290 Motella, ii. 439 Moths, ii. 481 Motmots, ii. 313 Mound-builders, peculiar Australian birds, i. 393 Moupin, position and zoology of, i. 221 Mouse-deer, ii. 218 Moxostoma, ii. 451 Mugil, ii. 435 MUGILLIDÆ, ii. 435 Mulleria, ii. 534 Mulleripicus, ii. 303 MULLIDÆ, ii. 426 Mullus, ii. 426 Mungos, ii. 195 Munia, ii. 287 MURÆNIDÆ, ii. 456 Murænopsis, ii. 412 Murex, ii. 507 MURICIDÆ, ii. 507 Muridæ, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 MURIDÆ, ii. 229 Murray, Mr. Andrew, on zoological region, i. 60 Mus, ii. 229 Muscardinus, ii. 232 Muscicapa, ii. 270 MUSCICAPIDÆ, ii. 270 Muscicapula, ii. 270 Muscigralla, ii. 101 Muscipipra, ii. 101 Muscisaxicola, ii. 101, 291 Muscitodus, ii. 271 Muscivora, ii. 101 Musophaga, ii. 307 MUSOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 307 Mussels, ii. 533 Mustela, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 ii. 198 Mustelidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 MUSTELIDÆ, ii. 198 Mustelus, ii. 460 MYACIDÆ, ii. 536 Myadora, ii. 536 Mycalesis, ii. 471 Mycerobas, ii. 284 Mycetes, ii. 175 ii. 178 Mycetopus, ii. 534 Mydaus, ii. 199 Myiadestes, ii. 260 Myiagra, ii. 271 Myialestes, ii. 271 Myiarchus, ii. 102, 291 Myiobius, ii. 101 Myioceyx, ii. 316 Myiochanes, ii. 102 Myiodioctes, ii. 279 Myiodynastes, ii. 101 Myiophonus, ii. 263 Myiopithecus, ii. 173 Myiotheretes, ii. 100 Myiozetetes, ii. 101 Mylesinus, ii. 445 Myletes, ii. 445 MYLIOBATIDÆ, ii. 463 Myliobatis, ii. 463 Mylodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Mylopharadon, ii. 452 Mynes, ii. 474 Myochama, ii. 536 Myodes, ii. 230 Myogale, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 190, 191 Myoictis, ii. 249 Myomorphus, fossil in Cuba, i. 148 Myopotamus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239 Myospalax, ii. 230 MYOXIDÆ, ii. 232 Myoxus, European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 232 Myxomys, ii. 230 Myrina, ii. 477 Myrmeciza, ii. 104 MYRMECOBIIDÆ, ii. 250 Myrmecobius, ii. 250 Myrmecophaga, ii. 247 MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ, ii. 247 Myrmotherula, ii. 104 Myron, ii. 376 Myrtis, ii. 108 Mysarachne, European Miocene, i. 118 Mysops, N. American Eocene, i. 140 ii. 231 Mystacina tuberculata, ii. 184 Mystacoleucus, ii. 452 Mystacornis, ii. 258 Mystromys, ii. 230 MYTILIDÆ, ii. 533 Mytilus, ii. 539 MYXINIDÆ, ii. 464 Myxophagus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 Myxophyes, ii. 420 Myxus, ii. 435 Myzomela, ii. 275 Myzornis, ii. 266 N. Nænia, ii. 365 Naja, ii. 383 NANDIDÆ, ii. 433 Nandinia, ii. 195 Nandus, ii. 433 Nanina, ii. 513 Nannophryne, ii. 417 Nannophrys, ii. 421 Nanodes, ii. 327 Nanohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215 Nanotragus, ii. 224 Napeogenes, ii. 470 Napothera, ii. 261 Nardoa, ii. 381 Narwhal, ii. 208 Narope, ii. 472 Nasica, ii. 103 Nasiterna, ii. 325 Nasua, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 200 Nathalis, ii. 478 Natica, ii. 539 NATICIDÆ, ii. 508 Nautilus, ii. 539 NATRICINÆ, ii. 375 Nattereria, ii. 417 Nauclerus, ii. 349 Naucrates, ii. 429 Naultinus ii. 400 NAUTILIDÆ, ii. 506 Navicella, ii. 510 Nearctic region, defined, i. 79 subdivisions of, i. 80 distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79 ii. 114 zoological characteristics of, ii. 115 mammalia of, ii. 115 birds of, ii. 116 reptiles of, ii. 119 amphibia of, ii. 120 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 120 summary of vertebrata of, ii. 120 insects of, ii. 122 land and fresh-water shells of, ii. 124 sub-regions of, ii. 125 concluding remarks on, ii. 138 tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 139 Nearctic and Neotropical regions, no decided boundary between, ii. 117 Nebria, ii. 489 Necrornis, European Miocene, i. 161 NECTARINIIDÆ, ii. 276 Nectarinia, ii. 276 Nectarophila, ii. 276 Nectogale, ii. 190 Necydalis, ii. 502 Necyria, ii. 476 Nelicurvius, ii. 286 Nemachilus, ii. 453 Nematogenys, ii. 444 NEMEOBIIDÆ, ii. 475 Nemeobius, ii. 475 NEMORHEDINÆ, ii. 224 Nemorhedus, ii. 224 Nemoricola, ii. 290 Nemosia, ii. 99 Neobatrachus, ii. 420 Neochloe, ii. 280 Neocorys, ii. 290 Neoctantes, ii. 104 Neomeris, ii. 209 Neomorphus, ii. 309 Neophasia, ii. 478 Neophron, ii. 346 Neopipo, ii. 102 Neopus, ii. 348 Neorhynchus, ii. 285 Neosorex, ii. 191 Neotoma, ii. 230 Neotomys, ii. 230 Neotragus, ii. 224 Neotropical region, defined, i. 78 subdivisions of, i. 78 relations of W. African sub-region with, i. 265 description of, ii. 1 zoological features of, ii. 5 birds of, ii. 6, 7 distinctive features of mammalia of, ii. 6 reptiles of, ii. 9 amphibia of, ii. 11 fresh-water fishes of, ii. 12 summary of vertebrates of, ii. 13 insects of, ii. 13 land-shells of, ii. 19 marine shells of, ii. 20 summary of past history of, ii. 80 tables of distribution of animals of, ii. 84 Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 21 Neoziphius, ii. 208 Nephæcetes, ii. 320 Neptis, ii. 474 NERITIDÆ, ii. 510 Neritina, ii. 510 Nerophis, ii. 457 Nesoceleus, ii. 303 Nesocichla, ii. 256 Nesodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Nesomys, ii. 230 Nesonetta, ii. 364 Nesopsar, ii. 282 Nessia, ii. 399 Nestor, ii. 329 NESTORIDÆ, ii. 329 Nettapus, ii. 363 Neusterophis, ii. 376 Newberry, Dr., on Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of N. America, ii. 155 Newton, Professor, on position of Menuridæ and Atrichiidæ, i. 95 on birds of Iceland, i. 198 on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25 on genus Camptolæmus, ii. 39 on peculiar genera of Nearctic and Neotropical birds, ii. 118 on family Panuridæ, ii. 262 Newtonia, ii. 270 Newts, ii. 413 New Caledonia, birds of, i. 444 New Guinea, zoology of, i. 409 mammalia of, i. 410 birds of, i. 411 peculiarities of its ornithology, i. 413 illustration of ornithology of, i. 414 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 415 insects of, i. 416 New Zealand, objections to making a primary zoological region, i. 62 extinct birds of, i. 164 sub region, description of, i. 449 compared with British Isles, i. 449 mammalia of, i. 451 islets of, i. 453 illustration of ornithology of, i. 455 reptiles of, i. 456 amphibia of, i. 457 fresh-water fish of, i. 457 insects of, i. 458 Longicorns of, i. 458 Myriapoda of, i. 458 land-shells of, i. 459 ancient fauna of, i. 460 origin of fauna of, i. 460 poverty of insects in, i. 462 relations of insect-fauna and flora of, i. 472 Nicator, ii. 272 Nicobar Islands, their zoological relations, i. 332 Nightingale, migration of the, i. 21 Night-jars, ii. 319 Nigidius, ii. 493 Nigrita, ii. 286 Nilaus, ii. 272 Niltava, ii. 270 Ninox, ii. 350 Nisaëtus, ii. 348 Nisoides, ii. 348 Nisoniades, ii. 480 NOCTILIONIDÆ, ii. 184 Nocturnal tree-snakes, ii. 379 Nonnula, ii. 311 Norbea, ii. 397 Norfolk Island, birds of, i. 453 North Africa, zoological relations of, i. 202 North America, remarks on Post-Pliocene, fauna of, i. 130 Post-Pliocene fauna of, partly derived from S. America, i. 131 extinct birds of, i. 163 Northern Hemisphere, zoological importance of, ii. 155 NOTACANTHI, ii. 437 Notaden, ii. 415 Notharctos, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Nothocerus, ii. 344 Nothocrax, ii. 343 Nothoprocta, ii. 344 Nothura, ii. 344 NOTIDANIDÆ, ii. 461 Notiophilus, ii. 489 Notodela, ii. 259 Notoglanis, ii. 443 Notonomus, ii. 490 NOTOPTERIDÆ, ii. 455 Notopholis, ii. 391 Notornis of New Zealand, i. 455 Notornis, ii. 352 Nototherium, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251 Nototrema, ii. 418 Noturus, ii. 442 Nucifraga, ii. 273 NUCLEO-BRANCHIATA. ii. 531 Nucras, ii. 391 Numenius, ii. 353 NUMIDINÆ, ii. 340 Numida, ii. 340 Nuria, ii. 452 Nuthatches, ii. 265 Nutria, ii. 199 Nyctala, ii. 350 Nyctalatinus, ii. 350 Nyctalemon, ii. 482 Nyctalops, ii. 350 Nyctea, ii. 350 Nyctereutes, ii. 197 Nycteris, ii. 182 Nyctibius, ii. 319 Nycticorax, ii. 359 Nyctidromius, ii. 320 Nyctiornis, ii. 312 Nyctipithecus, ii. 175 Nyctiprogne, ii. 320 Nymphalis, ii. 474 NYMPHALIDÆ, ii. 473 Nymphicus, ii. 325 Nymphidium, ii. 476 O. Ochetobius, ii. 452 Ochotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 245 Ochthæca, ii. 100 Ochthodiæta, ii. 100 Octodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 OCTODONTIDÆ, ii. 237 Octodon, ii. 238 OCTOPODIDÆ, ii. 505 Ocyalus, ii. 282 Ocydromus, ii. 352 Ocyphaps, ii. 333 Odontochila, ii. 486 Odontolabris, ii. 493 Odontophorus, ii. 339 Odontophrynus, ii. 420 Œdemia, ii. 364 Œdicnemis, ii. 355 Oëdura, ii. 399 Œna, ii. 332 Ogmodon, ii. 383 Ogyris, ii. 477 Oligdon, ii. 375 OLIGODONTIDÆ, ii. 374 Oligosarcus, ii. 445 Olisthopus, ii. 489 Olylogon, ii. 418 Olyra, ii. 442 Omaseus, ii. 489 Ommatophoca, ii. 204 Omolepida, ii. 397 Omostenus, ii. 492 Omphalotropis, ii. 521 Omus, ii. 487 ONCIDIADÆ, ii. 517 Oncidium, ii. 518 Onychodactylus, ii. 413 Onychogale, ii. 195 Onychogalea, ii. 251 Onychognathus, ii. 288 Onchorhynchus, ii. 447 Oncostoma, ii. 101 Ophidia, classification of, i. 99 OPHIDIA, ii. 372 remarks on the general distribution of, ii. 386 fossil, ii. 387 OPHIDIIDÆ, ii. 440 Ophidium, ii. 440 OPHIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 435 Ophiodes, ii. 397 OPHIOMORIDÆ, ii. 398 Ophiomorus, ii. 398 Ophiophagus, ii. 383 Ophiops, ii. 391 Ophioscincus, ii. 397 Ophisaurus, ii. 392 Ophites, ii. 380 Ophonus, ii. 489 Ophryodera, ii. 487 Ophysia, ii. 209 OPISTHO-BRANCHIATA, ii. 529 OPISTHOCOMI, ii. 345 Opisthocomus, Brazilian caves, i. 164 ii. 345 Opisthodelphys, ii. 418 Opisthostoma, ii. 520 Opisthoporus, ii. 520 Oporornis, ii. 279 Opossum, extinct in European Miocene, i. 121 Opossums, ii. 248 Opsariichthys, ii. 452 Opsiphanes, ii. 472 Orang-utan, ii. 171 Orca, ii. 209 Orcaella, ii. 209 Orchesticus, ii. 99 Orchilus, ii. 101 Oreas, ii. 223 Oreicola, ii. 260 Oreinus, ii. 452 Oreocephalus, ii. 401 Oreocincla, ii. 256 Oreodeira, ii. 401 Oreodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Oreodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Oreœca, ii. 271 Oreomanes, ii. 278 Oreonectes, ii. 453 Oreonympha, ii. 108 Oreoperdix, ii. 338 OREOPHASINÆ, ii. 343 Oreophasis, ii. 343 Oreophilus, ii. 356 Oreopyra, ii. 107 Oreortyx, ii. 339 Oreoscoptes, ii. 256 Oreothraupis, ii. 99 Oreotrochilus, ii. 107 Orestias, ii. 450 Oriental region, defined, i. 75 subdivisions of, i. 75 description of, i. 314 zoological features of, i. 315 mammalia of, i. 315 birds of, i. 316 reptiles of, i. 317 amphibia of, i. 317 fresh-water fishes of, i. 318 summary of vertebrata of, i. 318 insects of, i. 318 sub-regions of, i. 321 concluding remarks on, i. 362 tables of distribution of animals of, i. 364 Oriental relations of W. African sub-region, i. 265 Oriental and Palæarctic faunas once identical, i. 362 Oriental and Ethiopian faunas, cause of their resemblances, i. 363 Origma, ii. 260 Oriocalotes, ii. 402 Orioles, ii. 268 ORIOLIDÆ, ii. 268 Oriolus, ii. 268 Orites, ii. 266 Ornithion, ii. 101 ORNITHORHYNCHIDÆ, ii. 253 Ornithorhynchus, ii. 253 Orocætes, ii. 256 Orohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Ortalida, ii. 343 Orthagoriscus, ii. 457 Orthalicus, ii. 516 ORTHIDÆ, ii. 532 ORTHOCERATIDÆ, ii. 506 Orthodon, ii. 452 Orthogonius, ii. 491 Orthogonys, ii. 98 Orthonyx, ii. 260 Orthorhynchus, ii. 108 Orthotomus, ii. 257 Ortygometra, ii. 352 Ortygornis, ii. 338 Ortyx, ii. 339 Ortyxelos, ii. 341 ORYCTEROPODIDÆ, ii. 246 Orycteropus, ii. 246 Orycterus, ii. 231 ORYGINÆ, ii. 223 Oryx, ii. 223 Oryzoborus, ii. 285 Oryzorictes, ii. 188 Osmerus, ii. 447 Osphranter, ii. 251 Osteobrama, ii. 453 Osteochilus, ii. 451 Osteogeniosus, ii. 443 OSTEOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 454 Osteoglossum, ii. 454 Ostinops, ii. 282 OSTREIDÆ, ii. 533 Ostrich, Miocene of N. India, i. 162 Ostriches, ii. 368 Otaria, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 202 OTARIIDÆ, ii. 202 OTIDIDÆ, ii. 356 Otidiphaps, ii. 333 Otilophus, ii. 415, 428 Otis, ii. 356 Otocorys, ii. 289 Otocryptis, ii. 402 Otogyps, ii. 346 Otomys, ii. 230 Otopoma, ii. 521 Ovibos, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 224, 225 Owl-parrot, ii. 329 Owls, ii. 350 Oxen, birth-place and migrations of, i. 155 Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221 OXUDERCIDÆ, ii. 431 Oxyæna, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Oxydoras, ii. 443 Oxyglossus, ii. 421 Oxygomphus, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 186 Oxylabes, ii. 262 Oxymycterus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 230, 231 Oxynotus, ii. 269 Oxypogon, ii. 108 OXYRHAMPHIDÆ, ii. 292 Oxyrhamphus, ii. 292 Oxyrhopus, ii. 379 Oxyurus, ii. 103 Oysters, ii. 533 P. Pachybatrachus, ii. 416 Pachycephala, ii. 271 PACHYCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 271 Pachydactylus, ii. 400 Pachyæna, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Pachyglossa, ii. 277 Pachynolophus, European Eocene, i. 126 Pachyrhamphus, ii. 102 Pachyrhynchus, ii. 391 Pachyteles, ii. 490, 492 Pachytherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246 Pachyura, ii. 191 Pæocephalus, ii. 328 Pæcilus, ii. 489 Pagellus, ii. 427 Pagomys, ii. 204 Pagophila, ii. 364 Pagophilus, ii. 204 Paguma, ii. 195 PAICTIDÆ, ii. 298 Palæarctic region, ancient limits of, ii. 157 defined, i. 171 subdivisions of, i. 71 general features of. i. 180 zoological charcteristics of, i. 181 has few peculiar families, i. 181 mammalia of, i. 181 birds of, i. 182 high degree of speciality of, i. 184 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 186 fresh-water fish of, i. 186 summary of vertebrata of, i. 186 insects of, i. 186 coleoptera of, i. 187 number of coleoptera of, i. 189 land-shells of, i. 190 sub-regions of, i. 190 general conclusions on the fauna of, i. 231 tables of distribution of animals of, i. 233 Palæacodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Palæetus, European Miocene, i. 162 Palægithalus, European Eocene, i. 162 Palælodus, European Miocene, i. 162 Palæocastor, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 234 Palæocercus, European Miocene, i. 162 Palæochœrus, European Miocene, i. 119 ii. 215 Palæocyon, ii. 198 Palæohierax, European Miocene, i. 162 Palæolagus, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 Palæolama, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 217 Palæomephitis, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200 Palæomeryx, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 220 Palæomys, European Miocene, i. 121 ii. 238 Palæontina oolitica, Oolitic insect, i. 167 Palæontology, i. 107 how best studied in its bearing on geographical distribution, i. 168 as an introduction to the study of geographical distribution, concluding remarks on, i. 169 Palæonyctis, European Eocene, i. 125 Palæoperdix, European Miocene, i. 161 Palæophrynus, European Miocene, i. 166 Palæoreas, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Palæornis, ii. 326 PALÆORNITHIDÆ, ii. 326 Palæonyctis, ii. 196, 206 Palæortyx, European Miocene, i. 161 Palæoryx, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Palæospalax, i. 111 European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 190 Palæosyops, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Palæotheridæ, European Eocene, i. 125 Palæotherium, Enropean Eocene, i. 125 S. American Eocene, i. 148 Palæotragus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Palæotringa, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164 Palamedea, ii. 361 PALAMEDEIDÆ, ii. 361 Palapterygidæ of New Zealand, i. 164 PALAPTERYGIDÆ, ii. 370 Palapteryx, ii. 370 Palestine, birds of, i. 203 Pallasia, ii. 289 Paloplotherium, European Miocene, i. 119 European Eocene, i. 125 Paludicola, ii. 416 Paludina, Eocene, i. 169 European Secondary, i. 169 ii. 510 PALUDINIDÆ, ii. 510 Pampas, Pliocene deposits of, i. 146 Pamphila, ii. 480 Panda, of Nepaul and E. Thibet, i. 222 Himalayan, figure of, i. 331 ii. 201 Pandion, ii. 349 PANDIONIDÆ, ii. 349 Pangasius, ii. 442 Pangolin, ii. 245 Panolax, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 Panopœa, ii. 536 Panoplites, ii. 107 Panterpe, ii. 109 Panthalops, ii. 223 PANURIDÆ, ii. 262 Panurus, ii. 262 Panychlora, ii. 109 Panyptila, ii. 320 Paper-Nautilus, ii. 505 Paphia, ii. 474 Papilio, ii. 479 PAPILIONIDÆ, ii. 479 Papuan Islands, zoology of, i. 409 Paracanthobrama, ii. 452 Paradigalla, ii. 275 Paradiplomystax, ii. 443 Paradisea, ii. 274 Paradise-bird, twelve-wired, figure of, i. 414 Paradise-birds, ii. 274 PARADISEIDÆ, ii. 274 PARADISEINÆ, ii. 274 Paradoxornis, ii. 262 Paradoxurus, ii. 195 Parahippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 Paralabraz, ii. 425 Paramys, N. American Eocene, i. 140 ii. 236 Parandra, ii. 501 Paraphoxinus, ii. 452 Pardalotus, ii. 277 Pareas, ii. 380 Parodon, ii. 445 Pareudiastes, ii. 352 PARIDÆ, ii. 265 Pariodon, ii. 444 Parisoma, ii. 266 Parmacella, ii. 517 Parmarion, ii. 517 Parmophorus, ii. 511 Parnassius, ii. 479 Paroaria, ii. 284 Parotia, ii. 274 Parra, ii. 355 PARRIDÆ, ii. 354 Parroquet, Papuan, figure of, i. 415 Parrots, classification of, i. 96 ii. 324, 329 Partridges, ii. 338 Partula, ii. 515 Parula, ii. 279 Parus, ii. 265 Pasimachus, ii. 490 Passerculus, ii. 284 Passerella, ii. 284 Passeres, arrangement of, i. 94 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 243 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 306 range of Oriental genera of, i. 375 range of Australian genera of, i. 478 PASSERES, ii. 255 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 299 Passerita, ii. 379 Pastor, ii. 287 Patagona, ii. 108 Patella, ii. 539 PATELLIDÆ, ii. 511 Patriofelis, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Patrobus, ii. 489 Pauxi, ii. 343 Pavo, ii. 340 PAVONINÆ, ii. 340 Paxillus, ii. 520 Pearl-oysters, ii. 533 Pease, Mr. Harper, on Polynesian region of Land-shells, ii. 528 Peccaries, ii. 215 Pectinator, ii. 238 Peculiar groups, geographically, how defined, ii. 184 Pedetes, ii. 232 PEDICULATI, ii. 431 Pediocætes, ii. 339 Pedionomus, ii. 356 PEGASIDÆ, ii. 456 Pelagius, ii. 204 Pelagornis, European Miocene, i. 162 Pelamis, ii. 384 Pelargopsis, ii. 316 Pelea, ii. 224 PELECANIDÆ, ii. 365 Pelecanoides, ii. 365 Pelecanus, ii. 365 Pelecium, ii. 490 Pelecus, ii. 453 Pelicans, ii. 365 Peliperdix, ii. 338 Pellorneum, ii. 261 Pelobates, ii. 417 PELODRYADÆ, ii. 418 Pelodryas, ii. 418 Pelodytes, ii. 421 Pelomedusa, ii. 409 Pelomys, ii. 230 Pelonax, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Peloperdix, ii. 338 Pelotrophus, ii. 453 Peltaphryne, ii. 415 Peltocephalus, ii. 408 Peltopelor, ii. 385 Peltops, ii. 270 Penelope, ii. 343 Penelopides, ii. 317 Penelopina, ii. 343 PENELOPINÆ, ii. 343 Penetes, ii. 472 Penguins, ii. 366 Pentadactylus, ii. 399 Pentila, ii. 477 Peragalea, ii. 250 Perameles, ii. 250 PERAMELIDÆ, ii. 250 Peratherium, European Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 249 Perca, ii. 425 Percarina, i. 425 Perchœrus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215 Percilia, ii. 425 Percichthys, ii. 425 PERCIDÆ, ii. 425 Percnostola, ii. 104 PERCOPSIDÆ, ii. 448 Percus, ii. 489 Perdix, ii. 338 Pericallus, ii. 490 Pericrocotus, ii. 268 Peridexia, ii. 487 Perim Island, extinct mammalia of, i. 122 probable southern limit of old Palæarctic land, i. 362 character of fossils of, ii. 157 Periopthalmus, ii. 430 Perisoreus, ii. 273 Perissodactyla, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Perissoglossa, ii. 279 Peristera, ii. 333 Peristethus, ii. 428 Periwinkle, ii. 510 Pernis, ii. 349 Perodicticus, ii. 176 Perognathus, ii. 233 Peropus, ii. 399 Persia, birds of, i. 204 Petasophora, ii. 108 Petaurista, ii. 252 Petenia, ii. 438 Petrochelidon, ii. 281 Petrodromus, ii. 186 Petrels, ii. 365 Petrœca, ii. 260 Petrogale, ii. 251 Petromys, ii. 239 Petrophassa, ii. 333 Petrorhynchus, ii. 208 Petroscirtes, ii. 431 Peucæa, ii. 284 Pezophaps, ii. 334 Pezoporus, ii. 325 Pfeifferia, ii. 516 Phacellodomus, ii. 103 Phacochœrus, ii. 215 Phænicophaës, ii. 309 Phænicophilus, ii. 99 Phænicothraupis, ii. 98 Phænopepla, ii. 280 Phæochroa, ii. 107 Phæolæma, ii. 107 Phæoptila, ii. 109 Phaëthornis, ii. 107 Phaeton, ii. 365 Phalacrocorax, ii. 365 Phalangers, ii. 251 Phalangista, ii. 252 Phalangistidæ, ii. 251 Phalaropus, ii. 353 Phapitreron, ii. 333 Phaps, ii. 333 Pharomacrus, ii. 314 Phascogale, ii. 249 Phascolarctos, ii. 252 PHASCOLOMYIDÆ, ii. 252 Phascolomys, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 PHASIANIDÆ, ii. 339 PHASIANINÆ, ii. 340 Phasianus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Post-Pliocene, i. 161 ii. 340 Phasidus, ii. 340 Phatagin, ii. 245 Pheasants, in European Miocene, i. 161 golden, of N. China, i. 226 eared, of Mongolia, i. 226 ii. 339 Phedina, ii. 281 Phelsuma, ii. 400 Phenacodus, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 Pheropsophus, ii. 489 Pheucticus, ii. 285 Phibalura, ii. 102 Philagetes, ii. 502 Philemon, ii. 276 Philentoma, ii. 271 Philepitta, ii. 298 Philetærus, ii. 286 Philodryas, ii. 376 Philippine Islands, mammals of, i. 345 birds of, i. 346 origin of peculiar fauna of, i. 448 Philohela, ii. 353 Philomycus, ii. 517 Philydor, ii. 103 PHILYDORINÆ, ii. 295 Phlæomys, ii. 230 Phlæocryptes, ii. 103 Phlogœnas, ii. 333 Phlogophilus, ii. 108 Phlogopsis, ii. 104 Phlogothraupis, ii. 98, 283 Phoca, ii. 204 Phocæna, ii. 209 Phocidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 PHOCIDÆ, ii. 203 Phodilus, ii. 350 Phœnicocercus, ii. 102, 293 Phœnicophaës, ii. 309 PHŒNICOPTERIDÆ, ii. 361 Phœnicopterus, ii. 361 PHOLADIDÆ, ii. 537 Pholadomya, ii. 536 Pholeoptynx, ii. 350 Pholidotus, ii. 245 Pholidotus, ii. 493 Phonipara, ii. 284 Phorus, ii. 510 Phos, ii. 507 Phractocephalus, ii. 442 Phrygilus, ii. 284 PHRYNISCIDÆ, ii. 414 Phryniscus, ii. 414 Phrynobatrachus, ii. 421 Phrynocephalus, ii. 402 Phrynoglossus, ii. 421 Phrynorhombus, ii. 441 Phrynosoma, ii. 401 Phycis, ii. 439 Phyllastrephus, ii. 267 PHYLLIDIADÆ, ii. 530 Phyllobates, ii. 419 Phyllodactylus, ii. 399 Phyllomedusa, ii. 418 Phyllomyias, ii. 101 Phyllomys, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 239 Phyllornis, ii. 267 PHYLLORNITHIDÆ, ii. 267 Phylloscartes, ii. 101 PHYLLOSCOPINÆ, ii. 257 Phylloscopus, ii. 258 Phyllostomidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 181 Phyllurus, ii. 400 PHYLLYRHOIDÆ, ii. 530 Phymaturus, ii. 401 Physa, ii. 518 Physalus, ii. 207 Physeter, European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 208 Physical changes affecting distribution, i. 7 Physignathus, ii. 402 PHYSOSTOMI, ii. 441 Phytala, ii. 477 Phytotoma, ii. 294 PHYTOTOMIDÆ, ii. 294 Phyton, ii. 502 Piabuca, ii. 445 Piabucina, ii. 445 Piaya, ii. 309 Pica, ii. 273 Picariæ, arrangement of, i. 95 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 247 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 309 range of Oriental genera of, i. 381 range of Australian genera of, i. 482 PICARIÆ, ii. 302 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 322 Picathartes, ii. 274 Picicorvus, ii. 273 PICIDÆ, ii. 302 Picoides, ii. 303 Picolaptes, ii. 103 Picumnus, ii. 303 Picus, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 303 PIERIDÆ, ii. 478 Pieris, ii. 478 Piezia, ii. 491 Pigeons, classification of, i. 96 remarkable development of, in the Australian region, i. 395 crested, of Australia, figure of, i. 441 ii. 331 abundant in islands, ii. 335 Pigs, power of swimming, i. 13 Pikas, ii. 242 Pike, ii. 449 Pikermi, Miocene fauna of, i. 115 Pilchard, ii. 454 Pileoma, ii. 425 Pimelodus, ii. 443 Pimephales, ii. 452 Pinacodera, ii. 490 Pinicola, ii. 285 Pinulia, ii. 191 Pionus, ii. 328 Pipa, ii. 422 PIPIDÆ, ii. 421 Pipile, i. 343 Pipilo, ii. 284 Piping crows, ii. 273 Pipra, ii. 102, 292 Pipreola, ii. 102 PIPRIDÆ, ii. 102 Pipridea, ii. 98 Piprisoma, ii. 277 Piprites, ii. 102, 292 Piramutana, ii. 442 Piratinga, ii. 443 Pirinampus, ii. 443 Pitangus, ii. 101 Pithecia, ii. 175 Pithecopsis, ii. 420 Pithys, ii. 104 Pitta, ii. 298 Pittas, ii. 297 Pittasoma, ii. 104 Pittidæ, abundant in Borneo, i. 355 PITTIDÆ, ii. 297 Pituophis, ii. 375 Pit-vipers, ii. 384 Pitylus, ii. 99 Pityriasis, ii. 273 Plagiodontia, ii. 238 Plagiolophus, European Eocene, i. 126 Plagiotelium, ii. 492 PLAGIOSTOMATA, ii. 460 Planetes, ii. 490 Planorbis, European Secondary, i. 169 Eocene, i. 169 ii. 518 Plantain-eaters, ii. 307 Plant-cutters, ii. 294 Plants, distribution of, probably the same fundamentally as that of animals, ii. 162 Platacanthomys, ii. 230 Platalea, ii. 360 PLATALEIDÆ, ii. 360 Platanista, ii. 209 Platemys, ii. 408 Platurus, ii. 384 Platycercidæ, gorgeously-coloured Australian parrots, i. 394 PLATYCERCIDÆ, ii. 325 Platycercus, ii. 325 Platychile, ii. 487 Platygonus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 215 Platylophus, ii. 273 Platymantis, ii. 419 Platynematichthys, ii. 442 Platynus, ii. 489 Platypœcilus, ii. 450 PLATYRHYNCHINÆ, ii. 291 Platyrhynchus, ii. 101 Platysaurus, ii. 392 Platysoma, ii. 489 Platystira, ii. 271 Platystoma, ii. 442 Platystomatichthys, ii. 442 Plecoglossus, ii. 447 Plecostomus, ii. 444 Plecotus, ii. 183 PLECTOGNATHI, ii. 457 PLECTROMANTIDÆ, ii. 417 Plectromantis, ii. 417 Plectrophanes, ii. 286 Plectropterus, ii. 363 Plectrotrema, ii. 519 Plecturus, ii. 374 Plesiarctomys, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 236 Plesiomeryx, European Eocene, i. 126 Plesiosorex, European Miocene, i. 118 Plestiodon, ii. 397 Plethodon, ii. 413 PLEUROBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 530 Pleurodeles, ii. 413 Pleurodema, ii. 420 Pleuronectes, ii. 441 PLEURONECTIDÆ, ii. 440 Pleurostrichus, ii. 392 Pleurotoma, ii. 508 Pleurotomaria, ii. 539 Pliocene period, Old World, mammalia of, i. 112 Pliocene and Post-Pliocene faunas of Europe, general conclusions from, i. 113 of N. America, i. 132 of S. America, i. 146 of Australia, i. 157 Pliohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Pliolophus, European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 216 Pliopithecus, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 178 PLOCEIDÆ, ii. 286 Plocepasser, ii. 286 Ploceus, ii. 286 Plotosus, ii. 441 Plotus, ii. 365 Plovers, ii. 355 Pluvianellus, ii. 356 Pluvianus, ii. 355 PLYCTOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 324 Pnoepyga, ii. 263 Podabrus, ii. 249 Podager, ii. 320 PODARGIDÆ, ii. 318 Podargus, ii. 318 Podica, ii. 352 Podiceps, ii. 367 PODICIPIDÆ, ii. 366 Podilymbus, ii. 367 Podocnemis, ii. 408 Pœbrotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217 Pœcilia, ii. 450 Pœcilophis, ii. 383 Pœcilothraupis, ii. 98 Poephagus, ii. 222 Poephila, ii. 287 Pogonocichla, ii. 271 POGONORHYNCHINÆ, ii. 306 Pogonorhynchus, ii. 306 Pogonornis, ii. 275 Pogonostoma, ii. 487 Pogonotriccus, ii. 101 Pohlia, ii. 418 Poiana, ii. 195 Polemistria, ii. 107 Polioaëtus, ii. 349 Poliococcyx, ii. 309 Poliohierax, ii. 349 Poliopsitta, ii. 328 Polioptila, ii. 258 Pollanisus, ii. 481 POLYBORINÆ, ii. 347 Polyboroides, ii. 347 Polyborus, ii. 347 Polybothris, ii. 497 POLYCENTRIDÆ, ii. 434 Polycesta, ii. 479 POLYDONTIDÆ, ii. 459 Polyhirma, ii. 491 POLYNEMIDÆ, ii. 429 Polyommatus, ii. 477 Polynesian sub-region, description of, i. 442 birds of, i. 443 reptiles of, i. 447 Polypedates, ii. 419 POLYPEDATIDÆ, ii. 419 Polypi, ii. 505 Polyplectron, ii. 340 Polyprion, ii. 425 POLYPTERIDÆ, ii. 458 Polypterus, ii. 458 Polytelis, ii. 325 Pomacanthus, ii. 427 POMACENTRIDÆ, ii. 437 Pomacentrus, ii. 437 Pomatias, ii. 521 Pomatorhinus, ii. 261 Pomotis, ii. 425 Pompholyx, ii. 518 Pontia, ii. 478 Pontoporia, ii. 209 Poœcetes, ii. 284 Poodytes, ii. 258 Poospiza, ii. 284 Porcupines, ii. 240 Poritia, ii. 477 Porphyrio, ii. 352 Porpoises, ii. 208 Portax, ii. 223 Porzana, ii. 352 Post-Pliocene, mammalia of Europe, i. 110 remains imply changes of physical geography in Europe, i. 111 fauna of N. America, i. 129 fauna of N. America, remarks on, i. 130 Potamides, ii. 509 Potamochœrus, ii. 215 Potamodus, ii. 258 Potamogale of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264 Potamogale, ii. 189 POTAMOGALIDÆ, ii. 189 Potamotherium, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200 Potto of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264 ii. 176 Pouched Rats, ii. 233 Praotherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 Pratincola, ii. 260 Pratincoles, ii. 355 Presbytes, ii. 171 Prepona, ii. 474 Primates, classification of, i. 86 probable birthplace of, i. 153 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300 range of Oriental genera of, i. 371 range of Australian genera of, i. 475 Primates, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 117 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 124 N. American Tertiary, i. 132 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 PRIMATES, distribution of, ii. 170-180 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 179 summary and conclusion, ii. 540 Prince's Island, birds of, i. 206 Prinia, ii. 257 Prion, ii. 365 Prioneris, ii. 478 PRIONIDÆ, ii. 498 Prionidium, Oolitic insects, i. 167 Prionirhynchus, ii. 313 Prioniturus, ii. 326 Prionochilus, ii. 277 Prionodontes, ii. 246 Prionops, ii. 272 Prionoteles, ii. 314 PRISTIDÆ, ii. 462 Pristimantis, ii. 419 PRISTIOPHORIDÆ, ii. 462 Pristiphoca, in European Pliocene, i. 112 ii. 204 PRISTIPOMATIDÆ, ii. 426 Pristiurus, ii. 461 Pristonychus, ii. 489 Proboscidea, classification of, i. 90 range of Ethiopian genus, i. 303 range of Oriental genus, i. 374 Proboscidea, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 Indian Miocene, i. 122 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary i. 138 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 PROBOSCIDEA, ii. 227 summary and conclusion, ii. 542 Procamelus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217 Procapra, ii. 223 Procarduelis, ii. 283 Procellaria, ii. 365 PROCELLARIIDÆ, ii. 365 Procerus, ii. 488 ii. 489 Prochilodus, ii. 445 Prochilus, ii. 202 Procnias, ii. 98 Procris, ii. 481 Procrustes, ii. 488 ii. 489 Proctotretus, ii. 401 Procyon, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 200 Procyonidæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 PROCYONIDÆ, ii. 200 PRODUCTIDÆ, ii. 532 Progne, ii. 281 Promecoderus, ii. 490 Promephitis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200 Promerops of East Africa, figure of, i. 261 Promerops, ii. 276 Pronophilia, ii. 471 Propalæotherium, European Eocene, i. 126 Proparus, ii. 266 Propyrrhula, ii. 285 Prorastomus, ii. 211 Proserpina, ii. 527 PROSOBRANCHIATA, ii. 507 Prosthemadera, ii. 275 PROTEIDÆ, ii. 412 Proteles, ii. 196 PROTELIDÆ, ii. 196 Protemnodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251 Proteus, ii. 412 Prothoe, ii. 474 Protohippus, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Protomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138 ii. 217 Protonopsis, ii. 412 Protonotaria, ii. 279 Protopithecus, in Brazilian caves, i. 144 ii. 178 Protopterus, ii. 458 Protornis, European Eocene, i. 162 Prototomus, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Prototroctes, ii. 446 Psalidoprogne, ii. 281 Psaltria, ii. 266 Psaltriparus, ii. 266 Psammodromus, ii. 391 Psammodynastes, ii. 377 Psammomys, ii. 230 PSAMMOPHIDÆ, ii. 377 Psammophis, ii. 377 Psammosaurus, ii. 389 Psarisomus, ii. 295 Psephotus, ii. 325 Pseudacris, ii. 418 Pseudælurus, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 194 Pseudalopex, ii. 197 Pseudecheneis, ii. 444 Pseudechis, ii. 383 Pseudeutropius, ii. 442 Pseudis, ii. 420 Pseudobagrus, ii. 442 Pseudobias, ii. 270 Pseudobufo, ii. 415 Pseudochalceus, ii. 445 Pseudochelidon, ii. 312 Pseudocolaptes, ii. 103 Pseudocordylus, ii. 392 Pseudocyon, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 198 Pseudodipsas, ii. 477 Pseudogobio, ii. 452 Pseudogryphis, ii. 346 Pseudogyps, ii. 346 Pseudohage, ii. 383 Pseudolabuca, ii. 453 Pseudoleistes, ii. 282 Pseudomorpha, ii. 490 Pseudomys, ii. 230 Pseudonaje, ii. 383 Pseudoperilampus, ii. 452 PSEUDOPHIDIA, ii. 411 Pseudophryne, ii. 414 Pseudopontia, ii. 478 Pseudopus, ii. 392 Pseudorasbora, ii. 452 Pseudorca, ii. 209 Pseudoscops, ii. 350 Pseudoxiphophorus, ii. 450 Psilopogon, ii. 306 Psiloptera, ii. 497 Psilorhamphus, ii. 104 Psilorhinus, ii. 273 Psilorhynchus, ii. 453 Psittaci, classification of, i. 96 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 311 range of Oriental genera of, i. 383 range of Australian genera of, i. 484 PSITTACI, ii. 324 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 329 PSITTACIDÆ, ii. 328 Psittacula, ii. 328 Psittacus, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 328 Psittinus, ii. 326 Psittirostra, ii. 277 Psittospiza, ii. 99 Psophia, ii. 358 PSOPHIIDÆ, ii. 358 Psophodes, ii. 262 PSYCHROLUTIDÆ, ii. 436 Pterocles, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 337 PTEROCLIDÆ, ii. 337 Pterocyclos, ii. 520 Pterodon, European Miocene, i. 125 Pteroglossus, ii. 307 Pteromys, ii. 235 Pteromyzon, ii. 463 PTEROMYZONTIDÆ, ii. 463 Pteronura, ii. 199 Pterophanes, ii. 108 Pterophyllum, ii. 439 PTEROPIDÆ, ii. 181 PTEROPODA, ii. 531 Pteropodocys, ii. 269 PTEROPTOCHIDÆ, ii. 297 Pteroptochus, ii. 297 Pterorhinus, ii. 261 Pterosarion, ii. 452 Pterostichus, ii. 489 Pteruthius, ii. 266 Pterygophlichthys, ii. 444 Ptilocerus, ii. 186 Ptilochloris, ii. 102, 293 Ptilogonys, ii. 280 Ptilonorhynchus, ii. 275 Ptilopachus, ii. 338 Ptilopus, ii. 332 Ptilorhis, ii. 275 Ptilostomus, ii. 273 Ptilotis, ii. 275 Ptosima, ii. 497 Ptyas, ii. 375 Ptychobarbus, ii. 452 Ptyonotus, ii. 428 Pucrasia, ii. 340 Puff-birds, ii. 310 Puffins, ii. 367 Puffinus, ii. 365 PULMONIFERA, ii. 512 Pulsatrix, ii. 350 Puncturella, ii. 511 Pupa, Eocene, i. 169 Pupa vetusta, Palæozoic, i. 169 Pupa, ii. 514 Pupina, ii. 520 Pupinella, ii. 520 Putorius, ii. 198 PYCNONOTIDÆ, ii. 267 Pycnonotus, ii. 267 Pycnophrys, ii. 270 Pyctorhis, ii. 261 Pygarrhicus, ii. 103 Pygmornis, ii. 107 Pygomeles, ii. 397 PYGOPODIDÆ, ii. 395 Pygoptila, ii. 104 Pygopus, ii. 395 PYRAMIDELLIDÆ, ii. 509 Pyrameis, ii. 474 Pyranga, ii. 98 Pyrenestes, ii. 286 Pyrgisoma, ii. 284 Pyrgita, ii. 284 Pyriglena, ii. 104 Pyrocephalus, ii. 101, 291 Pyroderus, ii. 103 Pyromelana, ii. 286 Pyrophthalma, ii. 259 Pyrrhocoma, ii. 99 Pyrrhospiza, ii. 285 Pyrrhula, ii. 285 Pyrrhulauda, ii. 289 Pyrrhulina, ii. 445 Pyrrhulopsis, ii. 325 Pyrrhuloxia, ii. 285 Pyrrhura, ii. 328 Pytelia, ii. 287 Python, ii. 381 Pythonidæ, European Miocene, i. 165 PYTHONIDÆ, ii. 381 Pythonodipsas, ii. 379 Pythonopsis, ii. 376 Pythons, ii. 381 Pyxicephalus, ii. 420 Pyxis, ii. 408 Q. Quadrumana, fossil, ii. 178 Quail-snipes, ii. 354 Querquedula, ii. 363 Querula, ii. 102 Quiscalus, ii. 282 R. Rachis, ii. 524 Racoon-dog of N. China, i. 226 Racoons, ii. 200 Raia, ii. 462 RAIIDÆ, ii. 462 Rails, ii. 351 RALLIDÆ, ii. 351 Rallina, ii. 352 Rallus, ii. 352 Rana, European Miocene, i. 166 ii. 420 Raniceps, ii. 439 RANIDÆ, ii. 420 Ranodon, ii. 413 Rappia, ii. 419 Rasbora, ii. 452 Rasborichthys, ii. 453 Rattle-snakes, ii. 384 Rays, ii. 462 Realia, ii. 521 Rectes, ii. 272 Recurvirostra, ii. 353 Regalecus, ii. 432 Region, the best term for the primary zoological divisions, i. 68 Arctic, why not adopted, i. 69 Palæarctic, defined, i. 71 Palæarctic, subdivisions of, i. 71 Ethiopian, defined, i. 73 Ethiopian, subdivisions of, i. 73 Oriental, defined, i. 75 Oriental, subdivisions of, i. 75 Australian, defined, i. 77 Australian, subdivisions of, i. 77 Neotropical, defined, i. 78 Neotropical, subdivisions of, i. 78 Nearctic, defined, i. 79 Nearctic, distinct from Palæarctic, i. 79 Nearctic, subdivisions of, i. 80 Regions, zoological, i. 50 zoological, how they should be formed, i. 53 zoological, may be defined by negative or positive characters, i. 54 zoological, by what class of animals best determined, i. 56 for each class of animals, not advisable, i. 58 zoological, proposed since 1857, i. 58 zoological, Mr. Sclater's, i. 59 zoological, discussion of those proposed by various authors, i. 61 zoological, proportionate richness of, i. 64 temperate and tropical, well marked in northern hemisphere, i. 65 and zones, table of, i. 66 comparative richness of, i. 81 and sub-regions, table of, i. 81 order of succession of the, i. 173 Registoma, ii. 521 Reguloides, ii. 258 Regulus, ii. 258 Reinwardtænas, ii. 333 Reinwardtipicus, ii. 303 Reithrodon, ii. 230 Representative species, i. 4 Reptiles, means of dispersal of, i. 28 classification of, i. 98 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 of Indian Miocene deposits, i. 123 extinct Tertiary, i. 165 cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176 peculiar to Palæarctic region, i. 186 of Central Europe, i. 195 of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 204 of the Siberian sub-region, i. 220 of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 227 table of Palæarctic families of, i. 236 of the Ethiopian region, i. 254 of the E. African sub-region, i. 260 of W. Africa, i. 264 S. African, i. 268 of Madagascar, i. 279 table of Ethiopian families of, i. 297 of the Oriental region, i. 317 of the Indian sub-region, i. 326 of Ceylon, i. 327 of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 331 of the Indo-Malay sub-region, i. 340 table of Oriental families of, i. 368 of the Australian region, i. 396 of New Guinea, i. 415 of the Moluccas, i. 420 of the Polynesian sub-region, i. 447 of New Zealand, i. 456 table of Australian families of, i. 472 Neotropical, ii. 9 of S. Temperate America, ii. 40 of the Mexican sub-region, ii. 54 of the Antilles, ii. 72 table of Neotropical families of, ii. 88 of the Nearctic region, ii. 119 of California, ii. 128 of Central N. America, ii. 131 of Eastern United States, ii. 133 of Canada, ii. 137 table of Nearctic families of, ii. 142 summary and conclusion, ii. 547 REPTILIA, ii. 372 Retropinna, ii. 447 Revillagigedo Islands, zoology of, ii. 60 Rhabdornis, ii. 265 Rhabdosoma, ii. 374 RACHIODONTIDÆ, ii. 377 Rhacophorus, ii. 419 Rhamnophis, ii. 376 RHAMPHASTIDÆ, ii. 306 Rhamphastos, ii. 307 Rhamphichthys, ii. 455 Rhamphocænus, ii. 104 Rhamphococcyx, ii. 309 Rhamphocinclus, ii. 256 Rhamphocœlus, ii. 98 Rhamphomicron, ii. 108 Rhaphaulus, ii. 520 Rhea, in Brazilian caves, i. 164 ii. 368 Rhinaster, ii. 213 Rhinatrema, ii. 411 Rhinechis, ii. 376 Rhinelepis, ii. 444 Rhinichthys, ii. 452 RHINIDÆ, ii. 462 RHINOBATIDÆ, ii. 462 Rhinoceros, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 122 fossil remains of, at 16,000 feet elevation in Thibet, i. 122 fossil in N. China, i. 123 N. American Tertiary, i. 136 ii. 213 Rhinoceros-hornbill, figure of, i. 339 Rhinocerotidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 136 RHINOCEROTIDÆ, ii. 213 RHINOCHETIDÆ, ii. 359 Rhinochetus, ii. 359 Rhinococcyx, ii. 309 Rhinocrypta, ii. 297 Rhinoderma, ii. 416 RHINODONTIDÆ, ii. 461 Rhinodoras, ii. 443 Rhinogale, ii. 195 Rhinoglanis, ii. 443 RHINOLOPHIDÆ, ii. 182 Rhinolophus, ii. 183 Rhinophis, ii. 374 RHINOPHRYNIDÆ, ii. 414 Rhinophrynus, ii. 414 Rhinoplax, ii. 317 Rhinopoma, ii. 183 Rhinortha, ii. 309 Rhipidura, ii. 271 Rhizomys, ii. 231 Rhodeus, ii. 452 Rhodinocincla, ii. 256 Rhodona, ii. 397 Rhodopis, ii. 108 Rhodosttehia, ii. 364 Rhombomys, ii. 230 Rhombus, ii. 441 Rhopodytes, ii. 309 Rhopoterpe, ii. 104 Rhynchæa, ii. 353 RHYNCHOCEPHALIDÆ, ii. 405 RHYNCHOCEPHALINA, ii. 405 Rhynchocyon, ii. 186 Rhynchocyclus, ii. 101 Rhynchonella, ii. 539 RHYNCHONELLIDÆ, ii. 532 Rhynchops, ii. 365 Rhynchopsitta, ii. 328 Rhynchotus, ii. 344 Rhytina, ii. 210, 211 Rhytiodus, ii. 445 Ricinula, ii. 507 Rimator, ii. 263 Rimula, ii. 511 Rissa, ii. 364 Rissoa, ii. 510 Rita, ii. 442 River-hog, of West Africa, figure of, i. 264 of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278 Rivers, limiting the range of mammalia, i. 12 limiting the range of birds, i. 17 River-scene in West Africa, i. 264 River-snails, ii. 510 Rivulus, ii. 450 Rock-snakes, ii. 381 Rocky mountain sub-region, ii. 129 mammalia of, ii. 129 birds of, ii. 130 reptiles, amphibia, and fishes of, ii. 130 Rodentia, classification of, i. 90 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 242 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 304 range of Oriental genera of, i. 374 range of Australian genera of, i. 476 Rodentia, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 139 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 of S. American Eocene, i. 148 RODENTIA, ii. 229 Rodentia, general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 243 Rodentia, summary and conclusion, ii. 543 Rohteichthys, ii. 452 Rollers, ii. 311 Rollulus, ii. 339 Romaleosoma, ii. 474 Rose-chafers, ii. 494 Rostrhamus, ii. 349 Rough-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 374 Ruff, figure of, i. 195 Rupicapra, ii. 224, 225 RUPICAPRINÆ, ii. 224 Rupicola, ii. 102, 293 RUPICOLINÆ, ii. 293 Ruticilla, ii. 259 RUTICILLINÆ, ii. 257 S. Saccobranchus, ii. 441 Saccodon, ii. 445 SACCOMYIDÆ, ii. 233 Saccomys, ii. 233 Saccostomus, ii. 230 Sagda, ii. 516 Sahara, a debatable land, i. 251 Saiga, antelope of W. Tartary, i. 218 Saiga, ii. 223 Saimiris, ii. 175 Sakis, ii. 175 Salamandra, ii. 413 SALAMANDRIDÆ, ii. 413 Salamandrina, ii. 413 Salarix, ii. 448 Salminus, ii. 445 Salmo, ii. 447 SALMONIDÆ, ii. 447 Salpinctes, ii. 264 Salpornis, ii. 264 Saltator, ii. 99 Salvin, Mr., on birds of Galapagos, ii. 30 Sambus, ii. 496 Samoa Islands, birds of, i. 443 Sand-grouse, Pallas', of Mongolia, i. 226 ii. 337 Sand-lizards, ii. 398 Sandpipers, ii. 353 Sandwich Islands, birds of, i. 445 probable past history of, i. 446 mountain plants of, i. 446 depth of ocean around, i. 447 Sanzinia, ii. 381 Saperda, ii. 501 Sapphironia, ii. 109 Sarcodaces, ii. 445 Sarcophilus, ii. 249 SARCORHAMPHINÆ, ii. 346 Sarcorhamphus, ii. 346 Sargus, ii. 427 Sarkidiornis, ii. 363 Saroglossa, ii. 288 Sarotherodon, ii. 438 Sasia, ii. 303 Satanoperca, ii. 439 SATYRIDÆ, ii. 471 Satyrites Reynesii, European Cretaceous insect, i. 167 Satyrus, ii. 471 Saucerottia, ii. 109 Saunders, Mr. Edward, on the Buprestidæ of Japan, i. 229 Saurocetes, ii. 210 Saurophis, ii. 392 Saurothera, ii. 309 Saxicola, ii. 260 Saxicolinæ, ii. 257 Sayornis, ii. 100, 291 Scallops, ii. 533 Scalops, ii. 190 Scapanus, ii. 190 Scaphiopus, ii. 417 Scaphirhynchus, ii. 459 Scaptochirus, ii. 190 Scaptonyx, ii. 190 Scaraphites, ii. 490 Scardafella, ii. 333 Scarites, ii. 489 Scelidotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 S. American Pliocene, i. 147 ii. 245 Scelodontis, ii. 490 Sceloporus, ii. 401 Scelotes, ii. 398 Schacra, ii. 452 Schasicheila, ii. 522 Schiffornis, ii. 102 Schilbe, ii. 442 Schilbichthys, ii. 442 Schismaderma, ii. 415 Schistes, ii. 108 Schistopleurum, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Schizodon, ii. 238 Schizogenius, ii. 490 Schizopygopsis, ii. 452 Schizorhina, ii. 494 Schizorhis, ii. 307 Schizothorax, ii. 452 Schœnionta, ii. 502 Schweinfurth, Dr., on natural history of Central Africa, i. 252 on limits of W. African sub-region, i. 262 (note) Sciades, ii. 443 Sciæna, ii. 428 SCIÆNIDÆ, ii. 428 SCINCIDÆ, ii. 396 Scincus, ii. 397 Scinks, ii. 396 Scissirostrum, ii. 288 Scissor, ii. 445 Sciuravus, N. American Eocene, i. 140 Sciuravus, ii. 236 SCIURIDÆ, ii. 234 Sciuropterus, ii. 235 Sciurus, European Miocene, i. 120 European Eocene, i. 126 ii. 235, 236 Sclater, Mr., on zoological regions, i. 59 why his six regions are adopted, i. 63 on birds of Sandwich Islands, i. 445 on systematic position of Certhidea, ii. 31 Sclater and Salvin, Messrs., on Neotropical sub-regions, ii. 25 SCLERODERMI, ii. 457 Sclerognathus, ii. 451 SCLERURINÆ, ii. 295 Sclerurus, ii. 103 Scolecophagus, ii. 282 SCOLOPACIDÆ, ii. 353 Scolopax, ii. 353 Scomber, ii. 429 SCOMBRESOCIDÆ, ii. 449 Scombresox, ii. 449 SCOMBRIDÆ, ii. 429 SCOPELIDÆ, ii. 446 Scops, ii. 350 Scopus, ii. 360 Scortornis, ii. 320 Scotopelia, ii. 350 Scotophilus, ii. 183 Scrapteira, ii. 391 Screamers, ii. 361 Scrub-birds, ii. 299 SCYLLIDÆ, ii. 461 Scyllium, ii. 461 Scytale, ii. 379 SCYTALIDÆ, ii. 379 Scytalopus, ii. 297 Scythrops, ii. 310 Sea, as a barrier to mammalia, i. 13 Sea-devils, ii. 463 Seals, fossil in European Miocene, i. 118 of Lake Baikal, i. 218 ii. 203 Sea-pens, ii. 505 Sea-snails, ii. 508 Sea-snakes, ii. 384 Sebastes, ii. 428 Secondary formations, mammalian remains in, i. 169 Secretary bird, of Africa, figure of, i. 261 ii. 346 Seemann, Dr., on protective resemblance of sloths, ii. 24 Seisura, ii. 270 Selache, ii. 460 Selasphorus, ii. 108 Selenidera, ii. 307 Selenophorus, ii. 490 Seleucides, ii. 275 Semioptera, ii. 275 Semiplotus, ii. 452 SEMNOPITHECIDÆ, ii. 171 Semnopithecus, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 117 Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 171 ii. 178 Semper, Dr., on Philippine mammalia, i. 345 Senira, ii. 397 SEPIADÆ, ii. 505 SEPIDÆ, ii. 398 Seps, ii. 398 Sepsina, ii. 398 Sericinus, ii. 479 Sericornis, ii. 258 Sericulus, ii. 275 Serilophus, ii. 295 SERPENTARIIDÆ, ii. 346 Serpentarius, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 346 Serphophaga, ii. 101 Serranus, ii. 425 Serrasalmo, ii. 445 Sesia, ii. 482 Setophaga, ii. 279 Setornis, ii. 267 Seychelle Islands, zoology of, i. 281 amphibia of, i. 281 Shad, ii. 454 Sharks, ii. 460 Sharp, Dr., on Japan beetles, i. 229 Sharpe, Mr. R. B., his arrangement of Accipitres, i. 97 on birds of Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 on classification of Cuckoos, ii. 309 Sheath-bills, ii. 354 Sheep, Palæarctic, i. 182 ii. 221 Short-tailed burrowing snakes, ii. 373 Shrikes, ii. 272 Sialia, ii. 260 Siamanga, ii. 171 Siaphos, ii. 397 Siberia, climate of, i. 217 Siberian sub-region, description of, i. 216 mammalia of, i. 217 birds of, i. 219 reptiles and amphibia of, i. 220 insects of, i. 220 Sibia, ii. 262 Siderone, ii. 474 Sieboldia, ii. 412 Sigmodon, ii. 230 Silondia, ii. 442 Silphomorpha, ii. 490 Silubosaurus, ii. 397 Siluranodon, ii. 442 Silurichthys, ii. 441 SILURIDÆ, ii. 441 Silurus, ii. 441 Silybura, ii. 374 Simenia, ii. 197 Simia, ii. 171 SIMIIDÆ, ii. 170 Simocephalus, ii. 380 Simocyon, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 ii. 198 Simorhynchus, ii. 367 Simotes, ii. 375 Simpulopsis, ii. 516 Sinopa, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Siphia, ii. 270 Siphneus, ii. 230 Siphonopsis, ii. 411 Siphonorhis, ii. 320 Siphonostoma, ii. 457 Siren, ii. 411 Sirenia, classification of, i. 89 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303 range of Oriental genus, i. 374 range of Australian genus of, i. 476 Sirenia, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 119 SIRENIA, ii. 210 SIRENIDÆ, ii. 411 SIRENOIDEI, ii. 458 Sirystes, ii. 101 Sisor, ii. 444 Sitana, ii. 402 Sitta, ii. 265 Sittasomus, ii. 103 Sittella, ii. 265 SITTIDÆ, ii. 265 Siurus, ii. 279 Siva, ii. 266 Sivatherium, Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 226 Siwalik Hills, Miocene deposits of, i. 121 Skenea, ii. 510 Sloths, ii. 244 Slugs, ii. 517 Smaragdochrysis, ii. 109 Smerinthus, ii. 483 Smiliogaster, ii. 453 Sminthus, ii. 230 Smith, Mr. Frederick, on Hymenoptera of Japan, i. 230 Smithornis, ii. 270 Smutsia, ii. 245 Snails, ii. 512 Snake, at great elevation in Himalayas, i. 220 Snakes, classification of, i. 99 Eocene, i. 165 large proportion of venomous species in Australia, i. 396 of New Zealand, i. 457 distribution and lines of migration of, ii. 547 Snipes, ii. 353 Society Islands, birds of, i. 443 Socorro, zoology of, ii. 60 Soft-tortoises, ii. 409 Solarium, ii. 510 Solea, ii. 441 SOLENIDÆ, ii. 536 Solenodon, ii. 188 SOLENOSTOMIDÆ, ii. 456 Solitaire, ii. 334 Somateria, ii. 364 Soricictis, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 196 Soricidæ, European Miocene, i. 118 SORICIDÆ, ii. 191 Soridia, ii. 397 Sorubim, ii. 442 Sotalia, ii. 209 South African sub-region, description of, i. 266 mammalia of, i. 267 birds of, i. 267 reptiles of, i. 268 amphibia of, i. 268 fresh-water fish of, i. 268 butterflies of, i. 268 coleoptera of, i. 268 summary of its zoology, i. 269 South America, fossil fauna of, i. 143 Pliocene deposits of, i. 146 supposed land connection with Australia, i. 398 South America and Africa, parallelism of their past zoological history, ii. 83 South Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441 SPALACIDÆ, ii. 231 Spalacomys, ii. 230 Spalacopus, ii. 238 Spalax, ii. 231 Sparganura, ii. 108 SPARIDÆ, ii. 426 Spatula, ii. 364 Species, representative, i. 4 Spelerpes, ii. 413 Speothos, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 Spermestes, ii. 287 Spermophila, ii. 285 Spermophilus, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 235, 236 Spermospiza, ii. 286 Sperm Whales, ii. 207 Sphærocephalus, ii. 209 Sphærodactylus, ii. 400 Sphæroderus, ii. 490 Sphallomorpha, ii. 490 Sphecotheres, ii. 268 Sphenæacus, ii. 258 SPHENISCIDÆ, ii. 366 Spheniscus, ii. 366 Sphenocephalus, ii. 398 Sphenodon, in Brazilian caves, i. 115 ii. 245 Sphenognathus, ii. 493 Sphenoproctus, ii. 107 Sphenops, ii. 398 Sphenostoma, ii. 266 Sphenura, ii. 258 SPHINGIDÆ, ii. 482 Sphingidea, distribution of, ii. 483 SPHINGINA, ii. 481 Sphingnotus, ii. 501 Sphinx, in European Oolite, i. 167 ii. 482 Sphinx Moths, ii. 482 Sphyrapicus, ii. 303 SPHYRENIDÆ, ii. 429 Spider monkeys, ii. 174 Spilornis, ii. 348 Spilotes, ii. 376 SPINACIDÆ, ii. 461 Spindalis, ii. 98, 284 Spiraxis, ii. 515 SPIRIFERIDÆ, ii. 532 SPIRULIDÆ, ii. 505 Spizaëtus, ii. 348 Spizella, ii. 284 Spiziapteryx, ii. 349 Spiziastur, ii. 348 Spodiornis, ii. 285 Sponsor, ii. 497 Spoonbills, ii. 360 Sporadinus, ii. 109 Sporopipes, ii. 286 Sprat, ii. 454 Spreo, ii. 288 Squalodon, ii. 210 Squaliobarbus, ii. 452 SQUAMIPENNES, ii. 427 Squatarola, ii. 356 Squirrel monkeys, ii. 175 Squirrels, ii. 234 St. Helena, zoological features of, i. 269 coleoptera of, i. 270 landshells of, i. 271 St. Thomas's Island, birds of, i. 266 Stachyris, ii. 261 Stactolæma, ii. 306 Stag-beetles, ii. 492 Stalagmosoma, ii. 495 Starlings, ii. 287 Starnœnas, ii. 33 Stations, definition of, i. 4 Staurotypus, ii. 408 Steatomys, ii. 230 Steatornis, ii. 319 STEATORNITHIDÆ, ii. 319 Steganura, ii. 108 Stegnolæma, ii. 343 Stegophilus, ii. 444 Stelgidopteryx, ii. 281 Stellio, ii. 402 Stellula, ii. 108 Steneofiber, European Miocene, i. 120 ii. 234 Steno, ii. 209 Stenodactylus, ii. 400 Stenogyra, ii. 515 Stenopsis, ii. 320 Stenopus, ii. 516 Stenorhina, ii. 375 Stenorhynchus, ii. 204 ii. 421 Stephanophorus, ii. 98 Stercorarius, ii. 304 Sterna, ii. 364 Sternarchus, ii. 455 Sternocera, ii. 496 Sternoclyta, ii. 107 STERNOPTYCHIDÆ, ii. 446 Sternopygus, ii. 455 Sternotheres, ii. 408 Steropus, ii. 489 Stesilea, ii. 501 Stethodesma, ii. 495 Sthenurus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 251 Stichæus, ii. 431 Sticklebacks, ii. 424 Stigmatura, ii. 101 Stigmodera, ii. 496 STOMIATIDÆ, ii. 447 Storks, ii. 360 Stabomantis, ii. 419 Straits of Magellan, mammalia of, ii. 37 birds of, ii. 39 Strepera, ii. 273 Strepsilas, ii. 356 Streptaulus, ii. 520 Streptaxis, ii. 515 Streptocerus, ii. 493 Streptocitta, ii. 274 Streptophorus, ii. 374 STRIGIDÆ, ii. 350 Stringops, ii. 329 STRINGOPIDÆ, ii. 329 Strix, European Miocene, i. 162 ii. 350 STROMBIDÆ, ii. 507 Struthio, ii. 368 Struthiones, arrangement of, i. 98 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 313 range of Australian genera of, i. 485 STRUTHIONES, ii. 368 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 370 STRUTHIONIDÆ, ii. 368 Struthious birds, probable origin of, i. 287 Sturgeons, ii. 459 Sturnella, ii. 282 Sturnia, ii. 287 STURNIDÆ, ii. 287 Sturnopastor, ii. 287 Sturnus, ii. 287 STYGIIDÆ, ii. 482 Stygogenes, ii. 444 Stylinodontia, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Stylinodontidæ, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Styporhynchus, ii. 376 Sublegatus, ii. 101 Sub-regions, on what principle formed, i. 180 Palæarctic, i. 191 Ethiopian, i. 258 Oriental, i. 321 Australian, i. 408 Neotropical, ii. 21 Nearctic, ii. 125 Succinea, ii. 515 Sugar-birds, ii. 278 Suidæ, European Miocene, i. 119 SUIDÆ, ii. 214 Sula Islands, fauna of, i. 433 Sula, ii. 365 Summary of relations of regions, ii. 155 Sun-birds, ii. 276 Sun-bitterns, ii. 358 Suricata, ii. 195 Surnia, ii. 350 Surniculus, ii. 310 Sus, European Pliocene, i. 113 Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 122 ii. 215 Suthora, ii. 262 Suya, ii. 258 Swallows, ii. 281 Swallow-shrikes, ii. 288 Swifts, ii. 320 Swine, ii. 214 Swinhoe, Mr., on zoology of Formosa and Hainan, i. 332 Sycalis, ii. 284 Sylvia, ii. 259 Sylvietta, ii. 264 SYLVIIDÆ, ii. 256 SYLVIINÆ, ii. 257 Sylviorthorhynchus, ii. 103 Sylviparus, ii. 266 Syma, ii. 316 Symborodon, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 SYMBRANCHIDÆ, ii. 455 Symbranchus, ii. 455 Symmachia, ii. 476 Symmorphus, ii. 269 Symphædra, ii. 474 Symphysodon, ii. 439 Symplectes, ii. 286 SYNALLAXINÆ, ii. 295 Synallaxis, ii. 103 Synaphodus, European Miocene, i. 119 Synaptura, ii. 441 Synchloe, ii. 474 Syndesus, ii. 493 Synemon, ii. 481 Syngnathus, ii. 457 SYNGNATHIDÆ, ii. 457 Synodontis, ii. 443 Synoplotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Syntomis, ii. 481 Syrnium, ii. 350 Syrrhaptes, ii. 337 Sysopygis, ii. 101 T. Tables of distribution of families and genera explained, i. 177 Taccocoua, ii. 309 Tachydromus, ii. 391 Tachyphonus, ii. 99 Tachyris, ii. 478 Tachytriorchis, ii. 348 Tadorna, ii. 363 Tæniogale, ii. 195 Tænioptera, ii. 100, 291 TÆNIOPTERINÆ, ii. 291 Tæniura, ii. 463 Talegallus, ii. 342 Talpa, European Miocene, i. 117 ii. 190 TALPIDÆ, ii. 190 Tamandua, ii. 247 Tamias, ii. 235, 236 Tanæcia, ii. 474 Tanagers, ii. 283 Tanagra, ii. 98 Tanagrella, ii. 98 TANAGRIDÆ, ii. 283 Tantalus, ii. 361 Tanygnathus, ii. 326 Tanysiptera, ii. 316 Taoniscus, ii. 344 Taphozous, ii. 183 Tapir, fossil in N. China, i. 123 Tapir, Malayan figure of, i. 337 Tapiridæ, European Eocene, i. 125 TAPIRIDÆ, ii. 212 Tapirs, birthplace and migrations of, i. 154 ii. 212 Tapirus, European Pliocene, i. 113 Indian Miocene, i. 122 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 Tarandus, ii. 219 Tarentola, ii. 400 Tarsier, Malayan, figure of, i. 337 Tarsiger, ii. 259 TARSIIDÆ, ii. 177 Tarsipes, ii. 252 Tarsius, ii. 177 Tasmania, comparative zoological poverty of, i. 441 Tatare, ii. 258 Tatusia, ii. 246 Taxidea, ii. 199 Taxila, ii. 475 Taxodon, European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 200 Taygetis, ii. 471 Tchitrea, ii. 271 TECTONARCHINÆ, ii. 275 Teguexius, ii. 390 TEIDÆ, ii. 390 Teinopalpus, ii. 479 Teira, ii. 391 Teius, ii. 390 Teleopis, ii. 375 TELEOSTEI, ii. 424 Telephonus, ii. 272 Tellia, ii. 450 TELLINIDÆ, ii. 506 Telmatobius, N. American Cretaceous, i. 164 ii. 417 Telmatolestes, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Temnotrogon, ii. 314 Temnurus, ii. 273 Tephrocorys, ii. 289 Tephrodornis, ii. 272 Teracolus, ii. 478 Terebratula, ii. 539 TEREBRATULIDÆ, ii. 532 Terekia, ii. 353 Terenura, ii. 104 Teretristis, ii. 279 Terias, ii. 478 Terinos, ii. 474 Terns, ii. 364 Terrapene, ii. 408 Terrestrial Molluscs, ii. 512 Terrestrial Mollusca, summary and conclusion, ii. 551 lines of migration of, ii. 552 Tesia, ii. 263 Testacella, ii. 516 ii. 517 TESTUDINIDÆ, ii. 407 Testudo, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 123 great antiquity of the genus, i. 289 Testudo, ii. 408 Tethionea, ii. 501 TETRABRANCHIATA, ii. 506 Tetracha, ii. 486, 487 Tetrachus, European Miocene, i. 117 Tetraceros, ii. 224 Tetracus, ii. 188 Tetradactylus, ii. 397 Tetragonoderus, ii. 490 Tetragonops, ii. 306 Tetragonopterus, ii. 445 Tetragonosoma, ii. 380 Tetranematichthys, ii. 443 Tetrao albus, in Italian caverns, i. 161 Tetrao, ii. 339 Tetraogallus, ii. 339 TETRAONIDÆ, ii. 338 Tetraophasis, ii. 340 Tetrodon, ii. 457 TEUTHIDÆ, ii. 505 TEUTHIDIDÆ, ii. 433 Textor, ii. 286 Thais, ii. 479 Thalassarctos, ii. 201 Thalassictis, Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 195 ii. 197 Thalassornis, ii. 364 Thaleichthys, ii. 447 Thalurania, ii. 107 Thamnistes, ii. 104 Thamnobia, ii. 260 Thamnodyastes, ii. 379 Thamnomanes, ii. 104 THAMNOPHILINÆ, ii. 297 Thamnophilus, ii. 104 Thaumalea, ii. 340 Thaumantis, ii. 472 Thaumastura, ii. 108 Thaumatias, ii. 109 Thecla, ii. 477 Theloderma, ii. 419 Theope, ii. 476 Theorema, ii. 477 Theraps, ii. 438 Therates, ii. 486 Theridomys, European Miocene, i. 126 European Eocene, i. 126 S. American Eocene, i. 148 ii. 239 Theropithecus, ii. 173 Thestias, ii. 478 Thestor, ii. 477 Thetia, ii. 391 THINOCORIDÆ, ii. 354 Thinocorus, ii. 354 Thinohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 ii. 215 Thinolestes, N. American Tertiary, i. 133 Thinornis, ii. 356 Thomomys, ii. 233 Thous, ii. 197 Thrasaëtus, ii. 348 Threnetes, ii. 107 Thripadectes, ii. 103 Thripophaga, ii. 103 Thryophilus, ii. 263 Thryothorus, ii. 263 Thrushes, ii. 255 Thyca, ii. 471 Thylacinus, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 249 Thylacoleo, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157 ii. 252 Thymallus, ii. 447 Thynnichthys, ii. 452 Thynnus, ii. 429 Thyreopterus, ii. 491 Thyrus, ii. 398 Tiaris, ii. 284 ii. 402 Tichodroma, ii. 264 Tiga, ii. 303 Tiger-beetles, ii. 486 Tigrisoma, ii. 359 Tijuca, ii. 102 Tillodontia, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Tillotheridæ, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Tillotherium, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Tilmatura, ii. 108 Timalia, ii. 261 TIMALIIDÆ, ii. 260 Timetes, ii. 474 Timor, physical features of, i. 389 group, mammalia of, i. 422 birds of, i. 422 origin of fauna of, i. 424 insects of, i. 426 TINAMIDÆ, ii. 343 TINAMINÆ, ii. 344 Tinamous, ii. 343 TINAMOTINÆ, ii. 344 Tinamotis, ii. 344 Tinamus, ii. 344 Tinca, ii. 452 Tinoceras, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Titanomys, European Miocene, i. 121 ii. 242 Titanotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 137 Tits, ii. 265 Tityra, ii. 102 TITYRINÆ, ii. 293 Tmesisternus, ii. 501 Toads, ii. 415 Tockus, ii. 317 TODIDÆ, ii. 313 Todies, ii. 313 Todirhamphus, ii. 316 Todirostrum, ii. 101 Todopsis, ii. 271 Todus, ii. 313 Tolypeutes, ii. 246 Tomarctos, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 Tomistoma, ii. 405 Tomodon, ii. 175 Tonga Islands, birds of, i. 443 Topaza, ii. 107 TORNATELLIDÆ, ii. 530 TORPEDINIDÆ, ii. 462 Tortoises, classification of, i. 100 of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, i. 289 ii. 407 TORTRICIDÆ, ii. 373 Tortrix, ii. 373 Totanus, ii. 353 Toucans, ii. 306 Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264 Toxodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 137 Toxodontidæ, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 Toxotus, ii. 502 Trachelyopterus, ii. 443 TRACHINIDÆ, ii. 428 Trachinus, ii. 428 Trachurus, ii. 429 Trachycephalus, ii. 401 ii. 418 Trachydosaurus, ii. 397 Trachyphonus, ii. 306 TRACHYPTERIDÆ, ii. 432 Trachytherium, European Miocene, i. 119 TRAGELAPHINÆ, ii. 223 Tragelaphus, ii. 223 Tragocerus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 European Miocene, i. 120 Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331 Tragops, ii. 379 TRAGULIDÆ, ii. 218 Tragulus, ii. 218 Trapelus, ii. 402 Trechus, ii. 489 Tree-crows, ii. 273 Tree-kangaroo, figure of, i. 415 Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, i. 337 Tree-snakes, ii. 378 Tremarctos, ii. 202 Treron, ii. 332 Tres Marias, zoology of, ii. 59 Tribolonotus, ii. 397 Triboniophorus, ii. 517 Tribonyx, ii. 352 Trichastoma, ii. 261 TRICHECHIDÆ, ii. 203 Trichechus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 ii. 203 TRICHIURIDÆ, ii. 429 Trichixos, ii. 262 TRICHOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 327 Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 393 Trichoglossus, ii. 327 Tricholæma, ii. 306 Trichomycterus, ii. 444 Trycondyla, ii. 486 Trichonis, ii. 477 TRICHONOTIDÆ, ii. 435 Trichothraupis, ii. 99 Trichotropis, ii. 507 Triclaria, ii. 328 TRIDACNIDÆ, ii. 535 Trigla, ii. 428 TRIGLIDÆ, ii. 427 Trigona, ii. 536 TRIGONIADÆ, ii. 534 Trigonoptera, ii. 501 Trimeresurus, ii. 385 Tringa, ii. 353 Tringoides, ii. 353 TRIONYCHIDÆ, ii. 409 Trionyx, Indian Miocene, i. 123 Miocene and Eocene, i. 165 ii. 409 Triprion, ii. 418 Triptorhinus, ii. 297 Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, i. 271 Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, i. 203 on the arrangement of the Sylviidæ, ii. 257 Triton, ii. 413 TRITONIADÆ, ii. 530 Trochalopteron, ii. 261 Trochatella, ii. 522 TROCHILIDÆ, ii. 321 Trochilus, ii. 108 Trochus, ii. 510 Troglodytes, ii. 170 ii. 263 TROGLODYTIDÆ, ii. 263 Trogon, European Miocene, i. 161 ii. 314 Trogon, ii. 314 TROGONIDÆ, ii. 314 TROGONOPHIDÆ, ii. 388 Trogonophis, ii. 388 Trogontherium, Post-Pliocene of Europe, i. 111 ii. 234 Tropidechis, ii. 383 Tropidococcyx, ii. 379 Tropidodipsas, ii. 379 Tropidolepis, ii. 401 Tropidolepisma, ii. 397 Tropidonotus, ii. 375 Tropidophorus, ii. 397 Tropidopterus, ii. 490 Tropidorhynchus, ii. 276 Trucifelis, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129 Trugon, ii. 333 Trumpeters, ii. 358 Truncatella, ii. 519 Trgyon, ii. 463 TRYGONIDÆ, ii. 463 Tuatara, ii. 405 Tudora, ii. 521 Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, i. 216 Tupaia, ii. 186 TUPAIIDÆ, ii. 186 Tupaiidæ, European Miocene, i. 118 Turacœna, ii. 333 Turacos, ii. 307 Turacus, ii. 307 TURBINIDÆ, ii. 510 TURDIDÆ, ii. 255 Turdinus, ii. 262 Turdus, ii. 256 Turnagra, ii. 262 Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, i. 90 TURNICIDÆ, ii. 341 Turnix, ii. 341 TURRITELLIDÆ, ii. 509 Tursio, ii. 209 Turtles, ii. 409 Turtur, ii. 333 Tylas, ii. 267 Tylodon, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 196 Tylognathus, ii. 451 Tylotriton, ii. 413 Typhlina, ii. 372 Typhline, ii. 372 Typhlocalamus, ii. 374 TYPHLOPIDÆ, ii. 372 Typhlops, ii. 372 Typhloscincus, ii. 399 Typotherium, S. American Pliocene, i. 147 TYRANNIDÆ, ii. 290 TYRANNINÆ, ii. 291 Tyranniscus, ii. 101 Tyrannulus, ii. 101 Tyrannus, ii. 102, 291 Tyrant-Shrikes, ii. 290 U. Uaru, ii. 439 Uintacyon, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Uintatherium, N. American Eocene, i. 139 Uintornis, N. American Eocene, i. 163 Uma, ii. 401 UMBRIDÆ, ii. 449 Umbrina, ii. 428 Ungalia, ii. 381 Ungulata, classification of, i. 89 antiquity of, i. 154 of the Palæarctic region, i. 182 range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 241 range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303 range of Oriental genera of, i. 374 range of Australian genera of, i. 476 Ungulata, European Pliocene, i. 112 Miocene of Greece, i. 115 European Miocene, i. 119 Indian Miocene, i. 121 European Eocene, i. 125 N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130 N. American Tertiary, i. 135 of Brazilian caves, i. 144 S. American Pliocene, i. 146 UNGULATA, ii. 211 general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 226 summary and conclusion, ii. 542 Unio, European Secondary, i. 169 ii. 534 UNIONIDÆ, ii. 534 Upucerthia, ii. 103 UPUPIDÆ, ii. 317 Uragus, ii. 285 Urania of Madagascar, i. 282 Urania, ii. 482 URANIIDÆ, ii. 482 Uria, ii. 367 Uroaëtus, ii. 348 Urocissa, ii. 273 Urochroa, ii. 107 Urochroma, ii. 328 Urocyon, ii. 197 URODELA, ii. 411 Urogalba, ii. 311 Urolestes, ii. 272 Uromastix, ii. 402 UROPELTIDÆ, ii. 373 Uuropeltis, ii. 374 Uropsila, ii. 264 Uropsilus, ii. 190 Uropsophorus, ii. 385 Urospatha, ii. 313 Urospizias, ii. 348 Urosticte, ii. 108 Urotrichus, ii. 190 Urotriorchis, ii. 347 Ursidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 135 in Brazilian caves, i. 144 URSIDÆ, ii. 201 Ursitaxus, Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 200 Ursus, Post-Pliocene, i. 112 Indian Miocene, i. 121 ii. 201 Urubutinga, ii. 348 Urva, ii. 195 Uta, ii. 401 Utica, ii. 477 V. Vaginulus, ii. 518 Valgus, ii. 495 Valvata, ii. 510 Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278 Vanga, ii. 272 Vandellia, ii. 444 Vanellus, ii. 356 Vanessa, ii. 474 VARANIDÆ, ii. 389 Varanus, Miocene of Greece, i. 116 Indian Miocene, i. 123 VENERIDÆ, ii. 536 Venilia, ii. 303 Vermicella, ii. 383 Verreauxia, ii. 303 Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, i. 186 summary of Ethiopian, i. 255 summary of Oriental, i. 318 summary of Australian, i. 397 summary of Neotropical, ii. 13 summary of Nearctic, ii. 120 Vespertilio, European Eocene, i. 125 ii. 183 VESPERTILIONIDÆ, ii. 183 Vidua, ii. 286 Vipera, ii. 385 VIPERIDÆ, ii. 385 Viperus, European Miocene, i. 165 Vipers, ii. 385 Vireo, ii. 280 VIREONIDÆ, ii. 279 Vireolanius, ii. 280 Vireosylvia, ii. 280 Viscacha, ii. 237 Vitrina, ii. 516 Viverra, European Pliocene, i. 112 European Miocene, i. 118 ii. 195 Viverricula, ii. 195 Viverridæ, European Miocene, i. 118 European Eocene, i. 125 VIVERRIDÆ, ii. 194 Vivia, ii. 303 Volatinia, ii. 284 Voluta, ii. 508 Volutes, ii. 508 VOLUTIDÆ, ii. 508 Volvocivora, ii. 269 Vulpes, ii. 197 Vultur, ii. 346 VULTURIDÆ, ii. 345 VULTURINÆ, ii. 346 W. Wagtails, ii. 290 Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine islands, i. 346 on birds of Celebes, i. 428 on arrangement of the Timaliidæ, ii. 261 Wallago, ii. 441 Wall-lizards, ii. 399 Walrus, ii. 203 Wart-snakes, ii. 382 Washakius, N. American Tertiary, i. 134 Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, i. 90 on classification of marsupials, i. 91 Water-lizards, ii. 389 Weaver-finches, ii. 286 West African sub-region, description of, i. 262 mammalia of, i. 262 birds of, i. 262 Oriental or Malayan element in, i. 263 river scene with characteristic animals, i. 264 reptiles of, i. 264 amphibia of, i. 264 Oriental and Neotropical relations of, i. 265 insects of, i. 265 land-shells of, i. 265 islands of, i. 265 West Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441 Whelks, ii. 507 Whip-snakes, ii. 379 Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264 Wing-shells, ii. 507 ii. 533 Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the Coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, i. 209 on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, i. 211 on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, i. 214 on the Coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215 on the beetles of St. Helena, i. 270 Wombats, ii. 253 Woodpeckers, ii. 302 Wood-warblers, ii. 278 Woolly monkeys, ii. 174 Wrens, ii. 263 Wrynecks, ii. 304 X. Xanthocephalus, ii. 282 Xantholæma, ii. 306 Xanthomelus, ii. 275 Xanthopygia, ii. 270 Xanthosomus, ii. 282 Xanthotis, ii. 275 Xema, ii. 364 Xenelaphis, ii. 376 Xenica, ii. 471 Xenicus, ii. 265 Xenochrophys, ii. 375 Xenocypris, ii. 452 Xenodermus, ii. 376 Xenodon, ii. 375 XENOPELTIDÆ, ii. 373 Xenopeltis, ii. 373 Xenophrys, ii. 421 Xenopipo, ii. 102 Xenops, ii. 103 Xenorhina, ii. 415 XENORHINIDÆ, ii. 415 Xenospingus, ii. 284 Xenurelaps, ii. 383 Xenurus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145 ii. 246 Xiphias, ii. 430 Xiphidiopicus, ii. 303 XIPHIIDÆ, ii. 430 Xiphius, ii. 208 Xiphocolaptes, ii. 103 Xiphodontidæ, European Miocene, i. 119 Xipholena, ii. 102 Xiphorhampus, ii. 445 Xiphorhynchus, ii. 103 Xiphostoma, ii. 445 Xystrocera, ii. 501 Y. Ypthima, ii. 471 Yuhina, ii. 266 YUNGIDÆ, ii. 304 Yungipicus, ii. 303 Yunx, ii. 304 Z. Zabrus, ii. 489 Zalophus, ii. 203 Zamenis, ii. 375 Zanclostomus, ii. 309 Zaocys, ii. 375 Zebras, ii. 211 Zegris, ii. 478 Zemeros, ii. 475 Zenaida, ii. 333 Zenaidura, ii. 332 Zephyrus, ii. 477 Zeuglodon, ii. 210 Zeuglodontidæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 140 ii. 210 Zeus, ii. 429 Zeuxidia, ii. 472 Zoarces, ii. 431 Zonites, ii. 516 Zonites priscus, Palæozoic, i. 169 Zonotrichia, ii. 284 ZONURIDÆ, ii. 391 Zonurus, ii. 392 Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, i. 181 Ethiopian region, i. 252 Oriental region, i. 315 Australian region, i. 390 of Neotropical region, ii. 5 of Nearctic region, ii. 115 Zoological regions, discussion on, i. 50 their origin and relations, ii. 155-161 Zoothera, ii. 256 Zootoca, ii. 391 Zosterops, ii. 277 Zygæna, ii. 481 ZYGÆNIDÆ, ii. 481 Zygnopsis, ii. 398