INDEX

INDEX

Aasen, Ivar, 99 Abruzzi, 88 Adalia, Gulf of, 251, 256-257 Adige, 84 Adige valley, 70, 74 Adriatic, control, 83-84; eastern coast, 337-338; piracy, 86, 87; problem, 199-201; Serbia and, 180 Adriatic coast and German language, 68 Adriatic provinces, 76 Ægean, 174, 175, 247-248, 274 Aidin railway, 250, 251, 255 Albanach, 192 Albania, 84, 163, 164, 180, 181, 187, 189, 193-201; Greek boundary, 197; importance, 199; national feeling and boundaries, 194, 195; religion, 201 Albanian, 87, 90, 163, 165, 192 Albanians, 175, 192-201 Alemanni, 44 Aleppo, 224, 225, 259, 261, 264 Alexandretta, 244, 261 Alexandria, 233, 234 Alghero, 64 Allevis, 285 Alpes-Maritimes, 64 Alpine race, xiv, 4, 5, 6, 19, 38, 40, 41, 323-324 Alps, 42, 333 Alsace, 38-49; Lower and Higher, 41 Alsace-Lorraine, 329-330, 334-335; linguistic boundary between French and German, 35-49 Alsatians, 40, 41, 46, 47 Amanus, 259, 260 America, discovery of, 233, 235 Anatolia, 225, 247, 248, 266, 271, 275, 276, 284; Turks in, 281 “Ange,” 36 Anglo-Saxon, 13 Ansariyehs, 298-299 Ansiedelunggesetz, 127 Antioch, 297, 298 Aosta, 60 Aptals, 289 Arabia, 238; British influence, 240-241; France and, 266 Arabic, 225, 230; in Turkish, 280 Arabs, 307-308 Aram, 302 Aramaic, 302, 306 Arameans, 302-303 Argana, 261, 266 Argyrocastro, 197, 199 Arlon, 22 Armenia, 224, 244, 254, 266; etymology, 291 Armenian, Persian words in, 272 Armenians, 272, 289-294 Armenoids, 271, 273, 285, 324 Armorica, 56 Arnaut, 194 Aromunes, 163 Aryan, Albanian, 192; Armenians, 291, 292; early home, 7; Lithuanians, 104, 105; vagueness of term, 8 Ashkenazim, 301 Asia Minor, 175, 225, 228-229, 269, 270; geography, 252; Greeks in, 273-278; highway character, 249; Mohammedan dissenters, 285-289; Mohammedan immigrants, 282-284; peoples and villages, non-Turkish, table, 308-309; resources, 253-255; Turks in, 278-282. See also Turkey Asiatic trade with Europe, 233-236 Asiatics in Europe, 174-176 Assassins, 298 Athens, 248 Augustus, 64 Austria, 95, 330; as protector of Europe, 82; census returns, character, 76; Dalmatia, 87; foreign policy, 80; Italian frontier claims (with sketch-map), 335-337; Jewish capitalists, 125; Lombardo-Venetia, 74; Poles in, 130; sketch-map showing Slavs and their languages, 183; Slovene in, map, 81 Austria-Hungary, 155, 156; Adriatic provinces, 76; Italians in, 66; nationality, 83; Polish provinces, table, 138; population and weakness, 80-82; Serbians in, 181-182 Avars, 81, 176 Avshars, 288 Bagdad, 238, 242, 260, 262 Bagdad railroad, 178, 251, 257-263 “Bahnhof,” 53 Balearic islands, 64 Balikis, 288 Balkan peninsula, 86-87; clash of Slav and Teuton, 181; highway character, 174-175, 177-181; linguistic and political divisions, 201-202; physical character, 174; Romanic languages, 164-166; Rumanians in, 160; Serbian inhabitants and, 174-191; Slavicization, 165; southeastern angle, 215-216, 218 Balkan States, areas and populations before and after the wars, tables, 345 Balkans, communications, map, 179; sketch-map of western, 203 Baltic, Poland and the, 119, 120 Baltic languages, 100-110 Baltic provinces, 103-108 Banat territory, 86, 158 Baradeus, Jacobus, 306 Basel, 54 Basra, 306 Bavaria, 68, 73, 74 Bedouins, 307-308 Beirut-Aleppo railroad, 250, 265 Bektash, 287-288 Belekis, 288 Belgae, 21 Belgium, 329; boundary of French and Germanic languages in, 19-34; French- and Flemish-speaking inhabitants, table, 34; language, xiv; linguistic and political boundaries, 22; literature, 318-319; national language, 23; nationality, 33; present crisis, 29, 33; Romance languages in, 25; shape of land, 29-30; struggle for unity, 20 Berat, 164 Berne, 53, 54 Beskid, 115, 143 Bessarabia, 159; Rumanians in, 172 Bienne, 49, 50, 51, 55 Bismarck, 329 Black Caps, 284 Black Sea, 218; Poland and, 120 Blanc, Mont, 52 Blondness in Asia Minor, 286 Bohemia, 56, 341; culture, 143; German element at present, 148-149; German ring about, 141-142, 144; national consciousness, 148; nationality, 153; Slav and Teuton struggle, 143-144; spoliation, 148 Bohemian and Bohemians, 141-150; literature, 146, 147, 151 Böhmerwald, 141, 142 Boleslas, 119 Bolzano, 73, 74 Boshnaks, 189 Bosnia, 181, 182, 189, 190; German settlers, 190-191 Bosnian Mohammedans, 190 Bosporus, 174, 178, 181, 217-220, 244 Boulogne, 23 Boundaries, linguistic and political, 342; national frontiers, 328; natural, 327; natural and scientific, 332-334; revisions, 202. See also Frontiers Boyana, 196 Brandenburg, 116, 118 Brenner Pass, 70, 72 Breslau, 116 Bressanone, 73 Breton, 56 Bromberg, 121, 122 Bruche, 43 Brussels, French language in, growth, 27; languages, 24; sketch-map of environs showing language distribution, 26 Budapest, 156 Bukovina, 168-173; colonies and population, 170, 171; Germans in, 169; sketch-map of Rumanian area, 169 Bulgaria, history, 214; national unity, 214-215 Bulgarian, Macedonian and, 206; old, 211; Serbian transition dialect, 212 Bulgarians, 176, 180, 202; ethnic composition, 209-210; Greek boundary, 207; Macedonia, 204; Turks and, 210 Bunjevci, 188 Burgundy, 20, 36, 52, 53, 61 Byzantium, 232, 235 Caliphate, 241, 267 Cape-to-Cairo railroad, 252 Caravans, 234, 257-258, 263 Carniola, 79, 80 Carpathians, 114-115, 131, 136 Catalonians, 64 Cathay, 233, 234 Caucasus, 135, 283, 284 Celtic, xiv, 47, 52, 59; early home, 6; in France, relation to Italic, 56; Po, 63 Celts, 6, 40, 41; Asia Minor, 287; early home, 56; influence on Teutons, 14 Chaldeans, 305 Charlemagne, 38, 39 Charles the Bald, 38, 39 Charles IV, 145, 146 Chepmi, 285 China, 234 Chinese, 7 Christians of St. John, 306 Christians of Turko-Persian borderland, table, 311-313 Chuds. See Esthonians Cilician Gates, 225, 258 Cimbro, 68 Cimmerians, 286 Circassians, 282-284 Colonization, Germans in Poland, 127-129; Germans in Russia, 343-344 Constantinople, 167, 181, 205, 219-220, 232, 244, 282, 324; Turkish capture, 235 Cracow, 125, 130 Crete, 217 Croatia, 182, 184, 190 Croats, 81, 85, 88, 182 Crusades, 245, 301 Czech, xv, 3; German and, in northern Bohemia, 144-145; linguistic area, 142, 143 Czecho-Slovak body, 143 Czechs and Poles, 115 Czernowitz, 170 Dacia, 161 Dacians, 175 Dalmatia, 182, 186; Italians in, 77; Italy’s claims, 84-86; map of the coast, 85; nationality, 87; Roman influence, 84-86; value to Italy, 84 Dalmatian coast, 78, 337-338 Dalmatian islands, population statistics, 76 Damascus, 264, 267, 302 Danish, 93-97; Norway, 98 Dante, 75 Danube, 46, 82, 137, 154, 155, 156, 165, 175, 181, 199 Danzig, 117, 118, 121 Danzig, Gulf of, 117, 126 Dardanelles, 174, 217-220, 244 Denmark, linguistic problem, 93-97. See also Schleswig-Holstein Devil-worshipers, 303, 304 Discovery, age of, 233 Dnieper, 111, 136, 137 Dodecanesia, 246-247, 256 “Drang nach Osten,” 119, 181, 243, 331 Druzes, 299-300 Duma, 124 Dunkirk, 20, 23, 24 Durazzo, 200, 212 Dushan, Stephen, 186, 211 Dwellings, Alemannic, 44; German types, 14; Italian and German, in northern Italy, 68; Lithuanians, 105; Lorraine, 44; Romansh, 54 Dyrrachium, 200 Eastern Question, 180, 228, 231-233, 248 Elbe, 93, 118, 133, 136, 137, 141, 142, 150 Elephantine papyri, 302 Ems, 93 Epidamnus, 200 Epirus, Greek claims to, 196-198 Erzerum, 224 Erzgebirge, 141, 142 Esthonians, 104, 106-108 Euphrates, 224, 238, 239, 294, 302, 308 Europe, civilizing power of geography, 18; eastern, sketch-map showing classification of Russians, etc., 112; languages, classification, 346-347 Fellaheen, 308 Fennification, 102 Finland, 17, 101-103; language and population tables, 109, 110; languages, 103; literature and nationality, 322-323; Sweden and, 102, 103 Finnish, 15, 17, 101-103 Finno-Ugrian, 17 Finns, 101-103 Fiume, 88 Flammigants, 28 Flemings, 19-30; rivalry with Walloons, 28-30 Flemish language, 19-29 Formazzo valley, 67 France, Celtic in, 56; dialects, 9; early distinction in languages, 9; Flemish language in, 23; Italian linguistic boundary, 63; language and literature, 320; linguistic boundary in Alsace-Lorraine, 35-49; map showing contact of langue d’oïl and langue d’oc, 12; nationality, 40; racial elements, 5; sketch-map showing mountain areas and basins, 10; Turkey and, 237, 245-246, 263-266 François, 12 Franco-Provençal dialects, 60 Franco-Russian sphere in Turkey, 250, 266 Franks, 56 Fransquillons, 28 Frasherists, 164 French, Alsace-Lorraine, 35-49; Belgium, 23; boundary in Belgium and Luxemburg, 19-34; character, 11; character and composition, 11, 12; dialects in Italy, 60-64; early influence in Germany, 14; Flemish-speaking districts of France, 24; in Italy (map), 61; Luxemburg, 30-34; map showing boundary between French and Italian, 65; origin of modern, 9; sketch-map of Brussels and environs showing, 26; Switzerland (with map), 49-58 French Revolution, 47, 48, 59, 148, 315, 316 Fribourg, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55 Frisian, 94 Friuli, 78 Friulian, 72, 76, 165; definition, 73 Frontiers, France and Germany, 334-335; linguistic factor, 314; scientific, 332-333; wars and, 328 Gaelic, 56 Galatae, 286 Galicia, 113, 114; Jews, 125-126; Poles, 130; Poles and Ruthenians, 131 Gallipoli, 175 Gaul, 64 Gaulish, 56 Gediz valley, 249, 264 German, Alsace-Lorraine, 35-49; area, 13; around Bohemia, 141-142, 144; Baltic provinces, 105, 106; Czech and, in northern Bohemia, 144-145; dialects, 13; dwelling houses and language, 14; imposition of the language in Alsace, 48; in Italy, 66-75; Luxemburg, 31-33; sketch-map of areas of the three dialects, 15; Switzerland (with map), 49-58; transitional dialects, 14 Germanic languages, 9; boundary in Belgium and Luxemburg, 19-34 Germanization, Alsace-Lorraine, 48; Bohemia, 144-145; Bosnia, 190-191; Bukovina, 169-170; Danish provinces, 95; Hungary, 156-157; Italy, 69; Lusatia, 134; Luxemburg, 31; Moravia, 150; Slovak-land, 151-152, 153; Trentino, 75; Upper Silesia, 126-127 Germany, clash with Slavs in Balkans, 181; Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein problem, 93-97; Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia, table, 139-140; language and power, 329; language and unity, 317; linguistic boundary in Alsace-Lorraine, 35-49; nationality, 40, 316; Poles in eastern, 123; Polish contact, 115-135; Polish estate buying, 127-129; Polish immigration, 121-122; Polish provinces, table, 137-138; Russia and, 330-332; Turkey and, 236, 237, 241-243, 257-258, 263 Gheks, 193 Gibraltar, 236 Gipsies, 172, 289 Goths, 176 Great Britain and Turkey, 237, 238, 255-256, 263 Great Russians, 113, 136, 170 Greece, 175; Albanian boundary, 197; Albanian coast and, 200-201; Bulgarian character in north, 211; Bulgarian speech and, 207; claims on Turkey, 247-248; Epirus and, 196-198; Rumanian in, 163 Greek, classical forms in Asia Minor, 277; in Italy, 89-90; Macedonian boundary, 205-206; northern area, map, 203 Greeks, Asia Minor, 273-278; blue-eyed, 176; Dodecanesia, 247; Mohammedan, 277; Persians and, 227 Grimault, 326 Grusinian, 284 Guzlars, 321-322 Hai, 291 Hakem, 300 “Hakenhufen,” 133 Hamath, 302 Hamze, 300 Hanaks, 150 “Heim,” 44 “Heimatlose,” 95 Hejaz railroad, 267 Hellenism. See Greece; Greeks Hellenization, 205 Herzegovina, 181, 182 High German, 13 Hittites, 279, 291, 299, 301 Hochdeutsch, 13 Holland, 29, 30, 33, 329 Holstein, 94, 95. See also Schleswig-Holstein Homo alpinus, 323-324 Hungarian, 154-159 Hungarians, 81, 154; Croatia, 190 Hungary, 131; debt to Rumania, 168; defining, 338-340; Germanization, 156-157; Germans in, 152; individuality, 154; Rumanian problem, 157, 158-159; sketch-map of Rumanian area, 169; Slovakian area, 152; Slovaks, 150, 151 Huns, 176 Huss, 146, 147, 151 Huzuli, 168 Ile-de-France, 9, 11 Ill valley, 38, 40 Illyrian, 86 India, 234, 238, 239, 240, 257 “Ingen,” 36, 44 Ipek, 194, 195, 196 Isarco, 73 Ismailyehs, 298 Istria, Italian in, 77 Istrian peninsula, 76 Italian borderlands, 59-92; Dalmatian islands, 76; inhabitants of Italian speech in Adriatic provinces, table, 92; Istrian region, 77; map showing boundary between Italian and French, 65 Italic and Celtic, in France, 56 Italy, 59-92; Austrian frontier claims (with sketch-map), 335-337; claim on Turkey, 237, 246-247, 256; foreign linguistic groups, 60; German language in, 66-75; Greeks in, 89-90; map of Slavic colonies in the Molise group, 89; nationality, 59, 90; non-Italian vernaculars, table, 91; Slavic dialects in and on borders, 78; Slavs in, 88; Slovene in, and on borders of, map, 81 Jablunka pass, 115 Jacobites, 305-306 Jaffa-Jerusalem railroad, 250, 265 Jagellons, 120 Janina, 198-199 Jerusalem, 301 Jews, Esthonian, 107; Galicia, 125-126; German Poland, 123; Polish, 123, 126; Polish provinces of Russia, 123; Turkey, 301 Judea, 226 Jugoslavia, 88, 185, 338 Jura, 49, 52, 55 Jutland, 93 Kabardians, 283 Kalevala, 322-323 Karapapaks, 284 Karst land, 77-79 Kastoria, 211 Khirgiz, 174 Kiel Canal, 94 Kiev, 119 Kizilbash, 285-288 Konia, 258, 260 Kottbus, 134, 135 Kovno, 132 Kraljevitch, Marko, 321 Kurdistan Christians, table, 312-313 Kurds, 294-296 Kurland, 106 Kutzo-Vlachs, 163 Ladin, 66, 72, 165; definition, 72-73 Ladislas, 119 Lake beds, 290 Landsmaal, 99, 100 Language, economic influences, 325-327; formative influence, 18; national asset, 320; nationality and, 1, 155, 314-315; race, nationality, and, 4; European, classification, 346-347; great groups in Europe, 9 Langue d’oc, 9, 12, 64 Langue d’oïl, 9, 12, 20, 328 Lassi, 149, 150 Latin, 52, 56, 320; Belgium, 21; Dalmatian coast, 86, 87; introduction into France, and influence, 10; Rome’s, 59; Rumanian and, 159-161; Southeastern Europe, 163 Latin-Faliscan, 56 Lazis, 284 Lebanon, 299, 300 Lemberg, 125, 130 Letts, 104-107 Liége, 28 Lingua romana, 38 Lingua teudisca, 39 Linguistic areas, 3 Lippowans, 170-171 Literature and nationality, 317-319 Lithuanians, 104-107 Little Russians, 113, 131, 136 Livonians, 107 Lombardo-Venetia, 74 Lorraine, 36-37, 326, 334. See also Alsace-Lorraine Lothaire, 39 Lotharii Regnum, 38 Lothringia, 29, 40 Louis the German, 38 Low German, 13, 94 Lusatia, 133 Luther, 13 Lutherans, 105, 106, 108 Luxemburg, boundary of French and Germanic languages in, 19-34; language, 30-34 Maalstraev, 97 Macedonia, 202, 204-214; history, 208-209; loss to Bulgarians, 207; physical, 203-204; Serbian claims on, 211-212; Slavs, 206 Macedonian, 165, 166, 206 Macedonians, 204-214; definition, 204; ethnic composition, 209; groups, 205 Magyar, area, 155-156 Magyars, 151, 154, 155 Malmedy, 22, 33 Mar Shimun, 305 Maritza, 215, 219, 220 Marmora, 218-220, 244 Maronites, 299, 300-301 Masurians, 132, 133 Meander, 255-256 Mecca, 241, 267, 268 Mediterranean race, xiv, 4, 5, 6 Mendai, 306 Meran, 73 Mesopotamia, 226, 238, 260, 261, 262, 272, 307, 308; reclamation, 239 Metauilehs, 297-298 Metsovo, 160 Metz, 37, 43 Mezzo-Mezzos, 277 Middle German, 13 Midyad, 305 Migrations, 202; seasonal, 162 Mindvog, 104 Mirdites, 193 Mohammedan Albanians, 194, 201 Mohammedanism, 83; Turkey and, 221 Mohammedans, 101, 136, 164, 177, 189; Bosnia, 190; Caliphate, 241, 267; dissenters, 285-289; Great Britain and, 240; Greek, 277; immigrants into Turkey, 282-284; landholders in Europe, 198; railroad funds, 267-268 Moldavia, 171, 172 Moldavians, 162, 167, 168 Molise group, 89 Monastiro, 72 Mongolian, 104 Mongolians, 113, 176 Mont Blanc, 52 Montenegrins, 180 Montenegro, 182, 195, 196 Moravia, 149-150; German expansion, 150 Moravian, 115, 116 Moravian Slovaks, 149, 150 Moravians, 142 Moresnet, 32, 33 Morlacca, 88 Mosul, 223, 260; Christians, table, 311-312 Mountains as boundaries, 333-334 Musariyehs, 298-299 Muscovy, 16 Mush, 290, 294 Nancy, 36, 37, 42, 43 Naples, kingdom of, Slav colonists, 88 Nationality, language and, 1, 155, 314-315; language, race, and, 4 Nestorians, 304-305 Netherlands, 29 New Norse, 100 Niederdeutsch, 13 Nimrud Dagh, 294 Noghai tartars, 283 Nomadism, 162, 164, 282, 283, 308 Nordic race, xiv, 4, 5, 6, 19, 41, 102, 104, 176 Norse, 98, 99, 100 Norsk, 98 Norway, Danish language in, 98; linguistic problem, 97-100 Norwegian, 97, 100 Norwego-Danish, 98-100 Novibazar, 188-189 Oberdeutsch, 13 Obrenovitch, Miloch, 186 Oder, 93, 116, 118, 137 Old Norse, 98, 99 Oscan-Umbrian, 56 Palestine, 245, 265 Pan-Germanism, 331 Pan-Slavism, 331 Paris, 9, 11 Parlers, 11 Patois, French, 9 Peacock King, 303 Persia, trade, 238 Persian and Armenian, 272 Persian Gulf, 239 Persians, Armenians and, 290; Greeks and, 227 Phrygians, 286, 292 Piasts, 119, 120 Picard patois, 11, 12 Piedmont, 59-62; German in, 66-67 Pilsen, 144 Pindus, 162, 163, 165, 166, 195, 202, 203, 204 Pjesme, 321, 322 Plattdeutsch, 13 Po, 59, 63, 84 Podgoritza, 196 Podhalians, 114 Poetry, nationality and, 318-319; Serbia, 321-322 Poland, 111-140; Austro-Hungarian provinces, table, 138; autonomy, 340-341; German colonization, 116, 127-129; German provinces, table, 137-138; Jewish element, 124-126; nature of land, 119; Russia and, 121; Russian provinces, table, 138-139; Turkey and, 120; unity of, 135-136 Poles, 111-140; Austrian, 130; Bukovina, 170, 171; eastern Germany, 123; German contacts, 115-135; patriotism and national spirit, 129; letters in Germany, 121-122 Polish, area, 111-140; teaching, 129 Polish Jews. See Jews Posen, 116, 121-123, 128, 133 Prague, 146 Protestants, Bohemia, 146; Piedmont, 61-62; Polish group, 133 Prussia, 48, 49, 81, 82, 93, 94, 95, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127; ascendency, 329; Germanization, 128; Poland and, 340-341; Poles in, 117, 121 Pruth, 172 Race, xv; European blending, xiv, 5; language, nationality, and, 4; mingling, 3 Ragusa, 77, 88 Railroads, Turkish, 248-252, 268-269; Turkish-owned, 267 Raskolniks, 136 Ratzel, F., 325, 326 “Red head,” 286 Religious persecution, 61-63 Reval Esthonian, 108 Rhine, 35, 37, 46, 47, 326 Rhone, 51, 52 Riksmaal, 98, 99, 100 Rivers as boundaries, 46, 333 Roman names in Belgium, 21 Romance languages, 56; Balkan peninsula, 86-87, 164-166; Belgium, 25; easterly group map, 166 Romanic, 56, 66 Romanic languages, 9 Romansh, 54, 165; definition, 72-73 Rome, Dalmatia and, 83-86; influence in southeastern Europe, 165; Rumania and, 167; southeastern Europe and, 161 Rumania, original element and history, 167; Russian influence, 172, 173 Rumanian, 159-173; Albanian and, 165; Bessarabia, 172; Latin kinship, 159-161, 162; map of areas, 166; Serbia, 188; sketch-map of, in Bukovina and Hungary, 169; sketch-map showing parts, 183 Rumanians, 339; Balkan peninsula, 160; colonies and groups, 163-164; Roman customs, 161; in and about Hungary, 157, 158-159; Pindus mountains, map, 203 Russ, 16 Russia, 15, 16; advances southwesterly, 243; Baltic provinces, 103-108; Bessarabia and Rumania, 172, 173; different languages, 18; Finland and, 101, 103; German settlements in, 343-344; Germany and, 330-332; Jewish segregation, 124; Jews in Polish provinces, 123; Poland and, 121; Polish provinces, table, 139-140; sketch-map showing classification, 112; Turkey and, 236, 237, 244-245, 250, 264, 266-267 Russian, 15; Asiatic influence, 16-17; blending of dialects, 18; Finland, 103; origin of modern, 16 Russians, divisions, 136; original, 132 Russification, 106, 108 Ruthenia, 16 Ruthenians, 114, 126, 130, 131, 168; Bukovina, 168, 170, 171-172; Slav type, 132 Sabeans, 298, 303, 306 St. Bernard passes, 52 Salonica, 181, 213-214 Samaan mountains, 303 Samsoun-to-Sivas railroad, 250, 266 San Juan de Medua, 199 Sanskrit, 104 Sardinia, 64 Sarmatians, 175, 176 Sasseno, 200, 201 Saxon, 158 Saxon colony in Hungary, 157, 158 Saxonian, 13 Scandinavian languages, 93-100 Schelde, 19, 20, 30 Schleswig, 93-97 Schleswig-Holstein, 341; Germanization, 95; problem, 93-97; sketch-map of languages from Danish viewpoint, 97; sketch-map of languages from German viewpoint, 96 Scutari, 180, 199 Scutari Lake, 195, 196 Scythians, 175 Sephardim, 301 Serbia, 182, 243, 337, 338; Adriatic and, 180; Austrian ultimatum, 181; claims on Macedonia, 211-212; history and politics, 186; linguistic area, 186-189; nationality, 191; poetry, 321-322 Serbian, area, 181-182; Bulgarian transition dialect, 212 Serbo-Croatian in the Dalmatian islands, 76 Serbo-Croats, 79, 136, 184-185 Serbs, 81, 85, 88; Balkan, 174-191; culture, 184; religion and nationality, 182-183; three groups, 182 Sette communi, 68-69; map of German speech in, 69 Shmuds, 104 Siberia, 17 Silesia, 116. See also Upper Silesia Silk, 246 Simplon tunnel, 52 Sinjar range, 303, 304 Sivas, 250, 266 Skip, 192 Skipetars, 189, 192, 193 Slavic, xv, 9; Russian as a form of, 15 Slavicization, 101; Balkan peninsula, 165 Slavonia, 182, 184 Slavs, 6; Adriatic provinces, 76; Austria-Hungary, 82; Baltic, 108; Bohemian and Moravian, 141; Dalmatia, 85, 86, 87; early home, 7; fusion with aliens, 108; German-speaking, 134; Italy, 78, 88-89; Karst and Adriatic, 77-78; languages in Austria, sketch-map, 183; Macedonian, 202, 206; map of Molise group in Italy, 89; Naples, 88; note on, 136-137; Poland, 111; southern unity, 185, 337-338; Teutonic clash, 181, 330-332; type, 132 Slovakian, 151; Hungarian northern boundary, 152 Slovaks, 114, 136, 150-153; Moravian, 149, 150; outside their native land, 153 Slovene, Italy, 76; linguistic area, 76-81; map showing area in Austria and parts of Italy, 81 Slovenes, 136 Sorabes, 133 Spalato, 77, 86 Stapelländern, 326 Steppes, 15-18 Strassburg, 37, 38, 41 Suez Canal, 178, 223 Suwalki, 132 Svatopuk, 150 Swabians, 170 Sweden, 100, 101; Finland and, 102, 103 Swedish, 100, 102; Finland, 103 Switzerland, distribution of languages, tables, 57, 58; languages, 326-327; linguistic boundary between French and German (with map), 49-58; nationality, 54; Valais and German, 66-67 Syria, 226, 250, 272, 303; France and, 245-246, 264, 265; French states in time of Crusades, map, 245 Syrians, 296-298; Nestorians and, 305 Széchenyi, Stephen, 155 Szekler, 157, 159, 170 Tahtajis, 285 Tatar, 16, 101, 102, 166, 167 Tatars, 177; invasion of southern Poland, 113; Turks and, 279-280 Taurus, 229-230, 258, 259 Tchan, 284 Temesvar, 188 Teutonic Knights, 104, 105, 118, 119, 120, 132 Teutons, Celtic influence, 14; early home, 6; Slavs and, 181, 330-332. See also Germany Thessaly, 217 Thrace, 166, 175 Tigris, 238, 239, 294, 301, 302, 307; Christians, table, 311-312 Tirnovo, 214 Tiroler Volksbund, 75 Toce, 67 Torre Pellice, 61-62 Tosks, 193 Trade, Asiatic and European, 233-236; language and, 325-327 Transylvania, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 339; social grouping, 159 Traveri, 287 Trent, Italian character, 75; Bishopric of, 73, 74 Trentino, 335; German in, 72; German invasions, 70; German propaganda, 75; Italian dialects in, 72; Italy’s claims and their basis, 73; sketch-map showing languages spoken, 71 Trèves, 287 Triest, 76, 77 Troy, 232 Turani, 306 Turin, 60, 63 Turkestan, 283 Turkey, Armenians and, 293-294; classification of peoples of Asiatic, table, 310; danger to Europe past, 82-83; economic position, 268; elements of interest, 228; Europe and, 237; European powers and, 237; geographical case of, 221-270; geographical sections and peoples, 271; Greeks and Albanians forced into Italy, 89-90; groups of peoples, 273; highway of commerce, 222-224, 248; historic struggle for highway, 226-227; literature and nationality, 323-325; nationality, 230; patriotism absent, 229; partition, 236-237; peoples of, 271-313; Poland and, 120; railroads, 248-252; spheres of influence of European powers, 250-251; summary glance at foreign influence, 269-270; world selection, 230-236. See also Asia Minor Turki, 101, 154, 272, 281, 283, 284 Turkish, 15, 204, 225; Arabic words, 280; Bulgarian and, 210; Persian words, 272 Turkomans, 283 Turko-Persian borderland Christians, table, 311-313 Turks, 154, 165, 167, 168, 171, 186, 187; customs, 176-177; European occupation temporary, 177; exodus, 202; Greek and Bulgarian division of lands, 207-208; in Asia Minor, 278-282; intruders in Europe, 216-217; race, 280; religion, language and nationality, 280; Tatar character, 279-280; two types, 281 Tyrol, 75; German and Italian competition, 74; southern, 70 Ukraine, 131, 135 Upper Silesia, 126; Germans and Poles, 126-127, 139-140 Uralo-Altaic, 17 Urals, 17, 333 Urartu, 290, 291 Uskub, 186, 204, 210, 211 Valais, 51-54; German in, 66-67 Valdese valleys, 62 Valona, 200, 201 Van, 290 Vannic, 291, 292 Var, 64 Vardar valley, 164, 204 Venetia, 74; German dialects in, 68 Venice, 72, 85, 200; Dalmatian influence and authority, 85, 87 Venice, Gulf of, 84 Veria, Rumanians, 164 Verse, conversing in, 108 Vienna, 153, 154, 156 Vienna, treaty of, 315-316, 328-329 Vistula, 111, 113, 117, 118, 133, 135, 136, 137 Vosges, 41, 334 Walas, 22 Wallachian verse, 160 Wallachians, 162, 167, 168 Wallonia, 19, 28 Walloon, 19-30 Walloons, 19-30; rivalry with Flemings, 28-30 Warsaw, 123, 124 Water boundaries, 333 “Weiler,” 45 Wends, 133-135; map of speech area, 134 White Russians, 113, 136 Willcocks, Sir Wm., 239 Witte, H., 37, 44, 45 Yemen, 306 Yezidis, 303-304 Yuruks, 288-289 Zara, 77, 85 Zips, 170