Part 2 — Chapter XVI Footnotes INDEX
Reading edition
Numbers marked (†) refer to subjects illustrated by experiments, heavy numbers refer to tables.
Acetic acid, 98, 101†, 111–114†
Acid ions, systematic analysis for, 299 et seq. groups of, 301
Acids, 81, 82, 100, 104
Acid salts, 103
Alkali group, 158, 159
Alkaline earth group, 158, 162
Aluminate-ion, 172
Aluminium group, 158, 188 et seq., 195
Aluminium hydroxide, 171 et seq., 196
Aluminium-ion, 158, 172, 188 et seq.
Ammonia, complex ions of, 216 et seq., 224 ionization of, 87
Ammonium hydroxide, conductivity of, 77 dissociation of, 160 ionization of, 78†, 114 strength as base, 78†, 79†, 168†
Ammonium-ion, 161
Ammonium salts, dissociation of, 34†, 159 effect on ammonium hydroxide, 168†
Amphoteric acids, group of, 302
Amphoteric hydroxides, 171 et seq., 187, 188, 196
Antimony, ions of, 174
Argenticyanide-ion, 225
Arrhenius's theory of ionization, see Ionization
Arsenic acid, 247, 250, 283
Arsenic group, 158, 210, 242 et seq.
Arsenic, ions of, 158, 174, 242 et seq.
Arsenic pentasulphide, 247
Arsenious sulphide, colloidal, 125†
Association, 19, 64
Aurocyanide-ion, 232
Avogadro's hypothesis, 33, 34
Avogadro-van 't Hoff Hypothesis, 15, 37
Azolitmin, 79
Barium carbonate, as reagent, 193
Barium-ion, 162
Bases, 79†, 81, 105, 106
Basic salts, 106, 194
Bismuth-ion, 158
Boiling-point, 17, 36, 38
Borates, hydrolysis of, 90†
Bromine, 252†
Cadmium-ion, 158 complex ions of, 224, 228† sulphide, 209† et seq.
Calcium-ion, 162
Carbonate group, 302
Carbonic acid, 90, 100
Chemical activity of ions, 72†, 78†, 87†, 232 of acids, 81, 82, 105† of bases, 79†, 81 of molecules, 74, 83, 232 of salts, 74†, 107, 116†
Chemical equilibrium, 90 et seq., 96† and direction of action, 112 and path of action, 235 and physical equilibrium, 139 et seq. of electrolytes, 98, 111–115†
Chemical equilibrium, law of, 91, 94 and ionization of strong electrolytes, 108 factors of, 95† et seq. limitations to, 95
Chemometer, 253
Chloride group, 302
Chloride-ion, oxidation of, 275, 276†
Chlorine, 46, 252†, 275
Chromium-ion, 158, 188 et seq.
Chromic acid, 287
Cobalt-ion, 158, 192
Cobalticyanide-ion, 229
Cobalt sulphide, 192
Colloidal condition, 125† et seq. definition of, 130 relations to analysis, 131, 136† solution theory of, 128 suspension theory of, 129
Colloids, electric charges on, 131† precipitation of, 133† protective action of, 136, 137†
Complex ions, 88, 216 et seq. applications in analysis, 220†, 230† of acid ions, 305 of ammonia, 216† et seq. of cyanide-ion, 225† et seq. of halide ions, 237 of oxide-ion, 238 of sulphide-ion, 238, 246 organic, 238†
Concentration, definition of, 91
Conductivity, 44†, 46, 47†, 49, 51, 56 partial, see Mobilities
Copper, equilibrium with cupric-ion, 258, 264† oxidation of, 257† et seq. solution-tension of, 259†
Copper group, 158, 199 et seq., 210, 216 et seq.
Cupric-ion, complex ions of, 224† equilibrium with copper, 258, 264† reduction of, 257† sulphide, 212
Cuprous-ion, complex ions of, 228†
Cyanide-ion, complex ions of, 88†, 225† et seq., 232
Dialysis, 128
Dielectric constants, 62, 63
Diffusion, of gases, 29† of ions, 59† of solutes, 9†
Dissociation of complex ions, 219† electrolytic, see Ionization gaseous, 34†, 36, 96†
Dry salts, 74†
Electrolysis, 46, 58
Electrolytes, see Ionogens
Electron theory, 42
Equilibrium, see also Chemical equilibrium and Physical equilibrium constants, 95, 98, 233, 236, 298 oxidation and reduction, 258, 265 et seq., 267†, 273 et seq.
Faraday's law, 58
Ferric hydroxide, 127†, 170†
Ferric-ion, 88†, 251†, 252†, 269†
Ferricyanide-ion, 88†, 230†
Ferrocyanide-ion, 88†, 230†
Ferrous-ion, 88†, 251†, 252†, 269†
Formaldehyde, 289† et seq.
Fractional oxidation, 305, 306
Fractional precipitation, 163, 165†, 303
Fractional solution, 304
Freezing-point, 17, 36, 38
Fused salts, 75†
Gold, 158, 242 et seq. colloidal, 126† see also Aurocyanide-ion
Groups of metal ions, 157
Groups of acid ions, 301
Heat, 75, 76†
Heterogeneous equilibrium, see Physical equilibrium
Hydrogen, oxidation of, 277, 278, 280†
Hydrogen chloride, 34, 37, 42, 72†, 73, 84
Hydrogen-ion, action on indicators, 79, 105† chemical activity, 72–74†, 81, 82, 278 et seq. concentration for precipitation by H2S, 213 mobility, 54†, 56
Hydrogen sulphide, ionization of, 199, 245 oxidation of, 251†, 254† precipitation by, 90†, 199† et seq., 203†
Hydrol, 175
Hydrolysis of salts, 127, 178† et seq., 190†
Hydroxide-ion, action on indicators, 78†, 79 chemical activity, 79, 81, 168† mobility, 54†, 56
Indicators, 79, 165, 214
Instability constants, 219, 224, 226
Iodide-ion, 88†, 272†, 305
Iodine, 273, 305
Ionization and chemical activity, 69, 72†, 79†, 90† et seq., 116†, 232 and conductivity, 44†, 77†, 115† and dielectric constants, 62–64 and electron theory, 42 and Faraday's law, 58 and osmotic pressure, 67 and solvents, 61 constants, 98, 100, 104, 106, 108 degree of, 50 exceptional, of certain salts, 115† in stages, 100, 102† of acids, 69, 98, 100, 104, 108 of bases, 69, 105, 106, 108 of colloids, 132 of salts, 69†, 74†, 75†, 107, 108, 115† theory of Arrhenius, 40, 41, 51 theory of Clausius, 51
Ionogens, 69
Ion-product, see Solubility-product
Ions, 42 charges on, 41, 58 combination with solvents, 42, 65 composition of, 69†, 89† migration of, 45†, 53, 54† mobilities of, 56
Kinetic theory, of gases, 26 and osmotic pressure, 26
Lead-ion, 158 sulphide, 212, 213
Light, 76
Litmus, 79
Magnesium hydroxide, 168†
Magnesium-ion, 162
Manganous-ion, 158
Mass action, law of, 93, 96†
Mercuric chloride, 57†, 115†
Mercuric cyanide, 115†, 116†, 231†
Mercuric-ion, 158, 257
Mercurous-ion, 158
Mercury, 257
Methyl orange, 79
Methyl violet, 213
Mobilities of ions, 53†, 56
Molecular weights, 33, 36, 37
Nernst's formula, 261 et seq., 296 et seq.
Nickel-ion, 158 cyanide-ion, 229 sulphide, 192
Nitrate group, 302
Nitric acid, 288†
Organic acids, group of, 302
Organic substances, complex ions of, 238 oxidation of, 289† et seq.
Osmosis, 10†, 22, 24†
Osmotic pressure, 8† et seq. and ionization, 40, 67 definition of, 10 indirect determination of, 16 laws of, 12–20 measurement of, 10 theories of, 32
Oxalates, complex ions of, 241†
Oxidation, 251† et seq., 282† et seq. by electric current, 252† definition of, 251 of organic compounds, 289† production of current by, 253† relation to theory of ionization, 251† et seq.
Oxidation-reduction, reversibility of, 256†, 268† et seq. interpretations of, 251, 282, 286
Oxygen, oxidation by, 277, 278, 280†, 305
Oxygen-hydrogen cell, 280†
Permanganic acid, 287†
Perpetuum mobile, 12
Phases, 118
Phenolphthaleïn, 79
Phosphate group, 302
Phosphomolybdates, 305
Phosphoric acid, 102†, 134
Physical equilibrium, 118† et seq. and chemical equilibrium, 139 et seq. applications of law of, 120 law of, 118
Platinum, 158, 242 et seq.
Potassium hydroxide, 77†−81†, 106
Potassium-ion, 158, 161
Potential differences, 261 et seq. and concentrations, 261, 263† and osmotic pressures, 261 sign of, 261
Precipitates, see also Precipitation solution of, 151† washing of, 148
Precipitation, 122†, 145† et seq. and ionization, 74†, 90, 152†, 220 et seq. fractional, 163, 165† influence of a common ion, 144†, 146, 147 influence of electrolytes, 144†, 150† of electrolytes, 145†
Primary ionization, 101, 102†
Purple of Cassius, 126†, 134†
Reduction, see also Oxidation by electric current, 252† definition of, 252 interpretations of, 251, 282, 286 production of current by, 253†
Salt-effect, 82, 109, 110†
Secondary ionization, 101, 102†, 246
Silver, colloidal, 127†
Silver-ammonium-ion, 217 et seq.
Silver bromide, 224, 303
Silver chloride, colloidal, 138† precipitation of, 150 solubility of, 221
Silver chromate, 141, 165†
Silver group, 157, 199 et seq., 216 et seq.
Silver iodide, 224, 303
Silver-ion, 158 as oxidizing agent, 290† complex ions of, 216†, 225†
Sodium hydroxide, 81, 106, 173
Sodium-ion, 158, 161
Solubility, 121, 123, 146, 147, 153, 155
Solubility-product principle, 141 et seq. applications of, 145†, 147, 149, 151 derivation of, 139 et seq.
Solution, theories of, 8, 32
Solution of electrolytes, 151
Solutions, concentrated, 15, 32, 142 dilute, see Osmotic pressure non-aqueous, 62, 73†, 84 supersaturated, 121†
Solution-tension, electrolytic, 258 et seq. constants, 259, 266, 294, 295
Solvents and ionization, 61, 64 and solubility of electrolytes, 154, 155
Strength of acids, 104
Strength of bases, 78†, 106
Strontium-ion, 158, 162
Sulphate group, 302
Sulphide-ion, complex ions of, 238, 246 concentration of, 202 oxidation of, 251†, 254†
Sulphides, precipitation of, 199†, 203† et seq. solubilities of, 203 et seq., 212
Sulpho-acids, 244 et seq.
Sulpho-bases, 244† et seq.
Sulpho-salts, 243 et seq.
Sulphuric acid, ionization of, 103†
Supersaturation, 121†
Systematic analysis, of metal ions, 157 et seq. of acid ions, 299 et seq.
Tartaric acid, complex ions of, 238†
Tin, ions of, 158, 174, 242 et seq.
Unsaturated compounds, 64
Uranyl salts, 286
Valence, 59 and precipitating power of ions, 135
Van 't Hoff's hypothesis, see Avogadro
Van 't Hoff's theory of solution, 12 et seq. apparent exceptions to, 18
Vapor tension, 17, 36, 38
Velocity of action, 92
Water, see also Hydrolysis composition of, 175 dielectric constant of, 63 formation by electrolytic oxidation, 280, 282† ionization by, 37, 41, 47†, 61, 73†, 74† ionization of, 53, 104, 106, 176 et seq. oxonium ions of, 238 secondary ionization of, 246, 278
Zinc, 257†, 266†
Zinc group, 158, 188 et seq., 210
Zinc-ion, 266
Zinc sulphide, 204† et seq.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE.
Original printed spelling and grammar is generally retained. Footnotes were renumbered and relocated to the ends of chapters. Notes to tables were left in their original locations. Some mathematical and chemical formulas and equations were modified in format or rearranged. Original small caps type Looks like This. The transcriber created the cover image, and hereby releases it to the public domain.
This book uses many uncommon Unicode characters, and careful selection of the ebook reader software and font used to view it is necessary. Some of the uncommon characters not already mentioned are: U+2296 ⊖, U+2295 ⊕, U+221E ∞, U+221B ∛, U+2212 −, U+21C4 ⇄, U+2192 →, U+21C5 ⇅, U+2572 ╲, and U+2571 ╱, etc. A monospaced font will improve the appearance of the data tables. However, the Thin Space U+2009 is used in most of the chemical and mathematical equations, and an exact monospaced font will not display Thin Space correctly. Adobe's "Source Code Pro" is an unusual "monospace font" that does display Thin Space and the data tables correctly.
The archaic form of scientific notation exemplified by "0.0413", is herein simplified either to decimal form—"0.000013"in this example—or to modern scientific E notation, "1.3E−5". In this, "E" means "times ten raised to the power of". Furthermore, E notation has also been substituted herein for many numbers originally printed like this: "a × 10b ".
The name "van't Hoff" was changed to "van 't Hoff" throughout; likewise "Van't" to "Van 't". The hyphen is used inconsistently throughout the book, in words such as "hydrogen-ion" versus "hydrogen ion" or "non-ionized" versus "nonionizied". These have been retained. The word "difficulty" was sometimes employed as an adverb; herein it is converted to "difficultly" in this usage.
Page 45: Changed "permangante" to "permanganate".
Page 81: Removed the unmatched right parenthesis from "the difference in ionization between potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide).".
Page 104: The table notes were reordered and renumbered to match the sequence of note anchors in the table. The anchor in the table title originally linked to a footnote instead of a table note; this footnote was converted to a table note (the first one).
Page 106: The label for the sixth note to the table "The Ionization Constants of Bases" was changed from "3" to "F".
Page 117: The chemical reaction schema, originally comprising two balanced equations and two unbalanced equations using vertical arrows has been rearranged into four balanced equations, with horizontal arrows. Such rearrangements have been silently performed elsewhere.
Page 117: The printed symbol that might be described as "normal leftward arrow over rightward dark arrow (or heavy arrow)" has been represented herein with a more readily available character "⥂"—the Unicode character with hexadecimal number 2942, designated as "U+2942", rightward arrow over short leftward arrow. The same character is used herein for the printed symbol which might be described as "downward dark arrow left beside upward short arrow right"—the equations having been rearranged into a horizontal format—and also for "rightward dark arrow over leftward arrow". A different character U+2943 "⥃" represents "normal rightward arrow over heavy leftward arrow". Rtn to Footnote #459.
Page 125: In the reaction of arsenious oxide with hydrogen sulphide, changed "H3S" to "H2S".
Page 157 "Mendelejeff" changed to "Mendeléeff".
Page 197: Changed "[AlO3−] = y" to "[AlO33−] = y".
Page 226, etc.: Both forms "Bodlaender" and "Bodländer" are retained.
Page 246: Changed "saponifying esters (p. 801)" to "saponifying esters (p. 81)".
Page 252: Substituted "ε−" for a symbol that might be described as "circled epsilon".
Page 283: In the equation showing the oxidation of zinc by cupric ion, the upward arrow originally shown beside the symbol for copper metal is changed to downward arrow.
Page 310: The reference for "mobility" of "Hydroxide-ion" was changed from "156" to "56".