INDEX.
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A.
Abundance of vegetable products of the coal period, 59
Accumulation of vegetable matter, 117
Actinolite, 15
Action of internal heat, 128
Action of waves, 107
in forming harbors, 108
Advantages of geological changes, 91
Ætna, 26, 73
Agate, 14
Age of rocks, doubtful—
from change of lithological character, 61
from distance, 61
from disturbance, 61
Alternation of coarse and fine material, 115
Aluminium, 12
Amethyst, 14
Amygdaloidal structure, 17
Ancient volcanic rocks, 29
Andes, granite veins in, 25
Angle of inclination, 71
Anoplotherium, 55
Anticlinal axis, 71
Aqueous causes, 103
Aqueo-glacial action, 120
Argillaceous schist, 20, 31
Arrangement of materials in the crust of the earth, 21
Artesian wells, 92
Asbestos, 15
Atmospheric causes, 95
Atolls, 81
Augite, 15
Auvergne, volcanic district of, 28
B.
Basalt, 18
Bed of the sea—
sunken areas in the, 142
why elevated, 145
Belemnites, 52
Breccia, 19
Brine springs—
in Silurian rocks, 35
in the carboniferous formation, 43
in the new red sandstone, 47
C.
Calamite, 47
Calcium, 13
Cambrian system, 32
Carbon, 11
Carbonate of lime, 15
Carbonate of magnesia, 19
Carbonic acid a cause of disintegration of rocks, 95
Carboniferous formation, 39
essential to national wealth, 43
extent of, 47
a prospective arrangement, 43
faults in, 41
not always disturbed by faults, 42
Carboniferous limestone, 39
sometimes becomes a coal-bearing rock, 42
fossils of the, 40
Carnelian, 14
Cause of internal heat, 128
Cause of stratification, 114
Caverns, 69
Cephalaspis, 39
Cephalopoda, 36
in oölite, 50
Chalcedony, 14
Chalk, 52
Changes of climate, 88
how produced, 146
Changes in the crust of the earth, 67
of temperature a disintegrating agent, 96
at the surface, 85
Chemical action, 97
in solids, 99
in crystallization, 97
Chlorine, 12
Chlorite, 15
Chlorite slate, 32
Classification of rocks, 21
Clay, 19
Clay slate, 20
Cleavage structure, 68, 98
Coal, 16
varieties of, 42
mode of quarrying, 42
origin of, 116
conversion of vegetable matter into, 117
now forming, 118
Coal measures, 131
fossils of the, 44
Coal plants, tropical character of, 88
Coal and iron associated, 43
Clouded marble, 33
Columnar structure, 18, 99
Compact limestone, 19
Concretionary formations, 99
Conglomerate, 19
of old red sandstone, 38
Connecticut valley—
one of denudation, 87
trap of, 30
Continents—
mean elevation of, 144
total elevation of, 144
elevated gradually, 144
why depressed, 145
Contorted strata, 72
Coral formation, 81, 102
extent of, 102
Coral reefs—
fringing, 81
barrier, 81
Coral rag, 49
Corals in silurian rocks, 35
Copper mines of Lake Superior, 47
Creation, a progressive work, 62
Cretaceous formation, 52
Cretaceous formation, fossils of, 52
geographical range of, 53
Crinoidea in Silurian rocks, 36
Crust of the earth, 16
expansion and contraction of, 143
D.
Delta deposits, 114
Denudation of igneous rocks, 85
Denudation of sedimentary rocks, 85
Denudation produced by earthquake waves, 136
Deposition of sediment, 113
Diluvium, 20
Dike, 69, 133
Divisional planes, 68, 98
Dolomite, 13, 19
Drift, 20
extent of, 53
connected with striated surface of the rocks, 54
connected with subsidence, 54, 126
E.
Earth in a state of change, 97
Earthquakes, 130
wave-like motion of, 136
Earthquake waves, rocks shivered by, 137
Effect of atmospheric agencies, 95
Electrical discharges, effect of, 96
Elementary substances, 11
Elevation and subsidence, 73
Elevation and subsidence several times repeated, 82
Elevation of mountains, 73
cause of, 139
spasmodic, 140
gradual, 75
Elevation of different mountains at different times, 75
Elevation of continents, 76
cause of, 142
Elevation of North America, 76
Elevation of the coast of Maine, 76
Elevation of Europe, 77
Elevation of South America, 78
Encrinites, 36, 50
F.
Fault, 41, 69
Felspar, 14
Filling up of lakes, 76
Fingal’s cave, 30
Fissile structure, origin of, 68
Flint, 14
in chalk, 52, 99
Fluorine, 12
Folded axes, 61, 72
Formation of soils, 87
Fossils—
definition of, 57
how preserved, 57
mineralization of, 58
use of, 60
order in which animals appeared, shown by, 58
animal and vegetable, created together, 59
as a record of climate, 88, 101
Fossiliferous rocks, 32
classification of, 32
Fractures, 42, 68, 130
opening downward, 133
G.
Garnet, 16
Geological causes, how far uniform, 94
Geological causes, slow operation of, 95
Geological investigations aided by displacement of strata, 92
Geological periods, prolonged, 63
shown by amount of strata, 63
shown by duration of species, 64
shown by amount of organic matter, 64
shown by microscopic accumulations, 65
Geology and Revelation, 65
Giant’s Causeway, 30
Glacial period, 90
Glacial theory, 124
Glaciers—
how formed, 120
cause of motion, 121
when they decrease, 122
earthy matter on them, 122
lateral moraines, 123
surfaces grooved by, 123
terminal moraines, 123
Gneiss, 18, 30
Gorge, 69
Graham Island, 131
Granite, 16
varieties of, 16
thickness of, 23
structure of, 23
formation of, 67
igneous origin of, 138
Granite veins, 24
in granite, 24
Granite of different ages, 25
Granitic axes of mountains, 24, 140
Greensand, 19, 52
Greenstone, 18, 30
Grooved surfaces of rock, 54, 87, 126
Gypsum, 15
in new red sandstone, 47
beds, how produced, 99
H.
Hall, Sir James, experiments, 135, 139
Heterocercal tails of fishes, 48
Homocercal tails, 48
Hornblende, 14
Hornblende slate, 20, 32
Hydrogen, 11
Hypersthene, 15
Hypersthene rock, 17, 25
I.
Icebergs—
how formed, 124
earthy materials in, 125
motion of, 125
size and number of, 125
effect in distributing drift, 126
grooving the surface, 126
Iceland spar, 19
Iceland, volcanic eruption in, 26
Ichthyosaurus, 50
Igneous causes, 127
Iguanodon, 51
Inclined position of strata produced by upheaval, 70, 140
Increase of temperature below the surface, 127
Iron, 12
J.
Jasper, 14
Jorullo, 131
K.
Kilauea, 26, 142
L.
Lakes, filling up of, 76, 113
Lava, 17, 25, 137
varieties of, 25
tertiary, 27
elastic vapors contained in, 130, 132
great quantity of modern, 26
Lead-bearing strata, 35, 40
Lepidodendron, 46
Lias, 19, 49
Limestone, 15, 19
as a primary rock, 25
metalliferous, 40
Local changes of climate, 90
M.
Magnesian limestone, 19, 47
Magnesium, 13
Mammoth, 56
Man—
recently created, 59
as an agent in producing geological changes, 101
impressions of the feet of, 59
skeleton of from Guadaloupe, 59
Manganese, 12
Marine currents, 108
Marine currents, cause of, 109
abrading power of, 111
Marl, 19
Mastodon, 55
Megatherium, 55
Metamorphic changes, 67
Metamorphic rocks, 30
amount of, 67
origin of, 134
order of superposition, 31
upper limit variable, 13
localities of, 32
Metallic ores, 92
Mica, 14
slate, 18, 31
Millstone grit, 40
fossils of, 41
becomes coal measures, 42
Mineral—
definition of, 13
Mineral veins, 69
formation of, 100
Modern formation, 57
why but little known, 57
fossils, 57
Moisture of the atmosphere a disintegrating agent, 96
Monte Nuovo, 26
Mount Loa, eruption of, 26
N.
Neocomian system, 52
New red sandstone, 47
fossils of, 48
ores of, 47
geographical range of, 49
Niagara Falls, how preserved, 106
Nitrogen, 11
Nummulite rock, 54
O.
Oceanic mountains, 75
Ocean level, nearly permanent, 74
Old red sandstone, 38
fossils of, 39
extent of, 39
Oölite, 19
Oölitic structure, 49
Oölite system, 49
calcareous, 49
fossils of, 50
localities of, 51
Opal, 14
Organic causes, 101
Orthoceras, 36, 40
Outcrop, 71
Oxide of iron, 16
Oxygen, 11
P.
Paleotherium, 55
Papandayang, 95, 142
Permian system, 47
Plesiosaurus, 51
Porphyritic structure, 17
Potassium, 12
Primary limestone, 19
Pterodactyle, 51
Pumice-stone, 17
Pyroxene, 15
Q.
Quartz, 14
rock, 32
R.
Raindrops, impressions of, 48
Raised beaches, 76
Ravine, 69
Recent elevation in Europe, 79
Recent formation, 57
Ripple marks, 48
Rivers—
beds of, raised, 113
continued into the sea, 112
abrading action of, 105
abrading action of promoted by foreign substances, 106
Rock crystal, 14
Rock salt, 16, 118
Rocks, denned, 16
Rose quartz, 14
S.
Saccharine limestone, 19, 32
Saliferous system, 47
Saline properties of the ocean, how obtained, 104
Salt beds—
where found, 118
how formed, 119
Sandstone, 19
Schorl, 16
Scoriæ, 17, 133
Sediment—
amount of in rivers, 107
deposition of, 113
sorted by rivers, 112
Selenite, 16
Serpentine, 15
a primary rock, 25
Shale, 20
Siberia, remains of elephants in, 89
Sigillaria, 45
Silicium, 12
Sinking of wharves, towns, &c., 79
Silurian system, 34
tabular arrangement of, 34
divisions of, 35
fossils of, 36
geographical range, 38
Slaty structure—
in the gold washings of Chili, 98
produced by electric currents, 98
Slope of mountains, 73
Soapstone, 15
Sodium, 13
Solidification of rocks, 68, 119
Soluble materials of rocks, 103
Solution of mineral substances—
promoted by heat, 104
promoted by an alkali, 104
promoted by carbonic acid, 105
Sources of the sedimentary materials, 103
Sources of the sediment of rivers, 97
Species—
disappearance of, 62
causes of the disappearance of, 62
Springs, 92
Stability of continents only apparent, 145
Statuary marble, 19
Stigmaria, 44
Strata—
horizontal, 70, 115
permeable and impermeable, 92
irregular, how produced, 115
Striated surfaces, 87
Submerged forests, 79
Subsidence of land, 79, 145
Subsidence of land in Greenland, 82
Subsidence and elevation in the Pacific, 80
Sulphate of lime, 15
Sulphur, 12
Sun-cracks, 48
Sunken areas, 142
Syenite, 17
Synclinal axes, 72
T.
Taconic system, 32
Talc, 15
Talcose slate, 20, 32
Temperature at great depths, 127
Temple of Jupiter Serapis, 83
Tertiary system, 53
age, how determined, 53
fossils, 54
divisions of, 53
geographical range, 56
Tilestones of the old red sandstone, 38
Trachyte, 18
Tracks in new red sandstone, 49
Transportation of sediment, 111
Trappean rocks, 17
localities of, 29
Tremolite, 15
Trias, 47
Trilobite, 37, 40
V.
Valley, 69
of elevation, 71, 75
of subsidence, 72
Valley of denudation, 87
Vein of segregation, 69
Verd-antique marble, 15
Volcanic rocks, 17, 25
of different ages, 26
in what states ejected, 25
Volcanic mountains, dimensions, 26
Volcanic activity—
regions of, 129
water essential to, 130
Volcanic cones—
formation of, 131
lateral, 132
Volcanic cinders, scoriæ, glass, 132
Volcanic action, effects of, 133
Volcanic origin—
of trappean rocks, 138
of granitic rocks, 138
Volcanoes—
number, 26
linear arrangement of, 131
near the sea, 129
new, 131
of the tertiary period, long active, 28
W.
Watt on fusion of basalt, 100
Waves, action of, 107
Wealden, 49
Wind a geological agent, 96
Z.
Zechstein, 47