Chapter XXI · (continued 3)
Reading edition
Ovis cycloceros, mode of fighting of, ii. 249.
Ovule of man, i. 14.
Owen, Prof., on the Corpora Wolffiana, i. 16; on the great toe in man, i. 16; on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. 23; on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. 26; on the length of the cæcum in the Koala, i. 27; on the coccygeal vertebræ, i. 29; on rudimentary structures belonging to the reproductive system, i. 31; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 123; on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. 125; on the canine teeth in man, i. 126; on the walking of the chimpanzee and orang, i. 139; on the mastoid processes in the higher apes, i. 143; on the hairiness of elephants in elevated districts, i. 149; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; classification of mammalia, i. 187; on the hair in monkeys, i. 194; on the piscine affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. 204; on polygamy and monogamy among the antelopes, i. 267; on the horns of Antilocapra americana, i. 289; on the musky odour of crocodiles during the breeding season, ii. 29; on the scent-glands of snakes, ii. 30; on the Dugong, Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, ii. 242; on the antlers of the red deer, ii. 252; on the dentition of the camelidæ, ii. 257; on the tusks of the Mammoth, ii. 258; on the horns of the Irish elk, ii. 259; on the voice in the giraffe, porcupine, and stag, ii. 274; on the laryngeal sac of the gorilla and orang, ii. 276; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. 279, 280; on the effects of emasculation on the vocal organs of men, ii. 330; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 332; on American monogamous monkeys, ii. 362.
Owls, white, new mates found by, ii. 105.
Oxynotus, difference of the females of two species of, ii. 193.
P.
Pachydermata, i. 268.
Paget, on the abnormal development of hairs in man, i. 25; on the thickness of the skin on the soles of the feet of infants, i. 118.
Painting, i. 232.
Palæmon, chelæ of a species of, i. 331.
Palæornis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 231.
Palæornis Javanicus, colour of beak of, ii. 179.
Palæornis rosa, young of, ii. 188.
Palamedea cornuta, spurs on the wings, ii. 47.
Paleolithic period, i. 183.
Palestine, habits of the chaffinch in, i. 307.
Pallas, on the perfection of the senses in the Mongolians, i. 119; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241; on the polygamous habits of Antilope Saiga, i. 267; on the lighter colour of horses and cattle in winter in Siberia, i. 282; on the tusks of the musk-deer, ii. 256, 258; on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. 279; on the odoriferous glands of the musk-deer, ii. 280; on winter changes of colour in mammals, ii. 298; on the ideal of female beauty in North China, ii. 344.
Palmaris accessorius muscle, variations of the, i. 109.
Pampas, horses of the, i. 236.
Pangenesis, hypothesis of, i. 280, 284.
Panniculus carnosus, i. 19.
Papilio, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389; proportion of the sexes in North American species of, i. 309; coloration of the wings in species of, i. 396.
Papilio ascanius, i. 389.
Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, variability of, i. 402.
Papilio Turnus, i. 310.
Papilionidæ, variability in the, i. 402.
Papuans, line of separation between the, and the Malays, i. 218; beards of the, ii. 322; hair of, ii. 340.
Papuans and Malays, contrast in characters of, i. 216.
Paradise, Birds of, ii. 100, 181; supposed by Lesson to be polygamous, i. 260; rattling of their quills by, ii. 61; racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73; sexual differences in colour of, ii. 76; decomposed feathers in, ii. 74, 97; display of plumage by the male, ii. 88.
Paradisea apoda, barbless feathers in the tail of, ii. 74; plumage of, ii. 78; and P. papuana, divergence of the females of, ii. 192.
Paradisea rubra, ii. 75, 78.
Paraguay, Indians of, eradication of eyebrows and eyelashes by, ii. 348.
Parrakeet, Australian, variation in the colour of the thighs of a male, ii. 126.
Parallelism of development of species and languages, i. 59.
Parasites on man and animals, i. 12; as evidence of specific identity or distinctness, i. 219; immunity from, correlated with colour, i. 242.
Parental affection, partly a result of natural selection, i. 81.
Parents, age of, influence upon sex of offspring, i. 302.
Parinæ, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.
Park, Mungo, negro-women teaching their children to love the truth, i. 95; his treatment by the negro-women, i. 95, 326; on negro opinions of the appearance of white men, ii. 346.
Parrot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73; instance of benevolence in a, ii. 109.
Parrots, imitative faculties of, i. 44; change of colour in, i. 152; living in triplets, ii. 106; affection of, ii. 108; colours of, ii. 223; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 231; colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 174, 176; immature plumage of the, ii. 188; musical powers of, ii. 335.
Parthenogenesis in the Tenthredinæ, i. 314; in Cynipidæ, i. 314; in crustacea, i. 315.
Partridge, monogamous, i. 269; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306; female, ii. 194.
“Partridge-dances,” ii. 68.
Partridges, living in triplets, ii. 106; spring coveys of male, ii. 107; distinguishing persons, ii. 110.
Parus cæruleus, ii. 174.
Passer, sexes and young of, ii. 212.
Passer brachydactylus, ii. 212.
Passer domesticus, ii. 170, 212.
Passer montanus, ii. 170, 212.
Patagonians, self-sacrifice by, i. 88.
Patterson, Mr., on the AGRIONIDÆ, i. 362.
Paulistas of Brazil, i. 225.
Pavo cristatus, i. 290; ii. 136.
Pavo muticus, i. 290, ii. 136; possession of spurs by the female, ii. 46, 162.
Pavo nigripennis, ii. 120.
Payaguas Indians, thin legs and thick arms of the, i. 117.
Payan, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. 305.
Peacock, polygamous, i. 269; sexual characters of, i. 290; pugnacity of the, ii. 46; rattling of the quills by, ii. 61; elongated tail-coverts of the, ii. 72, 97; love of display of the, ii. 68, 87, 135; ocellated spots of the, ii. 135; inconvenience of long tail of the, to the female, ii. 154, 164, 165; continued increase of beauty of the, ii. 216.
Peacock-butterfly, i. 392.
Peafowl, preference of females for a particular male, ii. 120; first advances made by the female, ii. 120.
Pediculi of domestic animals and man, i. 219.
Pedigree of man, i. 213.
Pedionomus torquatus, sexes of, ii. 201.
Peewit, wing-tubercles of the male, ii. 48.
Pelagic animals, transparency of, i. 323.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, horny crest on the beak of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 80.
Pelecanus onocrotalus, spring plumage of, ii. 85.
Pelelé, ii. 341.
Pelican, blind, fed by his companions, i. 77; young, guided by old birds, i. 77; pugnacity of the male, ii. 43.
Pelicans, fishing in concert, i. 75.
Pelobius Hermanni, stridulation of, i. 380, 382.
Pelvis, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143; differences of the, in the sexes in man, ii. 317.
Penelope nigra, sound produced by the male, ii. 64.
Pennant, on the battles of seals, ii. 240; on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278.
Penthe, antennal cushions of the male, i. 343.
Perch, brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. 13.
Peregrine Falcon, new mate found by, ii. 104.
Period of variability, relation of, to sexual selection, i. 296.
Periodicity, vital, Dr. Laycock on, i. 12.
Periods, lunar, followed by functions in man and animals, i. 12, 212.
Periods of life, inheritance at corresponding, i. 280, 285.
Perisoreus canadensis, young of, ii. 209.
Peritrichia, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.
Periwinkle, i. 324.
Pernis cristata, ii. 126.
Perseverance, a characteristic of man, ii. 328.
Persians, said to be improved by intermixture with Georgians and Circassians, ii. 357.
Personnat, M., on Bombyx Yamamai, i. 310.
Peruvians, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. 183.
Petrels, colours of, ii. 230.
Petrocincla cyanea, young of, ii. 219.
Petronia, ii. 212.
Pfeiffer, Ida, on Javanese ideas of beauty, ii. 347.
Phacochœrus æthiopicus, tusks and pads of, ii. 265.
Phalanger, Vulpine, black varieties of the, ii. 294.
Phalaropus fulicarius, ii. 203.
Phalaropus hyperboreus, ii. 203.
Phanæus, i. 373.
Phanæus carnifex, variation of the horns of the male, i. 370.
Phanæus faunus, sexual differences of, i. 369.
Phanæus lancifer, i. 370.
Phasgonura viridissima, stridulation of, i. 354, 356.
Phasianus Sœmmerringii, ii. 157.
Phasianus versicolor, ii. 89.
Phasianus Wallichii, ii. 93, 196.
Phasmidæ, mimickry of leaves by the, i. 414.
Pheasant, polygamous, i. 269; production of hybrids with the common fowl, ii. 122; and black grouse, hybrids of, ii. 113; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.
Pheasant, Argus, ii. 72, 181; display of plumage by the male, ii. 91; ocellated spots of the, ii. 134, 141; gradation of characters in the, ii. 141.
Pheasant, Blood-, ii. 46.
Pheasant, Cheer, ii. 93, 195.
Pheasant, Eared, i. 290, ii. 93, 195; sexes alike in the, ii. 178; length of the tail in the, ii. 166.
Pheasant, Golden, display of plumage by the male, ii. 89; sex of young, ascertained by pulling out head-feathers, ii. 214; age of mature plumage in the, ii. 213.
Pheasant, Kalij, drumming of the male, ii. 62.
Pheasant, Reeve’s, length of the tail in, ii. 166.
Pheasant, Silver, sexual coloration of the, ii. 228; triumphant male, deposed on account of spoiled plumage, ii. 120.
Pheasant, Sœmmerring’s, ii. 156, 166.
Pheasant, Tragopan, ii. 72; display of plumage by the male, ii. 91; markings of the sexes of the, ii. 134.
Pheasants, period of acquisition of male characters in the family of the, i. 290; proportion of sexes in chicks of, i. 306; length of the tail in, ii. 156, 164, 166.
Philodromus, i. 337.
Philters, worn by women, ii. 344.
Phoca grœnlandica, sexual difference in the coloration of, ii. 287.
Phœnicura ruticilla, ii. 105.
Phosphorescence of insects, i. 345.
Phryganidæ, copulation of distinct species of, i. 342.
Phryniscus nigricans, ii. 25.
Physical inferiority, supposed, of man, i. 156.
Pickering, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
Picton, J. A., on the soul of man, ii. 395.
Picus auratus, ii. 43.
Pieridæ, mimickry by female, i. 413.
Pieris, i. 393.
Pigeon, carrier, late development of the wattle in, i. 293; domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. 178; pouter, late development of the crop in, i. 293; female, deserting a weakened mate, i. 262.
Pigeons, nestling, fed by the secretion of the crop of both parents, i. 210; changes of plumage in, i. 281; transmission of sexual peculiarities in, i. 283; changing colour after several moultings, i. 294; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306; cooing of, ii. 60; variations in plumage of, ii. 74; display of plumage by male, ii. 96; local memory of, ii. 109; antipathy of female, to certain males, ii. 118; pairing of, ii. 118, 119; profligate male and female, ii. 119; wing-bars and tail-feathers of, ii. 131; supposititious breed of, ii. 155; pouter and carrier, peculiarities of predominant in males, ii. 158; nidification of, ii. 168; immature plumage of the, ii. 188; Australian, ii. 175; Belgian, with black-streaked males, i. 285, 293; ii. 157.
Pigs, origin of the improved breeds of, i. 230; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305; stripes of young, ii. 184, 303; sexual preference shown by, ii. 273.
Pike, American, brilliant colours of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 14.
Pike, male, devoured by females, i. 308.
Pike, L. O., on the psychical elements of religion, i. 68.
Pimelia striata, sounds produced by the female, i. 385.
Pintail Drake, plumage of, ii. 84; pairing with a wild duck, ii. 115.
Pintail Duck, pairing with a Wigeon, ii. 114.
Pipe-fish, filamentous, ii. 18; marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.
Pipits, moulting of the, ii. 83.
Pipra, modified secondary wing-feathers of male, ii. 65.
Pipra deliciosa, ii. 65, 66.
Pirates stridulus, stridulation of, i. 350.
Pithecia leucocephala, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.
Pithecia Satanas, beard of, ii. 283, 284, 285; resemblance of, to a negro, ii. 381.
Pits, suborbital, of Ruminants, ii. 280.
Pittidæ, nidification of, ii. 167.
Placentata, i. 202.
Plagiostomous fishes, ii. 1.
Plain-wanderer, Australian, ii. 201.
Planariæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.
Plantain-eaters, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171; both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. 177.
Plants, cultivated, more fertile than wild, i. 132; Nägeli, on natural selection in, i. 152; male flowers of, mature before the female, i. 260; phenomena of fertilisation in, i. 273; relation between number and size of seeds in, i. 317.
Platalea, ii. 60; change of plumage in, ii. 179.
Platyblemnus, i. 361.
Platycercus, young of, ii. 209.
Platyphyllum concavum, i. 352, 356.
Platyrrhine monkeys, i. 196.
Platysma myoides, i. 19.
Plecostomus, head-tentacles of the male of a species of, ii. 10.
Plecostomus barbatus, peculiar beard of the male, ii. 10.
Plectropterus gambensis, spurred wings of, ii. 46.
Ploceus, ii. 54.
Plovers, wing-spurs of, ii. 48; double moult in, ii. 83.
Plumage, changes of, inheritance of, by fowls, i. 281; tendency to analogous variation in, ii. 74; display of, by male birds, ii. 86, 96; changes of, in relation to season, ii. 180; immature, of birds, ii. 183, 187; colour of, in relation to protection, ii. 223.
Plumes on the head in birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. 164.
Pneumora, structure of, i. 357.
Podica, sexual difference in the colour of the irides of, ii. 128.
Poeppig, on the contact of civilised and savage races, i. 239.
Poison, avoidance of, by animals, i. 49.
Poisonous fruits and herbs avoided by animals, i. 36.
Poisons, immunity from, correlated with colour, i. 242.
Polish fowls, origin of the crest in, i. 284.
Pollen and van Dam, on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. 290.
Polyandry, ii. 365; in certain cyprinidæ, i. 309; among the elateridæ, i. 313.
Polydactylism in man, i. 125.
Polygamy, influence of, upon sexual selection, i. 265; superinduced by domestication, i. 270; supposed increase of female births by, i. 303; in the stickleback, ii. 2.
Polygenists, i. 228.
Polynesia, prevalence of infanticide in, ii. 364.
Polynesians, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349; wide geographical range of, i. 112; difference of stature among the, i. 115; crosses of, i. 225; variability of, i. 225; heterogeneity of the, i. 241.
Polyplectron, display of plumage by the male, i. 89; number of spurs in, ii. 46; gradation of characters in, ii. 137; female of, ii. 194.
Polyplectron chinquis, ii. 90, 138, 139.
Polyplectron Hardwickii, ii. 138, 139.
Polyplectron malaccense, ii. 139, 140.
Polyplectron Napoleonis, ii. 138, 140.
Polyzoa, i. 324.
Pontoporeia affinis, i. 329.
Porcupine, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. 274.
Pores, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, i. 248.
Porpitæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.
Portax picta, dorsal crest and throat-tuft of, ii. 282; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 287, 299.
Portunus puber, pugnacity of, i. 332.
Potamochoerus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, ii. 266.
Pouchet, G., on the ratio of instinct and intelligence, i. 37; on the instincts of ants, i. 187; on the caves of Abou-Simbel, i. 217; on the immunity of negroes from yellow fever, i. 243.
Pouter pigeon, late development of the large crop in, i. 293.
Power, Dr., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. 335.
Powys, Mr., on the habits of the chaffinch in Corfu, i. 307.
Pre-eminence of man, i. 137.
Preference for males by female birds, ii. 113, 122; shown by mammals, in pairing, ii. 268.
Prehensile organs, i. 256.
Presbytis entellus, fighting of the male, ii. 324.
Preyer, Dr., on supernumerary mammæ in women, i. 125.
Prichard, on the difference of stature among the Polynesians, i. 115; on the connection between the breadth of the skull in the Mongolians and the perfection of their senses, i. 119; on the capacity of British skulls of different ages, i. 146; on the flattened heads of the Colombian savages, ii. 340; on Siamese notions of beauty, ii. 345; on the beardlessness of the Siamese, ii. 349; on the deformation of the head among American tribes and the natives of Arakhan, ii. 352.
Primary sexual organs, i. 254.
Primates, i. 190; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.
Primogeniture, evils of, i. 170.
Primula, relation between number and size of seeds in, i. 317.
Prionidæ, difference of the sexes in colour, i. 367.
Proctotretus multimaculatus, ii. 26, 37.
Proctotretus tenuis, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 37.
Profligacy, i. 173.
Progenitors, early, of man, i. 206.
Progress, not the normal rule in human society, i. 166; elements of, i. 177.
Prong-horn, horns of, i. 289.
Proportions, difference of, in distinct races, i. 216.
Protective colouring in butterflies, i. 392; in lizards, ii. 37; in birds, ii. 197, 223; in mammals, ii. 298, 299.
Protective nature of the dull colouring of female Lepidoptera, i. 403, 405, 414.
Protective resemblances in fishes, ii. 18.
Protozoa, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.
Pruner-Bey, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29; on the colour of negro infants, ii. 318.
Prussia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
Psocus, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
Ptarmigan, monogamous, i. 269; summer and winter plumage of the, ii. 81, 83; nuptial assemblages of, ii. 101; triple moult of the, ii. 181; protective coloration of, ii. 198.
Puff-birds, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171.
Pugnacity of fine-plumaged male birds, ii. 93.
Pumas, stripes of young, ii. 183.
Puppies learning from cats to clean their faces, i. 44.
Pycnonotus hæmorrhous, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41; display of under tail coverts by the male, ii. 96.
Pyranga æstiva, male aiding in incubation, ii. 167.
Pyrodes, difference of the sexes in colour, i. 367.
Q.
Quadrumana, hands of, i. 139; differences between man and the, i. 190; dependence of, on climate, i. 218; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290; ornamental characters of, ii. 306; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. 318; fighting of males for the females, ii. 324; monogamous habits of, ii. 361; beards of the, ii. 378.
Quain, R., on the variation of the muscles in man, i. 109.
Quatrefages, A. de, on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. 29; on the moral sense as a distinction between man and animals, i. 70; on variability, i. 112; on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. 221; on the Paulistas of Brazil, i. 225; on the evolution of the breeds of cattle, i. 230; on the Jews, i. 242; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243; on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. 246; on the influence of climate on colour, i. 246; on the Ainos, ii. 321; on the women of San-Giuliano, ii. 357.
Quechua Indians, i. 119; local variation of colour in the, i. 246; no grey hair among the, ii. 320; hairlessness of the, ii. 322; long hair of the, ii. 348.
Querquedula acuta, ii. 114.
Quiscalus major, proportions of the sexes of, in Florida and Honduras, i. 307.
R.
Rabbit, white tail of the, ii. 298.
Rabbits, danger-signals of, i. 74; domestic, elongation of the skull in, i. 147; modification of the skull in, by the lopping of the ear, i. 147; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.
Races, distinctive characters of, i. 215; or species of man, i. 217; crossed, fertility or sterility of, i. 220; of man, variability of the, i. 225; of man, resemblance of, in mental characters, i. 232; formation of, i. 235; of man, extinction of, i. 236; effects of the crossing of, i. 240; of man, formation of the, i. 240; of man, children of the, ii. 318; beardless, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349.
Raffles, Sir S., on the Banteng, ii. 290.
Rafts, use of, i. 137, 234.
Rage, manifested by animals, i. 40.
Raia batis, teeth of, ii. 6.
Raia clavata, female spined on the back, ii. 2; sexual difference in the teeth of, ii. 6.
Raia maculata, teeth of, ii. 6.
Rails, spur-winged, ii. 48.
Ram, mode of fighting of the, ii. 249; African, mane of an, ii. 284; fat-tailed, ii. 284.
Rameses II., i. 217.
Ramsay, Mr., on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. 38; on the Regent-bird, ii. 113; on the incubation of Menura superba, ii. 165.
Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of, ii. 28.
Rat, common, general dispersion of, a consequence of superior cunning, i. 50; supplantation of the native, in New Zealand, by the European rat, i. 240; common, said to be polygamous, i. 268; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.
Rats, enticed by essential oils, ii. 281.
Rationality of birds, ii. 108.
Rattle-snakes, difference of the sexes in the, ii. 29;
said to use their rattles as a sexual call, ii. 30.
Raven, vocal organs of the, ii. 55; stealing bright objects, ii. 112; pied, of the Feroe Islands, ii. 120.
Rays, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.
Razor-bill, young of the, ii. 217.
Reade, Winwood, on the Guinea sheep, i. 289; non-development of horns in castrated male Guinea sheep, ii. 247; on the occurrence of a mane in an African ram, ii. 285; on the negroes’ appreciation of the beauty of their women, ii. 344; on the admiration of negroes for a black skin, ii. 346; on the idea of beauty among negroes, ii. 350; on the Jollofs, ii. 357; on the marriage-customs of the negroes, ii. 374.
Reason, in animals, i. 46.
Redstart, American, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.
Redstarts, new mates found by, ii. 105.
Reduvidæ, stridulation of, i. 350.
Reed-bunting, head-feathers of the male, ii. 95; attacked by a bullfinch, ii. 111.
Reefs, fishes frequenting, ii. 17.
Regeneration, partial, of lost parts in man, i. 13.
Regent-bird, ii. 112.
Reindeer, antlers of, with numerous points, ii. 252; sexual preferences shown by, ii. 273; horns of the, i. 288; winter change of the, ii. 299; battles of, ii. 240; horns of the female, ii. 243.
Relationship, terms of, ii. 360.
Religion, deficiency of, among certain races, i. 65; psychical elements of, i. 68.
Remorse, i. 91; deficiency of, among savages, i. 164.
Rengger, on the diseases of Cebus Azaræ, i. 11; on maternal affection in a Cebus, i. 40; revenge taken by monkeys, i. 40; on the reasoning powers of American monkeys, i. 47; on the use of stones by monkeys for cracking hard nuts, i. 51; on the sounds uttered by Cebus Azaræ, i. 54; on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. 57; on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. 110; on the Payaguas Indians, i. 117; on the inferiority of Europeans to savages in their senses, i. 118; on the polygamous habits of Mycetes caraya, i. 266; on the voice of the howling monkeys, ii. 277; on the odour of Cervus campestris, ii. 279; on the beards of Mycetes caraya and Pithecia Satanas, ii. 283; on the colours of Felis mitis, ii. 287; on the colours of Cervus paludosus, ii. 290; on sexual differences of colour in Mycetes, ii. 291; on the colour of the infant Guaranys, ii. 318; on the early maturity of the female of Cebus azaræ, ii. 318; on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. 322, 323; on the emotional notes employed by monkeys, ii. 336; on American polygamous monkeys, ii. 362.
Representative species, of birds, ii. 190, 191.
Reproduction, unity of phenomena of, throughout the mammalia, i. 13; period of, in birds, ii. 214.
Reproductive system, rudimentary structures in the, i. 30; accessory parts of, i. 207.
Reptiles, ii. 28.
Reptiles and birds, alliance of, i. 213.
Resemblances, small, between man and the apes, i. 191.
Retrievers, exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. 48.
Revenge, manifested by animals, i. 40.
Reversion, i. 122; perhaps the cause of some bad dispositions, i. 173.
Rhagium, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.
Ramphastos carinatus, ii. 227.
Rhinoceros, nakedness of, i. 148; horns of, ii. 247; horns of, used defensively, ii. 263; attacking white or grey horses, ii. 295.
Rhynchæa, sexes and young of, ii. 202.
Rhynchæa australis, ii. 203.
Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. 203.
Rhynchæa capensis, ii. 202.
Rhythm, perception of, by animals, ii. 333.
Richard, M., on rudimentary muscles in man, i. 19.
Richardson, Sir J., on the pairing of Tetrao umbellus, ii. 49; on Tetrao urophasianus, ii. 58; on the drumming of grouse, ii. 63; on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. 69; on assemblages of grouse, ii. 101; on the battles of male deer, ii. 240; on the reindeer, ii. 244; on the horns of the musk-ox, ii. 247; on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, ii. 252; on the moose, ii. 259.
Richardson, on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261.
Richter, Jean Paul, on imagination, i. 45.
Riedel, on profligate female pigeons, ii. 119.
Ring-ouzel, colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.
Ripa, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, i. 215.
Rivalry, in singing, between male birds, ii. 53.
River-hog, African, tusks and knobs of the, ii. 266.
Rivers, analogy of, to islands, i. 204.
Roach, brightness of male during breeding-season, ii. 13.
Robbery, of strangers, considered honourable, i. 94.
Robertson, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, i. 288.
Robin, pugnacity of the male, ii. 40; autumn song of the, ii. 54; female, singing of the, ii. 54; attacking other birds with red in their plumage, ii. 111; young of the, ii. 208.
Robinet, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, i. 346.
Rodents, uterus in the, i. 123; absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268; sexual differences in the colours of, ii. 286.
Roe, winter change of the, ii. 299.
Rolle, F., on the origin of man, i. 4; on a change in German families settled in Georgia, i. 246.
Roller, ii. 56.
Romans, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, i. 101.
Rook, voice of the, ii. 61.
Rössler, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, i. 392.
Rostrum, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, i. 255.
Rudimentary organs, i. 17; origin of, i. 32.
Rudiments, presence of, in languages, i. 60.
Rudolph, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241.
Ruff, supposed to be polygamous, i. 270; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 306; pugnacity of the, ii. 41, 48; double moult in, ii. 81, 84; duration of dances of, ii. 100; attraction of the, to bright objects, ii. 111.
Ruminants, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, i. 144, ii. 325; generally polygamous, i. 266; analogy of Lamellicorn beetles to, i. 373; suborbital pits of, ii. 280; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 287.
Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, ii. 87.
Rüppell, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, ii. 258.
Russia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
Ruticilla, ii. 180.
Rütimeyer, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, i. 149; on the sexual differences of monkeys, ii. 323.
Rutlandshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
S.
Sachs, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, i. 274.
Sacrifices, Human, i. 182.
Sagittal crest in male apes and Australians, ii. 319.
Sahara, birds of the, ii. 172; animal inhabitants of the, ii. 224.
Sailors, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, i. 114; long-sighted, i. 118.
Sailors and soldiers, difference in the proportions of, i. 116.
St. John, Mr., on the attachment of mated birds, ii. 108.
St. Kilda, beards of the inhabitants of, ii. 321.
Salmo eriox, and S. umbla, colouring of the male, during the breeding season, ii. 14.
Salmo lycaodon, ii. 4.
Salmo salar, ii. 4.
Salmon, leaping out of fresh water, i. 83; male, ready to breed before the female, i. 260; proportion of the sexes in, i. 308; male, pugnacity of the, ii. 3; male, characters of, during the breeding season, ii. 3, 14; spawning of the, ii. 19; breeding of immature male, ii. 215.
Salvin, O., on the Humming-birds, i. 269, ii. 168; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in Humming-birds, i. 307, ii. 221; on Chamæpetes and Penelope, ii. 64; on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. 65; on Pipra deliciosa, ii. 66; on Chasmorhynchus, ii. 79.
Samoa Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. 322, 349.
Sand-skipper, i. 334.
Sandwich Islands, variation in the skulls of the natives of the, i. 108;
superiority of the nobles in the, ii. 356.
Sandwich Islanders, lice of, i. 219.
San-Giuliano, women of, ii. 357.
Santali, recent rapid increase of the, i. 133; Mr. Hunter on the, i. 241.
Saphirina, characters of the males of, i. 335.
Sarkidiornis melanonotus, characters of the young, ii. 185.
Sars, O., on Pontoporeia offinis, i. 329.
Saturnia carpini, attraction of males by the female, i. 311.
Saturnia Io, difference of coloration in the sexes of, i. 398.
Saturniidæ, coloration of the, i. 396, 398.
Savage, Dr., on the fighting of the male gorillas, ii. 324; on the habits of the gorilla, ii. 363.
Savage and Wyman, on the polygamous habits of the gorilla, i. 266.
Savages, imitative faculties of, i. 57, 161; causes of low morality of, i. 97; uniformity of, exaggerated, i. 111; long-sighted, i. 118; rate of increase among, usually small, i. 132; retention of the prehensile power of the feet by, i. 142; tribes of, supplanting one another, i. 160; improvements in the arts among, i. 182; arts of, i. 234; fondness of, for rough music, ii. 67; attention paid by, to personal appearance, ii. 338; relation of the sexes among, ii. 363.
Saw-fly, pugnacity of a male, i. 364.
Saw-flies, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.
Saxicola rubicola, young of, ii. 220.
Scalp, motion of the, i. 20.
Scent-glands in snakes, ii. 30.
Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. 26; on the jaw from La Naulette, i. 126; on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges, i. 130; on the mastoid processes of man, i. 143; on modifications of the cranial bones, i. 147; on human sacrifices, i. 182; on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes, i. 201; on the ancient inhabitants of Europe, i. 237; on the effects of use and disuse of parts, i. 247; on the superciliary ridge in man, ii. 316; on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man, ii. 318; on ugliness, ii. 354.
Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus, i. 343.
Schelver, on dragon-flies, i. 363.
Schiodte, on the stridulation of Heterocerus, i. 379.
Schlegel, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples, i. 61.
Schlegel, Prof., on Tanysiptera, ii. 190.
Schleicher, Prof., on the origin of language, i. 56.
Schleiden, Prof., on the rattle-snake, ii. 30.
Schomburgk, Sir R., on the pugnacity of the male musk-duck of Guiana, ii. 43; on the courtship of Rupicola crocea, ii. 87.
Schoolcraft, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. 138.
Sclater, P. L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra, ii. 65; on elongated feathers in nightjars, ii. 73; on the species of Chasmorhynchus, ii. 79; on the plumage of Pelecanus onocrotalus, ii. 85; on the plantain-eaters, ii. 177; on the sexes and young of Tadorna variegata, ii. 206; on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. 290; on the stripes in asses, ii. 305.
Scolecida, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.
Scolopax frenata, tail-feathers of, ii. 64.
Scolopax gallinago, drumming of, ii. 63.
Scolopax javensis, tail-feathers of, ii. 64.
Scolopax major, assemblies of, ii. 101.
Scolopax Wilsonii, sound produced by, ii. 64.
Scolytus, stridulation of, i. 379.
Scoter-duck, black, sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. 226; bright beak of male, ii. 227.
Scott, J., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. 319.
Scrope, on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3; on the battles of stags, ii. 240.
Scudder, S. H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera, i. 353; on the stridulation of the ACRIDIIDÆ, i. 356; on a Devonian insect, i. 360; on stridulation, ii. 331.
Sculpture, expression of the ideal of beauty by, ii. 350.
Sea-anemonies, bright colours of, i. 322.
Sea-bear, polygamous, i. 268.
Sea-elephant, male, structure of the nose of the, ii. 278; polygamous, i. 268.
Sea-lion, polygamous, i. 268.
Seal, bladder-nose, ii. 278.
Seals, their sentinels generally females, i. 74; evidence furnished by, on classification, i. 190; sexual differences in the coloration of, ii. 287; appreciation of music by, ii. 333; battles of male, ii. 240; canine teeth of male, ii. 241; polygamous habits of, i. 268; pairing of, ii. 269; sexual peculiarities of, ii. 277.
Sea-scorpion, sexual differences in, ii. 9.
Season, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the, ii. 80; changes of plumage of birds in relation to, ii. 180.
Seasons, inheritance at corresponding, i. 282.
Sebituani, ii. 340.
Sebright Bantam, i. 294.
Secondary sexual characters, i. 253; relations of polygamy to, i. 266; gradation of, in birds, ii. 135; transmitted through both sexes, i. 279.
Sedgwick, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins, i. 133.
Seemann, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples, ii. 334; on the effects of music, ii. 335.
Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male, ii. 65.
Selby, P. J., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. 269.
Selection, double, i. 276.
Selection of male by female birds, ii. 99, 122.
Selection, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers, i. 112.
Selection, sexual, influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. 403; explanation of, i. 256, 260, 271.
Selection, sexual and natural, contrasted, i. 278.
Self-command, habit of, inherited, i. 92; estimation of, i. 95.
Self-consciousness, i. 62.
Self-preservation, instinct of, i. 89.
Self-sacrifice, by savages, i. 88; estimation of, i. 95.
Semilunar fold, i. 23.
Semnopithecus, i. 197; long hair on the heads of species of, i. 192; ii. 380.
Semnopithecus chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in ii. 291.
Semnopithecus comatus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. 307.
Semnopithecus frontatus, beard, &c., of, ii. 308.
Semnopithecus nasica, nose of, i. 192.
Semnopithecus nemæus, colouring of, ii. 310.
Semnopithecus rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. 306.
Senses, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the, i. 118.
Sentinels, i. 74, 82.
Serpents, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys, i. 37, 42.
Serranus, hermaphroditism in, i. 208.
Sex, inheritance limited by, i. 282.
Sexes, relative proportions of, in man, i. 300, ii. 320; probable relation of the, in primeval man, ii. 362.
Sexual characters, secondary, i. 253; relations of polygamy to, i. 266; transmitted through both sexes, i. 279; gradation of, in birds, ii. 135.
Sexual and natural selection, contrasted, i. 278.
Sexual characters, effects of the loss of, i. 284; limitation of, i. 284.
Sexual differences in man, i. 14.
Sexual selection, explanation of, i. 256, 260, 271; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. 403; action of, in mankind, ii. 368.
Sexual similarity, i. 277.
Sharks, prehensile organs of male, ii. 1.
Sharpe, R. B., on Tanysiptera sylvia, ii. 165; on Ceryle, ii. 173; on the young male of Dacelo Gaudichaudi, ii. 188.
Shaw, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. 3.
Shaw, J., on the decorations of birds, ii. 71.
Sheep, danger-signals of, i. 74; sexual differences in the horns of, i. 283; horns of, i. 289, ii. 246, 259; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. 293; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 304; mode of fighting of, ii. 249; arched foreheads of some, ii. 284.
Sheep, Merino, loss of horns in females of, i. 284; horns of, i. 289.
Shells, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda, i. 324; beautiful colours and shapes of, i. 326.
Shield-drake, pairing with a common duck, ii. 114; New Zealand, sexes and young of, ii. 206.
Shooter, J., on the Kafirs, ii. 347; on the marriage-customs of the Kafirs, ii. 373.
Shrew-mice, odour of, ii. 279.
Shrike, Drongo, ii. 179.
Shrikes, characters of young, ii. 185.
Shuckard, W. E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera, i. 345.
Shyness of adorned male birds, ii. 97.
Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314; dimorphism in males of, i. 374.
Siam, proportion of male and female births in, i. 303.
Siamese, general beardlessness of the, ii. 321; notions of beauty of the, ii. 345; hairy family of, ii. 378.
Siebold, C. T. von, on the auditory apparatus of the stridulant orthoptera, i. 353.
Sight, inheritance of long and short, i. 118.
Signal-cries of monkeys, i. 57.
Silk-moth, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the, i. 346; pairing of the, i. 401; male, fertilising two or three females, i. 406; proportion of the sexes in, i. 309, 311; Ailanthus, Prof. Canestrini, on the destruction of its larvæ by wasps, i. 311.
Simiadæ, i. 195; their origin and divisions, i. 213.
Similarity, sexual, i. 277.
Singing of the Cicadæ and Fulgoridæ, i. 351; of tree-frogs, ii. 27; of birds, object of the, ii. 52.
Sirenia, nakedness of, i. 148.
Sirex juvencus, i. 365.
Siricidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. 365.
Siskin, ii. 85; pairing with a canary, ii. 115.
Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of, ii. 33, 36.
Size, relative, of the sexes of insects, i. 345.
Skin, movement of the, i. 19; nakedness of, in man, i. 148; colour of the, i. 241.
Skin and hair, correlation of colour of, i. 248.
Skull, variation of, in man, i. 108; cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect, i. 145; Neanderthal, capacity of the, i. 146; causes of modification of the, i. 147; difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men, i. 216; variability of the shape of the, i. 226; differences of, in the sexes in man, ii. 317; artificial modifications of the shape of, ii. 340.
Skunk, odour emitted by the, ii. 279.
Slavery, prevalence of, i. 94; of women, ii. 366.
Slaves, difference between those of field and house, i. 246.
Smell, sense of, in man and animals, i. 23.
Smith, Adam, on the basis of sympathy, i. 82.
Smith, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. 13; on an instance of memory in a baboon, i. 45; on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa, i. 242; on the polygamy of the South African antelopes, i. 267; on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus, i. 305; on Bucephalus capensis, ii. 29; on South African lizards, ii. 37; on fighting gnus, ii. 240; on the horns of rhinoceroses, ii. 248; on the fighting of lions, ii. 266; on the colours of the Cape Eland, ii. 288; on the colours of the gnu, ii. 289; on Hottentot notions of beauty, ii. 345.
Smith, F., on the Cynipidæ and Tenthredinidæ, i. 314; on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera, i. 347; on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees, i. 365; on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus, i. 380; on the stridulation of Mononychus pseudacori, i. 382.
Smynthurus luteus, courtship of, i. 348.
Snakes, sexual differences of, ii. 29; male, ardency of, ii. 30.
“Snarling muscles,” i. 127.
Snipe, drumming of the, ii. 63; coloration of the, ii. 226.
Snipe, painted, sexes and young of, ii. 202.
Snipe, solitary, assemblies of, ii. 101.
Snipes, arrival of male before the female, i. 260; pugnacity of male, ii. 43; double moult in, ii. 80.
Snow-goose, whiteness of the, ii. 228.
Social animals, affection of, for each other, i. 76; defence of, by the males, i. 83.
Sociability, the sense of duty connected with, i. 71; impulse to, in animals, i. 79, 80; manifestations of, in man, i. 84; instinct of, in animals, i. 86.
Sociality, probable, of primeval men, i. 155; influence of, on the development of the intellectual faculties, i. 160; origin of, in man, i. 161.
Soldiers, American, measurements of, i. 114.
Soldiers and sailors, difference in the proportions of, i. 116.
Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sack of the females of, ii. 22.
Song of male birds appreciated by their females, i. 63; want of, in brilliant plumaged birds, ii. 94; of birds, ii. 163.
Sorex, odour of, ii. 279.
Sounds admired alike by man and animals, i. 64; produced by fishes, ii. 23; produced by male frogs and toads, ii. 27; instrumentally produced by birds, ii. 63 et seqq.
Spain, decadence of, i. 178.
Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 337, 338.
Sparrow, pugnacity of the male, ii. 40; acquisition of the Linnet’s song by a, ii. 55; coloration of the, ii. 198; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.
Sparrow, white-crowned, young of the, ii. 217.
Sparrows, house- and tree-, ii. 170.
Sparrows, new mates found by, ii. 105.
Sparrows, sexes and young of, ii. 212; learning to sing, ii. 334.
Spathura Underwoodi, ii. 77.
Spawning of fishes, ii. 15, 19.
Spear, origin of the, i. 234.
Species, causes of the advancement of, i. 172; distinctive characters of, i. 214; or races of man, i. 217; sterility and fertility of, when crossed, i. 122; supposed, of man, i. 226; gradation of, i. 227; difficulty of defining, i. 228; representative, of birds, ii. 190, 191; of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct, ii. 192.
Spectre-insects, mimickry of leaves by, i. 414.
Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 361.
Speech, connection between the brain and the faculty of, i. 58.
“Spel” of the black-cock, ii. 60.
Spencer, Herbert, on the dawn of intelligence, i. 37; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on the origin of the moral sense, i. 101; on the influence of food on the size of the jaws, i. 118; on the ratio between individuation and genesis, i. 318; on music, ii. 336.
Sperm-whales, battles of male, ii. 240.
Sphingidæ, coloration of the, i. 396.
Sphinx, Humming-bird, i. 399.
Sphinx, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a, i. 416.
Spiders, i. 337; male, more active than female, i. 272; proportion of the sexes in, i. 314; male, small size of, i. 338.
Spilosoma menthrasti, rejected by turkeys, i. 398.
Spine, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143.
Spirits, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.
Spiritual agencies, belief in, almost universal, i. 65.
Spoonbill, ii. 60; Chinese, change of plumage in, ii. 179.
Spots, retained throughout groups of birds, i. 131; disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. 303.
Sprengel, C. K., on the sexuality of plants, i. 260.
Spring-boc, horns of the, ii. 251.
Sproat, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island, i. 239; on the eradication of facial hair by the natives of Vancouver Island, ii. 348; on the eradication of the beard by the Indians of Vancouver Island, ii. 380.
Spurs, occurrence of, in female fowls, i. 280, 284; development of, in various species of Phasianidæ, i. 290; of Gallinaceous birds, ii. 44, 46; development of, in female Gallinaceæ, ii. 162.
Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of, i. 335.
Squirrels, battles of male, ii. 239; African, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. 286; black, ii. 294.
Stag, long hairs of the throat of, ii. 268; horns of the, i. 279, 282; battles of, ii. 240; horns of the, with numerous branches, ii. 252; bellowing of the, ii. 274; crest of the, ii. 282.
Stag-beetle, large size of male, i. 347; weapons of the male, i. 375; numerical proportion of sexes of, i. 313.
Stainton, H. T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. 310; habits of Elachista rufocinerea, i. 311; on the coloration of moths, i. 397; on the rejection of Spilosoma menthrasti, by turkeys, i. 398; on the sexes of Agrotis exclamationis, i. 399.
Stallion, mane of the, ii. 268.
Stallions, two, attacking a third, i. 75; fighting, ii. 241; small canine teeth of, ii. 258.
Stansbury, Capt., observations on pelicans, i. 77.
Staphylinidæ, hornlike processes in male, i. 374.
Starfishes, bright colours of some, i. 322.
Stark, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts, i. 175; on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. 176; on the higher mortality of males in Scotland, i. 302.
Starling, American field, pugnacity of male, ii. 51.
Starling, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116.
Starlings, three, frequenting the same nest, i. 269, ii. 106; new mates found by, ii. 105.
Statues, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, &c., contrasted, ii. 350.
Stature, dependence of, upon local influences, i. 114.
Staudinger, Dr., his list of Lepidoptera, i. 312; on breeding Lepidoptera, i. 311.
Staunton, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue, i. 96.
Stealing of bright objects by birds, ii. 112.
Stebbing, T. R., on the nakedness of the human body, ii. 375.
Stemmatopus, ii. 278.
Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulating organs of, i. 357.
Sterility, general, of sole daughters, i. 170; when crossed, a distinctive character of species, i. 214.
Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.
Stickle-back, polygamous, i. 271; male, courtship of the, ii. 2; male, brilliant colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. 14; nidification of the, ii. 20.
Sticks used as implements and weapons by monkeys, i. 51.
Sting in bees, i. 254.
Stokes, Capt., on the habits of the great Bower-bird, ii. 70.
Stonechat, young of the, ii. 220.
Stone implements, difficulty of making, i. 138;
as traces of extinct tribes, i. 237.
Stones, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles, i. 140; piles of, i. 233.
Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the, ii. 60; red beak of the, ii. 227.
Storks, ii. 226, 230; sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of, ii. 128.
Strange, Mr., on the Satin Bower-bird, ii. 69.
Stretch, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens, i. 306.
Strepsiceros kudu, horns of, ii. 255; markings of, ii. 300.
Stridulation, by males of Theridion, i. 339; of the Orthoptera and Homoptera discussed, i. 360; of beetles, i. 378.
Stripes, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. 131; disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. 303.
Strix flammea, ii. 105.
Structure, existence of unserviceable modifications of, i. 153.
Struggle for existence, in man, i. 180, 185.
Struthers, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28.
Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male, ii. 51.
Sturnus vulgaris, ii. 105.
Sub-species, i. 227.
Suffering, in strangers, indifference of savages to, i. 94.
Suicide, i. 172; formerly not regarded as a crime, i. 94; rarely practised among the lowest savages, i. 94.
Suidæ, stripes of young, ii. 184.
Sumatra, compression of the nose by the Malays of, ii. 352.
Sumner, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement, i. 49.
Sun-birds, nidification of, ii. 169.
Superstitions, i. 182; prevalence of, i. 99.
Superstitious customs, i. 68.
Superciliary ridge in man, ii. 316, 318.
Supernumerary digits, more frequent in men than in women, i. 276; inheritance of, i. 285; early development of, i. 292.
Supra-condyloid foramen in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.
Suspicion, prevalence of, among animals, i. 39.
Sulivan, Sir B. J., on two stallions attacking a third, ii. 241.
Swallow-tail Butterfly, i. 393.
Swallows deserting their young, i. 84, 90.
Swan, black, red beak of the, ii. 227; black-necked, ii. 230; white, young of, ii. 211; wild, trachea of the, ii. 59.
Swans, ii. 226, 230; young, ii. 208.
Swaysland, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds, i. 259.
Swinhoe, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China, i. 50; on the sounds produced by the male Hoopoe, ii. 62; on Dicrurus macrocercus and the Spoonbill, ii. 179; on the young of Ardeola, ii. 190; on the habits of Turnix, ii. 202; on the habits of Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. 203; on Orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214, 215.
Sylvia atricapilla, young of, ii. 219.
Sylvia cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. 68.
Sympathy, i. 168; among animals, i. 77; its supposed basis, i. 82.
Sympathies, gradual widening of, i. 100.
Syngnathous fishes, abdominal pouch in male, i. 210.
Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male, ii. 64; ear-tufts of, ii. 73.
T.
Tabanidæ, habits of, i. 254.
Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of, ii. 206.
Tadorna vulpanser, ii. 114.
Tahitians, i. 183; compression of the nose by the, ii. 352.
Tail, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. 29; convoluted body in the extremity of the, i. 30; absence of, in man and the higher apes, i. 150, 194; variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons, i. 150; presence of, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206; length of, in pheasants, ii. 156, 164, 166; difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds, ii. 164.
Tait, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168.
Tanager, scarlet, variation in the male, ii. 126.
Tanagra æstiva, ii. 180; age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.
Tanagra rubra, ii. 126; young of, ii. 220.
Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of, i. 255; relations of the sexes in, i. 315; dimorphic males of a species of, i. 328.
Tankerville, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls, ii. 240.
Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males, ii. 190.
Tanysiptera sylvia, long tail-feathers of, ii. 165.
Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male, i. 344.
Tapirs, longitudinal stripes of young, ii. 184, 303.
Tarsi, dilatation of front, in male beetles, i. 343.
Tarsius, i. 200.
Tasmania, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. 220.
Tattooing, i. 232; universality of, ii. 339.
Taste, in the Quadrumana, ii. 296.
Taylor, G. on Quiscalus major, i. 307.
Tea, fondness of monkeys for, i. 12.
Tear-sacks, of Ruminants, ii. 280.
Teebay, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburgh fowls, i. 281.
Teeth, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants, i. 17; posterior molar, in man, i. 25; wisdom, i. 26; diversity of, i. 108; canine, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206; canine, of male mammals, ii. 241; in man, reduced by correlation, ii. 325; staining of the, ii. 339; front, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. 340.
Tegetmeier, Mr., on the abundance of male pigeons, i. 306; on the wattles of game-cocks, ii. 98; on the courtship of fowls, ii. 117; on dyed pigeons, ii. 118.
Tembeta, ii. 341.
Temper, in dogs and horses, inherited, i. 40.
Tench, proportions of the sexes in the, i. 308, 309; brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. 13.
Tenebrionidæ, stridulation of, i. 379.
Tennent, Sir J. E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant, ii. 248, 258; on the frequent absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. 321; on the Chinese opinion of the aspect of the Cingalese, ii. 345.
Tennyson, A., on the control of thought, i. 101.
Tenthredinidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314; fighting habits of male, i. 364; difference of the sexes in, i. 365.
Tephrodornis, young of, ii. 190.
Terai, i. 237.
Termites, habits of, i. 364.
Terns, white, ii. 228; and black, ii. 230.
Terns, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.
Terror, common action of, upon the lower animals and man, i. 39.
Testudo nigra, ii. 28.
Tetrao cupido, battles of, ii. 50; sexual difference in the vocal organs of, ii. 56.
Tetrao phasianellus, dances of, ii. 68; duration of dances of, ii. 100.
Tetrao scoticus, ii. 170, 185, 194.
Tetrao tetrix, ii. 170, 185, 194; pugnacity of the male. ii. 45.
Tetrao umbellus, pairing of, ii. 49; battles of, ii. 50; drumming of the male, ii. 61.
Tetrao urogalloides, dances of, ii. 100.
Tetrao urogallus, pugnacity of the male, ii. 45.
Tetrao urophasianus, inflation of the œsophagus in the male, ii. 57.
Thamnobia, young of, ii. 190.
Thaumalea picta, display of plumage by the male, ii. 89.
Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389.
Thecla rubi, protective colouring of, i. 392.
Theridion, i. 337; stridulation of males of, i. 339.
Theridion lineatum, variability of, i. 338.
Thomisus citreus, and T. floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 337.
Thompson, J. H., on the battles of sperm-whales, ii. 240.
Thompson, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season, ii. 14; on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. 103; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine falcons, ii. 104.
Thorax, processes of, in male beetles, i. 370.
Thorell, T., on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. 315.
Thornback, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the, ii. 6.
Thoughts, control of, i. 101.
Thrush, pairing with a blackbird, ii. 113; colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.
Thrushes, characters of young, ii. 185, 269.
Thug, his regrets, i. 94.
Thumb, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates, i. 140.
Thury, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews, i. 301.
Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sack by the male, i. 208.
Thysanura, i. 348.
Tibia, dilated, of the male Crabro cribrarius, i. 343.
Tibia and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 119.
Tierra del Fuego, marriage-customs of, ii. 373.
Tiger, colours and markings of the, ii. 302.
Tigers, depopulation of districts by, in India, i. 134.
Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.
Timidity, variability of, in the same species, i. 40.
Tineina, proportion of the sexes in, i. 310.
Tipula, pugnacity of male, i. 349.
Tits, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.
Toads, ii. 25; male, treatment of ova by some, i. 210; male, ready to breed before the female, i. 260.
Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo, i. 17.
Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. 174.
Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. 322, 349.
Tooke, Horne, on language, i. 55.
Tools, flint, i. 183; used by monkeys, i. 51; use of, i. 137.
Top-knots in birds, ii. 74.
Tomicus villosus, proportion of the sexes in, i. 314.
Tortoise, voice of the male, ii. 331.
Tortures, submitted to by American savages, i. 95.
Totanus, double moult in, ii. 81.
Toucans, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171; beaks and ceres of the, ii. 227.
Towns, residence in, a cause of diminished stature, i. 115.
Toynbee, J., on the external shell of the ear in man, i. 21.
Trachea, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds, ii. 59; structure of the, in Rhynchæa, ii. 203.
Trades, affecting the form of the skull, i. 147.
Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 288.
Tragelaphus scriptus, dorsal crest of, ii. 282; markings of, ii. 299, 300.
Tragopan, i. 270; swelling of the wattles of the male, during courtship, ii. 72; display of plumage by the male, ii. 91; markings of the sexes of the, ii. 134.
Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 30.
Training, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man, ii. 329.
Transfer of male characters to female birds, ii. 193.
Transmission, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals, ii. 297.
Traps, avoidance of, by animals, i. 49; use of, i. 137.
Treachery, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages, i. 88.
Tremex columbæ, i. 365.
Tribes, extinct, i. 160; extinction of, i. 236.
Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 368.
Trimen, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies, i. 310; on the attraction of males by the female of Lasiocampa quercus, i. 312; on Pneumora, i. 358; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367; on moths brilliantly coloured beneath, i. 397; on mimickry in butterflies, i. 412; on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera, ii. 132; on Cyllo Leda, ii. 133.
Tringa, sexes and young of, ii. 216.
Tringa canutus, ii. 82.
Triphæna, coloration of the species of, i. 395.
Tristram, H. B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa, i. 244; on the habits of the chaffinch in Palestine, i. 307; on the birds of the Sahara, ii. 172; on the animals inhabiting the Sahara, ii. 224.
Triton cristatus, ii. 24.
Triton palmipes, ii. 24.
Triton punctatus, ii. 24, 25.
Troglodytes vulgaris, ii. 198.
Trogons, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 173.
Tropic-birds, white only when mature, ii. 228.
Tropics, freshwater fishes of the, ii. 17.
Trout, proportion of the sexes in, i. 308; male, pugnacity of the, ii. 3.
Trox sabulosus, stridulation of, i. 380.
Truth, not rare between members of the same tribe, i. 95; more highly appreciated by certain tribes, i. 100.
Tulloch, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers, i. 243.
Tumbler, almond, change of plumage in the, i. 294.
Turdus merula, ii. 170; young of, ii. 219.
Turdus migratorius, ii. 185.
Turdus musicus, ii. 170.
Turdus polyglottus, young of, ii. 219.
Turdus torquatus, ii. 170.
Turkey, swelling of the wattles of the male, ii. 72; variety of, with a top-knot, ii. 74; recognition of a dog by a, ii. 110; wild, pugnacity of young male, ii. 48; wild, notes of the, ii. 60; male, wild, acceptable to domesticated females, ii. 119; wild, first advances made by older females, ii. 121; wild, breast-tuft of bristles of the, ii. 179.
Turkey-cock, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground, ii. 61; wild, display of plumage by, ii. 87; fighting habits of, ii. 98.
Turner, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus, i. 19; on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. 28; on muscles attached to the coccyx in man, i. 29; on the filum terminale in man, i. 30; on the variability of the muscles, i. 109; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. 123; on the development of the mammary glands, i. 209; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210.
Turnix, sexes of some species of, ii. 201, 207.
Turtle-dove, cooing of the, ii. 60.
Tuttle, H., on the number of species of man, i. 226.
Tylor, E. B., on emotional cries, gestures, &c., of man, i. 54; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. 181; on the origin of counting, i. 181; on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of man, i. 232.
Type of structure, prevalence of, i. 211.
Typhœus, stridulating organs of, i. 378; stridulation of, i. 380.
Twins, tendency to produce, hereditary, i. 133.
Twite, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307.
U.
Ugliness, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals, ii. 354.
Umbrella-bird, ii. 58, 59.
Umbrina, sounds produced by, ii. 23.
United States, rate of increase in, i. 131; influence of natural selection on the progress of, i. 179; change undergone by Europeans in the, i. 246.
Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male, ii. 62.
Uraniidæ, coloration of the, i. 396.
Uria troile, variety of, (= U. lacrymans), ii. 127.
Urodela, ii. 24.
Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in, ii. 151.
Use and disuse of parts, effects of, i. 116; influence of, on the races of man, i. 247.
Uterus, reversion in the, i. 123; more or less divided, in the human subject, i. 123, 130; double, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.
V.
Vaccination, influence of, i. 168.
Vancouver Island, Mr. Sproat on the savages of, i. 239; natives of, eradication of facial hair by the, ii. 348.
Vanellus cristatus, wing tubercles of the male, ii. 48.
Vanessæ, i. 387; resemblance of lower surface of, to bark of trees, i. 392.
Variability, causes of, i. 111; in man, analogous to that in the lower animals, i. 112; of the races of man, i. 225; greater in men than in women, i. 275; period of, relation of the, to sexual selection, i. 296; of birds, ii. 124; of secondary sexual characters in man, ii. 320.
Variation, correlated, i. 30; laws of, i. 113; in man, i. 185; analogous, i. 194; analogous, in plumage of birds, ii. 74.
Variations, spontaneous, i. 131.
Varieties, absence of, between two species, evidence of their distinctness, i. 215.
Variety, an object in nature, ii. 230.
Variola, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.
Vauréal, i. 29.
Veddahs, monogamous habits of, ii. 363.
Veitch, Mr., on the aversion of Japanese ladies to whiskers, ii. 349.
Vengeance, instinct of, i. 89.
Venus Erycina, priestesses of, ii. 357.
Vermes, i. 327.
Vermiform appendage, i. 27.
Verreaux, M., on the attraction of numerous males by the female of an Australian Bombyx, i. 312.
Vertebræ, caudal, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. 150; of monkeys, partly imbedded in the body, i. 151.
Vertebrata, ii. 1; common origin of the, i. 203; most ancient progenitors of, i. 212; origin of the voice in air-breathing, ii. 331.
Vesicula prostatica, the homologue of the uterus, i. 31, 208.
Vibrissæ, represented by long hairs in the eyebrows, i. 25.
Vidua, ii. 181.
Vidua axillaris, i. 269.
Villerme, M., on the influence of plenty upon stature, i. 115.
Vinson, Aug., on the male of Epeira nigra, i. 338.
Viper, difference of the sexes in the, ii. 29.
Virey, on the number of species of man, i. 226.
Virtues, originally social only, i. 93; gradual appreciation of, i. 165.
Viscera, variability of, in man, i. 109.
Viti Archipelago, population of the, i. 225.
Vlacovich, Prof., on the ischio-pubic muscle, i. 127.
Vocal music of birds, ii. 51.
Vocal organs of man, i. 58; of birds, i. 59; ii. 163; of frogs, ii. 28; of the Insessores, ii. 55; difference of, in the sexes of birds, ii. 56; primarily used in relation to the propagation of the species, ii. 330.
Vogt, Carl, on the origin of species, i. 1; on the origin of man, i. 4; on the semilunar fold in man, i. 23; on the imitative faculties of microcephalous idiots, i. 57; on microcephalous idiots, i. 121; on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. 218; on the evolution of the races of man, i. 230; on the formation of the skull in women, ii. 317; on the Ainos and negroes, ii. 321; on the increased cranial difference of the sexes in man with race-development, ii. 329; on the obliquity of the eye in the Chinese and Japanese, ii. 344.
Voice in mammals, ii. 274; in monkeys and man, ii. 319; in man, ii. 330; origin of, in air-breathing vertebrates, ii. 331.
Von Baer, definition of advancement in the organic scale, i. 211.
Vulpian, Prof., on the resemblance between the brains of man and of the higher apes, i. 11.
Vultures, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116;
colours of, ii. 229.
W.
Waders, young of, ii. 217.
Wagner, R., on the occurrence of the diastema in a Kafir skull, i. 126; on the bronchi of the black stork, ii. 60.
Wagtail, Ray’s, arrival of the male before the female, i. 260.
Wagtails, Indian, young of, ii. 190.
Waist, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.
Waitz, Prof., on the number of species of man, i. 226; on the colour of Australian infants, ii. 318; on the beardlessness of negroes, ii. 321; on the fondness of mankind for ornaments, ii. 338; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243; on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. 346; on Javanese and Cochin Chinese ideas of beauty, ii. 347.
Walckenaer and Gervais, on the Myriapoda, i. 340.
Waldeyer, M., on the hermaphroditism of the vertebrate embryo, i. 207.
Wales, North, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.
Walker, Alex., on the large size of the hands of labourers’ children, i. 117.
Walker, F., on sexual differences in the diptera, i. 348.
Wallace, Dr. A., on the prehensile
use of the tarsi in male moths, i. 256; on the rearing of the Ailanthus silk-moth, i. 311; on breeding Lepidoptera, i. 311; proportion of sexes of Bombyx cynthia, B. yamamai, and B. Pernyi, reared by, i. 313; on the development of Bombyx cynthia and B. yamamai, i. 346; on the pairing of Bombyx cynthia, i. 401; on the fertilisation of moths, i. 406.
Wallace, A. R., on the origin of man, i. 4; on the power of imitation in man, i. 39; on the use of missiles by the orang, i. 52; on the varying appreciation of truth among different tribes, i. 100; on the limits of natural selection in man, i. 137, 158; on the occurrence of remorse among savages, i. 165; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168; on the use of the convergence of the hair at the elbow in the orang, i. 193; on the contrast in the characters of the Malays and Papuans, i. 216; on the line of separation between the Papuans and Malays, i. 218; on the sexes of Ornithoptera Crœsus, i. 310; on protective resemblances, i. 322; on the relative sizes of the sexes of insects, i. 346; on Elaphomyia, i. 349; on the Birds of Paradise, i. 269; on the pugnacity of the males of Leptorhynchus angustatus, i. 375; on sounds produced by Euchirus longimanus, i. 381; on the colours of Diadema, i. 388; on Kallima, i. 392; on the protective colouring of moths, i. 394; on bright coloration as protective in butterflies, i. 395; on variability in the Papilionidæ, i. 402; on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. 403; on the protective nature of the dull colouring of female butterflies, i. 403, 405, 414; on mimickry in butterflies, i. 412; on the mimickry of leaves by Phasmidæ, i. 414; on the bright colours of caterpillars, i. 416; on brightly-coloured fishes frequenting reefs, ii. 17; on the coral snakes, ii. 31; on Paradisea apoda, ii. 74, 78; on the display of plumage by male Birds of Paradise, ii. 88; on assemblies of Birds of Paradise, ii. 101; on the instability of the ocellated spots in Hipparchia Janira, ii. 132; on sexually limited inheritance, ii. 155; on the sexual coloration of birds, ii. 166, 196, 197, 200, 206; on the relation between the colours and nidification of birds, ii. 166, 171; on the coloration of the Cotingidæ, ii. 177; on the females of Paradisea apoda and papuana, ii. 193; on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. 204; on protective coloration in birds, ii. 223; on the hair of the Papuans, ii. 340; on the Babirusa, ii. 264; on the markings of the tiger, ii. 302; on the beards of the Papuans, ii. 322; on the distribution of hair on the human body, ii. 375.
Walrus, development of the nictitating membrane in the, i. 23; tusks of the, ii. 241, 248; use of the tusks by the, ii. 257.
Walsh, B. D., on the proportion of the sexes in Papilio Turnus, i. 310; on the Cynipidæ and Cecidomyidæ, i. 314; on the jaws of Ammophila, i. 342; on Corydalis cornutus, i. 342; on the prehensile organs of male insects, i. 342; on the antennæ of Penthe, i. 343; on the caudal appendages of dragon-flies, i. 344; on Platyphyllum concavum, i. 356; on the sexes of the Ephemeridæ, i. 361; on the difference of colour in the sexes of Spectrum femoratum, i. 361; on sexes of dragon-flies, i. 361; on the difference of the sexes in the Ichneumonidæ, i. 365; on the sexes of Orsodacna atra, i. 368; on the variation of the horns of the male Phanæus carnifex, i. 370; on the coloration of the species of Anthocharis, i. 393.
Wapiti, battles of, ii. 240; traces of horns in the female, ii. 245; attacking a man, ii. 253; crest of the male, ii. 282; sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 289.
Warbler, Hedge-, ii. 198;
young of the, ii. 209.
Warblers, Superb, nidification of, ii. 169.
Wariness, acquired by animals, i. 50.
Warington, R., on the habits of the sticklebacks, ii. 2, 20; on the brilliant colours of the male stickleback during the breeding season, ii. 14.
Wart-hog, tusks and pads of the, ii. 265.
Watchmakers, short-sighted, i. 118.
Water-hen, ii. 40.
Waterhouse, C. O., on blind beetles, i. 367; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367.
Waterhouse, G. R., on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 332.
Water-ouzel, autumn song of the, ii. 54.
Waterton, C., on the pairing of a Canada goose with a Bernicle gander, ii. 114; on hares fighting, ii. 239; on the Bell-bird, ii. 79.
Wattles, disadvantageous to male birds in fighting, ii. 98.
Wealth, influence of, i. 169.
Weale, J. Mansel, on a South African caterpillar, i. 416.
Weapons, employed by monkeys, i. 51; use of, i. 137; offensive, of males, i. 257; of mammals, ii. 241 et seq.
Weaver-bird, ii. 54.
Weaver-birds, rattling of the wings of, ii. 62; assemblies of, ii. 101.
Webb, Dr., on the wisdom teeth, i. 25.
Wedgwood, Hensleigh, on the origin of language, i. 56.
Weevils, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. 255.
Weir, Harrison, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in pigs and rabbits, i. 305; on the sexes of young pigeons, i. 306; on the songs of birds, ii. 52; on pigeons, ii. 109; on the dislike of blue pigeons to other coloured varieties, ii. 118; on the desertion of their mates by female pigeons, ii. 119.
Weir, J. Jenner, on the nightingale and blackcap, i. 259; on the relative sexual maturity of male birds, i. 261; on female pigeons deserting a feeble mate, i. 262; on three starlings frequenting the same nest, i. 269; on the proportion of the sexes in Machetes pugnax and other birds, i. 306, 307; on the coloration of the Triphænæ, i. 395; on the rejection of certain caterpillars by birds, i. 417; on sexual differences of the beak in the goldfinch, ii. 40; on a piping bullfinch, ii. 52; on the object of the nightingale’s song, ii. 52; on song-birds, ii. 53; on the pugnacity of male fine-plumaged birds, ii. 93; on the courtship of birds, ii. 94; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine-falcons and Kestrels, ii. 104; on the bullfinch and starling, ii. 105; on the cause of birds remaining unpaired, ii. 107; on starlings and parrots living in triplets, ii. 107; on recognition of colour by birds, ii. 110; on hybrid birds, ii. 113; on the selection of a greenfinch by a female canary, ii. 115; on a case of rivalry of female bullfinches, ii. 121; on the maturity of the Golden pheasant, ii. 213.
Weisbach, Dr., measurement of men of different races, i. 216; on the greater variability of men than of women, i. 275; on the relative proportions of the body in the sexes of different races of man, ii. 320.
Welcker, M., on Brachycephaly and Dolichocephaly, i. 148; on sexual differences in the skull in man, ii. 317.
Wells, Dr., on the immunity of coloured races from certain poisons, i. 243.
Westring, on the stridulation of Reduvius personatus, i. 350; on the stridulating organs of the Coleoptera, i. 382; on sounds produced by Cychrus, i. 382; on the stridulation of males of Theridion, i. 339; on the stridulation of beetles, i. 379; on the stridulation of Omaloplia brunnea, i. 381.
Westphalia, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. 301.
Westropp, H. M., on the prevalence of certain forms of ornamentation, i. 233.
Westwood, J. O., on the classification of the Hymenoptera, i. 188; on the Culicidæ and Tabanidæ, i. 254; on a Hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. 272; on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus cervus and Siagonium, i. 313; on the absence of ocelli in female mutillidæ, i. 341; on the jaws of Ammophila, i. 342; on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. 342; on the male of Crabro cribrarius, i. 343; on the pugnacity of male Tipulæ i. 349; on the stridulation of Pirates stridulus, i. 350; on the Cicadæ, i. 351; on the stridulating organs of the crickets, i. 354; on Pneumora, i. 357; on Ephippiger vitium, i. 355, 358; on the pugnacity of the Mantides, i. 360; on Platyblemnus, i. 361; on difference in the sexes of the Agrionidæ, i. 362; on the pugnacity of the males of a species of Tenthredinæ, i. 364; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375; on Bledius taurus and Siagonium, i. 375; on lamellicorn beetles, i. 378; on the coloration of Lithosia, i. 396.
Whale, Sperm-, battles of male, ii. 240.
Whales, nakedness of, i. 148.
Whately, Archb., language not peculiar to man, i. 53; on the primitive civilisation of man, i. 181.
Whewell, Prof., on maternal affection, i. 40.
Whiskers, in monkeys, i. 192.
White, Gilbert, on the proportion of the sexes in the partridge, i. 306; on the house-cricket, i. 352; on the object of the song of birds, ii. 52; on the finding of new mates by white owls, ii. 105; on spring coveys of male partridges, ii. 107.
Whiteness, a sexual ornament in some birds, ii. 232; of mammals inhabiting snowy countries, ii. 298.
White-throat, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. 68.
Widow-bird, polygamous, i. 269; breeding plumage of the male, ii. 84, 97; female, rejecting the unadorned male, ii. 120.
Widows and widowers, mortality of, i. 176.
Wigeon, pairing with a pintail duck, ii. 114.
Wilckens, Dr., on the modification of domestic animals in mountainous regions, i. 120; on a numerical relation between the hairs and excretory pores in sheep, i. 248.
Wilder, Dr. Burt, on the greater frequency of supernumerary digits in men than in women, i. 276.
Williams, on the marriage-customs of the Fijians, ii. 374.
Wilson, Dr., on the conical heads of the natives of North-Western America, ii. 351; on the Fijians, ii. 352; on the persistence of the fashion of compressing the skull, ii. 353.
Wing-spurs, ii. 162.
Wings, differences of, in the two sexes of butterflies and Hymenoptera, i. 345; play of, in the courtship of birds, ii. 95.
Winter, change of colour of mammals in, ii. 298.
Witchcraft, i. 68.
Wives, traces of the forcible capture of, i. 182.
Wolf, winter change of the, ii. 298.
Wolff, on the variability of the viscera in man, i. 109.
Wollaston, T. V., on Eurygnathus, i. 344; on musical curculionidæ, i. 378; on the stridulation of Acalles, i. 384.
Wolves learning to bark from dogs, i. 44; hunting in packs, i. 75.
Wolves, black, ii. 294.
Wombat, black varieties of the, ii. 294.
Women distinguished from men by male monkeys, i. 13; preponderance of, in numbers, i. 302; effects of selection of, in accordance with different standards of beauty, ii. 355; practice of capturing, ii. 360, 364; early betrothals and slavery of, ii. 366; selection of, for beauty, ii. 372; freedom of selection by, in savage tribes, ii. 372.
Wonder, manifestations of, by animals, i. 42.
Wonfor, Mr., on sexual peculiarities in the wings of butterflies, i. 345.
Woolner, Mr., observations on the ear in man, i. 22.
Wood, J., on muscular variations in man, i. 109, 128, 129; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. 275.
Wood, T. W., on the colouring of the orange-tip butterfly, i. 394; on the habits of the Saturniidæ, i. 398; on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. 56; on Tetrao cupido, ii. 56; on the display of plumage by male pheasants, ii. 89; on the ocellated spots of the Argus pheasant, ii. 144; on the habits of the female Cassowary, ii. 204.
Woodcock, coloration of the, ii. 226.
Woodpecker, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116.
Woodpeckers, ii. 56; tapping of, ii. 62; colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 174, 223; characters of young, ii. 185, 199, 209.
Wormald, Mr., on the coloration of Hypopyra, i. 397.
Wounds, healing of, i. 13.
Wren, ii. 198; young of the, ii. 209.
Wright, C. A., on the young of Orocetes and Petrocincla, ii. 220.
Wright, Chauncey, on correlative acquisition, ii. 335; on the enlargement of the brain in man, ii. 391.
Wright, Mr., on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261; on sexual preference in dogs, ii. 271; on the rejection of a horse by a mare, ii. 272.
Wright, W. von, on the protective plumage of the Ptarmigan, ii. 81.
Writing, i. 182.
Wyman, Prof., on the prolongation of the coccyx in the human embryo, i. 16; on the condition of the great toe in the human embryo, i. 17; on variation in the skulls of the natives of the Sandwich Islands, i. 108; on the hatching of the eggs in the mouths and branchial cavities of male fishes, i. 210, ii. 20.
X.
Xenarchus, on the Cicadæ, i. 350.
Xenorhynchus, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. 129.
Xiphophorus Hellerii, peculiar anal fin of the male, ii. 9, 10.
Xylocopa, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.
Y.
Yarrell, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidæ, i. 309; on Raia clavata, ii. 2; on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season, ii. 4, 14; on the characters of the rays, ii. 6; on the gemmeous dragonet, ii. 8; on the spawning of the salmon, ii. 19; on the incubation of the Lophobranchii, ii. 21; on rivalry in song-birds, ii. 53; on the trachea of the swan, ii. 60; on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. 85; on an instance of reasoning in a gull, ii. 108; on the young of the waders, ii. 217.
Yellow fever, immunity of negroes and mulattoes from, i. 243.
Youatt, Mr., on the development of the horns in cattle, i. 284.
Yura-caras, their notions of beauty, ii. 347.
Z.
Zebra, rejection of an ass by a female, ii. 295; stripes of the, ii. 302.
Zebus, humps of, i. 284.
Zigzags, prevalence of, as ornaments, i. 233.
Zincke, Mr., on European emigration to America, i. 179.
Zootoca vivipara, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 36.
Zygænidæ, coloration of the, i. 396.
THE END.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.
50a, Albemarle Street, London January, 1871.