Chapter XXI · (continued 2)

Cystophora cristata, hood of, ii. 278.

D.

Dacelo, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.

Dacelo Gaudichaudi, young male of, ii. 188.

Dal-ripa, a kind of ptarmigan, i. 306.

Damalis albifrons, peculiar markings of, ii. 301.

Damalis pygarga, peculiar markings of, ii. 300.

Dampness of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. 116, 242.

Danaidæ, i. 387.

Dances of birds, ii. 68.

Dancing, i. 232.

Daniell, Dr., his experience of residence in West Africa, i. 245.

Darfur, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. 339.

Darwin, F., on the stridulation of Dermestes murinus, i. 379.

Dasychira pudibunda, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

Davis, A. H., on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375.

Davis, J. B., on the capacity of the skull in various races of men, i. 146; on the beards of the Polynesians, ii. 322.

Death-rate higher in towns than in rural districts, i. 175.

Death-tick, i. 384.

De Candolle, Alph., on a case of inherited power of moving the scalp, i. 20.

Declensions, origin of, i. 61.

Decoration in birds, ii. 71.

Decticus, i. 355.

Deer, spots of young, ii. 184, 303; horns of, ii. 243, 248; use of horns of, ii. 252, 263; size of the horns of, ii. 259; female, pairing with one male, whilst others are fighting for her, ii. 269; male, attracted by the voice of the female, ii. 276; male, odour emitted by, ii. 279; development of the horns in, i. 288; horns of a, in course of modification, ii. 255.

Deer, Axis, sexual, difference in the colour of the, ii. 290.

Deer, fallow, different coloured herds of, ii. 295.

Deer, Mantchurian, ii. 303.

Deer, Virginian, ii. 303; colour of the, not affected by castration, ii. 288; colours of, ii. 289.

Deerhound, Scotch, greater size of the male, i. 293, ii. 260.

Defensive organs of mammals, ii. 263.

De Geer, C., on a female spider destroying a male, i. 339.

Dekay, Dr., on the bladder-nose seal, ii. 278.

Demerara, yellow fever in, i. 243.

Dendrocygna, ii. 185.

Dendrophila frontalis, young of, ii. 220.

Denny, H., on the lice of domestic animals, i. 219.

Dermestes murinus, stridulation of, i. 379.

Descent traced through the mother alone, ii. 359.

Deserts, protective colouring of animals inhabiting, ii. 224.

Desmarest, on the absence of suborbital pits in Antilope subgutturosa, ii. 280; on the whiskers of Macacus, ii. 283; on the colour of the opossum, ii. 286; on the colours of the sexes of Mus minutus, ii. 286; on the colouring of the ocelot, ii. 287; on the colours of seals, ii. 287; on Antilope caama, ii. 289; on the colours of goats, ii. 290; on sexual difference of colour in Ateles marginatus, ii. 291; on the mandrill, ii. 293; on Macacus cynomolgus, ii. 318.

Desmoulins, on the number of species of man, i. 226; on the musk-deer, ii. 281.

Desor, on the imitation of man by monkeys, i. 44.

Despine, P., on criminals destitute of conscience, i. 92.

Development, embryonic, of man, i. 14, 16; correlated, ii. 130.

Devil, not believed in by the Fuegians, i. 67.

Devil-crab, i. 332.

Devonian, fossil insect from the, i. 360.

Dewlaps, of cattle and antelopes, ii. 284.

Diadema, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 388.

Diadema anomala, mimickry by the female of, i. 413.

Diadema bolina, i. 413.

Diamond-beetles, bright colours of, i. 367.

Diastema, occurrence of, in man, i. 126.

Diastylidæ, proportion of the sexes in, i. 315.

Diodorus, on the absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. 321.

Dicrurus, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73; nidification of, ii. 167.

Dicrurus macrocercus, change of plumage in, ii. 179.

Didelphis opossum, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

Differences, comparative, between different species of birds of the same sex, ii. 192.

Digits, supernumerary, more frequent in men than in women, i. 276; supernumerary, inheritance of, i. 285; supernumerary, early development of, i. 292.

Dimorphism in females of water-beetles, i. 343; in Neurothemis and Agrion, i. 363.

Dipelicus Cantori, sexual differences of, i. 369.

Diplopoda, prehensile limbs of the male, i. 340.

Dipsas cynodon, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 29.

Diptera, i. 348.

Disease, generated by the contact of distinct peoples, i. 239.

Diseases common to man and the lower animals, i. 11; difference of liability to, in different races of men, i. 216; new, effects of, upon savages, i. 238; sexually limited, i. 292.

Display, coloration of Lepidoptera for, i. 395; of plumage by male birds, ii. 86, 96.

Distribution, wide, of man, i. 137; geographical, as evidence of specific distinctness in man, i. 218.

Disuse, effects of, in producing rudimentary organs, i. 18; and use of parts, effects of, i. 116; of parts, influence of, on the races of men, i. 247.

Divorce, freedom of, among the Charruas, ii. 372.

Dixon, E. S., on the habits of the guinea-fowl, i. 270; on the pairing of different species of geese, ii. 114; on the courtship of peafowl, ii. 121.

Dobrizhoffer, on the marriage-customs of the Abipones, ii. 374.

Dogs, suffering from Tertian ague, i. 13; memory of, i. 45; domestic, progress of, in moral qualities, i. 50; distinct tones uttered by, i. 54; parallelism between his affection for his master and religious feeling, i. 68; sociability of the, i. 74; sympathy of, with a sick cat, i. 77; sympathy of, with his master, i. 77; possible use of the hair on the forelegs of the, i. 193; races of the, i. 229; diverging when drawing sledges over thin ice, i. 40; dreaming, i. 46, 158; exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. 48; their possession of conscience, i. 78; numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 304; sexual affection between individuals of, ii. 270; howling at certain notes, ii. 333; rolling in carrion, ii. 281.

Dolichocephalic structure, possible cause of, i. 148.

Dolphins, nakedness of, i. 148.

Domestic animals, races of, i. 229; change of breeds of, ii. 369.

Domestication, influence of, in removing the sterility of hybrids, i. 222.

D’Orbigny, A., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. 242; on the Yura-caras ii. 347.

Dotterel, ii. 203.

Doubleday, E., on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. 345.

Doubleday, H., on the proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. 311; on the attraction of the males of Lasiocampa quercus and Saturnia carpini by the female, i. 312; on the proportion of the sexes in the Lepidoptera, i. 312; on the ticking of Anobium tessellatum, i. 385; on the structure of Ageronia feronia, i. 387; on white butterflies alighting upon paper, i. 400.

Douglas, J. W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera, i. 349; on the colours of British Homoptera, i. 352.

Down, of birds, ii. 80.

Draco, gular appendages of, ii. 33.

Dragonet, Gemmeous, ii. 7.

Dragon-flies, caudal appendages of male, i. 344; relative size of the sexes of, i. 347; difference in the sexes of, i. 361; want of pugnacity by the male, i. 364.

Drake, breeding plumage of the, ii. 84.

Dreams, i. 46; a possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66.

Drill, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. 291.

Dromœus irroratus, ii. 204.

Dromolæa, Saharan species of, ii. 172.

Drongo shrike, ii. 179.

Drongos, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of, ii. 73, 83.

Dryness, of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. 242.

Dryopithecus, i. 199.

Duck, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the, ii. 213; breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

Duck, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females, ii. 122.

Duck, pintail, pairing with a wigeon, ii. 114.

Duck, voice of the, ii. 60; pairing with a shield-drake, ii. 114; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

Duck, wild, sexual differences in the, i. 268; speculum and male characters of, i. 291; pairing with a pintail drake, ii. 115.

Ducks, dogs and cats recognised by, ii. 110; wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication, i. 270.

Dugong, tusks of, ii. 242; nakedness of, i. 148.

Dujardin, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia in insects, i. 145.

Duncan, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages, i. 174.

Dupont, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29.

Durand, J. P., on causes of variation, i. 113.

Dureau de la Malle, on the songs of birds, i. 55; on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds, ii. 55.

Dutch, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa, i. 242.

Duty, sense of, i. 70.

Duvaucel, female Hylobates washing her young, i. 40.

Dyaks, pride of, in mere homicide, i. 94.

Dynastes, large size of males of, i. 347.

Dynastini, stridulation of, i. 381.

Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of, i. 343; grooved elytra of the female, i. 343.

E.

Eagle, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop, i. 75.

Eagle, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

Eagles, golden, new mates found by, ii. 105.

Ear, motion of the, i. 20; external shell of the, useless in man, i. 21; rudimentary point of the, in man, i. 22.

Ears, piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. 341.

Echidna, i. 201.

Echini, bright colours of some, i. 322.

Echinodermata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 321.

Ecker, figure of the human embryo, i. 15; on sexual differences in the pelvis in man, ii. 317; on the presence of a sagittal crest in Australians, ii. 319.

Edentata, former wide range of, in America, i. 219; absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.

Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. 73.

Edwards, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio, i. 309.

Egerton, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. 252; on the pairing of red deer, ii. 269; on the bellowing of stags, ii. 275.

Eggs, hatched by male fishes, ii. 20.

Egret, Indian, sexes and young of, ii. 217.

Egrets, breeding plumage of, ii. 82; white, ii. 228.

Ehrenberg, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon, ii. 267.

Ekström, M., on Harelda glacialis, ii. 122.

Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male, i. 311.

Eland, development of the horns of the, i. 289.

Elands, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 288.

Elaphomyia, sexual differences in, i. 349.

Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of, i. 379.

Elaps, ii. 31.

Elateridæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. 313.

Elaters, luminous, i. 345.

Elephant, i. 200; nakedness of the, i. 148; rate of increase of the, i. 135; Indian, polygamous habits of the, i. 267; pugnacity of the male, ii. 240; tusks of, ii. 242, 243, 248, 249, 258; Indian, mode of fighting, of the, ii. 257; male, odour emitted by the, ii. 279; attacking white or grey horses, ii. 295.

Elevation of abode, modifying influence of, i. 120.

Elimination of inferior individuals, i. 172.

Elk, ii. 249;

winter change of the, ii. 299.

Elk, Irish, horns of the, ii. 259.

Ellice Islands, beards of the natives, ii. 322, 349.

Elliot, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats, i. 305; on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. 305.

Elliott, D. G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, ii. 80.

Elliott, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar, i. 267.

Ellis, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia, ii. 364.

Elphinstone, Mr., on local differences of stature among the Hindoos, i. 115; on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India, i. 215.

Elytra, of the females of Dytiscus, Acilius, Hydroporus, i. 343.

Emberiza, characters of young, ii. 184.

Emberiza miliaria, ii. 185.

Emberiza schœniculus, ii. 111; head-feathers of the male, ii. 95.

Embryo of man, i. 14, 15; of the dog, i. 15.

Embryos of mammals, resemblance of the, i. 32.

Emigration, i. 172.

Emotions experienced by the lower animals in common with man, i. 39; manifested by animals, i. 42.

Emperor moth, i. 398.

Emulation of singing-birds, ii. 53.

Emu, sexes and incubation of, ii. 204.

Endurance, estimation of, i. 95.

Energy, a characteristic of men, ii. 328.

England, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 300.

Engleheart, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings, ii. 106.

English, success of, as colonists, i. 179.

Engravers, short-sighted, i. 118.

Entomostraca, i. 332.

Entozoa, difference of colour between the males and females of some, i. 321.

Eocene, possible divergence of man during the, i. 200.

Eolidæ, colours of, produced by the biliary glands, i. 323.

Epeira, i. 337.

Epeira nigra, small size of the male of, i. 338.

Ephemeræ, i. 341.

Ephemeridæ, i. 361.

Ephemerina, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314.

Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of, i. 354, 358.

Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 388.

Equus hemionus, winter change of, ii. 298.

Erateina, coloration of, i. 397.

Erect attitude of man, i. 141, 142.

Eschricht, on the development of hair in man, i. 24; on a lanuginous moustache in a female fœtus, i. 25; on the want of definition between the scalp and the forehead in some children, i. 192; on the arrangement of the hair in the human fœtus, i. 193; on the hairiness of the face in the human fœtus of both sexes, ii. 379, 380.

Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.

Esox lucius, i. 308.

Esox reticulatus, ii. 14.

Esquimaux, i. 157, 167; their belief in the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. 117; mode of life of, i. 246.

Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male, ii. 49.

Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. 389.

Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by, i. 381.

Eudromias morinellus, ii. 203.

Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female, ii. 168.

Euler, on the rate of increase in the United States, i. 131.

Eumomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of, ii. 73.

Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female, ii. 168.

Euphema splendida, ii. 174.

Euplocamus erythropthalmus, possession of spurs by the female, ii. 46.

Euplœa midamas, mimickry of, by the female of Diadema anomala, i. 413.

Europe, ancient inhabitants of, i. 237.

Europeans, difference of, from Hindoos, i. 240; hairiness of, probably due to reversion, ii. 378.

Eurostopodus, sexes of, ii. 206.

Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of, i. 344.

Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of, ii. 39; young of, ii. 220.

Exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. 351.

Exogamy, ii. 360, 364.

Expression, resemblances in, between man and the apes, i. 191.

Extinction of races, causes of, i. 238.

Eye, destruction of the, i. 116; change of position in, i. 147; obliquity of, regarded as a beauty by the Chinese and Japanese, ii. 345.

Eyebrows, elevation of, i. 19; development of long hairs in, i. 25; in monkeys, i. 192; eradicated in parts of South America and Africa, ii. 340; eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. 348.

Eyelids, coloured black, in part of Africa, ii. 339.

Eyelashes, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. 348.

Eyes, difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds, ii. 128; pillared, of the male of Chloëon, i. 341.

Eyton, T. C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow-deer, i. 288.

Eyzies, Les, human remains from, i. 237.

F.

Fabre, M., on the habits of Cerceris, i. 364.

Facial bones, causes of modification of the, i. 147.

Faculties, mental, variation of, in the same species, i. 36; diversity of, in the same race of men, i. 109; inheritance of, i. 110; diversity of, in animals of the same species, i. 110; of birds, ii. 108.

Fakirs, Indian, tortures undergone by, i. 96.

Falco leucocephalus, ii. 214.

Falco peregrinus, ii. 104, 179.

Falco tinnunculus, ii. 109.

Falcon, peregrine, new mate found by, ii. 104.

Falconer, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant, ii. 257; on canines in a female deer, ii. 258; on Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. 304.

Falkland islands, horses of, i. 236.

Fallow-deer, different coloured herds of, ii. 295.

Famines, frequency of, among savages, i. 333.

Farr, Dr., on the structure of the uterus, i. 123; on the effects of profligacy, i. 173; on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. 175.

Farrar, F. W., on the origin of language, i. 56; on the crossing or blending of languages, i. 60; on the absence of the idea of God in certain races of men, i. 65; on early marriages of the poor, i. 173; on the middle ages, i. 178.

Fashions, long prevalence of, among savages, ii. 343, 352.

Faye, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia, i. 301; on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth, i. 302.

Feathers, modified, producing sounds, ii. 63 et seqq., 163; elongated, in male birds, ii. 72, 97; racket-shaped, ii. 73; barbless and with filamentous barbs in certain birds, ii. 74; shedding of margins of, ii. 85.

Feeding, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. 115.

Feet, modification of, in man, i. 141; thickening of the skin on the soles of the, i. 118.

Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of, ii. 267.

Felis pardalis and F. mitis, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. 287.

Female, behaviour of the, during courtship, i. 273.

Female birds, differences of, ii. 193.

Females, presence of rudimentary male organs in, i. 208; preference of, for certain males, i. 262; pursuit of, by males, i. 272; occurrence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 276; development of male characters by, i. 280.

Females and males, comparative mortality of, while young, i. 264, 276; comparative numbers of, i. 261, 263.

Femur and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 119.

Ferguson, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. 118.

Fertilization, phenomena of, in plants, i. 273; in the lower animals, i. 274.

Fevers, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from, i. 243.

Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of, ii. 298.

Fidelity of savages to one another, i. 95; importance of, i. 162.

Field-slaves, difference of, from house-slaves, i. 246.

Fijians, burying their old and sick parents alive, i. 77; estimation of the beard among the, ii. 349; admiration of, for a broad occiput, ii. 352.

Fiji Islands, beards of the natives, ii. 322, 349; marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.

Filial affection, partly the result of natural selection, i. 81.

Filum terminale, i. 30.

Finch, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.

Finches, spring change of colour in, ii. 85; British, females of the, ii. 193.

Fingers, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates, i. 140.

Finlayson, on the Cochin Chinese, ii. 345.

Fire, use of, i. 137, 183, 234.

Fischer, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes, i. 376.

Fish, proportion of the sexes in, i. 307; eagerness of male, i. 272.

Fishes, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo, i. 16; male, hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210; receptacles for ova possessed by, i. 254; relative size of the sexes in, ii. 7; freshwater, of the tropics, ii. 17; protective resemblances in, ii. 18; nest-building, ii. 19; spawning of, ii. 19; sounds produced by, ii. 23, 331; continued growth of, ii. 216.

Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man, i. 129.

Flint tools, i. 183.

Flints, difficulty of chipping into form, i. 138.

Florida, Quiscalus major in, i. 307.

Flounder, coloration of the, ii. 18.

Flower, W. H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. 128; on the position of the Seals, i. 190; on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. 58.

Fly-catchers, colours and nidification of, ii. 170.

Fœtus, human, woolly covering of the, i. 25; arrangement of the hair on, i. 193.

Food, influence of, upon stature, i. 115.

Foot, prehensile, in the early progenitors of man, i. 206; prehensile power of the, retained in some savages, i. 142.

Foramen, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man, i. 28, 130; in the early progenitors of man, i. 206.

Forbes, D., on the Aymara Indians, i. 119; on local variation of colour in the Quechuas, i. 246; on the hairlessness of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. 322; on the long hair of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. 320, 348.

Forel, F., on white young swans, ii. 211.

Formica rufo, size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145.

Fossils, absence of, connecting man with the apes, i. 201.

Fowl, occurrence of spurs in the female, i. 280; game, early pugnacity of, i. 295; Polish, early development of cranial peculiarities of, i. 295; variations in plumage of, ii. 74; examples of correlated development in the, ii. 130; domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. 178.

Fowls, spangled Hamburgh, i. 281, 294; sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex, i. 283; loss of secondary sexual characters by male, i. 284; inheritance of changes of plumage by, i. 281; Polish, origin of the crest in, i. 284; period of inheritance of characters by, i. 294; cuckoo-, i. 294; development of the comb in, i. 295; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306; courtship of, ii. 117; mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens, ii. 131; pencilled Hamburgh, difference of the sexes in, ii. 158; Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in, ii. 158; spurred, in both sexes, ii. 162.

Fox, W. D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird, i. 270; on the proportion of the sexes in cattle, i. 305; on the pugnacity of the peacock, ii. 46; on a nuptial assembly of magpies, ii. 102; on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. 104; on partridges living in triplets, ii. 107; on the pairing of a goose with a Chinese gander, ii. 114.

Foxes, wariness of young, in hunting districts, i. 50; black, ii. 294.

France, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

Francesco, B., on the Simian resemblances of man, i. 4.

Fraser, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. 335.

Fringilla cannabina, ii. 86.

Fringilla ciris, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.

Fringilla cyanea, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213.

Fringilla leucophrys, young of, ii. 217.

Fringilla spinus, ii. 115.

Fringilla tristis, change of colour in, in spring, ii. 85; young of, ii. 216.

Fringillidæ, resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. 192.

Frogs, ii. 25; male, temporary receptacles for ova possessed by, i. 254; ready to breed before the females, i. 260; vocal organs of, ii. 28.

Frontal bone, persistence of the suture in, i. 124.

Fruits, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. 36.

Fuegians, i. 167, 181; mental capacity of the, i. 34; quasi-religious sentiments of the, i. 67; power of sight in the, i. 118; skill of, in stone-throwing, i. 138; resistance of the, to their severe climate, i. 156, 237; difference of stature among the, i. 115; mode of life of the, i. 246; resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans, i. 232; aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. 348; said to admire European women, ii. 351.

Fulgoridæ, songs of the, i. 351.

Fur, whiteness of, in arctic animals, in winter, i. 282.

Fur-bearing animals, acquired sagacity of, i. 50.

G.

Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in, ii. 128.

Gallicrex cristatus, red caruncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season, ii. 80.

Gallinaceæ, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the, i. 269; love-gestures of, ii. 68; decomposed feathers in, ii. 74; stripes of young, ii. 184; comparative sexual differences between the species of, ii. 192, 194; plumage of, ii. 195.

Gallinaceous birds, weapons of the male, ii. 44; racket-shaped feathers on the heads of, ii. 73.

Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of male, ii. 40.

Gallinula cristata, pugnacity of the male, ii. 41.

Galloperdix, spurs of, ii. 46; development of spurs in the female, ii. 162.

Gallophasis, young of, ii. 190.

Gallus bankiva, ii. 158; neck-hackles of, ii. 84.

Gallus Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male, ii. 44.

Galls, i. 152.

Galton, Mr., on the struggle between the social and personal impulses, i. 104; on hereditary genius, i. 111; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 168; on the sterility of sole daughters, i. 170; on the degree of fertility of people of genius, i. 171; on the early marriages of the poor, i. 173; on the ancient Greeks, i. 177; on the Middle Ages, i. 178; on the progress of the United States, i. 179; on South African notions of beauty, ii. 347.

Gammarus, use of the chelæ of, i. 331.

Gammarus marinus, i. 334.

Gannets, white only when mature, ii. 228.

Ganoidei, i. 204.

Ganoid fishes, i. 212.

Gaour, horns of the, ii. 247.

Gap between man and the apes, i. 200.

Gaper, sexes and young of, ii. 217.

Gardner, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus, i. 334.

Garrulus glandarius, ii. 104.

Gärtner, on sterility of hybrid plants, i. 223.

Gasteropoda, i. 324; pulmoniferous, courtship of, i. 324.

Gasterosteus, i. 271; nidification of, ii. 20.

Gasterosteus leiurus, ii. 2, 14, 20.

Gasterosteus trachurus, ii. 2.

Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath, i. 397.

Gauchos, want of humanity among the, i. 101.

Gaudry, M., on a fossil monkey, i. 197.

Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.

Geese, clanging noise made by, ii. 51; pairing of different species of, ii. 114; Canada, selection of mates by, ii. 116.

Gegenbaur, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. 125; on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata, i. 207.

Gelasimus, use of the enlarged chela of the male, i. 331; pugnacity of males of, i. 333; proportions of the sexes in a species of, i. 315; rational actions of a, i. 334; difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 336.

Gemmules, sexual selection of, i. 285.

Genesis, i. 318.

Genius, ii. 328; hereditary, i. 111.

Genius, fertility of men and women of, i. 171.

Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. 13; on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. 29; on monstrosities, i. 113; on animal-like anomalies in the human structure, i. 125; on the correlation of monstrosities, i. 130; on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys, i. 149; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; on correlated variability, i. 151; on the classification of man, i. 186; on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus, i. 192; on the hair in monkeys, i. 194; on the development of horns in female deer, ii. 244; and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill, ii. 293; on Hylobates, ii. 318, 320.

Geographical distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man, i. 218.

Geometræ, brightly coloured beneath, i. 397.

Geophagus, frontal protuberance of male, ii. 13, 20; eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity, ii. 200.

Georgia, change of colour in Germans settled in, i. 246.

Geotrupes, stridulation of, i. 380, 382.

Gerbe, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, ii. 19.

Gerland, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide, i. 94; ii. 344, 364;

on the extinction of races, i. 237, 238.

Gervais, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla, i. 149; on the mandrill, ii. 293.

Gesture-language, i. 232.

Ghost-moth, sexual difference of colour in the, i. 399, 402.

Gibb, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men, ii. 330.

Gibbon, Hoolock, nose of, i. 192.

Gibbons, voice of, ii. 276.

Giraffe, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. 274; its mode of using the horns, ii. 250.

Giraud-Teulon, on the cause of short sight, i. 118.

Glanders, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.

Glands, odoriferous, in mammals, ii. 279, 281.

Glareola, double moult in, ii. 80.

Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 340.

Glowworm, female, apterous, i. 255; luminosity of the, i. 345.

Gnats, dances of, i. 349.

Gnu, sexual differences in the colour of the, ii. 289.

Goat, male, wild, falling on his horns, ii. 249; male, odour emitted by, ii. 279; male, wild, crest of the, ii. 282; Berbura, mane, dewlap, &c., of the male, ii. 284; Kemas, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. 289.

Goats, sexual differences in the horns of, i. 283; horns of, i. 289, ii. 246; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. 293; beards of, ii. 282; mode of fighting of, ii. 249, 250.

Goat-sucker, Virginian, pairing of the, ii. 49.

Gobies, nidification of, ii. 20.

God, want of the idea of, in some races of men, i. 65.

Godron, M., on variability, i. 112; on difference of stature, i. 115; on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. 241; on the odour of the skin, i. 248; on the colour of infants, ii. 318.

Goldfinch, ii. 56, 85; proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307; sexual differences of the beak in the, ii. 39; courtship of the, ii. 95.

Goldfinch, North American, young of, ii. 216.

Gold-Fish, ii. 16.

Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in, i. 314; difference in the sexes of, i. 362.

Gonepteryx Rhamni, i. 393; sexual difference of colour in, i. 409.

Goodsir, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians, i. 205.

Goosander, young of, ii. 189.

Goose, Antarctic, colours of the, ii. 228.

Goose, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander, ii. 114.

Goose, Chinese, knob on the beak of the, ii. 129.

Goose, Egyptian, ii. 46.

Goose, Sebastopol, plumage of, ii. 74.

Goose, Snow-, whiteness of the, ii. 228.

Goose, Spur-winged, ii. 46.

Gorilla, ii. 323; semi-erect attitude of the, i. 142; mastoid processes of the, i. 143; direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. 192; supposed evolution of the, i. 230; polygamy of the, i. 266, ii. 361, 362; voice of the, ii. 276; cranium of, ii. 318; fighting of male, ii. 324.

Gosse, P. H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-birds, ii. 40.

Gosse, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull, ii. 380.

Gould, B. A., on variation in the length of the legs in man, i. 108; measurements of American soldiers, i. 114, 116; on the proportions of the body and capacity of the lungs in different races of men, i. 216; on the inferior vitality of mulattoes, i. 221.

Gould, J., on the arrival of male snipes before the females, i. 260; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. 306; on Neomorpha, ii. 39; on the species of Eustephanus, ii. 39; on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. 39; on the relative size of the sexes in Biziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis, ii. 43; on Lobivanellus lobatus, ii. 48; on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. 56; on the rarity of song in brilliant birds, ii. 58; on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. 65; on the Bower-birds, ii. 69, 102; on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds, ii. 78; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. 83; on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds, ii. 86; on the shyness of adorned male birds, ii. 97; on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds, ii. 112; on the decoration of their nests by Humming-birds, ii. 112; on variation in the genus Cynanthus, ii. 125; on the colour of the thighs in a male parrakeet, ii. 126; on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. 151, 152; on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. 168; on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, ii. 169; on Trogons and Kingfishers, ii. 173; on Australian parrots, ii. 174; on Australian pigeons, ii. 175; on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. 181; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.; on the Australian species of Turnix, ii. 201; on the young of Aithurus polytmus, ii. 220; on the colours of the bills of Toucans, ii. 227; on the relative size of the sexes in the Marsupials of Australia, ii. 260; on the colours of the Marsupials, ii. 286.

Goureau, on the stridulation of Mutilla europæa, i. 366.

Gout, sexually transmitted, i. 292.

Graba, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands, ii. 126; on the Bridled Guillemot, ii. 127.

Gradation of secondary sexual characters in birds, ii. 135.

Grallatores, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 270; double moult in some, ii. 81.

Grallina, nidification of, ii. 169.

Grasshoppers, stridulation of the, i. 356.

Gratiolet, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes, i. 196; on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes, i. 230.

Gray, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositæ, i. 227.

Gray, J. E., on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cervulus moschatus, ii. 245; on the horns of goats and sheep, ii. 246; on the beard of the Ibex, ii. 283; on the Berbura goat, ii. 285; on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents, ii. 286; on the colours of the Elands, ii. 288; on the Sing-sing antelope, ii. 289; on the colours of goats, ii. 290; on the Hog-deer, ii. 303.

“Greatest happiness principle,” i. 97, 98.

Greeks, ancient, i. 177.

Green, A. H., on beavers fighting, ii. 239; on the voice of the beaver, ii. 277.

Greenfinch, selected by a female canary, ii. 115.

Greg, W. R., on the early marriages of the poor, i. 173; on the Ancient Greeks, i. 178; on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. 167.

Grenadiers, Prussian, i. 112.

Grey, Sir G., on female infanticide in Australia, ii. 364.

Greyhounds, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 263, 265; numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 304.

Grouse, red, monogamous, i. 269; pugnacity of young male, ii. 48; producing a sound by scraping their wings upon the ground, ii. 61; duration of courtship of, ii. 100; colours and nidification of, ii. 170.

Grube, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28.

Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213; breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

Grus virgo, trachea of, ii. 60.

Gryllus campestris, i. 353; pugnacity of male, i. 360.

Gryllus domesticus, i. 354.

Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in, ii. 39.

Guanacoes, battles of, ii. 239; canine teeth of, ii. 257.

Guanas, strife for women among the, ii. 324; polyandry among the, ii. 366.

Guanche skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of, i. 29.

Guaranys, proportion of men and women among, i. 302; colour of newborn children of the, ii. 318; beards of the, ii. 322.

Guenée, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra, i. 310.

Guilding, L., on the stridulation of the LOCUSTIDÆ, i. 352.

Guillemot, variety of the, ii. 127.

Guinea, sheep of, with males only horned, i. 289.

Guinea-fowl, monogamous, i. 269; occasional polygamy of the, i. 270; markings of the, ii. 134.

Guinea-pigs, inheritance of the effects of operations by, ii. 380.

Gull, instance of reasoning in a, ii. 108.

Gulls, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228; white, ii. 228.

Günther, Dr., on hermaphroditism in Serranus, i. 208; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. 210, ii. 20; on mistaking infertile female fishes for males, i. 308; on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes, ii. 2; on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout, ii. 3; on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. 7; on sexual differences in fishes, ii. 8 et seqq.; on the genus Callionymus, ii. 9; on a protective resemblance in a Pipe-fish, ii. 18; on the genus Solenostoma, ii. 22; on Megalophrys montana, ii. 26; on the coloration of frogs and toads, ii. 26; on sexual differences in the Ophidia, ii. 29; on differences of the sexes of lizards, ii. 32 et seqq.

Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of, ii. 132.

Gypsies, uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. 242.

H.

Habits, bad, facilitated by familiarity, i. 101; variability of the force of, i. 183.

Häckel, E., on the origin of man, i. 4; on rudimentary characters, i. 17; on the canine teeth in man, i. 126; on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. 28; on the steps by which man became a biped, i. 142; on man as a member of the Catarrhine group, i. 199; on the position of the Lemuridæ, i. 202; on the genealogy of the Mammalia, i. 203; on the lancelet, i. 204; on the transparency of pelagic animals, i. 323; on the musical powers of women, ii. 337.

Hagen, H., and Walsh, B. D., on American neuroptera, i. 314.

Hair, development of, in man, i. 24; character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat, i. 116; distribution of, in man, i. 149, ii. 375; possibly removed for ornamental purposes, i. 149; arrangement and direction of, i. 192; of the early progenitors of man, i. 206; different texture of, in distinct races, i. 216; and skin, correlation of colour of, i. 248; development of, in mammals, ii. 281; management of, among different peoples, ii. 340; great length of, in some North American tribes, ii. 348; elongation of the, on the human head, ii. 380.

Hairiness, difference of, in the sexes, in man, ii. 320; variation of, in races of men, ii. 321.

Hairs and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep, i. 248.

Hairy family, Siamese, ii. 378.

Hamadryas baboon, turning over stones, i. 75; mane of the male, ii. 267.

Hamilton, C., on the cruelty of the Kafirs to animals, i. 94; on the engrossment of the women by the Kafir chiefs, ii. 369.

Hammering, difficulty of, i. 138.

Hancock, A., on the colours of the nudibranch mollusca, i. 326.

Hands, larger at birth, in the children of labourers, i. 117; structure of, in the quadrumana, i. 139; and arms, freedom of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. 144.

Handwriting, inherited, i. 58.

Harcourt, E. Vernon, on Fringilla cannabina, ii. 86.

Harelda glacialis, ii. 122.

Hare, protective colouring of the, ii. 298. Hares, battles of male, ii. 239.

Harlan, Dr., on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. 246.

Harris, J. M., on the relation of complexion to climate, i. 245.

Harris, T. W., on the Katy-did locust, i. 353; on the stridulation of the grasshoppers, i. 357; on Œcanthus nivalis, i. 361; on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. 396; on the colouring of Saturnia Io, i. 398.

Harry-long-legs, pugnacity of male, i. 349.

Hartman, Dr., on the singing of Cicada septendecim, i. 351.

Haughton, S., on a variation of the flexor pollicis longus in man, i. 129.

Hawks, feeding orphan nestling, ii. 107.

Hayes, Dr., on the diverging of sledge-dogs on thin ice, i. 46.

Head, altered position of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. 143; hairiness of, in man, i. 149; processes of, in male beetles, i. 370; artificial alterations of the form of the, ii. 351.

Hearne, on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. 324; on the North American Indians’ notion of female beauty, ii. 344; repeated elopements of a North American woman, ii. 372.

Heart, in the human embryo, i. 16.

Heat, supposed effects of, i. 116.

Hectocotyle, i. 325.

Hedge-warbler, ii. 198; young of the, ii. 209.

Heel, small projection of, in the Aymara Indians, i. 120.

Hegt, M., on the development of the spurs in peacocks, i. 290.

Heliconidæ, i. 387; mimickry of, by other butterflies, i. 411.

Heliopathes, stridulation peculiar to the male, i. 383.

Heliothrix auriculata, young of, ii. 188, 189.

Helix pomatia, example of individual attachment in, i. 325.

Hellins, J., proportions of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. 313.

Helmholtz, on the vibration of the auditory hairs of crustacea, ii. 333.

Hemiptera, i. 349.

Hemitragus, beardless in both sexes, ii. 283.

Hepburn, Mr., on the autumn song of the water-ouzel, ii. 54.

Hepialus humuli, sexual difference of colour in the, i. 399, 402.

Herbs, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. 36.

Hermaphroditism of embryos, i. 207.

Herodias bubulcus, vernal moult of, ii. 84.

Heron, love-gestures of a, ii. 68.

Heron, Sir R., on the habits of peafowl, ii. 119, 120, 152.

Herons, decomposed feathers in, ii. 74; breeding plumage of, ii. 82, 83; young of the, ii. 208; sometimes dimorphic, ii. 214; continued growth of crest and plumes in the males of some, ii. 216; change of colour in some, ii. 231.

Hetærina, difference in the sexes of, i. 362; proportion of the sexes in, i. 314.

Heterocerus, stridulation of, i. 379.

Hewitt, Mr. on a game-cock killing a kite, ii. 44; on the recognition of dogs and cats by ducks, ii. 110; on the pairing of a wild duck with a pintail drake, ii. 115; on the courtship of fowls, ii. 117; on the coupling of pheasants with common hens, ii. 122.

Hindoo, his horror of breaking his caste, i. 99, 103.

Hindoos, local difference of stature among, i. 115; difference of, from Europeans, i. 240; colour of the beard in, ii. 319.

Hipparchia Janira, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. 132.

Hipparchiæ, i. 387.

Hippocampus, development of, i. 210; marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.

Hippopotamus, nakedness of, i. 148.

Hips, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.

Hodgson, S., on the sense of duty, i. 71.

Hoffberg, on the horns of the reindeer, ii. 244; on sexual preferences shown by reindeer, ii. 273.

Hog, wart-, ii. 265; river-, ii. 266.

Hog-deer, ii. 303.

Holland, Sir H., on the effects of new diseases, i. 238.

Homologous structures, correlated variation of, i. 130.

Homoptera, i. 350;

stridulation of the, and orthoptera, discussed, i. 360.

Honduras, Quiscalus major in, i. 307.

Honey-buzzard of India, variation in the crest of, ii. 126.

Honey-suckers, moulting of the, ii. 83; Australian, nidification of, ii. 169.

Honour, law of, i. 99.

Hooker, Jos., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. 319.

Hoolock Gibbon, nose of, i. 192.

Hoopoe, ii. 56; sounds produced by the male, ii. 62.

Hoplopterus armatus, wing-spurs of, ii. 48.

Hornbill, African, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, ii. 72.

Hornbills, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. 129; nidification and incubation of, ii. 169.

Horne, C., on the rejection of a brightly-coloured locust by lizards and birds, i. 361.

Horns, of deer, ii. 243, 248, 259; and canine teeth, inverse development of, ii. 257; sexual differences of, in sheep and goats, i. 283; loss of, in female merino sheep, i. 284; development of, in deer, i. 288; development of, in antelopes, i. 289; from the head and thorax, in male beetles, i. 370.

Horse, polygamous, i. 267; canine teeth of male, ii. 241; winter change of the, ii. 298; fossil, extinction of the, in South America, i. 239.

Horses, dreaming, i. 46; rapid increase of, in South America, i. 135; diminution of canine teeth in, i. 144; of the Falkland Islands and Pampas, i. 236; numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 263, 265; lighter in winter in Siberia, i. 282; sexual preferences in, ii. 272; pairing preferentially the same colour, ii. 295; numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 303; formerly striped, ii. 305.

Hottentot women, peculiarities of, i. 225.

Hottentots, lice of, i. 220; readily become musicians, ii. 334; notions of female beauty of the, ii. 345; compression of nose by, ii. 352.

House-slaves, difference of, from field-slaves, i. 246.

Huber, P., on ants playing together, i. 39; on memory in ants, i. 45; on the intercommunication of ants, i. 58; on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, i. 365.

Huc, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, ii. 345.

Human kingdom, i. 186.

Human sacrifices, i. 68.

Humanity, unknown among some savages, i. 94; deficiency of, among savages, i. 101.

Humboldt, A. von, on the rationality of mules, i. 48; on a parrot preserving the language of a lost tribe, i. 236; on the cosmetic arts of savages, ii. 339, 340; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. 351; on the red painting of American Indians, ii. 352.

Hume, D., on sympathetic feelings, i. 85.

Humming-bird, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73; display of plumage by the male, ii. 86.

Humming-birds, ornament their nests, i. 63, ii. 112; polygamous, i. 269; proportion of the sexes in, i. 307, ii. 221; sexual differences in, ii. 39, 40, 151; pugnacity of male, ii. 40; modified primaries of male, ii. 65; coloration of the sexes of, ii. 78; young of, ii. 220; nidification of the, ii. 168; colours of female, ii. 168.

Humphreys, H. N., on the habits of the Stickle-back, i. 271, ii. 2.

Hunger, instinct of, i. 89.

Huns, ancient, flattening of the nose by the, ii. 352.

Hunter, J., on the number of species of man, i. 226; on secondary sexual characters, i. 253; on the general behaviour of female animals during courtship, i. 273; on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, ii. 55; on the curled frontal hair of the Bull, ii. 282; on the rejection of an ass by a female zebra, ii. 295.

Hunter, W. W., on the recent rapid increase of the Santali, i. 133; on the Santali, i. 241.

Hussey, Mr., on a partridge distinguishing persons, ii. 110.

Hutchinson, Col., example of reasoning in a retriever, i. 48.

Hutton, Capt., on the male wild goat falling on his horns, ii. 249.

Huxley, T. H., on the structural agreement of man with the apes, i. 3; on the agreement of the brain in man with that of lower animals, i. 10; on the adult age of the Orang, i. 13; on the embryonic development of man, i. 14; on the origin of man, i. 4, 17; on variation in the skulls of the natives of Australia, i. 108; on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. 128; on the position of man, i. 191; on the sub-orders of primates, i. 195; on the Lemuridæ, i. 202; on the Dinosauria, i. 204; on the amphibian affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. 204; on variability of the skull in certain races of man, i. 226; on the races of man, i. 229.

Hybrid birds, production of, ii. 113.

Hydrophobia communicable between man and the lower animals, i. 11.

Hydroporus, dimorphism of females of, i. 343.

Hyelaphus porcinus, ii. 303.

Hygrogonus, ii. 21.

Hyla, singing species of, ii. 27.

Hylobates, maternal affection in a, i. 40; absence of the thumb in, i. 140; upright progression of some species of, i. 143; direction of the hair on the arms of species of, i. 192; females of, less hairy below than males, ii. 320.

Hylobates agilis, i. 140; hair on the arms of, i. 193; musical voice of the, ii. 277; superciliary ridge of, ii. 318; voice of, ii. 332.

Hylobates hoolock, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 291.

Hylobates lar, i. 140; hair on the arms of, i. 193.

Hylobates leuciscus, i. 140.

Hylobates syndactylus, i. 140; laryngeal sac of, ii. 276.

Hymenoptera, i. 364; large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145; classification of, i. 188; sexual differences in the wings of, i. 345; aculeate, relative size of the sexes of, i. 347.

Hymenopteron, parasitic, with a sedentary male, i. 272.

Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. 304.

Hyperythra, proportion of the sexes in, i. 310.

Hypogymna dispar, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

Hypopyra, coloration of, i. 397.

I.

Ibex, male, falling on his horns, ii. 249; beard of the, ii. 283.

Ibis, scarlet, young of the, ii. 208; white, change of colour of naked skin in, during the breeding season, ii. 80.

Ibis tantalus, age of mature plumage in, ii. 213; breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214, 215.

Ibises, decomposed feathers in, ii. 74; white, ii. 228, and black, ii. 230.

Ichneumonidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. 365.

Ichthyopterygia, i. 125.

Ichthyosaurians, i. 204.

Ideas, general, i. 62.

Idiots, microcephalous, imitative faculties of, i. 57; microcephalous, their characters and habits, i. 121.

Iguana tuberculata, ii. 32.

Iguanas, ii. 32.

Illegitimate and legitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.

Imagination, existence of, in animals, i. 45.

Imitation, i. 39; of man by monkeys, i. 44; tendency to, in monkeys, microcephalous idiots and savages, i. 56; influence of, i. 161.

Immature plumage of birds, ii. 183, 187.

Implacentata, i. 202.

Implements, employed by monkeys, i. 51;

fashioning of, peculiar to man, i. 52.

Impregnation, period of, influence of, upon sex, i. 303.

Improvement, progressive, man alone supposed to be capable of, i. 49.

Incisor teeth, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. 340.

Increase, rate of, i. 131; necessity of checks in, i. 135.

Indecency, hatred of, a modern virtue, i. 96.

India, difficulty of distinguishing the native races of, i. 215; Cyprinidæ of, ii. 17; colour of the beard in races of men of, ii. 319.

Indian, North American, honoured for scalping a man of another tribe, i. 93.

Individuality, i. 62.

Individuation, i. 318.

Indopicus carlotta, colours of the sexes of, ii. 175.

Infanticide, prevalence of, i. 94, 134; supposed cause of, ii. 344; prevalence and causes of, ii. 363 et seq.

Inferiority, supposed physical, of man, i. 156.

Inflammation of the bowels, occurrence of, in Cebus Azaræ, i. 12.

Inheritance, i. 110; of effects of use of vocal and mental organs, i. 58; of moral tendencies, i. 102, 104; of long and short sight, i. 118; laws of, i. 279; sexual, i. 285; sexually limited, ii. 154.

Inquisition, influence of the, i. 179.

Insanity, hereditary, i. 111.

Insect, fossil, from the Devonian, i. 360.

Insectivora, ii. 286; absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. 268.

Insects, relative size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. 145; male, appearance of, before the females, i. 260; pursuit of female, by the males, i. 272; period of development of sexual characters in, i. 291; secondary sexual characters of, i. 341; stridulation of, ii. 331.

Insessores, vocal organs of, ii. 55.

Instep, depth of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.

Instinct and intelligence, i. 37.

Instinct, migratory, vanquishing the maternal, i. 83, 90.

Instinctive actions, the result of inheritance, i. 80.

Instinctive impulses, difference of the force of, i. 87, 89; and moral impulses, alliance of, i. 88.

Instincts, i. 36; complex origin of, through natural selection, i. 38; possible origin of some, i. 38; acquired, of domestic animals, i. 79; variability of the force of, i. 83; difference of force between the social and other, i. 89, 104; utilised for new purposes, ii. 335.

Instrumental music of birds, ii. 61, 66.

Intellect, influence of, in natural selection in civilised society, i. 171.

Intellectual faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. 158; probably perfected through natural selection, i. 160.

Intelligence, Mr. H. Spencer on the dawn of, i. 37.

Intemperance, no reproach among savages, i. 96; its destructiveness, i. 172.

Intoxication in monkeys, i. 12.

Iphias glaucippe, i. 394.

Iris, sexual difference in the colour of the, in birds, ii. 72, 128.

Ischio-pubic muscle, i. 127.

Ithaginis cruentus, number of spurs in, ii. 46.

Iulus, tarsal suckers of the males of, i. 340.

J.

Jackals learning to bark from dogs, i. 44.

Jack-snipe, coloration of the, ii. 226.

Jacquinot, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

Jaeger, Dr., on the difficulty of approaching herds of wild animals, i. 74; on the increase of length in bones, i. 116; on the deposition of a male Silver pheasant on account of spoiled plumage, ii. 120.

Jaguars, black, ii. 294.

Janson, E. W., on the proportions of the sexes in Tomicus villosus, i. 314; on stridulant beetles, i. 379.

Japan, encouragement of licentiousness in, i. 134.

Japanese, general beardlessness of the, ii. 321; aversion of the, to whiskers, ii. 349.

Jardine, Sir W., on the Argus pheasant, ii. 72, 97.

Jarrold, Dr., on modifications of the skull induced by unnatural position, i. 147.

Javanese, relative height of the sexes of, ii. 320; notions of female beauty, ii. 347.

Jaw, influence of the muscles of the, upon the physiognomy of the apes, i. 144.

Jaws, smaller in the same ratio with the extremities, i. 117; influence of food upon the size of, i. 118; diminution of, in man, i. 144; in man, reduced by correlation, ii. 325.

Jay, young of the, ii. 209; Canada, young of the, ii. 209.

Jays, new mates found by, ii. 104; distinguishing persons, ii. 110.

Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, on the form of the shell in the sexes of the Gasteropoda, i. 324; on the influence of light upon the colours of shells, i. 326.

Jelly-fish, bright colours of some, i. 322.

Jenner, Dr., on the voice of the rook, ii. 61; on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. 103; on retardation of the generative organs in birds, ii. 107.

Jenyns, L., on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. 84; on male birds singing after the proper season, ii. 107.

Jerdon, Dr., on birds dreaming, ii. 46; on the pugnacity of the male bulbul, ii. 41; on the pugnacity of the male Ortygornis gularis, ii. 44; on the spurs of Galloperdix, ii. 46; on the habits of Lobivanellus, ii. 48; on the spoonbill, ii. 60; on the drumming of the Kalij pheasant, ii. 63; on Indian bustards, ii. 65; on Otis bengalensis, ii. 69; on the ear-tufts of Sypheotides auritus, ii. 73; on the double moults of certain birds, ii. 82; on the moulting of the honey-suckers, ii. 83; on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and drongos, ii. 84; on display in male birds, ii. 86; on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. 86; on the display of the under tail-coverts by the male bulbul, ii. 96; on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. 126; on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, ii. 129; on the markings of the Tragopan pheasant, ii. 134; on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. 168; on the nidification of the hornbills, ii. 169; on the Sultan yellow-tit, ii. 174; on Palæornis javanicus, ii. 180; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seq.; on representative species of birds, ii. 190; on the habits of Turnix, ii. 202; on the continued increase of beauty of the peacock, ii. 216; on coloration in the genus Palæornis, ii. 231.

Jevons, W. S., on the migrations of man, i. 135.

Jews, ancient, use of flint tools by the, i. 183; uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. 242; numerical proportion of male and female births among the, i. 301; ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. 339.

Johnstone, Lieut., on the Indian elephant, i. 268.

Jollofs, fine appearance of the, ii. 357.

Jones, Albert, proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera, reared by, i. 313.

Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, ii. 221.

Junonia, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 389.

Jupiter, Greek statues of, ii. 350.

K.

Kafir skull, occurrence of the diastema in a, i. 126.

Kafirs, their cruelty to animals, i. 94; lice of the, i. 220; colour of the, ii. 347; engrossment of the handsomest women by the chiefs of the, ii. 369; marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.

Kalij pheasant, drumming of the male, ii. 62; young of, ii. 190.

Kallima, resemblance of, to a withered leaf, i. 392.

Kalmucks, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349; marriage-customs of the, ii. 373.

Kangaroo, great red, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

Kant, Imm., on duty, i. 70; on self-restraint, i. 86; on the number of species of man, i. 226.

Katy-did, stridulation of the, i. 352.

Keller, Dr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. 138.

Kestrels, new mates found by, ii. 104.

Kidney, i. 116.

King, W. R., on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. 56; on the drumming of grouse, ii. 63; on the reindeer, ii. 244; on the attraction of male deer by the voice of the female, ii. 276.

King and Fitzroy, on the marriage-customs of the Fuegians, ii. 374.

King-crows, nidification of, ii. 167.

Kingfisher, ii. 56; racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.

Kingfishers, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171, 173, 176; immature plumage of the, ii. 188, 190; young of the, ii. 209.

King Lory, ii. 174; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

Kingsley, C., on the sounds produced by Umbrina, ii. 23.

Kirby and Spence, on the courtship of insects, i. 272; on sexual differences in the length of the snout in curculionidæ, i. 255; on the elytra of Dytiscus, i. 343; on peculiarities in the legs of male insects, i. 344; on the relative size of the sexes in insects, i. 345; on the luminosity of insects, i. 345; on the Fulgoridæ, i. 351; on the habits of Termites, i. 364; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. 367; on the horns of the male lamellicorn beetles, i. 371; on hornlike processes in male curculionidæ, i. 374; on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. 375.

Kite, killed by a game-cock, ii. 44.

Knot, retention of winter plumage by the, ii. 82.

Knox, R., on the semilunar fold, i. 23; on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 28; on the features of the young Memnon, i. 217.

Koala, length of the cæcum in, i. 27.

Kölreuter, on the sterility of hybrid plants, i. 223.

Kobus ellipsiprymnus, proportion of the sexes in, i. 305.

Koodoo, development of the horns of the, i. 289; markings of the, ii. 300.

Köppen, F. T., on the migratory locust, i. 352.

Kordofan, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. 339.

Kowalevsky, A., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. 205.

Kowalevsky, W., on the pugnacity of the male Capercailzie, ii. 45; on the pairing of the Capercailzie, ii. 49.

Krause, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. 30.

Kuppfer, Prof., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. 205.

L.

Labidocera Darwinii, prehensile organs of the male, i. 329.

Labrus, splendid colours of the species of, ii. 16.

Labrus mixtus, sexual differences in, ii. 9.

Labrus pavo, ii. 16.

Lacertilia, sexual differences of, ii. 32.

Lafresnaye, M. de, on Birds of Paradise, ii. 78.

Lamarck, on the origin of man, i. 4.

Lamellibranchiata, i. 324.

Lamellicorn beetles, hornlike processes from the head and thorax of, i. 370, 373; analogy of, to Ruminants, i. 373; influence of sexual selection on, i. 377.

Lamellicornia, stridulation of, i. 380.

Lamont, Mr., on the tusks of the Walrus, ii. 242; on the use of its tusks by the Walrus, ii. 257.

Lampornis porphyrurus, colours of the female, ii. 168.

Lancelet, i. 204, 212.

Landois, H., on the production of sound by the Cicadæ, i. 351; on the stridulating organ of the Crickets, i. 354; on Decticus, i. 355; on the stridulating organs of the Acridiidæ, i. 356; on the presence of rudimentary stridulating organs in some female Orthoptera, i. 359; on the stridulation of Necrophorus, i. 378; on the stridulant organ of Cerambyx heros, i. 380; on the stridulating organs in the Coleoptera, i. 382; on the ticking of Anobium, i. 385; on the stridulant organ of Geotrupes, i. 380.

Language an art, i. 55; articulate, origin of, i. 56; relation of the progress of, to the development of the brain, i. 57; effects of inheritance in production of, i. 58; complex structure of, among barbarous nations, i. 61; natural selection in, i. 61; gesture, i. 232; primeval, i. 235; of a lost tribe preserved by a parrot, i. 236.

Languages, presence of rudiments in, i. 60; classification of, i. 60; variability of, i. 60; crossing or blending of, i. 60; complexity of, no test of perfection or proof of special creation, i. 62; resemblance of, evidence of community of origin, i. 189.

Languages and species, identity of evidence of their gradual development, i. 59.

Lanius, ii. 180; characters of young, ii. 185.

Lanius rufus, anomalous young of, ii. 211.

Lankester, E. R., on comparative longevity, i. 168, 171; on the destructive effects of intemperance, i. 173.

Lanugo, of the human fœtus, i. 25; ii. 375.

Lapponian language, highly artificial, i. 61.

Lark, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307; female, singing of the, ii. 54.

Larks, attracted by a mirror, ii. 112.

Lartet, E., on the size of the brain in mammals, i. 51; comparison of cranial capacities of skulls of recent and tertiary mammals, i. 146; on Dryopithecus, i. 199.

Larus, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. 228.

Larva, luminous, of a Brazilian beetle, i. 345.

Larynx, muscles of the, in song-birds, ii. 55.

Lasiocampa quercus, attraction of males by the female, i. 311; sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

Latham, R. G., on the migrations of man, i. 136.

Latooka, perforation of the lower lip by the women of, ii. 341.

Laurillard, on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. 124.

Lawrence, W., on the superiority of savages to Europeans in power of sight, i. 118; on the colour of negro infants, ii. 318; on the fondness of savages for ornaments, ii. 338; on beardless races, ii. 349; on the beauty of the English aristocracy, ii. 357.

Layard, E. L., on an instance of rationality in a Cobra, ii. 30; on the pugnacity of Gallus Stanleyi, ii. 44.

Laycock, Dr., on vital periodicity, i. 12.

Leaves, decaying, tints of, i. 323.

Lecky, Mr., on the sense of duty, i. 71; on suicide, i. 94; on the practice of celibacy, i. 96; his view of the crimes of savages, i. 97; on the gradual rise of morality, i. 103.

Leconte, J. L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini, i. 381.

Lee, H., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. 308.

Leg, calf of the, artificially modified, ii. 340.

Legitimate and illegitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. 302.

Legs, variation of the length of the, in man, i. 108; proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 116; fore, atrophied in some male butterflies, i. 344; peculiarities of, in male insects, i. 344.

“Lek” of the black-cock and capercailzie, ii. 100.

Lemoine, Albert, on the origin of language, i. 56.

Lemur macaco, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 290.

Lemuridæ, i. 195; their origin, i. 213; position and derivation of the, i. 202; ears of the, i. 23; variability of the muscles in the, i. 128.

Lemurs, uterus in the, i. 123; tailless species of, i. 194.

Leopards, black, ii. 294.

Lepidoptera, i. 386; numerical proportions of the sexes in the, i. 309; colouring of, i. 387; ocellated spots of, ii. 132.

Lepidosiren, i. 204, 212.

Lenguas, disfigurement of the ears of the, ii. 341.

Leptorhynchus angustatus, pugnacity of male, i. 375.

Leptura testacea, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 367.

Lequay, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. 29.

Leroy, on the wariness of young foxes in hunting-districts, i. 50; on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. 84.

Lesse, valley of the, i. 29.

Lesson, on the Birds of Paradise, i. 269, ii. 98; on the sea-elephant, ii. 278.

Lestis bombylans, difference of the sexes in, i. 366.

Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the males of, i. 371, 376.

Leuckart, R., on the vesicula prostatica, i. 31; on the influence of the age of parents on the sex of offspring, i. 302.

Levator claviculæ muscle, i. 128.

Libellula depressa, colour of the male, i. 363.

Libellulidæ, relative size of the sexes of, i. 347; difference in the sexes of, i. 361.

Lice of domestic animals and man, i. 219.

Licentiousness, prevalence of, among savages, i. 96; a check upon population, i. 134.

Lichtenstein, on Chera progne, ii. 120.

Life, inheritance at corresponding periods of, i. 280, 285.

Light, supposed effects of, i. 116; influence of, upon the colours of shells, i. 326.

Lilford, Lord, the ruff attracted by bright objects, ii. 111.

Limosa lapponica, ii. 204.

Linaria, ii. 180.

Linaria montana, i. 307.

Linnæus, views of, as to the position of man, i. 190.

Linnet, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. 307; crimson forehead and breast of the, ii. 86; courtship of the, ii. 94.

Linyphia, i. 337.

Lion, polygamous, i. 268; mane of the, defensive, ii. 266; roaring of the, ii. 275.

Lions, stripes of young, ii. 183.

Lips, piercing of the, by savages, ii. 341.

Lithobius, prehensile appendages of the female, i. 340.

Lithosia, coloration in, i. 396.

Littorina littorea, i. 324.

Livingstone, Dr., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. 242; on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. 243; on the spur-winged goose, ii. 47; on weaver-birds, ii. 63; on an African nightjar, ii. 73, 97; on the battle-scars of South African male mammals, ii. 239; on the removal of the upper incisors by the Batokas, ii. 340; on the perforation of the upper lip by the Makalolo, ii. 342; on the Banyai, ii. 347.

Livonia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

Lizards, relative size of the sexes of, ii. 32; gular pouches of, ii. 33.

Lloyd, L., on the polygamy of the capercailzie and bustard, i. 269; on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the capercailzie and blackcock, i. 306; on the salmon, ii. 5; on the colours of the sea-scorpion, ii. 9; on the pugnacity of male grouse, ii. 45; on the capercailzie and black-cock, ii. 49, 54; on the call of the capercailzie, ii. 61; on assemblages of grouse and snipes, ii. 101; on the pairing of a shield-drake with a common duck, ii. 114; on the battles of seals, ii. 240; on the elk, ii. 249.

Lobivanellus, wing-spurs in, ii. 48.

Local influences, effect of, upon stature, i. 114.

Lockwood, Mr., on the development of Hippocampus, i. 210.

Locust, bright-coloured, rejected by lizards and birds, i. 361.

Locust, migratory, i. 352.

Locustidæ, stridulation of the, i. 352, 354; descent of the, i. 356.

Longicorn beetles, difference of the sexes of, in colour, i. 367; stridulation of, i. 380.

Lonsdale, Mr., on an example of personal attachment in Helix pomatia, i. 325.

Lophobranchii, marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. 21.

Lophophorus, habits of, ii. 121.

Lophorina atra, sexual difference in coloration of, ii. 226.

Lophornis ornatus, ii. 76.

Lord, J. K., on Salmo lycaodon, ii. 5.

Lory, King, ii. 174; immature plumage of the, ii. 188.

Love-antics and dances of birds, ii. 68.

Lowne, B. T., on Musca vomitoria, i. 145, 349.

Loxia, characters of young of, ii. 184.

Lubbock, Sir J., on the antiquity of man, i. 3; on the origin of man, i. 4; on the mental capacity of savages, i. 34; on the origin of implements, i. 52; on the simplification of languages, i. 62; on the absence of the idea of God among certain races of men, i. 65; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on superstitions, i. 69; on the sense of duty, i. 71; on the practice of burying the old and sick among the Fijians, i. 77; non-prevalence of suicide among the lowest barbarians, i. 94; on the immorality of savages, i. 97; on Mr. Wallace’s claim to the origination of the idea of natural selection, i. 137; on the absence of remorse among savages, i. 164; on the former barbarism of civilised nations, i. 181; on improvements in the arts among savages, i. 182; on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of men, i. 232; on the power of counting in primeval man, i. 234; on the arts practised by savages, i. 234; on the prehensile organs of the male Labidocera Darwinii, i. 329; on Chloëon, i. 341; on Smynthurus luteus, i. 348; on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. 324; on music, ii. 334; on the ornamental practices of savages, ii. 338; on the estimation of the beard among the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 349; on artificial deformation of the skull, ii. 352; on “communal marriages,” ii. 358, 360; on exogamy, ii. 360, 364; on the Veddahs, ii. 363; on polyandry, ii. 365.

Lucanidæ, variability of the mandibles in the male, i. 376.

Lucanus, large size of males of, i. 347.

Lucanus cervus, numerical proportion of sexes of, i. 313; weapons of the male, i. 375.

Lucanus elaphus, use of mandibles of, i. 377; large jaws of male, i. 342.

Lucas, Prosper, on sexual preference in horses and bulls, ii. 272.

Lunar periods, i. 212.

Lund, Dr., on skulls found in Brazilian caves, i. 218.

Lungs, enlargement of, in the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. 119; a modified swim-bladder, i. 207; different capacity of in races of man, i. 216.

Luminosity in insects, i. 345.

Luschka, Prof., on the termination of the coccyx, i. 30.

Lust, instinct of, i. 89.

Luxury, comparatively innocuous, i. 171.

Lycæna, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. 390.

Lyell, Sir C., on the antiquity of man, i. 3; on the origin of man, i. 4; on the parallelism of the development of species and languages, i. 59; on the extinction of languages, i. 60; on the Inquisition, i. 178; on the fossil remains of vertebrata, i. 201; on the fertility of mulattoes, i. 221.

Lynx, Canadian, throat-ruff of the, ii. 267.

Lyre-bird, assemblies of, ii. 101.

M.

Macacus, ears of, i. 23; convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of, i. 30; variability of the tail in species of, i. 150; whiskers of species of, ii. 283.

Macacus cynomolgus, superciliary ridge of, ii. 318;

beard and whiskers of, becoming white with age, ii. 319.

Macacus inornatus, i. 151.

Macacus lasiotus, facial spots of, ii. 308.

Macacus radiatus, i. 192.

Macacus rhesus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 293, 310.

Macalister, Prof., on variations of the palmaris accessorius muscle, i. 109; on muscular abnormalities in man, i. 128, 129; on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. 275.

Macaws, Mr. Buxton’s observations on, i. 76; screams of, ii. 61.

McCann, J., on mental individuality, i. 63.

McClelland, J., on the Indian cyprinidæ, ii. 17.

Macculloch, Col., on an Indian village without any female children, ii. 364.

Macculloch, Dr., on tertian ague in a dog, i. 13.

Macgillivray, W., on the vocal organs of birds, i. 59; on the Egyptian goose, ii. 48; on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. 63; on the habits of the snipe, ii. 64; on the whitethroat, ii. 69; on the moulting of the snipes, ii. 82; on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. 85; on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. 103; on the pairing of a blackbird and thrush, ii. 113; on pied ravens, ii. 126; on the guillemots, ii. 127; on the colours of the tits, ii. 174; on the immature plumage of birds, ii. 186 et seqq.

Machetes, sexes and young of, ii. 216.

Machetes pugnax, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 306; supposed to be polygamous, i. 270; pugnacity of the male, ii. 41; double moult in, ii. 81.

Mackintosh, on the moral sense, i. 70.

MacLachlan, R., on Apatania muliebris and Boreus hyemalis, i. 314; on the anal appendages of male insects, i. 342; on the pairing of dragon-flies, i. 347; on dragon-flies, i. 362, 363; on dimorphism in Agrion, i. 363; on the want of pugnacity in male dragon-flies, i. 364; on the ghost-moth in the Shetland Islands, i. 402.

McLennan, Mr., on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. 66; on the prevalence of licentiousness among savages, i. 96, ii. 358; on infanticide, i. 134, ii. 363; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. 181; on traces of the custom of the forcible capture of wives, i. 182, ii. 365; on polyandry, ii. 365.

McNeill, Mr., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. 252; on the Scotch deerhound, ii. 261; on the long hairs of the throat of the stag, ii. 268; on the bellowing of stags, ii. 274.

Macrorhinus proboscideus, structure of the nose of, ii. 278.

Magpie, power of speech of, i. 59; stealing bright objects, ii. 112; nuptial assemblies of, ii. 102; new mates found by, ii. 103; young of the, ii. 209; coloration of the, ii. 230.

Magpies, vocal organs of the, ii. 55.

Maillard, M., on the proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from Bourbon, i. 310.

Maine, Mr., on the absorption of one tribe by another, i. 159; on the want of a desire for improvement, i. 166.

Makalolo, perforation of the upper lip by the, ii. 341.

Malar bone, abnormal division of, in man, i. 124.

Malay, Archipelago, marriage-customs of the savages of the, ii. 373.

Malays, line of separation between the Papuans and the, i. 218; general beardlessness of the, ii. 321; staining of the teeth among, ii. 339; aversion of some, to hairs on the face, ii. 349.

Malays and Papuans, contrasted characters of, i. 216.

Male animals, struggles of, for the possession of the females, i. 259, 260; eagerness of, in courtship, i. 272, 273; generally more modified than female, i. 272, 275; differ in the same way from females and young, i. 285.

Male characters, developed in females, i. 280; transfer of, to female birds, ii. 193.

Male, sedentary, of a hymenopterous parasite, i. 272.

Malefactors, i. 172.

Males, presence of rudimentary female organs in, i. 208.

Males and females, comparative mortality of, while young, i. 264, 276; comparative numbers of, i. 261, 263.

Malherbe, on the woodpeckers, ii. 174.

Malthus, T., on the rate of increase of population, i. 131, 132, 134.

Maluridæ, nidification of the, ii. 169.

Malurus, young of, ii. 216.

Mammæ, i. 254; rudimentary, in male mammals, i. 17, 30, 208, 209, 210; supernumerary, in women, i. 125; of male human subject, i. 130.

Mammalia, Prof. Owen’s classification of, i. 187; genealogy of the, i. 203.

Mammals, secondary sexual characters of, ii. 239; weapons of, ii. 241; recent and tertiary, comparison of cranial capacity of, i. 146; relative size of the sexes of, ii. 260; pursuit of female, by the males, i. 272; parallelism of, with birds in secondary sexual characters, ii. 297; voices of, used especially during the breeding season, ii. 331.

Man, variability of, i. 108; erroneously regarded as more domesticated than other animals, i. 111; definitive origin of, i. 235; migrations of, i. 135; wide distribution of, i. 137; causes of the nakedness of, i. 149; supposed physical inferiority of, i. 156; numerical proportions of the sexes in, i. 264; a member of the Catarrhine group, i. 198; early progenitors of, i. 206; secondary sexual characters of, ii. 316; primeval condition of, ii. 367.

Mandans, correlation of colour and texture of hair in the, i. 248.

Mandible, left, enlarged in the male of Taphroderes distortus, i. 344.

Mandibles, use of the, in Ammophila, i. 342; large, of Corydalis cornutus, i. 342; large, of male Lucanus elaphus, i. 342.

Mandrill, number of caudal vertebræ in the, i. 150; colours of the male, ii. 292, 296, 310.

Mantegazza, Prof., on the ornaments of savages, ii. 338 et seqq.; on the beardlessness of the New Zealanders, ii. 349; on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. 351.

Mantell, W., on the engrossment of pretty girls by the New Zealand chiefs, ii. 369.

Mantis, pugnacity of species of, i. 360.

Marcus Aurelius, on the origin of the moral sense, i. 71; on the influence of habitual thoughts, i. 101.

Mareca penelope, ii. 114.

Marks, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. 131.

Marriage, influence of, upon morals, i. 96; restraints upon, among savages, i. 133; influence of, on mortality, i. 175; development of, ii. 361.

Marriages, communal, ii. 358, 360; early, i. 174, 175.

Marshall, Mr., on the brain of a Bushwoman, i. 216.

Marsupials, i. 202; possession of nipples by, i. 209; their origin from Monotremata, i. 213; uterus of, i. 122; development of the nictitating membrane in, i. 23; abdominal sacks of, i. 254; relative size of the sexes of, ii. 260; colours of, ii. 286.

Marsupium, rudimentary, in male marsupials, i. 208.

Martin, W. C. L., on alarm manifested by an orang at the sight of a turtle, i. 43; on the hair in Hylobates, i. 194; on a female American deer, ii. 258; on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. 277; on Semnopithecus nemæus, ii. 312.

Martin, on the beards of the inhabitants of St. Kilda, ii. 321.

Martins deserting their young, i. 84.

Martins, C., on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. 28.

Mastoid processes in man and apes, i. 143.

Maudsley, Dr., on the influence of the sense of smell in man, i. 24; on Laura Bridgman, i. 58; on the development of the vocal organs, i. 59.

Mayers, W. F., on the domestication of the goldfish in China, ii. 17.

Mayhew, E., on the affection between individuals of different sexes in the dog, ii. 270.

Maynard, C. J., on the sexes of Chrysemys picta, ii. 28.

Meckel, on correlated variation of the muscles of the arm and leg, i. 130.

Medicines, effect produced by, the same in man and in monkeys, i. 12.

Medusæ, bright colours of some, i. 322.

Megalithic structures, prevalence of, i. 233.

Megalophrys montana, sexual differences in, ii. 26, 27.

Megapicus validus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. 174.

Megasoma, large size of males of, i. 347.

Meigs, Dr. A., on variation in the skulls of the natives of America, i. 108.

Meinecke, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in butterflies, i. 309.

Meliphagidæ, Australian, nidification of, ii. 169.

Melita, secondary sexual characters of, i. 331.

Meloë, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. 367.

Memory, manifestations of, in animals, i. 45.

Memnon, young, i. 217.

Mental characters, difference of, in different races of men, i. 216.

Mental faculties, variation of, in the same species, i. 36, 110; diversity of, in the same race of men, i. 109; inheritance of, i. 110; similarity of the, in different races of man, i. 232; of birds, ii. 108.

Mental powers, difference of, in the two sexes in man, ii. 326.

Menura Alberti, ii. 102; song of, ii. 55.

Menura superba, ii. 101, 102; long tails of both sexes of, ii. 164.

Merganser, trachea of the male, ii. 60.

Mergus cucullatus, speculum of, i. 291.

Mergus merganser, young of, ii. 189.

Merganser serrator, male plumage of, ii. 85.

Metallura, splendid tail-feathers of, ii. 152.

Methoca ichneumonides, large male of, i. 347.

Meves, M., on the drumming of the snipe, ii. 63.

Mexicans, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. 183.

Meyer, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. 30.

Meyer, Dr. A., on the copulation of phryganidæ of distinct species, i. 342.

Migrations of man, effects of, i. 135.

Migratory instinct of birds, i. 79; vanquishing the maternal, i. 83, 90.

Mill, J. S., on the origin of the moral sense, i. 71; on the “greatest happiness principle,” i. 97; on the difference of the mental powers in the sexes of man, ii. 328.

Millipedes, i. 339.

Milne-Edwards, H., on the use of the enlarged chela of the male Gelasimus, i. 331.

Milvago leucurus, sexes and young of, ii. 205.

Mimickry, i. 411.

Mimus polyglottus, ii. 109.

Mind, difference of, in man and the highest animals, i. 104; similarity of the, in different races, i. 232.

Minnow, proportion of the sexes in the, i. 308, 309.

Minnows, spawning habits of, ii. 15.

Mirror, larks attracted by, ii. 112.

Mivart, St. George, on the reduction of organs, i. 18; on the ears of the lemuroidea, i. 23; on variability of the muscles in lemuroidea, i. 128, 136; on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. 150; on the classification of the primates, i. 196; on the orang and on man, i. 197; on differences in the lemuroidea, i. 198; on the crest of the male newt, ii. 24.

Mocking-thrush, partial migration of, ii. 109; young of the, ii. 219.

Modifications, unserviceable, i. 153.

Moles, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. 305; battles of male, ii. 239.

Mollienesia petenensis, sexual difference in, ii. 9.

Mollusca, beautiful colours and shapes of, i. 326; absence of secondary sexual characters in the, i. 324.

Molluscoida, i. 205, 324.

Monacanthus scopas and M. Peronii, sexual differences in, ii. 12.

Mongolians, perfection of the senses in, i. 119.

Monkey, protecting his keeper from a baboon, i. 78, 87; bonnet-, i. 192; rhesus, sexual difference in colour of the, ii. 293, 310; moustache-, colours of the, ii. 291.

Monkeys, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. 11; male, recognition of women by, i. 13; revenge taken by, i. 40; maternal affection in, i. 40; variability of the faculty of attention in, i. 44; using stones and sticks, i. 51; imitative faculties of, i. 56; signal-cries of, i. 57; sentinels posted by, i. 74; diversity of the mental faculties in, i. 110; mutual kindnesses of, i. 75; hands of the, i. 139, 140; breaking hard fruits with stones, i. 140; basal caudal vertebræ of, imbedded in the body, i. 151; human characters of, i. 191; gradation of species of, i. 227; beards of, ii. 283; ornamental characters of, ii. 306; analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. 318; different degrees of difference in the sexes of, ii. 323; expression of emotions by, ii. 336; generally monogamous habits of, ii. 361; polygamous habits of some, ii. 362; naked surfaces of, ii. 376; American, manifestation of reason in, i. 47; American, direction of the hair on the arms of some, i. 192.

Monogamy, not primitive, i. 182.

Monogenists, i. 228.

Mononychus pseudacori, stridulation of, i. 382.

Monotremata, i. 202; development of the nictitating membrane in, i. 23; lactiferous glands of, i. 209; connecting mammals with reptiles, i. 213.

Monstrosities, analogous, in man and lower animals, i. 113; caused by arrest of development, i. 121; correlation of, i. 130; transmission of, i. 224.

Montagu, G., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. 269; on the pugnacity of the ruff, ii. 41; on the singing of birds, ii. 52; on the double moult of the male pintail, ii. 84.

Monteiro, Mr., on Bucorax abyssinicus, ii. 72.

Montes de Oca, M., on the pugnacity of male Humming-birds, ii. 40.

Monticola cyanea, ii. 172.

Monuments, as traces of extinct tribes, i. 237.

Moose, battles of, ii. 240; horns of the, an incumbrance, ii. 259.

Moral and instinctive impulses, alliance of, i. 88.

Moral faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. 158.

Moral rules, distinction between the higher and lower, i. 100.

Moral sense, origin of the, i. 102; so-called, derived from the social instincts, i. 97, 98.

Moral tendencies, inheritance of, i. 102.

Morality, supposed to be founded in selfishness, i. 97; test of, the general welfare of the community, i. 98; gradual rise of, i. 103; influence of a high standard of, i. 166.

Morgan, L. H., on the Beaver, i. 37; on the reasoning powers of the Beaver, i. 46; on the forcible capture of wives, i. 182; on the castoreum of the beaver, ii. 279; marriage unknown in primeval times, ii. 359; on Polyandry, ii. 365.

Morris, F. O., on hawks feeding an orphan nestling, ii. 107.

Mortality, comparative, of females and males, i. 264, 276, 302.

Morton, on the number of species of man, i. 226.

Moschus moschiferus, odoriferous organs of, ii. 280.

Motacillæ, Indian, young of, ii. 190.

Moths, i. 394; absence of mouth in some male, i. 254; apterous female, i. 255; male, prehensile use of the tarsi by, i. 256; male, attracted by females, i. 311; coloration of, i. 397; sexual differences of colour in, i. 398.

Motmot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. 73.

Moult, double, ii. 181; double annual, in birds, ii. 80.

Moulting of birds, ii. 214.

Moults, partial, ii. 83.

Moustache-monkey, colours of the, ii. 291, 311.

Moustaches, in monkeys, i. 192.

Mud-turtle, long claws of the male, ii. 28.

Mulattoes, persistent fertility of, i. 221; immunity of, from yellow fever, i. 243.

Mule, sterility and strong vitality of the, i. 221.

Mules, rational, i. 48.

Müller, Ferd., on the Mexicans and Peruvians, i. 183.

Müller, Fritz, on astomatous males of Tanais, i. 255; on the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult mammals, ii. 305; on the proportions of the sexes in some crustacea, i. 315; on secondary sexual characters in various crustaceans, i. 328 et seqq.; on the luminous larva of a beetle, i. 345; musical contest between male Cicadæ, i. 351; on the sexual maturity of young amphipod crustacea, ii. 215.

Müller, J., on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. 23.

Müller, Max, on the origin of language, i. 56; struggle for life among the words, &c., of languages, i. 60.

Müller, S., on the Banteng, ii. 290; on the colours of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, ii. 291.

Muntjac-deer, weapons of the, ii. 257.

Murie, J., on the reduction of organs, i. 18; on the ears of the Lemuroidea, i. 23; on variability of the muscles in the Lemuroidea, i. 128, 136; basal caudal vertebræ of Macacus inornatus imbedded in the body, i. 151; on differences in the Lemuroidea, i. 198; on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. 58; on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. 267; on the suborbital pits of Ruminants, ii. 280; on the colours of the sexes in Otaria nigrescens, ii. 287.

Murray, A., on the Pediculi of different races of men, i. 219.

Murray, T. A., on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. 220.

Mus coninga, i. 50.

Mus minutus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

Musca vomitoria, i. 145.

Muscicapa grisola, ii. 170.

Muscicapa luctuosa, ii. 170.

Muscicapa ruticilla, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214.

Muscle, ischio-pubic, i. 127.

Muscles, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. 19; variability of the, i. 109; effects of use and disuse upon, i. 116; animal-like abnormalities of, in man, i. 127; correlated variation of, in the arm and leg, i. 130; variability of, in the hands and feet, i. 136; of the jaws, influence of, on the physiognomy of the Apes, i. 144; habitual spasms of, causing modifications of the facial bones, i. 147; of the early progenitors of man, i. 206; greater variability of the, in men than in women, i. 275.

Musculus sternalis, Prof. Turner on the, i. 19.

Music, i. 232; of birds, ii. 51; discordant, love of savages for, ii. 67; different appreciation of, by different peoples, ii. 333; origin of, ii. 333, 337; effects of, ii. 335.

Musical cadences, perception of, by animals, ii. 333; powers of man, ii. 330 et seqq.

Musk-deer, canine teeth of male, ii. 241, 256, 257; male, odoriferous organs of the, ii. 280; winter change of the, ii. 299.

Musk-duck, Australian, ii. 38; large size of male, ii. 43; of Guiana, pugnacity of the male, ii. 43.

Musk-ox, horns of, ii. 247.

Musk-rat, protective resemblance of the, to a clod of earth, ii. 298.

Musophagæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. 171; both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. 177.

Mussels opened by monkeys, i. 140.

Mustela, winter change of two species of, ii. 298.

Mutilations, healing of, i. 13.

Mutilla europæa, stridulation of, i. 366.

Mutillidæ, absence of ocelli in female, i. 341.

Mycetes caraya, polygamous, i. 266; vocal organs of, ii. 277; beard of, ii. 283; sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290; voice of, ii. 332.

Mycetes seniculus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. 290.

Myriapoda, i. 339.

N.

Nägeli, on the influence of natural selection on plants, i. 152; on the gradation of species of plants, i. 227.

Nails, coloured yellow or purple in part of Africa, ii. 339.

Naples, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. 301.

Narwhal, tusks of the, ii. 242, 248.

Nasal cavities, large size of, in American aborigines, i. 119.

Nascent organs, i. 18.

Nathusius, H. von, on the improved breeds of pigs, i. 230; on the breeding of domestic animals, ii. 370.

Natural selection, its effects on the early progenitors of man, i. 136; influence of, on man, i. 151, 154; limitation of the principle, i. 152; influence of, on social animals, i. 155; Mr. Wallace on the limitation of, by the influence of the mental faculties in man, i. 158; influence of, in the progress of the United States, i. 179.

Natural and sexual selection contrasted, i. 278.

Naulette, jaw from, large size of the canines in, i. 126.

Neanderthal skull, capacity of the, i. 146.

Neck, proportion of, in soldiers and sailors, i. 117.

Necrophorus, stridulation of, i. 378, 382.

Nectarinia, young of, ii. 190.

Nectariniæ, nidification of, ii. 169; moulting of the, ii. 83.

Negro, resemblance of a, to Europeans, in mental characters, i. 232.

Negro-women, their kindness to Mungo Park, i. 95.

Negroes, character of, i. 216; lice of, i. 220; blackness of, i. 224, ii. 381; variability of, i. 225, 226; immunity of, from yellow fever, i. 243; difference of, from Americans, i. 247; disfigurements of the, ii. 296; colour of newborn children of, ii. 318; comparative beardlessness of, ii. 321; readily become musicians, ii. 334; appreciation of beauty of their women by, ii. 344, 346; idea of beauty among, ii. 350; compression of the nose by some, ii. 352.

Neolithic period, i. 183.

Neomorpha, sexual difference of the beak in, ii. 39.

Nephila, i. 337.

Nests, made by fishes, ii. 19; decoration of, by Humming-birds, ii. 112.

Neumeister, on a change of colour in pigeons after several moultings, i. 294.

Neuration, difference of, in the two sexes of some butterflies and hymenoptera, i. 345.

Neuroptera, i. 314, 361.

Neurothemis, dimorphism in, i. 363.

New Zealand, expectation by the natives of, of their extinction, i. 240; practice of tattooing in, ii. 342; aversion of natives of, to hairs on the face, ii. 349; pretty girls engrossed by the chiefs in, ii. 369.

Newton, A., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. 58; on the difference between the females of two species of Oxynotus, ii. 193; on the habits of the phalarope, dotterel, and godwit, ii. 204.

Newts, ii. 24.

Nicholson, Dr., on the non-immunity of dark Europeans from yellow fever, i. 245.

Nictitating membrane, i. 23, 207.

Nidification, of fishes, ii. 19; relation of, to colour, ii. 167, 172; of British birds, ii. 169.

Night-heron, cries of the, ii. 51.

Nightingale, arrival of the male before the female, i. 259; object of the song of the, ii. 52.

Nightingales, new mates found by, ii. 105.

Nightjar, selection of a mate by the female, ii. 116; Australian, sexes of, ii. 206; coloration of the, ii. 226.

Nightjars, noise made by some male, with their wings, ii. 62; elongated feathers in, ii. 73, 97.

Nilghau, sexual differences of colour in the, ii. 287.

Nilsson, Prof., on the resemblance of stone arrow-heads from various places, i. 233; on the development of the horns in the reindeer, i. 288.

Nipples, absence of, in Monotremata, i. 209.

Nitzsch, C. L., on the down of birds, ii. 80.

Noctuæ, brightly-coloured beneath, i. 397.

Noctuidæ, coloration of, i. 394.

Nordmann, A., on Tetrao urogalloides, ii. 100.

Nomadic habits, unfavourable to human progress, i. 167.

Norway, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. 301.

Nose, resemblance of, in man and the apes, i. 192; piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. 341; flattening of the, ii. 352; very flat, not admired in negroes, ii. 350.

Nott and Gliddon, on the features of Rameses II., i. 217; on the features of Amunoph III., i. 218; on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. 218; on the immunity of negroes and mulattoes from yellow fever, i. 243; on the deformation of the skull among American tribes, ii. 352.

Nudibranch mollusca, bright colours of, i. 326.

Numerals, Roman, i. 182.

Nunemaya, natives of, bearded, ii. 322, 349.

O.

Obedience, value of, i. 162.

Observation, powers of, possessed by birds, ii. 109.

Occupations, sometimes a cause of diminished stature, i. 115; effect of, upon the proportions of the body, i. 116.

Ocelli, absence of, in female Mutillidæ, i. 341.

Ocelli of birds, formation and variability of the, ii. 132.

Ocelot, sexual differences in the colouring of the, ii. 287.

Ocyphaps lophotes, ii. 96.

Odonata, i. 314.

Odonestis potatoria, sexual difference of colour in, i. 398.

Odour, correlation of, with colour of skin, i. 248; emitted by snakes in the breeding-season, ii. 30; of mammals, ii. 278.

Œcanthus nivalis, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 361.

Oidemia, ii. 226, 227.

Olivier, on sounds produced by Pimelia striata, i. 385.

Omaloplia brunnea, stridulation of, i. 381.

Onitis furcifer, processes of anterior femora of the male, and on the head and thorax of the female, i. 372.

Onthophagus, i. 370.

Onthophagus rangifer, sexual differences of, i. 369; variation in the horns of the male, i. 370.

Ophidia, sexual differences of, ii. 29.

Opossum, wide range of, in America, i. 219.

Optic nerve, atrophy of the, caused by destruction of the eye, i. 116.

Orang-Outan, ii. 323; Bischoff on the agreement of the brain of the, with that of man, i. 11; adult age of the, i. 13; ears of the, i. 21; vermiform appendage of, i. 27; platforms built by the, i. 36; alarmed at the sight of a turtle, i. 43; using a stick as a lever, i. 51; using missiles, i. 52; using the leaves of the Pandanus as a night covering, i. 53; hands of the, i. 139; absence of mastoid processes in the, i. 143; direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. 192; its aberrant characters, i. 197; supposed evolution of the, i. 230; voice of the, ii. 276; monogamous habits of the, ii. 361; male, beard of the, ii. 284.

Oranges, treatment of, by monkeys, i. 139.

Orange-tip butterfly, i. 388, 393, 394.

Orchestia Darwinii, dimorphism of males of, i. 332.

Orchestia Tucuratinga, limbs of, i. 330, 331, 337.

Ordeal, i. 68.

Oreas canna, colours of, ii. 288.

Oreas Derbyanus, colours of, ii. 288, 299.

Organs, prehensile, i. 256; utilised for new purposes, ii. 335.

Organic scale, von Baer’s definition of progress in, i. 211.

Orioles, nidification of, ii. 167.

Oriolus, species of, breeding in immature plumage, ii. 214, 215.

Oriolus melanocephalus, coloration of the sexes in, ii. 178.

Ornaments, prevalence of similar, i. 233; fondness of savages for, ii. 338; of male birds, ii. 50.

Ornamental characters, equal transmission of, to both sexes, in mammals, ii. 297; of monkeys, ii. 306.

Ornithoptera crœsus, i. 310.

Ornithorhynchus, i. 200; spur of the male, ii. 242; reptilian tendency of, i. 204.

Orocetes erythrogastra, young of, ii. 219.

Orrony, Grotto of, i. 28.

Orsodacna atra, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. 368.

Orthoptera, i. 352; metamorphosis of, i. 292; stridulating, auditory apparatus of, i. 353; colours of, i. 360; rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. 359; stridulation of the, and Homoptera, discussed, i. 360.

Ortygornis gularis, pugnacity of the male, ii. 44.

Oryctes, stridulation of, i. 381; sexual differences in the stridulant organs of, i. 383.

Oryx leucoryx, use of the horns of, ii. 251, 263.

Osphranter rufus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. 286.

Ostrich, African, sexes and incubation of the, ii. 205.

Ostriches, stripes of young, ii. 184.

Otaria jubata, mane of the male, ii. 267.

Otaria nigrescens, difference in the coloration of the sexes of, ii. 287.

Otis bengalensis, love-antics of the male, ii. 68.

Otis tarda, polygamous, i. 269; throat-pouch of the male, ii. 58.

Ouzel, ring-, colours and nidification of the, ii. 179.

Ouzel, water-, colours and nidification of the, ii. 170.

Ovibos moschatus, horns of, ii. 247.

Ovipositor of insects, i. 254.