CLASS IV. MOLLUSCA.

Animals soft, inarticulated, furnished with an anterior head, projecting or salient; most frequently with eyes and tentaculæ, or 86possessing, at their summit, arms disposed in the form of a coronet: their mouth either short, elongated, or tubular, exsertile, and generally armed with hard parts. Mantle diversified, having its edges free on the sides of the body, or the lobes united, forming a sack, which in part envelopes the animal; gills or respiratory organs various, circulation double, one particular, the other general; heart unilocular, sometimes with the auricles divided, and very distant; no medullary cord along the body, but scattered nerves and ganglions. Twenty-two families.

FAMILY I. Pteropoda. Six genera.

Some genera of this family are without a testaceous covering, mentioned only to preserve the family entire.

1. Genus Hyalæa. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body enclosed in a shell, winged before, two opposite wings, somewhat retractile, inserted at the sides of the mouth, head distinct, mouth terminal, placed at the junction of the fins; without eyes.

Shell. Symmetrical, very thin and transparent, valves unequal, flat above, convex below, open like a cleft anteriorly, summit truncated and tridentated posteriorly. Inhabits the Mediterranean. Two species.

Hyalæa tridentata.

H. cuspidata.

2. Genus Clio. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body free, naked, more or less elongated, tapering to the rear, head very distinct; provided with six, long, conical, retractile tentaculæ, separated into two groups of three each; mouth altogether terminal and vertical, eyes sessile, rudiment of a foot under the neck.

This is a molluscous animal without any testaceous covering, but is here placed as leading to other genera which have shells. Inhabits the Indian seas. Two species.

Clio borealis.

C. Australis.

87

3. Genus Cleodora. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body oblong, gelatinous, contractile; a head in front with two wings, and the posterior part enveloped in a shell, head distinct, projecting and round; two eyes; mouth in the form of a small beak; destitute of tentaculæ; two, opposite, membranaceous, pellucid, and cordated wings, placed at the base of the neck.

Shell. Pyramidal, triangular, of a gelatinous or cartilaginous substance, very thin and transparent; aperture obliquely truncated. Inhabits the South American seas. Two species.

Cleodora pyramidata.

C. caudata.

4. Genus Limacina. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body soft, oblong, two branchial fins situated at the base of the neck; posterior part of the body spiral, and enveloped in a shell.

Shell. Thin, fragile, papyraceous, spiral, the whorls reunited in a planorbis form, and deeply and largely umbilicated on one side; aperture large and entire. Inhabits the North seas. One species.

Limacina helicialis.

5. Genus Cymbulia. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body oblong, gelatinous, pellucid, enclosing a shell; head sessile; two eyes, and two retractile tentacula; mouth with a retractile proboscis; two, opposite, oblong, ovate, branched wings, connate at their posterior base.

Shell. Gelatinous, cartilaginous, very transparent, crystalline, oblong, in shape of a shoe, from which it has derived the name of the slipper, truncated at the summit; aperture lateral and anterior. Inhabits the Mediterranean. One species.

Cymbulia Peronii.

6. Genus Pneumodermon. Pl. IX.

A molluscous animal, without any testaceous covering, and much resembling the genus Clio. Inhabits the Indian seas. One species.

Pneumodermon Peronii.

88

FAMILY II. Phyllidiacea. Six genera.

1. Genus Phyllidia. Pl. IX.

A mollusca similar to the preceding genus, without a shell, but its back covered with a rough or coriaceous skin. Inhabits the Mediterranean. Three species.

Phyllidia varicosa.

P. pustulosa.

P. ocellata.

2. Genus Chitonellus. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, elongated; middle of the back provided its entire length with a detached, multivalve shell; the alternate pieces for the most part longitudinal; sides naked; branchiæ disposed around the body; foot cleft longitudinally by a deep furrow.

Shell. Each valve with striæ radiating from its apex; the margins serrated; the base of the last valve obtuse. The testaceous plates of this genus are never joined like those of the Chiton, so that the animal can move in every direction. Upon the contraction of the animal after death, however, these valves become nearly united. Inhabits the seas of New Holland. Two species.

Chitonellus striatus.

C. larvæformis.

3. Genus Chiton. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, ovate oblong, convex, round at both extremities; marginated with a coriaceous skin: the back covered by a longitudinal series of testaceous, transverse, imbricated, and moveable plates; head before, sessile, with the mouth placed below, destitute of tentacula or eyes; branchiæ placed round the body, under the margin of the skin; and orifice at the posterior extremity.

Shell. Eight imbricated valves, nearly smooth, slightly carinated, and rounded at the margins: summit more or less marked 89and curved by longitudinal elongations. Inhabits the British and American coasts. Sixty-three species.

Chiton fulvus.

C. pisceus.

C. ruber.

C. lævis.

C. spinosus.

C. fascicularis.

C. marginatus.

C. crinitus.

C. siculus.

C. niger.

C. spiniferous.

C. coquimbensis.

C. lumingii.

C. granosus.

C. glauco-sinctus.

C. disjunctus.

C. elegans.

C. lineatus.

C. sulcatus.

C. bicolor.

C. cerasimus.

C. Magellanicus.

C. marmoratus.

C. nebulosus.

C. olivaceous.

C. latus.

C. punctatus.

C. viridus.

C. cinerus.

C. tunicatus.

C. gigas.

C. squamosus.

C. Peruvianus.

C. tesselatus.

C. capensis.

C. Carmichaelis.

C. echinatus.

C. striatus.

C. lineolatus.

C. chilensis.

C. tuberculatus.

C. hispidus.

C. thalassimus.

C. porosus.

C. larvaformis.

C. undulatus.

C. luteolus.

C. fuscus.

C. minimus.

C. cimex.

C. ascellus.

C. Icelandicus.

C. fasciatus.

C. setosus.

C. variegatus.

C. asselloides.

C. indus.

C. albas.

C. castaneus.

· · · · ·

C. Emersonii.*

C. fulminatus.*

C. amœna.*

C. alternata.*

C. sagrinatus.*

90

4. Genus Patella. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body completely covered by the shell; head with two acute tentaculæ, and the eyes situated at their exterior base; branchiæ placed under the mantle and around the body.

Shell. This numerous and beautiful genus of Linnæus has been subdivided into the several distinct genera of Fissurella, Emarginula, Navicella, Umbrella, Pileopsis, Calyptrea, Crepidula, Parmophora, and Ancylus; each of which possesses sufficiently well-defined characters to authorize a separation, by which they may be more easily distinguished from the still widely extended family of Patella. Oval, conic, or a little depressed, outside green or brown, sometimes radiated with various colours; having divergent striæ and concentric wrinkles, inside glossy, iridescent, with yellow or fawn-coloured, purple, blue, or brown radiations. Inhabits almost every coast. Forty-nine species.

Patella safiana.

P. testitudinaria.

P. cochlear.

P. compressa.

P. granularis.

P. decaurata.

P. Magellanica.

P. stellifera.

P. vulgata.

P. mammillaris.

P. lineata.

P. leucopleura.

P. notata.

P. Tarentina.

P. punctata.

P. puncturata.

P. Javanica.

P. tuberculifera.

P. miniata.

P. pellucida.

P. tricostata.

P. Australis.

P. apicina.

P. granatina.

P. oculus.

P. Galathia.

P. pectinata.

P. viridula.

P. scutellar.

P. radians.

P. cærulea.

P. plumbia.

P. umbrella.

P. pyramidata.

P. luteola.

P. aspera.

P. spinifera.

P. longicosta.

P. barbata.

P. angulosa.

P. saccharina.

P. laciniosa.

P. plicata.

· · · · ·

91P. amœna.*

P. alternata.*

P. alveus.*

P. candida.*

5. Genus Umbrella. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body very thick and oval, provided with a dorsal shell; foot large, smooth, and flat, surrounded by a border, anteriorly notched, attenuated behind; head indistinct; four tentacula, the two upper ones thick, short, and truncated, the other two thin, and shaped like pedunculated crests; having foliaceous branchiæ.

Shell. External, orbicular, subirregular, nearly flat, slightly convex above, white, with apex near the middle; margin acute, internal surface rather concave; having a callous disk, coloured, depressed in the centre, surrounded by a smooth border. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two species.

Umbrella Indica.

U. Mediterranea.

6. Genus Pleurobranchus. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, fleshy; mantle and foot expanded; branchiæ placed on the right side; cloak enveloping the shell; neck short, contracted in some species, with an emarginate front, exhibiting the commencement of the inferior tentacula, the upper ones tubular and cloven; gills at the edge of the dorsal plait, mouth provided with a short, retractile proboscis.

Shell. Depressed, oval, oblong, concentrically wrinkled, almost entirely open, rounded and convoluted; the vertex with a single turn. Inhabits the coast of Devonshire in England. Two species.

Pleurobranchus Peronii.

P. Laqueare.

FAMILY III. Calyptracea. Seven genera.

1. Genus Parmophorus. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, thick, oblong-ovate, broad behind, obtuse at the extremities; border of the mantle cleft before, and 92suspended vertically around; head distinct, and slit below; two conical contracted tentacula, at the base of which are placed the eyes, which are somewhat pedunculated; mouth below, funnel-shaped, oblique, truncated, and concealed; branchial cavity opening anteriorly behind the head by a transverse fissure.

Shell. Oblong, very depressed, slightly convex above, obtuse at extremities, anteriorly channeled by a slight sinus, and having towards the posterior part a small pointed apex, inclined backwards; the lower surface slightly concave. Inhabits the Australian seas. Four species. One fossil.

Parmophorus Australis.

P. brevicula.

P. granulata.

P. ambigua.

2. Genus Emarginula. Pl. IX.

Animal. Body creeping, with two, conical, tentacular eyes at the external base; mantle large, partly covering the margin of the shell; foot very large and thick.

Shell. Shield-like, conical; summit inclined; the cavity simple, having a notch or hollow cut on its posterior margin; shells of this genus are generally very small. Inhabits the British seas. Five species.

Emarginula Blainvillii.

E. Cuvierii.

E. fissura.

E. rubra.

E. marginata.

3. Genus Fissurella. Pl. IX.

Animal. With the head truncated in front; two conical tentacula, with eyes at their exterior base; mouth simple, terminal, and destitute of jaws; two pectinated branchiæ projecting from the cavity; mantle large, protruding beyond the shell.

Shell. Shield-shaped, conical recurved, summit entire, depressed, concave below, perforated at the summit in the form of a key hole, without a spire; the exterior surface ribbed longitudinally. Inhabits the European and American seas. Twenty-two species.

Fissurella Cayennensis.

F. lilacina.

F. Javanicensis.

F. fascicularis.

93F. rosea.

F. Barbadensis.

F. radiata.

F. nodosa.

F. nimbosa.

F. crassa.

F. Græca.

F. picta.

F. pustula.

F. hiantula.

F. viridula.

F. depressa.

F. Peruviana.

F. gibberula.

F. minuta.

F. plicata.

· · · · ·

F. alternata.*

F. redimicula.*

4. Genus Pileopsis. Pl. X.

Animal. With two conical tentacula, and the eyes at their base; branchiæ formed in a row under the anterior margin of the cavity, near the neck.

Shell. Obliquely conical, anteriorly recurved, apex bent, almost spiral; aperture rounded, elliptical, the anterior margin shortest, acute, slightly sinuated; the posterior largest and rounded. One elongated and arched muscular impression, situated under the posterior margin. Inhabits the seas of Europe. Nine species.

Pileopsis intorta.

P. subrufa.

P. spirirostris.

P. retortella.

P. ungarica.

P. mitula.

P. pennata.

P. squamæformis.

P. depressa.

5. Genus Calyptrea. Pl. X.

Animal. The same as preceding genus.

Shell. This genus derives its common name, “the Cup-and-Saucer Limpit,” by having in the interior cavity a cup-shaped appendage, which is sometimes vertical, and sometimes like a horse-shoe, with a muscular impression of variable form, vertex ending in a small volution; smooth, margin entire, very glossy within, and provided with a laminar plate. Inhabits the Chinese and S. American seas. Nine species.

Calyptrea porcellana.

C. equestris.

94C. fornicata.

C. peziza.

C. angulata.

C. tecum-sinense.

C. scutellata.

C. poculum.

· · · · ·

C. striata.*

6. Genus Crepidula. Pl. X.

Animal. Head anteriorly forked, having two conical tentacula, with the eyes placed at their exterior base; mouth simple, destitute of jaws, and situated in the bifurcation of the head; branchiæ with tufts and projecting from the branchial cavity; the mantle never bordering the shell; foot minute, orifice lateral.

Shell. Ovate, or oblong; the back almost always convex, concave beneath; the spire very much inclined towards the margin; the aperture partly closed by a horizontal lamina. Inhabits the American seas. Thirteen species.

Crepidula extinctorum.

C. aculeata.

C. lævigata.

C. uguiformis.

C. dilata.

C. Peruviana.

C. gigas.

· · · · ·

C. fornicata.*

C. depressa.*

C. glauca.*

C. plana.*

C. intorta.*

C. convexa.*

7. Genus Ancylus. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, enveloped in the shell; two compressed subtruncated tentacular, with eyes situated at their internal base; foot short, elliptical; somewhat narrower than the body.

Shell. Thin, obliquely conical; aperture oval, with a pointed apex, which very much inclines backwards; margins simple. This is a fresh water shell, found in the lakes of Europe and rivers of America. Five species.

Ancylus lacustris.

A. fluviatilis.

A. spinarosæ.

· · · · ·

A. rivularis.

A. filosus.

95

FAMILY IV. Bullacea. Three genera.

1. Genus Acera.

Animal. Body ovate, convex, transversely divided above into two parts; the foot with dilations in the form of wings below; head indistinct; branchiæ situated on the back, greatly behind, and covered by a mantle destitute of a shell. Inhabits the Mediterranean. One species.

Acera carnosa.

2. Genus Bullæa. Pl. X.

Animal. Body ovate, somewhat convex above, and divided into two parts transversely; lateral lobes of the foot very thick; head indistinct, and without tentacula; branchiæ placed on the back.

Shell. Concealed in the mantle, very thin, rolled and spiral on one side; without a columella and spire; aperture very large and wide, dilated at the upper part. Inhabits the British seas. Two species.

Bullæa aperta.

B. striata.

3. Genus Bulla. Pl. X.

Animal. Body oblong-ovate, slight convexity; divided into two portions transverse above, mantle slightly folded posteriorly; visible tentacula; branchiæ dorsal and covered, opening only on the right side.

Shell. Univalve, ovate globular, convolute, no columella, spire not projecting but visible, aperture the whole length of the shell, external margin sharp and smooth. Inhabits the British and American seas. Nineteen species.

Bulla physis.

B. naucum.

B. hydatis.

B. rugosa.

B. fragilis.

B. aplustre.

B. ampulla.

B. lignaria.

96B. fasciata.

B. striata.

B. Wyatii.

B. solida.

B. cornea.

B. lactea.

· · · · ·

B. solitaria.*

B. triticea.*

B. hiemalis.*

B. Gouldii.*

B. lineolata.*

FAMILY V. Aplysiacea. Two genera.

1. Genus Dolabella. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, oblong, narrowed in front; and posteriorly widened; area round, sloping, and truncated obliquely; margins folded over the back; four tubular tentacula, disposed in pairs; bronchial operculum inclosing a shell; orifice dorsal, near the branchiæ.

Shell. Oblong, slightly arcuated, thick, callous, and somewhat spiral on both sides, singular in formation, and its characteristic unlike most other shells. Inhabits the Isle of France. Two species.

Dolabella Rumphii.

D. fragilis.

2. Genus Aplysia. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, oblong, convex above; bordered on each side by a broad mantle, which covers the back when the animal is in repose; head and neck elevated, with four tentacula, the two upper ones ear-shaped, eyes situated near the mouth; dorsal shield semicircular, subcartilaginous, adhering on one side, and covering the branchial cavity.

Shell. Nearly round, left margin somewhat reflected; outer lip acute; yellowish horn colored, with brown radiations, and two concentric bands. Inhabits the Indian seas. Thirty-seven species.

Aplysia depilans.

A. teremida.

A. gigas.

A. hassetlii.

A. punctata.

A. marmorata.

97A. dolabrifera.

A. ascifera.

A. petalifera.

A. unguifera.

A. Limacina.

A. Jeachii.

A. saviguana.

A. fasciata.

A. bresili.

A. dactycomela.

A. protea.

A. sorex.

A. tigrina.

A. maculauta.

A. longicauda.

A. Kerandrenii.

A. lessonii.

A. camelus.

A. alba.

A. Napolitana.

A. viridis.

A. longicornis.

A. ecaudata.

A. virescens.

A. poliana.

A. fusca.

A. pleii.

A. citrini.

A. undata.

A. rosea.

A. Ferrusacii.

FAMILY VI. Limacina. Five genera.

1. Genus Limax. Pl. X.

Animal. Cuvier merely mentions that the animal is “furnished with a coriaceous, subrogose shield, with a flat, longitudinal disk beneath; four tentacula retractile, eyes at the tips; orifice for respiration on the right side.”

Shell. Ovate oblong, both margins reflected; very thin, diaphanous, slightly wrinkled, of a pale yellow colour. Inhabits the gardens in Britain and France. Five species.

Limax rufus.

L. cinerus.

L. albus.

L. agrestis.

L. punctata.

2. Genus Vitrina. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, elongated, snail shaped, nearly straight; posteriorly separated from the foot, and spirally wound into a shell.

Shell. Small, very thin, depressed, terminated above by a very 98short spire, the last whorl very large; aperture large, rounded oval; the left margin arched, slightly involute. Inhabits dry places of Europe. Three species.

Vitrina parilis.

V. dentilis.

V. pellucida.

3. Genus Testacella. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping, elongated, snail shaped, having a shell placed on the posterior extremity; four tentacula, the two longest with their eyes at their tips; respiratory organs behind.

Shell. Very small, external, ear-shaped, apex absolutely spiral, aperture very large and oval, left edge sharp and rolled inward behind. Inhabits the middle provinces of France. Two species.

Testacella Haliotidea.

T. Neritoidea.

4. Genus Parmacella. Pl. X.

Animal. Body creeping oblong; middle of the back moderately convex, and shield-shaped; hind part in form of a tail, laterally compressed, acute above; shield ovate, fleshy, adhering at its posterior part, free before, enveloping a shell, with a notch in the centre of its right margin; four tentacula, two posterior largest; respiratory organs, under the notch of the shield, placed between the two tentacula of the right side.

Shell. Ovate, left margin broad and reflected; right margin reflected at top and acute beneath; very thin and pellucid, of a pale yellowish-brown. Inhabits the gardens of Europe. Two species.

Parmacella Olivieri.

P. Cuvierii.

5. Genus Onchidium. Pl. X.

Animal. Body oblong, creeping, marginated on all sides; head projecting, the lower part with a prominent margin, two retractile, cylindrical tentacula; two auriform appendages, nearly lateral; mouth beneath, destitute of maxillary processes; respiratory orifices distinct, under the extremity of the body.

Destitute of a shell. Inhabits the gardens of Europe. Two species.

Onchidium Typhæ.

O. Peronii.

99

FAMILY VII. Colimacea. Eleven genera.

1. Genus Helix. Pl. X.

Animal. Of a slightly variable form, the mantle forming at its free edge a kind of ring or thick collar, especially in front, and faintly divided into two lips; foot oval, plane, smooth beneath, inflated and granular below, joined to the visceral club by a narrow peduncle; head sufficiently distinct; anterior tentacula very evident and inflated at top, the posterior very long; the mouth a vertical cleft provided with two labial lobes, a sort of marginal tooth, with a small, oval, lingual club.

Shell. The name Helix was given to this genus from the spiral shape of the shell, which varies much in form, but generally globular, and ventricose, conoid but never turriculated; summit generally obtuse, aperture varying much in size, sometimes very large, sometimes small, always regulated by the turn of the spire; oval, semilunar, more wide than long, edges disunited, entering little into the interior; right lip or margin thickened or reflected inwards. Inhabits the groves and woods both of America and Europe. Two hundred and three species.

Helix vesicalis.

H. gigantea.

H. polyzonalis.

H. monozonalis.

H. pulla.

H. lineolata.

H. mutata.

H. pomatia.

H. aspersa.

H. vermiculata.

H. Alonensis.

H. vesicolor.

H. naticoides.

H. picta.

H. galactites.

H. cepa.

H. heteroclites.

H. discolor.

H. lactea.

H. zonaria.

H. guttata.

H. Madagascarensis.

H. Javanica.

H. Peruviana.

H. simplex.

H. cidaris.

H. citrina.

H. algira.

H. verticellus.

H. olivetorum.

100H. hæmastoma.

H. melanotragus.

H. extensa.

H. lucana.

H. globulus.

H. melanostoma.

H. cœlatura.

H. microstoma.

H. maculsa.

H. Richardi.

H. Bonplandii.

H. planulata.

H. labrella.

H. unguina.

H. pellis-serpentis.

H. senegalensis.

H. unidentata.

H. fructicum.

H. neglecta.

H. crespitum.

H. ericetorum.

H. intersecta.

H. Carthusianella.

H. diaphana.

H. concolor.

H. velutina.

H. obvuluta.

H. Cookiana.

H. pileus.

H. papilla.

H. punctifera.

H. plicatula.

H. planorbella.

H. scabra.

H. cariosa.

H. crenulata.

H. planorbula.

H. macularia.

H. planospira.

H. Barbadensis.

H. sinuata.

H. hippocastanum.

H. bidentalis.

H. argilacea.

H. vittata.

H. arbustorum.

H. candidissima.

H. memoralis.

H. Hortensis.

H. sylvatica.

H. pisana.

H. splendida.

H. serpentina.

H. niciensis.

H. variabilis.

H. auriculata.

H. turgidula.

H. helicella.

H. zonula.

H. tridentata.

H. septemvalva.

H. monodan.

H. fraterna.

H. coniformis.

H. concamerata.

H. nigrescens.

H. Tripolitana.

H. Sayii.

H. globulosa.

H. Caffra.

H. conformis.

H. prunum.

H. Pouzolzii.

H. contusa.

H. bicarinata.

H. vitrinoides.

101H. maritima.

H. strigata.

H. muralis.

H. rugosa.

H. cornea.

H. liquifera.

H. incarnata.

H. cinctella.

H. cellaria.

H. Gaymardii.

H. nitidia.

H. plebuim.

H. personata.

H. hispidia.

H. rotundata.

H. apicina.

H. striata.

H. conspurcata.

H. conica.

H. conoidea.

H. pulchella.

H. formosa.

H. orbiculata.

H. squamosa.

H. tectiformis.

H. Madeirensis.

H. unbeculata.

H. deformis.

H. Nicæensis.

H. meridionalis.

H. melitensis.

H. circumornata.

H. gronosa.

H. Lima.

H. dentiens.

H. parilis.

H. imperator.

H. zodiaca.

H. concisa.

H. pellicuta.

H. strobilus.

H. alanda.

H. carina.

H. Bulverii.

H. pileolus.

H. vipartita.

H. sinistrorsa.

H. fibula.

H. supplicata.

H. Porto-santara.

H. punctulata.

H. exalbida.

· · · · ·

H. Mitchelliana.*

H. Vancouverensis.*

H. Caroliniensis.*

H. Nuttaliana.*

H. Columbiana.*

H. hirsuta.*

H. perspectiva.*

H. lineata.*

H. multilineata.*

H. appressa.*

H. palliata.*

H. Californiensis.*

H. Townsendiana.*

H. Nichliniana.*

H. Oregonensis.*

H. magnifica.*

H. profunda.*

H. albolabris.*

H. alternata.*

H. irrorata.*

H. inorata.*

H. indentata.*

102H. inflecta.*

H. clausa.*

H. obstricta.*

H. elevata.*

H. interna.*

H. chersina.*

H. gularis.*

H. ligera.*

H. solitaria.*

H. jejuna.*

H. concava.*

H. fallax.*

H. egena.*

H. arboreus.*

H. glaphyra.*

H. Thyroides.*

H. labyrinthica.*

H. major.*

H. Pennsylvanica.*

H. subglobosa.*

H. Zaleta*

H. dentifera.*

H. delabata.*

2. Genus Carocolla. Pl. X.

The Animal of this and the following genera of this family are precisely the same as in Helix.

Shell. Orbicular, more or less convex or conoidal above; the circumference or periphery angulated or keeled; aperture transverse, contiguous to the axis of the shell; the right margin or lip subangular, often toothed or plaited beneath. Inhabits dry situations in Europe and America. Twenty-two species.

Carocolla acutistima.

C. albilabris.

C. angistoma.

C. labyrinthus.

C. lucerna.

C. inflata.

C. hispidula.

C. Gaulteriana.

C. albella.

C. bicolor.

C. Mauritiana.

C. Madagascarensis.

C. marginata.

C. lychnuchus.

C. planata.

C. planaria.

C. lapicida.

C. elegans.

· · · · ·

C. Hydiana.*

C. helicoides* (new species) Lea.

C. grata.*

C. Spinosa* (new species) Lea.

3. Genus Achatina. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

103Shell. Variable in form, but generally subturriculated, oval or oblong, aperture entire, the right lip sharp, never reflected, columella smooth, of which the anterior extremity is always open and truncated. Inhabits South America. Twenty-four species.

Achatina perdix.

A. immaculata.

A. acuta.

A. Mauritania.

A. ustulata.

A. virginea.

A. Marminii.

A. fusco-lineata.

A. columnaria.

A. acicula.

A. zebra.

A. purpurea.

A. bicarinata.

A. castanea.

A. vexillum.

A. Priamus.

A. Peruviana.

A. albo-lineata.

A. fulminea.

A. folliculus.

A. oleacea.

· · · · ·

A. glans.*

A. Vanuxemensis.*

A. solida.*

4. Genus Anostoma. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Somewhat extraordinary in its formation, orbicular, the spire convex and obtuse, aperture round, dentated grinning, turned upwards to the side of the spire, margin of the lip reflected. Lakes in America and the Sandwich Islands. Three species.

Anostoma dentata.

Anostoma depressa.

· · · · ·

A. globosa.*

5. Genus Helicina. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Terrestrial, distinguished only from the Helix by its columella being transverse callous; much depressed and diminished in thickness at the lower part, subliglobular, imperforate; aperture entire, demioval, margin acute, forming an angle at the lower base of the right lip; operculum corneous. Inhabits groves in Europe. Nineteen species.

Helicina neritella.

H. rhodostoma.

104H. striata.

H. fasciata.

H. virida.

H. pulchella.

H. substriata.

H. Braziliensis.

H. costata.

H. aurantia.

H. major.

H. minima.

H. submarginata.

H. unifasciata.

H. Brownii.

H. depressa.

H. aureola.

H. orbiculata.

H. Tankervillii.

6. Genus Pupa. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Cylindrical, generally thick; aperture irregular, semi-ovate, rounded, and subangulated beneath; margins of outer lip nearly equal and reflected outwardly, unconnected at their upper parts; the plait of the columella interposed between them. Most frequently found in moss in Europe and America. Forty species.

Pupa numia.

P. uva.

P. sulcata.

P. candida.

P. labrossa.

P. fusus.

P. tridentata.

P. fasciolata.

P. zebra.

P. unicarinata.

P. maculosa.

P. clavulata.

P. ovularis.

P. Germanica.

P. cinerea.

P. tridens.

P. quadridens.

P. polyodon.

P. variabilis.

P. frumentum.

P. secale.

P. avena.

P. granum.

P. fragilis.

P. dolium.

P. umbilicata.

P. muscorum.

P. angilicus.

P. rufescens.

P. edontulis.

P. odontostoma.

P. petiveriana.

P. dentata.

· · · · ·

P. contracta.*

P. rupicola.*

105P. exigua.*

P. armifera.*

P. fallax.*

P. ovata*

P. pentadon.*

7. Genus Clausilia. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Cylindrical, generally fusiform; summit obtuse, the last whorl smaller than the preceding; aperture irregular, rounded, oval; margin united, and externally reflected. Inhabits dry situations both in Europe and America. Fifteen species.

Clausilia torticollis.

C. truncatula.

C. retusa.

C. costulata.

C. corrugata.

C. inflata.

C. Mediterranea.

C. denticulata.

C. collaris.

C. papillaris.

C. plicatula.

C. rugosa.

C. gracilis.

C. chrysalis.

· · · · ·

C. teres.*

8. Genus Bulimus. Pl. X.

Animals of this genus in formation are precisely as the Helix; they are, however, oviparous, producing eggs with the shell containing the animal perfectly matured; they are frequently as large as a pigeon’s egg.

Shell. Oval, sometimes turriculated, oblong; the summit of the spire obtuse, and the last whorl larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, oval, edge disunited; in adults the lip much reflected; columella smooth, with an inflection in the middle, the base entire, not channeled. Inhabits mountainous situations in Europe and America; some beautiful specimens have been found in the woods of Ohio. Sixty-three species.

Bulimus ovatus.

B. hæmastomus.

B. gallina.

B. sultana.

B. zigzag.

B. multifasciatus.

B. Bengalensis.

B. Caribæorum.

B. octonus.

B. terebraster.

106B. undatus.

B. Richii.

B. inversus.

B. citrinus.

B. sultanus.

B. Pythogaster.

B. ovoideus.

B. interruptus.

B. Peruvianus.

B. Favannii.

B. Kambeul.

B. papyraceus.

B. calcareus.

B. decollatus.

B. Lyonetianus.

B. inflatus.

B. radiatus.

B. fragilis.

B. Guadalupensis.

B. Mexicanus.

B. articulatus.

B. acutus.

B. scobinatus.

B. planidens.

B. ventricosus.

B. montanus.

B. hordaceus.

B. lubricus.

B. iostoma.

B. geniostoma.

B. odontostoma.

B. formosus.

B. Listeri.

B. Kingii.

B. Dufresnii.

B. pulcher.

B. maugeri.

B. lævis.

B. auris leporis.

B. vexillum.

· · · · ·

B. glandiformis.*

B. parvus.*

B. virgo.*

B. gracilis.*

B. Gibbonius.*

B. multilatus.*

B. maculatus.*

B. Pealianus.*

B. lacteus.*

B. decoratus.*

B. Columbianus.*

B. multilineatus.*

B. corneus.*

9. Genus Succinea. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Terrestrial, very thin, pellucid, ovate oblong, with a conical, pointed spire, formed of only one or two whorls; aperture very large and oval, edges disunited; right edge always acute, the left arched, formed by a smooth attenuated columella. The shells of this genus never having their lip thickened or reflected, distinguish them from those of the genus Bulimus, to which they bear a 107strong resemblance. Inhabits the sides of ditches and lakes, both in Europe and America. Seven species.

Succinea cuculata.

S. amphibia.

S. rubescens.

S. oblonga.

S. patula.

S. pellucida.

· · · · ·

S. aperta.*

10. Genus Auricula. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Solid, thick, and smooth, oval, oblong spire very obtuse, aperture entire, enlarged, ear-shaped, much contracted behind; edges not united, right lip thick and generally reflected outwardly; the left or columella with one or more teeth or callous plaits. This genus derives its name from its resemblance to the ears of certain animals. It is a land shell found chiefly in the East and West India Islands. Sixteen species.

Auricula Midæ.

A. Judæ.

A. sileni.

A. leporis.

A. felis.

A. Dombeiana.

A. nitens.

A. angiostoma.

A. scarabæus.

A. bovina.

A. caprella.

A. myosotis.

A. minima.

A. coniformis.

A. monill.

A. labrella.

11. Genus Cyclostoma. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Terrestrial, distinguished from the preceding genera by a perfectly round aperture, reflected lip, and horny operculum, summit papillose; left edge having its origin very detached from the spire. Inhabits the East Indies. A few species are found in America. Thirty-eight species.

Cyclostoma planorbula.

C. volvulus.

C. carinata.

C. sulcata.

C. unicarinata.

C. rugosa.

C. labeo.

C. interrupta.

C. ambigua.

C. semilabris.

108C. tricarinata.

C. obsoleta.

C. patulum.

C. truncatum,

C. pulchrum.

C. Jamaicense.

C. lineolata.

C. elongatum.

C. mirabile.

C. orbella.

C. aurantium.

C. flavula.

C. fasciata.

C. mumia.

C. quarternata.

C. ferruginea.

C. decussata.

C. mammillaris.

C. maculatum.

C. ligata.

C. elegans.

C. tortum.

C. mirabile.

· · · · ·

C. maculata.*

C. Popayana.*

C. lapidaria.*

C. marginata.*

C. dentata.*

FAMILY VIII. Lymnacea. Three genera.

1. Genus Lymnea. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Aquatic, oval, sometimes turreted; spire produced, thin, smooth, edges disunited, the left with a very oblique plait rising on the columella, forming an oval aperture, destitute of an operculum. Inhabits the ponds of America and Europe. Thirty-three species.

Lymnea columnaris.

L. stagnelis.

L. palustris.

L. auricularia.

L. ovata.

L. minuta.

L. luteola.

L. acuminata.

L. intermedia.

L. leucostoma.

L. peregra.

· · · · ·

L. rubiginosus.*

L. solida.*

L. Virginiana.*

L. Emmoniensis.*

L. lessoni.*

L. apacina.*

109L. catascopium.*

L. columella.*

L. elongatus.*

L. reflexus.*

L. appressus.*

L. elodes.*

L. limosa.*

L. lapidaria.*

L. dissimilis.*

L. ponderosa.*

L. integra.*

L. porata.*

L. lustrica.*

L. grana.*

L. subglobosa.*

2. Genus Physa. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. General sinistral, oval, oblong, or globular, very smooth, spire prominent, aperture oval, contracted posteriorly, right edge sharp, columella twisting obliquely, and enlarging to join itself to the anterior part of the margin, the whorls turning to the left hand gives this shell the appellation of heterostrophe. Inhabits the ditches of America and Europe. Ten species.

Physa fontinalis.

P. hypnorum.

P. subopaca.

· · · · ·

P. castanea.*

P. decisa.*

P. elongata.*

P. aurea.*

P. gyrina.*

P. heterostropha.*

P. ancillaria.*

3. Genus Planorbis. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Discoid, spire depressed, or involuted almost in the same vertical plane, causing the shell to be depressed on each side, aperture oblong, luniform, axis remote, margin not reflected; no operculum. Inhabits the lakes of America and Europe. Twenty-two species.

Planorbis cornu-arietis.

P. corneus.

P. spirorbis.

P. hispidus.

P. orientalis.

P. carinatus.

P. lutescens.

P. nitidus.

110P. angulatus.

P. deformis.

P. imbricatus.

P. contortus.

P. vortex.

· · · · ·

P. lens.*

P. glabratus.*

P. armigerus.*

P. parallellus.*

P. exacuous.*

P. campanulatus.*

P. trivolvis.*

P. bicarinatus.*

P. parvus.*

FAMILY IX. Melaniana. Three genera.

1. Genus Melania. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Turreted; aperture entire, spire slightly pointed, margin of the whorls often surmounted by spires, columella smooth and arched, closed by a thin horn-like operculum; this is a fluviatile shell, often covered by a thick epidermis. Inhabits the rivers of India. Many fine species are found in America. Fifty-four species.

Melania inquinata.

M. asperata.

M. spinolusa.

M. gronifera.

M. aurita.

M. lineolata.

M. trunculata.

M. carinefera.

M. truncata.

M. coarctata.

M. punctata.

M. subulata.

M. Helvetica.

M. lineata.

M. Byronensis.

M. sulcata.

M. lævigata.

M. clavis.

M. decollata.

M. amarula.

M. thiarella.

M. fasciolata.

M. lævissima.

M. corrugata.

· · · · ·

M. Troostiana.*

M. plicifera.*

111M. Sayii.*

M. elevata.*

M. armigera.*

M. multilineata.*

M. proxima.*

M. Hydeii.*

M. salebrosa.*

M. bitaeniata.*

M. lema.*

M. nassula.*

M. trochiformis.*

M. elevata.*

M. laqueata.*

M. semicarinata.*

M. subularis* (Lea).

M. acuta.* „

M. plicata.*

M. inflata.*

N. conica.*

M. catenaria.*

M. simplex.*

M. excurta.*

M. annulifera.*

M. pyrenella.*

M. coma.*

M. alveare.*

M. cylindracea.*

M. vestita.*

M. caniculata.*

M. Virginica.*

M. tuberculata* (Lea).

M. elongata.* „

2. Genus Pirena. Pl. X.

Animal. Much elongated, mantle prolonged into a canal at the left side, but without distinct tube; foot short, oval, with an anterior marginal furrow; head terminated by a depressed proboscidiform muzzle; tentacula very distant, thickly annulated, dilated in the inferior half of their length, and having the eyes at the summit of this dilation; mouth a terminal and vertical slit, without labial tooth, and with a very small tongue; a single long and narrow branchia.

Shell. Distinguished from the preceding genus by having a sinus at the base, and another at the summit; turreted; aperture longitudinal, right lip sharp, base of the columella inclined to the right. Inhabits the rivers of India and Africa. One species is found in America. Six species.

Pirena terebralis.

P. cancellata.

P. aurita.

P. spinosa.

P. granulosa.

· · · · ·

P. scalariformis.*

3. Genus Melanopsis. Pl. X.

Animal. As preceding genus.

112Shell. The Melanopsis is distinguished from the Melanaia, by the columella being callous in the upper part, and the base truncated as in the Achatina, and differs from the Pirena in having only a sinus or widened opening at the base of the shell; aperture covered by a horny operculum. Inhabits the rivers of the Archipelago. Three species.

Melanopsis costata.

M. lævigata.

M. prærosa.

FAMILY X. Peristomiana. Three genera.

1. Genus Valvata. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Found only in fresh water; subdiscoid or conoid, umbilicated, spiral, whorls, rounded; angular at the summit; aperture round, not modified by the penultimate whorl; the margins sharp and united; operculum orbicular and horny. Inhabits the rivers of Europe and America. Three species.

Valvata piscinalis.

· · · · ·

V. arcnifera.* (Lea.)

V. tricarinata.*

2. Genus Paludina. Pl. X.

Animal. See Helix.

Shell. Generally found in fresh water, though some species have been found where it is salt; conoid covered with a greenish epidermis; the whorls rounded or convex, spiral cavity modified by the last whorl; aperture rounded, oval, oblong, angular at the summit; margins united, acute, never reflected outwards; operculum orbicular and horny. Inhabits the rivers of America and Europe. Thirty-one species.

Paludina vivipara.

P. Bengalensis.

P. viridis.

P. Francesii.

P. achatina.

P. Australis.

P. impura.

P. muriatica.

· · · · ·

113P. sinistrosa.*

P. Nuttaliana.*

P. virens.*

P. pallida.*

P. subcarinata.*

P. genicula.*

P. magnifica.*

P. limosa.*

P. subglobosa.*

P. lapidaria.*

P. Virginica.*

P. hyalina.*

P. unicolor.*

P. nuclea.*

P. decisa.*

P. fuscus.*

P. dissimilis.*

P. ponderosa.*

P. integra.*

P. porata.*

P. lustrica.*

P. grana.*

P. Nickliniana.*

3. Genus Ampullaria. Pl. X.

Animal. Inflated, globular, spiral; foot oval, with a transverse furrow at its anterior edge; head wide; tentacula superior, very long, conical, and pointed; eyes situated at their external base, and supported upon a very apparent peduncle; mouth vertical, situated between two lips disposed in form of a horse-shoe and forming a kind of muzzle; no superior tooth; a bristly lingual band, but not prolonged into the abdominal cavity; a very large respiratory cavity, divided in two by an incomplete horizontal partition.

Animals of this genus are oviparous; producing an egg nearly as large as that of a pigeon, in which is found the young animal complete, and in a perfectly formed shell.

Shell. This genus appears to partake of the characteristics, both of the Paludina and the Natica, being fluviatile and frequently attaining a large size; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the others together; globular, very ventricose, umbilicus small, forming a compressed funnel-shaped aperture, without interior callosity; aperture longer than broad, with margins united; columellar lip thickened, projecting and reflected over the umbilicus; operculum horny. Inhabits the rivers of Europe. Thirteen species.

Ampullaria vivipara.

A. fasciata.

A. rugosa.

A. canaliculata.

114A. effusa.

A. virens.

A. avellana.

A. fragilis.

A. Guinica.

A. carinata.

A. intorta.

A. conica.

· · · · ·

A. Pealiana.*

FAMILY XI. Neritacea. Four genera.

1. Genus Neritina. Pl. X.

Animal. Globular; foot circular, thick, without a furrow anteriorly, or a lobe for the operculum posteriorly, with a bipartite columellar muscle; conical tentacula; eyes subpedunculate at their external side; mouth without labial tooth, but with a denticulated tongue prolonged into the visceral cavity; a single large pectiniform branchia.

Shell. This genus was formerly classed with the Nerita, which in form it much resembles, but from the circumstance of the latter inhabiting the sea, and Neritinæ fresh water, it now forms a separate genus. Thin, smooth, or finely striated, in all the species known, the right side of the aperture does not possess any crenulations or teeth; the operculum is provided with a lateral tooth on one side. Some species are armed with spines; aperture semicircular; left margin smooth and sharp; spire imperfect, generally dissolved by the animal. Inhabits the fresh water rivers of Europe. Twenty-seven species.

Neritina perversa.

N. pulligera.

N. dubia.

N. zebra.

N. zigzag.

N. gagates.

N. lugubris.

N. lineolata.

N. fasciata.

N. semiconica.

N. strigilata.

N. meleagris.

N. virginea.

N. fluviatilis.

N. viridis.

N. Bætica.

N. careosa.

N. caffra.

115N. Domingensis.

N. auriculata.

N. crepidularia.

N. brevispina.

N. Smithii.

N. spinosa.

N. Oweni.

N. pulchella.

N. corona.

2. Genus Nerita. Pl. X.

Animal. See Neritina.

Shell. Marine, but never spined, solid, semiglobular, flattened beneath, not imbilicated; aperture large, entire, semilunar, the external margin much hollowed; the columella sharp and often dentated, operculum horny, subspiral, with a projecting tooth. Inhabits the seas of S. America and W. Indies. Twenty species.

Nurita exuvia.

N. textilis.

N. undata.

N. peloronta.

N. chlorostoma.

N. atrata.

N. polita.

N. albicella.

N. chamæleon.

N. versicolor.

N. lineata.

N. scabricosta.

N. plicata.

N. tassellata.

N. signata.

N. ornata.

N. Australis.

N. rudis.

N. Ascensionis.

N. Malaccensis.

3. Genus Navicella. Pl. X.

Animal. Oval, not spiral, foot elliptical, very large, with a thin subpapillary edge, advanced rather anteriorly, without marginal furrow, but attached on each side to the visceral mass in all its posterior portion so as to form a sort of cavity open transversely behind; head very broad and semilunate; tentacula conical, contractile and distant; eyes subpedunculated at the external root of the tentacula; mouth large and longitudinal.

Shell. Fluviatile, elliptical, or oblong, convex above, summit straight, depressed to the margin, concave beneath; no columella; the columellar edge replaced by a sharp partition, covering part of the aperture; a sinus at its left extremity; muscular impression horse-shoe shaped, open in front and interrupted behind; 116thin, calcareous operculum, with a subulate, lateral tooth adhering to the posterior margin. Inhabits rivers in the Isle of France. Four species.

Navicella elliptica.

N. tesselatus.

N. lineata.

N. porcelanica.

4. Genera Natica. Pl. XI.

Animal. Oval, subspiral; foot profoundly and transversely bilobed anteriorly, and having a horny or calcareous operculum; head provided with long setaceous tentacula, flat, and auriculated at the base; eyes sessile at the external side of the root of the tentacula; mouth armed with a labial tooth.

Shell. Marine, distinguished from the Nerita by having no teeth, and having an umbilicus modified by a callosity; very smooth and glossy; no epidermis; spire evident, but low; columellar edge not toothed; right edge without teeth; operculum calcareous and smooth, semi-spiral, with concentrical ribs, fitting a groove on the columella. Inhabits the W. Indian Ocean and American seas. Thirty-six species.

Natica ampullaria.

N. plumbea.

N. conica.

N. aurantia.

N. melanostoma.

N. mamilla.

N. mamillaris.

N. albumen.

N. glaucina.

N. canrena.

N. cruentata.

N. millepunctata.

N. vitellus.

N. helvacca.

N. collaria.

N. monilifera.

N. labrella.

N. unifasciata.

N. lineata.

N. fulminata.

N. maculosa.

N. vitata.

N. castanea.

N. arachnoidea.

N. zebra.

N. Marochiensis.

N. Javanica.

N. zonaria.

N. cancellata.

N. patula.

N. duplicata.

N. intricata.

N. glabrata.

N. Chinensis.

N. rufa.

· · · · ·

117N. consolidata.*

N. duplicata.*

N. heros.*

N. pusilla.*

N. triseriata.*

N. rugosa.*

FAMILY XII. Janthinea. One genus.

1. Genus Janthina. Pl. XI.

Animal. Of oval form, spiral, provided with a circular concave foot, accompanied with a vesicular subcartilaginous mass, and natatory appendages on each side; head very thick; tentacula scarcely at all contractile; eyes situated beneath the extremity of long peduncles placed at the external side of the tentacula, and appearing to form a part of them; mouth at the extremity of a very thick proboscidiform muzzle, between two vertical, subcartilaginous lips furnished with sharp spines.

Shell. Of a beautiful violet colour, found in numbers floating on the surface of the ocean, suspended by a vesicular appendage which gives a rich purple stain. Extremely thin and fragile, spire low, lateral, pointed, with subcarinated whorls; aperture large, subangular, modified by the last whorl of the spire, edges disunited, the left formed by the columella, which is straight, continuing beyond the base, right edge sharp, with a sinus in the middle. Inhabits the Atlantic Ocean. Three species.

Janthina naticoides.

J. communis.

J. exigua.

FAMILY XIII. Macrostomiana. Four genera.

1. Genus Sigaretus. Pl. XI.

Animal. Body oval, flat beneath; edges of the mantle vertical, thin, extending beyond the body in all directions, sloped anteriorly; the mantle itself dilated superiorly.

Shell. More or less thick, internal, without colour, much depressed, 118with a short, low, lateral spire; left edge of the aperture trenchant; two lateral muscular impressions very distant. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two species are found in S. America. Six species.

Sigaretus convexus.

S. Haliotoideus.

S. cancellatus.

S. lævigatus.

· · · · ·

S. perspectivus.*

S. maculatus.*

2. Genus Stomatella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Distinguished from the Stomatia by being destitute of a transverse rib, orbicular, oblong ear-shaped, imperforate; aperture entire, large, sublongitudinal; right lip effuse, dilated, open. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Five species.

Stomatella imbricata.

S. rubra.

S. sulcifera.

S. auricula.

S. planulata.

3. Genus Stomatia. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Ear-shaped, imperforate, spire prominent; aperture entire, large, oblong; right margin and columella equally raised; a transverse and tuberculated rib on the back. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Two species.

Stomatia phymotis.

S. obscurata.

4. Genus Haliotis. Pl. XI.

Animal. Body oval, much depressed, slightly spiral posteriorly, provided with a large foot doubly fringed at its circumference; head depressed; tentacula a little flattened; eyes at the summit of prismatic peduncles situated at the external side of the tentacula; mantle very thin, deeply slit at the left side; the two lobes pointed, and forming by their union a kind of canal to conduct water into the branchial cavity, and including two very long unequal branchial combs.

119Shell. This beautiful genus derives its name from its resemblance to the human ear. The exterior, tuberculated, and generally loaded with marine substances, giving it an uncouth appearance, but its iridescent interior forms a magnificent contrast; it is pearly, with all the hues of the rainbow, recurving very depressed, oval, spire very small, sometimes eroded, almost posterior, aperture as large as the shell, with margins reflected inwards, the right sharp, left flat, and enlarged; disk pierced with holes, disposed in a line parallel to and near the left margin, the last commencing with a notch. These holes formed by the animal, as it increases the size of the shell, to admit the passage of a short syphon; they adhere to rocks, and are removed with much difficulty. Inhabits the sea at Molucca. Nineteen species.

Haliotis tuberculata.

H. striata.

H. asinina.

H. glabia.

H. lamellosa.

H. unilateralis.

H. rugosa.

H. canaliculata.

H. tricostalis.

H. dubia.

H. iris.

H. tubifera.

H. excavata.

H. Australis.

H. Midæ.

H. rubra.

H. tricostata.

H. corrugata.

H. Mariæ.

FAMILY XIV. Plicacea. Two genera.

1. Genus Tornatella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Body oval, subspiral; foot divided into two heels by a wide transverse furrow; head provided with two vertical cylindrical tentacula, having the eyes placed sessilely upon their interior side.

Shell. Convolute, oval, cylindrical, mostly striated transversely; no epidermis; spire very short, last whorl much larger than all the others together; one or two large plaits on the columella. Inhabits the coast of Britain. Six species.

120Tornatella fasciata.

T. solidula.

T. auricula.

T. nitidula.

T. pedipes.

T. flammea.

2. Genus Pyramidella. Pl. XI.

Animal. As preceding genus.

Shell. Smooth and turreted, without epidermis; elongated, conical, or subturriculated; aperture entire, demioval; the outer lip sharp and dentated within, columella produced, subperforate at the base, furnished with transverse plaits. Inhabits the American and W. Indian seas. Six species.

Pyramidella terrebellum.

· · · · ·

Pyramidella maculosa.*

P. dolabrata.*

Pyramidella plicata.*

P. ventricosa.*

P. corrugata.*

FAMILY XV. Scalarina. Three genera.

1. Genus Scalaria. Pl. XI.

Animal. Spiral; foot short, oval, and inserted beneath the neck; two tentacula terminated by a filament, and having the eyes at the extremity of the dilated portion; a proboscis.

Shell. Marine, aperture circular, spire more or less pressed and furnished with longitudinal ribs, formed by the preservation of the reflected margin of the aperture; edges united, thickened, and outwardly reflected; operculum horny and thin. Inhabits the American and Indian seas. Fourteen living species, and three fossil.

Scalaria coronata.

S. communis.

S. Australis.

S. tenebralis.

S. varicosa.

S. raricosta.

S. lamellosa.

S. pretiosa.

· · · · ·

S. Martinii.*

S. Novanglia.*

121S. lineata.*

S. subulata.*

S. multistriata.*

S. turbinata.*

2. Genus Vermetus. Pl. XI.

Animal. As preceding genus.

Shell. Very similar to the Serpula, but the organization of the animal makes it a distinct genus; often found clustered together, and attached to marine substances; conical, thin, tubular, loosely spiral, aperture straight, circular, edges sharp and complete, several partitions not perforated towards the summit, operculum horny and complete. Inhabits the sandy shores of the W. Indies and Africa. Two species.

Vermetus lumbricalis.

V. maximus.

3. Genus Delphinula. Pl. XI.

Animal. See Scalaria.

Shell. Thick, and pearly in the interior, subdiscoid or conical; spiral whorls rough or angular, often detached, spiny; large umbilicus, sometimes triangular; the margins united, mostly fringed or ventricose. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Five living species. Seven fossil.

Delphinula laciniata.

D. turbinopsis.

D. distorta.

D. rugosa.

· · · · ·

D. laxa.*

FAMILY XVI. Turbinacea. Eight genera.

1. Genus Solarium. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Orbicular, depressed, umbilicus large and conical, crenulated or dentated on the inner margin of the whorls; aperture not modified by the last whorl of the spire, which is entirely flat; no columella. Inhabits the Indian seas. Seven living species. E. fossil.

122Solarium granulatum.

S. perspectivum.

S. hybridum.

S. lævigatum.

S. stramineum.

S. variegatum.

S. luteum.

2. Genus Trochus. Pl. XI.

Animal. Spiral, having the sides of the body often ornamented with digitated or lobed appendages, and provided with a short foot, rounded at its two extremities; head provided with two tentacula more or less elongated, having the eyes upon a dilation of their external base; mouth without superior tooth, but furnished with a spiral lingual band.

Shell. Marine, found in almost all parts of the world, some smooth, others knotted, spined, tuberculated, or undulated; thick, generally pearly, spire sometimes depressed, at others elevated and pointed at the summit, sharp or carinated at its circumference, frequently umbilicated, not always; aperture transversely depressed, the margins not united at the upper part; columella arched and twisted, often projecting forward; operculum horny, thin, with numerous spiral whorls, increasing from the centre to the circumference. Inhabits the European seas. Ninety-nine living species. Eight fossil.

Trochus imperialis.

T. longispina.

T. solaris.

T. Indicus.

T. radians.

T. pileus.

T. calyptræformis.

T. fimbriatus.

T. brevispina.

T. rotularius.

T. stella.

T. stellarius.

T. asperatus.

T. rhodostomus.

T. spinulosus.

T. jujubinus.

T. Javanicus.

T. annulatus.

T. doliarius.

T. granulatus.

T. granatum.

T. moniliferus.

T. iris.

T. ornatus.

T. bicingulatus.

T. calliferus.

T. umbilicaris.

T. undatus.

T. Pharaonis.

T. sagittiferus.

123T. costulatus.

T. inermis.

T. agglutinans.

T. coelatus.

T. tuber.

T. magus.

T. merula.

T. argyrostomus.

T. Cookii.

T. niloticus.

T. pyramidalis.

T. noduliferus.

T. cærulescens.

T. obeliscus.

T. virgatus.

T. maculatus.

T. granosus.

T. squarrosus.

T. incrassatus.

T. flamulatus.

T. elatus.

T. marmoreus.

T. Mauritianus.

T. imbricatus.

T. triseliatus.

T. crenulatus.

T. asperulus.

T. acutus.

T. concavus.

T. lineatus.

T. zizyphinus.

T. conuloides.

T. conulus.

T. zonatus.

T. carneolus.

T. cinerarius.

T. excavatus.

T. nanus.

T. pyramidatus.

T. erythroleucos.

T. undosus.

T. unguis.

T. olivaceus.

T. Smithii.

T. maugeri.

T. Mediterraneus.

T. reticulatus.

T. indistinctus.

T. pellioserpentis.

T. armillatus.

T. acuminatus.

T. elegantus.

T. granosus.

T. tæniatus.

T. articulatus.

T. pictus.

T. callosus.

T. clanguloides.

T. interruptus.

T. lævis.

T. albidus.

T. celandii.

T. quadricostatus.

T. Byronianus.

T. elongatus.

T. filosus.

T. clangulus.

T. sulcatus.

T. Montagui.

3. Genus Monodonta. Pl. XI.

Animal. See Trochus.

124Shell. This genus appears to be the connecting link between the Trochus and Turbo; distinguished from the former, by an entirely rounded aperture, slightly depressed; from the latter, by the toothlike projecting angle the truncated columella occasions at the base; an operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas. Thirty-four species.

Monodonta bicolor.

M. pagodus.

M. tectum-persicum.

M. papillosa.

M. coronaria.

M. Ægyptiacea.

M. carchedonius.

M. modulus.

M. Listeri.

M. tectum.

M. labio.

M. Australis.

M. canalifera.

M. viridis.

M. fragarioides.

M. constricta.

M. tricarinata.

M. badia.

M. articulata.

M. lugubris.

M. punctulata.

M. caniculata.

M. seminigra.

M. rosea.

M. lineata.

M. rugosa.

M. zebra.

M. reticularis.

M. trochlea.

M. atrata.

M. obscura.

M. concamerata.

M. odontis.

M. pulcherrima.

4. Genus Turbo. Pl. XI.

Animal. Very similar to that of Trochus, the sides sometimes ornamented with tentacular appendages, varying in number and form; head proboscidiform; tentacula thin and setaceous.

Shell. Depressed conical, or subturreted; sometimes umbilicated, frequently carinated at its circumference; interior pearly; aperture round or depressed, the middle of external edge hollowed; edges rarely joined by a callosity; columella arched, rarely twisted, not truncated at the base; an operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Fifty-one species.

Turbo marmoratus.

T. imperialis,

T. torquatus.

T. muricatus.

T. littoreus.

T. ustulatus.

125T. Sarmaticus.

T. cornutus.

T. argyrostomus.

T. chrysostomus.

T. radiatus.

T. setosus.

T. Spenglerianus.

T. petholatus.

T. undulatus.

T. pica.

T. versicolor.

T. smaragdus.

T. cidaris.

T. diaphanus.

T. rugosus.

T. coronatus.

T. crenulatus.

T. margaritaceus.

T. vestitus.

T. incarnatus.

T. Nicobaricus.

T. neritoides.

T. retusus.

T. bicarinatus.

T. rudis.

T. obtusus.

T. pullus.

T. cærulescens.

T. cancellatus.

T. costatus.

T. niger.

T. minimus.

T. tuberculatus.

T. zebra.

T. pintado.

T. crassus.

T. fluctuatus.

T. hippocastanum.

T. cineræus.

T. obscurus.

T. saxosus.

· · · · ·

T. irroratus.*

T. canaliculatus.*

T. palliatus.*

T. obligatus.*

5. Genus Planaxis. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Ovate conical, solid; aperture ovate, sublongitudinal, columella flat and truncated at the base, separated from the right margin by a narrow sinus. Interior surface of the right margin furrowed or lineated, and a callosity running under the summit. Inhabits the American and W. Indian seas. Four species.

Planaxis sulcata.

P. bicolor.

P. undulata.

· · · · ·

P. lævigatum.*

126

6. Genus Phasianella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Spiral; foot oval; upon each side an appendage ornamented with filaments; head edged anteriorly with a kind of veil formed by a double, bifid, fringed lip; two, long, conical tentacula; eyes borne upon short peduncles and situated at the external part of their base; mouth between two vertical subcornate lips.

Shell. Marine; many of them very rare and valuable; their beauty of colouring disposed so as to resemble the plumage of a pheasant. Oval, rather thick, smooth and glossy, spire pointed; columella uniting itself with the left edge, forming interiorly a longitudinal callosity; aperture oval, larger before, with edges disunited; operculum calcareous, oval, oblong, subspiral, the summit at one extremity. Inhabits the British coast. Twelve species.

Phasianella variegata.

P. rubens.

P. bulimoides.

P. elegans.

P. lineata.

P. nebulosa.

P. sulcata.

P. angulifera.

P. lineolata.

P. perdix.

P. Mauritania.

P. Peruviana.

7. Genus Turritella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Spiral; foot fringed anteriorly by a transversely wrinkled band; tentacula long, very fine towards their extremity, somewhat thick at their base, and having the eyes upon an inflation; the head skirted with a veil or fringe garnished with filaments.

Shell. Turreted, not nacred, rather thin, striated in the direction of the decurrence of the spire; very pointed, and with numerous whorls; aperture rounded; the edges posteriorly, the right exceedingly thin, and slightly sinuous towards the middle; operculum horny. Inhabits the Indian and American Oceans. Twenty-one living species. Thirty-seven fossil.

Turritella duplicata.

T. imbricata.

T. terebra.

T. replicata.

127T. fuscata.

T. brevialis.

T. trisulcata.

T. carinifera.

T. cornea.

T. bicingulata.

T. exoleta.

T. Australis.

· · · · ·

T. Virginiana.*

T. alternata.*

T. impressa.*

T. concava.*

T. saturalis.*

T. equalis.*

T. erosa.*

T. reticulata.*

T. bisuturalis.*

8. Genus Rotella. Pl. XI.

Animal. See Turbo.

Shell. Orbicular, glossy, destitute of epidermis; spire short, subconic; lower parts convex and callous; aperture half round. Indian Ocean. Seven species.

Rotella lineolata.

R. Javanica.

R. rosea.

R. formosa.

R. saturalis.

R. equalis.

R. monolifera.

FAMILY XVII. Canalifera. Eleven genera.

1. Genus Cerithium. Pl. XI.

Animal. Much elongated; the mantle prolonged into a canal at its left side, but without a distinct tube; the foot short, oval, with an anterior marginal furrow; the head terminated by a depressed proboscidiform muzzle.

Shell. More or less turriculated and tuberculous; aperture small, oval, and oblique; the columellar edge much excavated and callous, the right edge trenchant, and slightly dilating with age. Operculum horny, oval, round, subspiral, and striated, upon the external face. They are found in almost every sea. Forty-five living species. Sixty fossil.

128Cerithium palustre.

C. telescopium.

C. nodulosum.

C. obeliscum.

C. aluco.

C. giganteum.

C. sulcatum.

C. ebeninum.

C. vulgatum.

C. granulatum.

C. echinatum.

C. subulatum.

C. zonale.

C. tortulosum.

C. morus.

C. erythræonense.

C. radula.

C. decollatum.

C. semigranosum.

C. lineatum.

C. fasciatum.

C. muricatum.

C. crassum.

C. obtusum.

C. asperum.

C. vertagum.

C. literatum.

C. heteroclites.

C. semiferrugineum.

C. tuberculatum.

C. ocellatum.

C. atratum.

C. eburneum.

C. lima.

C. zonatum.

C. rugosum.

C. mitriforme.

C. punctatum.

C. perversum.

C. petrosum.

· · · · ·

C. exasperatum.*

C. dislocatum.*

C. Emersonii.*

C. Nigrocinctum.*

C. Greenii.*

2. Genus Pleurotoma. Pl. XI.

Animal. Body oval, spiral above, enveloped in a mantle of which the right edge is furnished with lobes; foot oval and somewhat short; eyes situated at the external base of long, conical, retractile tentacula; mouth having a long extensible proboscis armed with hooked teeth; organs of respiration formed by two unequal branchiæ.

Shell. Fusiform, a little wrinkled, with a turriculated spire; a small oval aperture, terminated by a straight canal more or less long, with the right edge trenchant; a horny operculum. Distinguished from the Cerithium by having a notch in the margin. Twenty-nine living species. Thirty fossil.

129Pleurotoma muricata.

P. echinata.

P. flavidula.

P. imperialis.

P. auriculifera.

P. spirata.

P. bimarginata.

P. cingulifera.

P. Babylonia.

P. marmorata.

P. crispa.

P. nodifera.

P. maculata.

P. interrupta.

P. cincta.

P. crenularis.

P. unizonalis.

P. lineata.

P. fascialis.

P. buccinoides.

P. virgo.

P. undosa.

P. tigrina.

P. albina.

P. mitra.

P. elegans.

P. curvirostris.

· · · · ·

P. decussata.*

P. bicarinata.*

3. Genus Turbinella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Imperfectly known.

Shell. Usually turbinated (but sometimes turriculated), wrinkled, thick; spire slightly variable in form; aperture elongated, terminated by a straight canal, and often rather short; the left edge nearly straight and formed by a callosity concealing the columella, which has two or three nearly transverse and unequal folds; the right edge entire and trenchant. Found in the Equatorial or Australian seas. Twenty-three species.

Turbinella scolymus.

T. napus.

T. pugillaris.

T. rapa.

T. pyrum.

T. leucozonalis.

T. cingulifera.

T. mitis.

T. infundibulum.

T. lineata.

T. triserialis.

T. ocellata.

T. rustica.

T. polygonia.

T. carinifera.

T. rhinoceros.

T. cornigera.

T. ceramica.

T. capitella.

T. globulus.

T. craticulata.

T. nassatula.

T. variolaris.

130

4. Genus Cancellaria. Pl. XI.

Animal. See Purpura, hereafter.

Shell. Oval or globular, wrinkled; spire middling and pointed; aperture wide, ovate, grooved, and sometimes canaliculated anteriorly; the right edge concave and trenchant; the left nearly straight and marked in the middle with two or three folds; operculum horny. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. One species only is found in America. Forty-nine living species. Twenty fossil.

Cancellaria crispa.

C. costifera.

C. articularis.

C. brevis.

C. pusilla.

C. bullata.

C. tuberculosa.

C. pulchra.

C. cancellata.

C. similis.

C. chrysostoma.

C. rugosa.

C. hæmastoma.

C. rigida.

C. costata.

C. goniostoma.

C. trigonostoma.

C. levigata.

C. spirata.

C. obliquata.

C. scalata.

C. contabulata.

C. crenifera.

C. scalarina.

C. littoriniformis.

C. elegans.

C. asperella.

C. oblonga.

C. tesselata.

C. nodulifera.

C. cassidiformis.

C. Australis.

C. reticulata.

C. candida.

C. ovata.

C. Obesa.

C. acuminata.

C. solida.

C. gemmulata.

C. decussata.

C. indentata.

C. alba.

C. clavatula.

C. uniplicata.

C. mitriformis.

C. tritonis.

C. granosa.

C. piscatoria.

· · · · ·

C. buccinoides.*

5. Genus Fasciolaria. Pl. XI.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

131Shell. Separated from the Murex on account of having no varix fusiform or subfusiform; spire middling; aperture oval, elongated, nearly symmetrical, terminated by a rather long, straight tube, the external edge trenchant, the columellar edge having two or three oblique folds. Inhabits the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Eight living species. Seven fossil.

Fasciolaria trapezium.

F. aurantica.

F. filamentosa.

F. coronata.

F. ferruginea.

F. tarentina.

F. tulipa.

F. distans.

6. Genus Fusus. Pl. XI.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. With an epidermis, wrinkled, fusiform or dilated in the middle, prolonged posteriorly by the spire, and still more so anteriorly by the canal; aperture oval; the columellar edge straight or nearly so, the exterior trenchant; a horny and oval operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Forty-six living species. Thirty-seven fossil.

Fusus aculeiformis.

F. contrarius.

F. longissimus.

F. laticosta.

F. collosseus.

F. tuberculatus.

F. distans.

F. incrassatus.

F. sulcatus.

F. despectus.

F. proboscidiferus.

F. morio.

F. cochlidium.

F. raphanus.

F. polygonoides.

F. lignarius.

F. strigosus.

F. crebricostatus.

F. colus.

F. Nicobaricus.

F. tortulosus.

F. multicarinatus.

F. antiquirus.

F. carinatus.

F. Islandicus.

F. coronatus.

F. corona.

F. filosus.

F. verruculatus.

F. Syracusanus.

F. varius.

F. afer.

F. rubens.

F. Nifat.

F. buccinatus.

F. scalarinus.

132F. curvirostris.

F. inconstans.

F. sinistralis.

F. articulatus.

· · · · ·

F. pleurotomarius.*

F. harpularis.*

F. cinereus.*

F. fluviatilis.*

F. decemcostatus.*

F. bicolor.*

7. Genus Pyrula. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Pyriform on account of the depression of the spire, which distinguishes it from the Fusus; the canal conical, very long or middling, sometimes a little sloped; aperture oval, rather large; the columella edge somewhat excavated, entire and trenchant; an operculum. Found in the Northern and American seas. Twenty-nine living species. Six fossil.

Pyrula salmo.

P. carica.

P. candelabrum.

P. tuba.

P. melongena.

P. ficus.

P. spirata.

P. elongata.

P. bezoar.

P. angulata.

P. nodosa.

P. abbreviata.

P. deformis.

P. lineata.

P. plicata.

P. canaliculata.

P. perversa.

P. bucephala.

P. vespertilio.

P. reticulata.

P. ficoides.

P. spirillus.

P. ternatana.

P. rapa.

P. galeodes.

P. squamosa.

P. citrina.

P. neritoidea.

· · · · ·

P. papyracea.*

8. Genus Struthiolaria. Pl. XI.

Animal. See Triton, hereafter.

Shell. Ovate; spire prolonged; aperture sinuous, terminated at the base by a very short, straight canal: columellar edge callous; 133right edge having a thickened varix. Inhabits the Mediterranean and Northern Seas. Two species.

Struthiolaria nodulosa.

S. crenulata.

9. Genus Ranella. Pl. XI.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Oval, and, as it were, depressed by the preservation of each side of a longitudinal thickened band; aperture oval, almost symmetrical by the excavation of the columellar edge, terminating anteriorly by a short canal, often a little sloping; a sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges. This genus forms a distinct division between the Murex and Struthiolaria. Inhabits the Northern and Mediterranean Seas. One species is found in America. Fifteen living species. Five fossil.

Ranella gigantea.

R. candisata.

R. ranina.

R. bufonia.

R. granifera.

R. bitubercularis.

R. anceps.

R. leucostoma.

R. Argus.

R. spinosa.

R. granulata.

R. semigranosa.

R. crumena.

R. pygmæa.

· · · · ·

R. caudata*.

10. Genus Murex. Pl. XI.

Animal. See Pleurotoma, above.

Shell. Usually oval; the spire but slightly elevated, roughened with longitudinal, transversal bands or varices; aperture small, quite oval, and symmetrical by the excavation of the left edge, formed by a lamina applied upon the columella, terminated anteriorly by a middling canal sometimes very long and closed; the right edge more or less furnished with varices. Operculum horny, complete, oval, nearly circular, with sub-concentric partitions; summit terminal. This genus comprehends only such shells as have only three or more varices on each whorl. These varices show how often the animal has increased the size of its shell. F. in all seas. Seventy-three living species. Two fossil.

134Murex cornutus.

M. tenuispina.

M. ternispina.

M. motacilla.

M. palmarosæ.

M. adustus.

M. crevicornis.

M. microphyllus.

M. phylopterus.

M. trigonularis.

M. brandaris.

M. rarispina.

M. haustellum.

M. inflatus.

M. brevifrons.

M. rufus.

M. acaleatus.

M. capucinus.

M. acanthopterus.

M. ucinarius.

M. crassispina.

M. brevispina.

M. tenuirostrum.

M. elongatus.

M. calcitrassa.

M. axicornis.

M. longispina.

M. asperrimus.

M. tripterus.

M. hemitripterus.

M. gibbosus.

M. brassica.

M. radix.

M. scorpico.

M. turbinatus.

M. melonulus.

M. erinaceus.

M. costularis.

M. angularis.

M. cingulatus.

M. torosus.

M. granarius.

M. aciculatus.

M. ferrugo.

M. pinnatus.

M. triqueter.

M. saxatilis.

M. melanomathos.

M. secundus.

M. trunculus.

M. Magellanicus.

M. tarentinus.

M. polygonulus.

M. crispatus.

M. cinguliferus.

M. lyratus.

M. fimbriatus.

M. regius.

M. funiculus.

M. pictus.

M. trigonulus.

M. endivia.

M. hexagonus.

M. quadrifrons.

M. anguliferus.

M. lamellosus.

M. scaber.

M. vitulinus.

M. fenestratus.

M. subcarinatus.

M. concatenatus.

M. pulchellus.

M. cristata.

M. lubiosus.

135

11. Genus Triton. Pl. XI.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Oval with straight spire and canal, middling generally wrinkled, furnished with varices, rare, scattered, and preserved in longitudinal rows; aperture suboval, elongated, terminated by a short open canal; the columellar edge less excavated than the right and covered by a callosity; operculum horny, oval, round, and rather large. Found in the Northern and Mediterranean seas. Thirty-one living species. Three fossil.

Triton variegatum.

T. lampas.

T. corrugatum.

T. lotorium.

T. cynocephalum.

T. retusum.

T. vespaceum.

T. clathratum.

T. maculosum.

T. cutaceum.

T. undosum.

T. nodiferum.

T. scorbiculator.

T. succinctum.

T. femorale.

T. tripus.

T. clavator.

T. chlorostomum.

T. subdistortum.

T. clandestinum.

T. dolarium.

T. australe.

T. Splengleri.

T. pileare.

T. pigrum.

T. canaliferum.

T. tuberosum.

T. anus.

T. cancellatum.

T. rubecula.

T. tranquebaricum.

FAMILY XVIII. Alata. Three genera.

1. Genus Rostellaria. Pl. XI.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Subdepressed, turriculated, with a produced and pointed spire; aperture oval on account of a rather large excavation of the columellar edge, the right margin dilating with age and having a sinus contiguous to the pointed canal which terminates 136the shell; an operculum. This genus is distinguished from the Strombus by having a sinus in the lower part of the right margin contiguous to the canal. Inhabits the European seas; four living species. Three fossil.

Rostellaria curvirostris.

R. rectirostris.

R. pespelicani.

R. cancellata.

2. Genus Pteroceras. Pl. XII.

Animal. See Strombus, below.

Shell. Oblong-ovate; canal elongated, attenuated and often closed; right margin dilating by age into an expanded digitated wing, attached to and covering a short spire with a sinus in the lower part not contiguous to the body. Distinguished from the Strombus by not having the canal at the base shortened or truncated, and from the Rostellaria by having the sinus of the right margin distant from the body. Found in the Equatorial seas. Seven species. Five fossil.

Pteroceras truncata.

P. lambio.

P. scorpio.

P. chiragra.

P. millepeda.

P. pseudoscorpia.

P. aurantia.

3. Genus Strombus. Pl. XII.

Animal. Spiral; the foot rather wide anteriorly, compressed posteriorly; mantle thin, forming a prolonged fold anteriorly, whence issues a sort of canal; head very distinct; mouth a vertical slit at the extremity of a proboscis, provided in the inferior median line with a lingual band having prickles flexed posteriorly; tentacular appendages cylindrical, thick, and long, with the eyes at their extremity.

Shell. Thick, subinvolute, dilated in the middle, terminating in a cone anteriorly and posteriorly; aperture very long and narrow; terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated and flexed; edges parallel, the external dilating with age, presenting posteriorly a gutter at its point of attachment with the spire, and, anteriorly, a sinus behind the canal, through which the head of the animal passes; operculum horny, long, and 137narrow; summit terminal. Found in the Indian and Equatorial seas, and one species in Florida. Thirty-two living species. Five fossil.

Strombus gigas.

S. latissimus.

S. Canarium.

S. vittatus.

S. gallus.

S. cristatus.

S. bubonius.

S. auris-Dianæ.

S. pyrulatus.

S. Luhuanus.

S. colomba.

S. troglodytes.

S. urceus.

S. lineatus.

S. turritus.

S. accipitrimus.

S. tricornis.

S. Isabella.

S. epidromis.

S. bituberculatus.

S. dilatus.

S. lentiginosus.

S. pugilis.

S. gibberulus.

S. Mauritianus.

S. succinctus.

S. tridentatus.

S. plicatus.

S. papilio.

S. marginatus.

S. cancellatus.

· · · · ·

S. Floridus.*

FAMILY XIX. Purpurifera. Eleven genera.

1. Genus Cassidaria. Pl. XII.

Animal. Somewhat elongated, widened anteriorly; mantle with simple edges and provided with a distinct tube; foot very wide, elliptical, sub-biolate anteriorly, and having a large operculum upon the dorsal face of its posterior part; head wide and indistinct; tentacula anterior, approximating at base, subcylindrical, and having the eyes at two-thirds of their length; mouth inferior, concealed by the foot; two pectiniform branchiæ, nearly parallel.

Shell. Subglobular, tuberculated or channeled, with a short, pointed spire; aperture long, ovate, subcanaliculated anteriorly; 138right edge folded back; columella covered by a wide, smooth callosity, uniting posteriorly with the right edge. Inhabits all seas except the Northern. Five living species. Seven fossil.

Cassidaria echinophora.

C. Tyrrhena.

C. striata.

C. oniscus.

C. cingulata.

2. Genus Cassis. Pl. XII.

Animal. Spiral, with the foot (which is shorter than the shell) rounded anteriorly; mantle provided, before the respiratory cavity, with a long open canal, used as an organ of prehension; head furnished; a single pair of blackish tentacula, having the eyes at an inflation about half way from the base; mouth armed with a proboscis.

Shell. Inflated, oval, subinvolute; spire slightly projecting; aperture long, oval, sometimes very narrow, terminated anteriorly by a very short canal, sloped, and flexed obliquely towards the back; columella covered by a large callosity, indented throughout its length; operculum horny. Found in the Indian, Mediterranean, and Equatorial seas. Twenty-five living species. Eight fossil.

Cassis cornuta.

C. flammea.

C. rufa.

C. achatina.

C. areola.

C. abbreviata.

C. saburon.

C. Ceylonica.

C. erinaceus.

C. tuberosa.

C. fascinata.

C. pennata.

C. crumena.

C. zebra.

C. sulcosa.

C. canaliculata.

C. semigranosa.

C. Madagascariensis.

C. glauca.

C. testiculus.

C. plicaria.

C. decussata.

C. granulosa.

C. pyrum.

C. vibex.

3. Genus Ricinula. Pl. XII.

Animal. As above.

139Shell. Oval or subglobular, thick, armed with points and with a depressed spire; aperture narrow, elongated, notched, sometimes canaliculated anteriorly and digitated exteriorly; left edge more or less callous; operculum horny, oval, and transverse. Found in the Indian seas. Nine living species.

Ricinula horrida.

R. arachnoidea.

R. digitata.

R. aspera.

R. clathrata.

R. miticula.

R. pisolina.

R. morus.

R. mutica.

4. Genus Purpura. Pl. XII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Oval, tuberculated, thick; spire short, the last whorl much larger than all the others united; aperture oval, greatly dilated, terminated anteriorly by a short, oblique canal notched at the extremity; the columellar edge nearly straight, covered with a callosity; operculum horny, flat, nearly semicircular, with faintly marked transverse striæ. Found in the European and South American seas. Sixty-two species.

Purpura Persica.

P. columellaria.

P. armigera.

P. undata.

P. bufo.

P. planospira.

P. carinifera.

P. squamosa.

P. sertum.

P. ligata.

P. imbricata.

P. bicostalis.

P. thiarella.

P. echinulata.

P. unifascialis.

P. clavus.

P. bizonalis.

P. Francolinus.

P. cruentata.

P. lagenaria.

P. plicata.

P. rustica.

P. hystrix.

P. retusa.

P. fasciolaris.

P. nucleus.

P. subrostrata.

P. patula.

P. consul.

P. hippocastana.

P. mancinella.

P. neritoides.

P. coronata.

P. sacella.

140P. bulbus.

P. cariosa.

P. Rudolphi.

P. succincta.

P. bitubercularis.

P. hæmastoma.

P. callosa.

P. callifera.

P. scalariformis.

P. rugosa.

P. textilosa.

P. lambosa.

P. lapillus.

P. cateracta.

P. fiscella.

P. semi-imbricata.

P. deltoides.

P. trochlea.

P. vexillum.

P. distorta.

P. tectum.

· · · · ·

P. engonata.*

P. brevidens.*

P. lapilloidis.*

P. harpa.*

P. Floridana.*

P. dumosa.*

P. macrostoma.*

5. Genus Monoceros. Pl. XII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Differs only from the Purpura by a long, conical pointed, somewhat reflexed tooth in the outer lip. Five species.

Monoceros cingulatum.

M. imbricatum.

M. striatum.

M. glabratum.

M. crassilabrum.

6. Genus Concholepas. Pl. XII.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Wide, rough, ovate; spire very short; aperture very large, oval and sloped anteriorly; the edges united, the right very thick and dentated; muscular impression almost in form of a horse-shoe; operculum horny and rudimentary. It was formerly considered a Patella, from which it differs by the operculum. One species.

Concholepas Peruvianus.

7. Genus Harpa. Pl. XII.

Animal. Unknown.

141Shell. Oval, inflated, rather thin, with longitudinal parallel ribs, formed by the preservation of the band of the right margin; the spire very short and pointed, the last whorl much longer than all the others together; aperture large, ovate, with a wide slope anteriorly; the right edge much hollowed, and thickened outwardly; the columella smooth and terminated in a point anteriorly. A beautiful genus. Found in the Indian Ocean. Nine species.

Harpa imperialis.

H. ventricosa.

H. conoidalis.

H. minor.

H. nobilis.

H. articularis.

H. rosea.

H. striata.

H. mutica.

8. Genus Dolium. Pl. XII.

Animal. As in Purpura.

Shell. Subglobular, thin, surrounded by decurrent flutings; spire very short, the last whorl much larger than all the others together; aperture oblong, very large, on account of the great excavation of the right edge, which is crenated throughout its length; columella twisted. Found in the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean seas. Seven species.

Dolium galea.

D. fasciatum.

D. pomum.

D. variegatum.

D. perdix.

D. olearium.

D. maculatum.

9. Genus Buccinum. Pl. XII.

Animal. See Purpura.

Shell. With a light epidermis, oval, elongated; the spire moderately elevated; aperture oblong, oval, notched, sometimes subcanaliculated anteriorly; right edge thick, not reflexed; columella simple and dilated superiorly; operculum horny, complete, and oval. Found in all seas. Sixty-six living. Fourteen fossil.

Buccinum undatum.

B. papyraceum.

B. tenniplicatum.

B. levigatum.

142B. crenulatum.

B. lineatum.

B. maculosum.

B. mutabile.

B. ventricosum.

B. fasciatum.

B. arcularia.

B. pauperatum.

B. achatinum.

B. olivaceum.

B. Brazilianum.

B. vinosum.

B. Ascanias.

B. aciculatum.

B. glaciale.

B. annulatum.

B. reticulatum.

B. fuscatum.

B. politum.

B. inflatum.

B. gemmulatum.

B. miga.

B. coronatum.

B. neriteum.

B. glans.

B. canaliculatum.

B. semiconvexum.

B. corniculatum.

B. Anglicanum.

B. lævissimum.

B. Tranquebaricum.

B. lineolatum.

B. suturale.

B. retusum.

B. Coromandelianum.

B. lyratum.

B. Thersites.

B. testudineum.

B. papillosum.

B. tricarinatum.

B. fasciolatum.

B. subspinosum.

B. flexuosum.

B. cribarium.

B. grana.

B. zebra.

B. aurantium.

B. gibbolusum.

B. marginulatum.

B. coccinella.

B. dermestoideum.

B. pediculare.

B. pullus.

B. polygonatum.

· · · · ·

B. ornatum.*

B. trivittata.*

B. acuta.*

B. alba.*

B. vibex.*

B. obsoleta.*

B. unicincta.*

B. lunata.*

10. Genus Eburna. Pl. XII.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Oval or elongated, smooth; spire pointed, its whorls as if softened off; aperture ovate, elongated, widely notched anteriorly; 143the right margin entire; columella callous posteriorly, umbilicated, and subcanaliculated at its left side; an operculum. Found in the Indian and South American seas. Five species.

Eburna glabrata.

E. Ceylonica.

E. spirata.

E. areolata.

E. lutosa.

11. Genus Terebra. Pl. XII.

Animal. Spiral and high; foot oval with a transverse anterior furrow, and two lateral auricles; head bordered with a small fringe; tentacula cylindrical, terminating in a point and very distant; eyes indistinct, situated at the foot, and at the external side of the tentacula; mouth without proboscis; tube of the respiratory cavity very long.

Shell. Without epidermis, ovate, with a pointed spire, low, or subturriculated; aperture wide, oval, with a strong slope anteriorly; lower end of the columella twisted. Found in tropical seas. Twenty-four species.

Terebra macalata.

T. crenulata.

T. dimidiata.

T. raphanula.

T. muscaria.

T. flammea.

T. striatula.

T. chlorata.

T. cerithina.

T. subulata.

T. oculata.

T. Babylonica.

T. Senegalensis.

T. cingulifera.

T. scabrella.

T. lanceata.

T. granulosa.

T. duplicata.

T. corrugata.

T. cærulescens.

T. myuros.

T. strigilata.

T. aciculina.

T. vittata.

FAMILY XX. Columellaria. Five genera.

1. Genus Columbella. Pl. XII.

Animal. Imperfectly known; eyes placed much below the middle of the tentacula.

144Shell. Thick, turbinated, with a short obtuse spire; aperture narrow, elongated and terminated by a very short canal, narrowed by an inflation at the inner side of the right edge, and by some folds on the columella; a very small horny operculum. Inhabits the Indian and American seas. Twenty species.

Columbella rustica.

C. Hebræa.

C. semipunctata.

C. reticulata.

C. strombiformis.

C. mercatoria.

C. flavida.

C. bizonalis.

C. turturina.

C. pardalina.

C. ovulata.

C. zonalis.

C. mendicaria.

C. punctata.

C. scripta.

C. nitida.

C. fulgurans.

C. unifascialis.

· · · · ·

C. labiosa.*

C. avara.*

2. Genus Mitra. Pl. XII.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Turriculated, subfusiform and oval; spire always pointed at the summit; aperture small, triangular, widest anteriorly where it is strongly emarginated; external edge trenchant, nearly straight, always longer than the columella, which is formed by a very thin callosity, and marked with oblique parallel folds, the anterior of which are the shortest; no operculum. Inhabits the Chinese seas. Eighty species.

Mitra papalis.

M. puncticulata.

M. cardinalis.

M. versicolor.

M. pedicula.

M. cornicularis.

M. striatula.

M. cornea.

M. melaniana.

M. episcopalis.

M. pontificalis.

M. crocata.

M. nexilis.

M. scabrinscrula.

M. crenifera.

M. tæniata.

M. corrugata.

M. lyrata.

M. cinctella.

M. Caffra.

M. stigmataria.

M. fissurata.

145M. millepora.

M. archiepiscopalis.

M. sanguinolenta.

M. lactea.

M. lutescens.

M. subulata.

M. tringa.

M. ferruginea.

M. adusta.

M. plicaria.

M. costellaris.

M. melongena.

M. vulpecula.

M. sanguisuga.

M. filosa.

M. ampliorella.

M. patriarchalis.

M. harpæformis.

M. ficulina.

M. conularis.

M. dermestina.

M. dactylus.

M. conulus.

M. coronata.

M. muriculata.

M. semifasciata.

M. nucleola.

M. plumbea.

M. granulifera.

M. clavula.

M. Peronii.

M. oniscina.

M. terebralis.

M. granulosa.

M. costa.

M. olivaria.

M. granatina.

M. serpentina.

M. arenosa.

M. literata.

M. obliquata.

M. scutulata.

M. fenestrata.

M. texturata.

M. limbifera.

M. paupercula.

M. torulosa.

M. retusa.

M. unifascialis.

M. larva.

M. tabanula.

M. crenulata.

M. aurantiaca.

M. cucumerina.

M. ebena.

M. microzonias.

M. bacilla.

M. pisolina.

3. Genus Voluta. Pl. XII.

Animal. Oval, involuted, provided with a very broad foot; head very distinct; tentacula rather short and triangular; eyes large, altogether sessile, and situated a little posteriorly; a thick trunk furnished with hooked teeth at its extremity; two pectiniform branchiæ.

Shell. Oval, more or less ventricose; the first whorls of the 146spire rounded into a teat; aperture generally much longer than wide and sloping anteriorly; the right edge bent outwardly, entire and soft; the columellar edge garnished with large folds more or less oblique, and slightly varying in number with age. Found chiefly in the seas of the Torrid Zone. Forty-four species.

Voluta nautica.

V. armata.

V. tesselata.

V. cymbia.

V. proboscidalis.

V. diadema.

V. ducalis.

V. Neptuni.

V. olla.

V. porcina.

V. pellis-serpentis.

V. chlorosina.

V. polyzonalis.

V. magnifica.

V. Magellanica.

V. fulminata.

V. scapha.

V. mitis.

V. Braziliana.

V. Guinaica.

V. undulata.

V. festiva.

V. Æthiopica.

V. imperialis.

V. vespertilio.

V. musica.

V. levigata.

V. nodulosa.

V. ancilla.

V. Pacifica.

V. Junonia.

V. melo.

V. Hebræa.

V. serpentina.

V. carneolata.

V. fulva.

V. nuclea.

V. Lapponica.

V. volvacea.

V. mitræformis.

V. nivosa.

V. thiarella.

V. sulcata.

V. vexilla.

4. Genus Marginella. Pl. XII.

Animal. Oval, involuted; foot elliptical, very large, and widest in front, where its edge presents a transverse furrow; head small, distinct, with two long, very sharp tentacula, the eyes at the external part of their base; mouth provided with a trunk.

Shell. Smooth, polished, oval-oblong, a little conical, with a short mammelonated spire; aperture somewhat narrow, slightly oval on account of a light curve of the right edge, which is dilated outwardly; the columellar edge marked with three oblique distinct 147folds. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Twenty-four living species and nine fossil, according to Defrance.

Marginella radiata.

M. limbata.

M. lifasciata.

M. dentifera.

M. bullata.

M. avellana.

M. glabrella.

M. quinqueplicata.

M. rosea.

M. faba.

M. dactylus.

M. cornea.

M. nubeculata.

M. aurantia.

M. longivaricosa.

M. eburnea.

M. persicula.

M. tessellata.

M. cærulescens.

M. bivaricosa.

M. muscaria.

M. formicula.

M. lineata.

M. interrupta.

5. Genus Volvaria. Pl. XII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Cylindrical, convolute; spire obsolete or concealed; aperture narrow, extending the whole length of the shell, with one or more folds on the lower portion of the columella. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Seven species.

Volvaria pallida.

V. monilis.

V. miliacea.

V. triticea.

V. oryza.

V. bulloides.

V. canaliculata.

FAMILY XXI. Convoluta. Six genera.

1. Genus Cypræa. Pl. XII.

Animal. Oval, elongated, involute; head provided with two very long conical tentacula; eyes at the extremity of an inflation which forms a part of them; a transverse buccal orifice at the extremity of a kind of cavity, at the bottom of which is the true mouth between two thick vertical lips; a lingual band, bristled with small teeth, and prolonged into the abdomen.

148Shell. Oval, convex, very smooth, involute; spire entirely posterior, very small, often concealed by a calcareous layer deposited by the lobes of the mantle; aperture longitudinal, very narrow, slightly arcuated, as long as the shell, and with the edges internally dentated, and notched at each extremity. Inhabits the W. Indian seas and Sandwich Islands. One hundred and eighteen species.

Cypræa princeps.

C. mappa.

C. tigris.

C. pantherina.

C. mauritania.

C. stercoraria.

C. aurora.

C. leucodon.

C. sulcidentata.

C. Arabica.

C. lynx.

C. vitellus.

C. carneola.

C. cinerea.

C. Reevi.

C. obscurus.

C. achatina.

C. arenosa.

C. nivosa.

C. Broderipii.

C. exanthema.

C. cervus.

C. testudinaria.

C. talpa.

C. exusta.

C. argus.

C. scurra.

C. pulchra.

C. Isabella.

C. controversa.

C. lurida.

C. dediculus.

C. oryza.

C. coccinella.

C. Australis.

C. Childrini.

C. depauparata.

C. solandri.

C. Californica.

C. suffusa.

C. Pacifica.

C. pediculus.

C. nivea.

C. oryxa.

C. stercus-muscarum.

C. pulex.

C. fusca.

C. Europea.

C. sanguinea.

C. quadripunctata.

C. rufescens.

C. maugeriæ.

C. aperta.

C. Adansonii.

C. caput-serpentis.

C. Lamarchii.

C. Cumingii.

C. Goodalii.

C. Humphreysii.

C. Walkeri.

C. Listeri.

C. pulchella.

149C. microdon.

C. Scottii.

C. mus.

C. tessellata.

C. annulata.

C. Margarita.

C. cicercula.

C. globulus.

C. staphylæa.

C. tigrina.

C. cerina.

C. Argus.

C. histrio.

C. alba.

C. zonata.

C. icterina.

C. lota.

C. ovulata.

C. helvola.

C. Arabicula.

C. pustulata.

C. nucleus.

C. limacina.

C. moneta.

C. obvelata.

C. annulus.

C. radians.

C. oniscus.

C. pyriformis.

C. piperita.

C. algoensis.

C. edentula.

C. similis.

C. fusco-dentata.

C. gangrenosa.

C. bicallosa.

C. poraria.

C. guttata.

C. Xanthodon.

C. nigro-punctata.

C. pallida.

C. zigzag.

C. moneta.

C. aurantia.

C. fimbriata.

C. variolaria.

C. erosa.

C. miliaris.

C. ratta.

C. asella.

C. turda.

C. adusta.

C. moniliaris.

C. ursella.

C. hirundo.

C. olivacea.

2. Genus Ovula. Pl. XII.

Animal. As above.

Shell. Oblong, convex, distinguished from the Cypræa by the want of a spire, and by not having teeth on the columellar lip; the two extremities of the aperture notched, and more or less prolonged like a tube; left margin dentated. Inhabits the Indian seas. Twelve species.

Ovula oviformis.

O. carnea.

150O. verrucosa.

O. spelta.

O. angulosa.

O. hordacea.

O. birostris.

O. gibbosa.

O. volva.

O. lactea.

O. triticea.

O. acicularis.

3. Genus Terebellum. Pl. XII.

Animal. Entirely unknown.

Shell. Thin, shining, subcylindrical, involute, pointed posteriorly, truncated anteriorly; aperture longitudinal, triangular; edges entire; columella truncated, and prolonged beyond the aperture. Inhabits the Indian Ocean. Three living species and two fossil.

Terebellum subulatum.

T. convolutum.

T. fusiforme.

4. Genus Ancillaria. Pl. XII.

Animal. Unknown.

Shell. Smooth, oval, oblong posteriorly, widened and truncated anteriorly; aperture oval, somewhat elongated, angular posteriorly; a wide but not deep slope anteriorly; columella covered anteriorly with an oblique callous band; right lip obtuse, Inhabits the Australian seas. Four living species, and five fossil.