Front matter (continued 3)

Gyrinus Natator.—This is a member of an interesting and pretty family. Gyrinus takes its name from the tendency most of the beetles of the tribe have to move in circles, and this particular species exemplifies the habit of the tribe in a very striking manner. It is a very sociable beetle, always found in company with others of its kindred, forming little communities, which pass their time in whirling and spinning upon the surface of still pools, like congregations of dancing dervishes. They are as shy as they are nimble, and it requires some dexterity to net them, for they dive and scatter on the approach of a footstep; but if the observer remains quiet a few minutes by the water's edge, or on a plank or bridge above the pool, they soon resume their gambols under his eye, and in the sunshine appear like minute buttons of burnished metal rapidly revolving or darting to and fro upon the surface, and for a length of time, that proves them to be by no means subject to giddiness.

GYRINUS NATATOR.

The species of Gyrinus are not numerous in Britain, not more than eight being known to naturalists; but the paucity of species is compensated by the profuseness of the individuals, and of these natator is the most abundant. When placed under a lens, this beetle bears the form represented in the next page. The colour is blue-black, with a resplendent metallic lustre, in which shades of copper, silver, and bronze occur, as we view it at various angles to the rays of light. The thorax is marked with three transverse lines on each side, of which the anterior one is punctured, and runs parallel with the margin. The elytra are turned in at the sides, and the surface of each is marked with eleven striæ or longitudinal lines, composed of minute punctures. The terminal segment of the abdomen, together with the legs, are of a rust-red.

If we inquire by what means it is enabled to perform its elegant performances on the water, and which very closely resemble those of a skilful skater on the ice, we find that its structure is eminently fitted for such peculiar movements. In the first place, the antennæ are short and thick; if they protruded forward to a great length, as in Longicornes, they would seriously impede the freedom of action, which is the life and joy of this nimble fellow. They are clavate, and consist of seven closely-jointed rings, each antenna being attached by a slender peduncle to the upper and internal edge of a large radical joint furnished with an auricle at its outer side, which, like the lid of a box, shuts in the antennæ when unemployed, and protects them from the water (Kirby). The anterior legs are long, and formed for walking or to act as instruments of prehension; the four hinder ones are very short, and ciliated externally, bearing a strong resemblance to the paddle of an oar. "The head is sunk in the thorax as far as the eyes, and the latter are divided by a process from the anterior part of the head, in such a manner that there appear to be two eyes above and two below—a mode of structure admirably adapted to the wants of the insect, which requires at the same time to observe objects both in the air and water." The hinder legs are capable of a free oar-like action, which render this gyrinus the most expert of swimmers, and the circular movements are accomplished by the more rapid action of the oars on one side than on the other. So equipped, the whirlwig leads a merry life; he skates away from morning to night, never in fear of being drowned, and seemingly never tired.

CHAPTER VI.

HETEROPTERA.

In the Cuvierian arrangement the land and water bugs stand between the true beetles and butterflies, and in those members of the order which possess wings, the chief characteristic is, that the anterior pair fold nearly horizontally, partly lapping over each other, and are of a leathery texture at the base. The majority of the members of the order are inhabitants of tropical climates, and some of them display colours equal to those of the true beetles. Not a few have the power of emitting powerful odours, in some cases of an agreeable nature, and in others—as the common bed bug—of a most disgusting nature. The order readily separates itself into two great divisions—namely, the Geocorisa, or Land Bugs, and the Hydrocorisa, or Water Bugs. Both divisions supply a few specimens for the Water Cabinet, but the most important are those belonging to the second class.

Among the first class in this order the most interesting is Hydrometra stagnorum, or the Water-measurer, which may be seen treading the surface of still brooks and rank pools in summer-time, in company with swarms of tipulidan gnats (Chironomi), whirlwigs, and two other aquatic bugs, the Gerris locustris and the Velia currens of Latreille. The Hydrometra is a lively creature, a body so slender as to be little more than a black line half an inch in length, from which the long and angularly-jointed legs proceed in regular pairs. Under the microscope the divisions of the body are very plainly and prettily marked, and the terminal processes of the legs are made after the model of those water-shoes with which a certain clever Norwegian lately undertook to walk on water with nearly as much ease as on land. Whether the mechanician ever succeeded in this enterprise is not on record, but it is on record in the Book of Nature that this, and many other similarly-formed creatures, have found on the aqueous element a safe flooring for their feet ever since the first hour of creation, ere He who equipped them, had sent his Son to walk upon the waves.

Notanecta and Nepa are of the same order, but are true water-bugs, formed for diving and sub-aqueous life. The Notanecta, or Boat-fly, is a rapacious creature, that spends much of its time lying in wait for prey, but which exhibits immense activity when it captures its booty, darting down with it, and holding it firmly by the forelegs, which are formed as claws. It is ingeniously adapted for the predaceous aquatic life it leads; the general form is well adapted for propulsion through water, and the hinder legs have an oar-like form, and are fringed with bristles along the edge, by which their striking surface is much increased. The boat-fly is an artistic swimmer; it varies its motions considerably, and delights in swimming on its back, a feat in which it is aided by its eyes being so placed as to enable it to see both above and below, and thus gain early intelligence of danger, or of the approach of its prey. Owing to their liveliness and voracity, they afford much interest when domesticated, and should be treated as directed for Dytiscus.

The Water Scorpion is a good representative of the Nepidæ, and has the distinguishing features of its tribe very strongly marked. The Water Scorpion is a very common inhabitant of our brooks, and its singular form quickly arrests the eye of the sportsman when turning over the contents of the drag-net. N. neptunia and N. cinerea are, perhaps, the most common; and either of these is an admirable object for the microscope. The water-scorpion is the victim of the parasitic water-mite (Hydrachna abstergens), which inserts its egg in the body of the Nepa, and thus compels it to support the young of its worst enemy, a task which it performs at the cost of its life. I have several times introduced the Hydrachna into my jars of Nepa, but have never yet witnessed the parasitic deposit of the eggs. In confinement, the Nepa is the least hardy of any creature in the collection, if the sun strikes the jar it perishes, and it will not live long unless it has means of occasionally leaving the water—hence a broad jar should be used for it, and a small piece of pumice stone should be floated in it, to form an island on which the insects may take refuge.

CHAPTER VII.

THE FROG.—NOTES ON MANAGEMENT.

The Frog.—The Ranidæ or true frogs, and the Bufoidæ or toad tribe, contribute, whether in the larva or perfect form, some very lively, entertaining, and instructive specimens. I am sorry that my space is so limited as to prevent the insertion here of such full notices as this subject deserves, and must content myself by assuring the reader that but little progress can be made in the study of Zoology without a patient study of the history of the frog.

During the spring and summer the brooks abound with what boys call "loggerheads," or tadpoles; these are the larva of the frog. They may be caught easily, and preserved in jars of growing weed, for observation of their development. I have now (August 18th,) several specimens of Bufoidæ, in which even the first stage of metamorphosis has not commenced, though, since June, some hundreds of toads and frogs have attained completeness in my vessels, many of which are now inmates of the garden, some of them exceedingly tame.

In the egg state we find abundance, during April, in every pond and brook, adhering in gelatinous masses to the under leaves of aquatic plants. The eggs gradually acquire a dark tint, and at last the young "tads" emerge, and begin their quiet existence in this first rudimental form. In this state they are very lively in their motions, the eyes are very distinctly visible, and the mouth is placed, as it were, on the breast. They are not wholly herbivorous; for though they nibble the fronds of Riccia and threads of Conferva, they do not scruple to eat their dead kindred, and half a dozen may be seen engaged upon the carcase of a defunct brother. In this stage the gills form a fine microscopic object. As the "tad" increases in bulk, the hinder part of the body swells, and at last the budding of the hind legs may be distinctly seen. These at last acquire some degree of completeness, and then the other pair of legs sprout in a similar manner, and the tail begins to shrink rapidly as the general bulk of the reptile increases. The gills now rapidly disappear, and the body grows at the expense of the tail, and before the latter appendage is completely extinguished, the juvenile Ranus takes his first dose of atmospheric air, by mounting a leaf of frog-bit or a slice of cork. He now leads an amphibious life, and at last quits the water altogether, climbs up the glass side of the tank or jar, and escapes, unless confined by a glass lid or gauze. But he is now a true frog, delicately mottled, agile in his movements, very clever in jumping and swimming—his tadpole tail entirely absorbed, and his whole system metamorphosed. If he interested us before, he is still more interesting now, for in the structure and economy of his frame Nature reveals phenomena typical of animal life in all its orders and gradations. Hence the frog is the victim of the philosopher; he suffers spasm under the galvanic wire, blindness under the glare of the microscope lamp, tetanus through being dosed with strychnine, and innumerable other agonies in which operators detect analogies that throw a light on the fundamentals of animal life, and that even aid in the explanation of the subtle organism of man himself.

Management of the Cabinet.—The instructions already given for the management of Aquaria will be found to embrace most of the points involved in the management of beetle and larva jars, for these are but Aquaria on a smaller scale. The chief matter is to separate the species as much as possible, so that the carnivorous kinds shall not destroy the harmless ones; and on this plan the study of each kind is greatly facilitated. Since the jars afford the best means for the culture of choice aquatic specimens of the various kinds of Riccia, Conferva, Nitella, Lemna, and other minute water-weeds may be used for maintaining the necessary balance in each, and if some of the vessels are filled with brook-water only, the student will come into possession of many beautiful specimens of both animal and vegetable life, the search for the names and histories of which will be even more profitable than the contemplation of their beauty. The first specimen I ever possessed of the beautiful confervoid Hydrodictyon utriculatum was obtained in this way—the water, after depositing a green sediment, gave birth to a rich net-work of vegetation, in which this conferva was conspicuous. Several of the jars which I prize the most are those which have been simply filled at the brook side, and left for the minute germs of animal and vegetable life to develope in their own way, and it is not long before a rich growth takes place, that affords abundant material for observation with the microscope. Feeding is necessary only in the case of carnivorous larva and beetles, and for these small fish is undoubtedly the best; the herbivorous creatures supply themselves. As a general rule the water in the jars should never be changed; it is by leaving things to themselves that the best display is to be obtained, especially if chara and other low forms of vegetation are preserved.

Nitella is almost too delicate for the tank, but an admirable plant for growth in jars in which cabinet specimens of larvæ are kept. I rarely place it in the aquarium, considering it too choice a thing, its delicate structure rendering it barely perceptible amidst the more luxuriant growths with which it gets entwined. Still, it does well there, but cannot be studied unless a bunch is placed in a glass jar for separate culture. It consists only of joints and threads of a pale, but pleasing, green, grows rapidly, and gives out abundance of the vital phlogiston, about which aquarians are compelled to say so much.

The microscope at once increases a hundred fold the pleasure of instruction which the cabinet is capable of affording us. For the minuter forms of animal life, and for observing the circulation in the frog, or in vallisneria, &c., a good compound microscope is necessary. But for ordinary purposes, I should recommend a Coddington lens, or the pocket Aquarian lenses, sold by Mr. Cox, of 100, Newgate Street. They are made of three powers, fitting into a case, and may be used separately, or combined according to circumstances. The one here figured costs 7s. 6d., but a cheap common lens, fitted with frame and handle, may be had of Mr. Cox for from half-a-crown to five shillings.

The present work does not afford me space to discuss the educational and ornamental uses of the aquarium, and I have confined myself to its mere elements, dealing with those in a way that I think will be most useful to beginners. The aquarium has uses of a higher character than such as may suggest themselves by the perusal of these few pages, and is capable of extension so as to combine with it the most attractive features of the wardian case, and, to some extent, a vivarium for a selection of amphibious and true land animals. These matters are pretty fully discussed in my work on Rustic Adornments, to which I have already called the reader's attention, and to its pages I once more refer for more extended information on this and other subjects of a kindred nature.

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RANDOM READINGS,

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THE DUTY OF KEEPING THE LORD'S DAY.

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NEW HISTORY OF ENGLAND

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Author of "Spelling Taught by Transcribing and Dictation;" President of the North Bucks and West Beds Teachers' Association.

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GILBERT'S GEOGRAPHY

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A CATECHISM

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OTHER WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR.

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SPELLING TAUGHT

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GROOMBRIDGE'S SHILLING ATLAS.

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THE CHILD'S MODERN ATLAS.

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WHY MUST WE EDUCATE THE WHOLE PEOPLE?

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By the Rev. BARHAM ZINCKE.

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THE BOOK OF THE AQUARIUM AND WATER CABINET:

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BY SHIRLEY HIBBERD,

Author of "Rustic Adornments for Homes of Taste," etc., etc.

CONTENTS.

THE FRESH-WATER TANK.

Chapter I.—What Is an Aquarium? The Name and Object—Philosophy of the Aquarium.

Chapter II.—Proper Kinds of Vessels. Rectangular Tanks—Construction of Tanks—Warington's Stope-back Tank—Bell Glasses and Vases—Stands for Vases.

Chapter III.—Fitting-up—Rockwork. The Bottom—Mould—Planting—The Water—Aspect.

Chapter IV.—Plants for the Aquarium. How to stock a Tank quickly—Selection of Plants—Water Soldier—Starwort—Vallisneria—Anacharis—Myriophyllum—Potamogeton—Nuphar Lutea—Pipewort—Utricularia—Isopelis—Subularia—Ranunculus—Hydrocaris—Alisma—Lemna, etc.

Chapter V.—Fishes for the Aquarium. Cyprinus Carpio, Gibelio, Carassius, Auratus, Brama, Leucisus, Rutilus, Alburnus, Phoxinus, Gobio, Tinca, Barbus, Barbatula, Cephalus—Percidæ—Gasterosteus.

Chapter VI.—Reptiles, Mollusks, and Insects.

Chapter VII.—Selection of Stock.

Chapter VIII.—General Management. Feeding—Confervæ—Use of Mollusks—Objections to Mollusks—Use of Confervoid Growths—Periodical Cleansing—Exhaustion of Oxygen—Temperature—Dead Specimens—Disease of Fishes.

THE MARINE TANK.

Chapter I.—The Vessel. Points in which the Marine differs from the River Tank—Stained Glass.

Chapter II.—Fitting-up. The Bottom—Rocks, Arches, and Caves—The Water—Artificial Sea Water—Marine Salts—Management of Artificial Water—Caution to the Uninitiated—Filtering.

Chapter III.—Collecting Specimens.

Chapter IV.—The Plants.

Chapter V.—The Animals. Fishes—Mollusks—Annelides—Zoophytes—Actinia Mesembryanthemum—Anguicoma, Bellis, Gemmacea, Crassicornis, Parasitica, Dianthus, etc.

Chapter VI.—What Is Anemone?

Chapter VII.—General Management. Grouping of Objects—Sulphuretted Hydrogen—Preservation of the Water—Aeration—Filter—Decay of Plants—Death of Anemones—Removal of Objects—Density of the Water—Green Stain—Feeding—The Syphon—Purchase of Specimens.

THE WATER CABINET.

Chapter I.—Construction of Cabinets. Distinctions between the Cabinet and the Aquarium—Construction of a Cabinet—Glasses.

Chapter II.—Collecting and Arranging Specimens. Implements for Collecting—Nets, Jars, and Phials—Pond Fishing.

Chapter III.—The Stock.

Chapter IV.—Larva. The Dragon Fly—The Gnat—The Case Fly.

SCHOOL BOOKS AND MAPS.

Published by Authority of the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland.

TITLES OF THE BOOKS.

FIRST BOOK OF LESSONS. 18mo, wrapper. SECOND BOOK OF LESSONS. 18mo, cloth. SEQUEL TO SECOND BOOK. No. 1, 18mo, cloth. SEQUEL TO SECOND BOOK. No. 2, 18mo, cloth. THIRD BOOK OF LESSONS. 12mo, cloth. FOURTH BOOK OF LESSONS. 12mo, cloth. SUPPLEMENT TO THE FOURTH BOOK. 12mo, cloth. FIFTH BOOK OF LESSONS. 12mo, cloth. READING BOOK FOR FEMALE SCHOOLS. 12mo, cloth. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF BRITISH POETS. 12mo, cloth. SELECTIONS FROM THE BRITISH POETS, Vol. 1. 12mo, cloth. DITTO DITTO Vol. 2. 12mo, cloth. INTRODUCTION TO THE ART OF READING. 12mo, cloth. EPITOME OF GEOGRAPHY. 12mo, cloth. COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY. 18mo, cloth. ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 18mo, cloth. KEY TO DITTO. 18mo, wrapper. FIRST BOOK OF ARITHMETIC. 18mo, cloth. KEY TO DITTO. 18mo, cloth. ARITHMETIC IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. 12mo, cloth. KEY TO DITTO. 12mo, cloth. ELEMENTS OF BOOKKEEPING. 12mo, cloth. KEY TO DITTO. 12mo, cloth. ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. 12mo, cloth. MENSURATION, GAUGING, LAND SURVEYING, etc. 12mo, cloth. APPENDIX TO DITTO. 12mo, cloth. SCRIPTURE LESSONS, OLD TESTAMENT. No. 1, 12mo, cloth. DITTO DITTO No. 2, 12mo, cloth. SCRIPTURE LESSONS, NEW TESTAMENT. No. 1, 12mo, cloth. DITTO DITTO No. 2, 12mo, cloth. SACRED POETRY. 18mo, wrapper. LESSONS ON THE TRUTH OF CHRISTIANITY. 18mo, boards. AGRICULTURAL CLASS BOOK. 12mo, cloth. FARM ACCOUNT BOOK, 4to, half-bound. TREATISE ON NEEDLEWORK. Small 4to, half-bound. TABLET LESSONS, ARITHMETIC. Sixty Sheets. DITTO DITTO Mounted on 30 Pasteboards. TABLET LESSONS, SPELLING & READING, 33 Sheets. DITTO DITTO Mounted on 17 Pasteboards. COPY LINES, ALL THE GRADATIONS. Six Sheets.

SCHOOL-ROOM MAPS, MOUNTED ON CANVAS & ROLLERS.

Ft. In. Ft. In.

World 6 8 by 3 6

Europe 5 8 " 4 4

Asia 5 8 " 4 4

Africa 4 4 " 5 8

America 4 4 " 5 8

England 4 4 " 5 8

Scotland 5 4 " 5 8

Ireland 4 4 " 5 8

Australia 5 8 " 4 4

Pacific Ocean 5 8 " 4 4

United States 5 8 " 4 4

Ancient World 5 8 " 4 4

Palestine 4 4 " 5 8

British Isles 7 4 " 8 0

Geological Map of the British Isles 4 4 " 5 8

LONDON: GROOMBRIDGE & SONS, 5, PATERNOSTER-ROW.

Twenty Years Agents to the Board of Education. Lists of Prices forwarded on application.

Thomas Harrild, Printer, 11, Salisbury-sq., Fleet-st., and Silver-st., Falcon-sq., London.

Transcriber's Note

The list of books at the back of the book were reformatted to display better in HTML.