The Bacillus of Long Life
Reading edition
A Manual of the Preparation and Souring of Milk for Dietary Purposes, Together with an Historical Account of the Use of Fermented Milks, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, and Their Wonderful Effect in the Prolonging of Human Existence
By
Loudon M. Douglas, F.R.S.E.
With 62 Illustrations
G. P. Putnam's Sons New York and London The Knickerbocker Press 1911
Revised Edition
Copyright, 1911 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
The Knickerbocker Press, New York
PREFACE
This book has been designed with a view to meet an extensive demand for definite data on the subject of Soured Milks. The author has had this matter brought before him, times without number, by those inquiring for authentic information on the subject, and he has therefore considered it desirable to gather together such information as is available in connection with ancient and modern practice. He has endeavoured to present this to the reader in concise form.
The author is indebted to many friends for their assistance in getting the book together, and would specially mention Dr. H. B. Hutchinson, Bacteriologist, Rothamsted Experimental Station, for assistance in connection with the bacteriology of fermented milks; Mr. Thomas Douglas, of Wimbledon, who has assisted with the chemistry of the subject; Mr. S. Javrilovitch, of Belgrade, Servia, for local information and illustrations; Dr. Otokar Laxa, Bacteriologist, of Prague, Bohemia, for general assistance; the editor of Bacteriotherapy, New York, U.S.A., for the use of the group of illustrations 30-44; the publishers of the Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Jena, for the group of illustrations 14-29; and many others, some of whom are referred to in the text.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I.— Introductory—Historical 1
II.— Fermented Milks 15
III.— The Chemistry of Milk 47
IV.— Handling of Milk 68
V.— The Bacteriology of Fermented or Soured Milk 84
VI.— The Preparation of Soured Milk in the House 125
VII.— The Preparation of Soured Milk in the Dairy 139
VIII.— Soured Milk in Health and Disease 151
Index 165
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. PAGE
The Oldest Woman in the World and her Son frontispiece
The Pass of Bukova 2
Kabyles Souring Milk 4
The Handling of Milk in the Pyrenees 8
The Constituents of Milk 48
1.— Micro-Photograph of a Drop of Whole Milk 58
2.— Micro-Photograph of Separated Milk 58
3.— Micro-Photograph of Cream 58
4.— Photograph of Two Petri Dishes, which have been Inoculated with Ordinary Milk 60
5.— The Creamometer 62
6.— Testing-Glass for Extraneous Matter in Milk 62
7.— Lactometer and Test-Glass 64
8.— Pasteuriser 78
9.— Continuous Apparatus for the Production of Large Quantities of Soured Milk 82
10.— A Milk-Filling Apparatus 90
11.— Section through a Kephir Grain 94
12.— Streptococcus lacticus (Grotenfeldt) Growing on Lactose-Agar, Stained by Gram's Method 96
13.— Photo-Micrograph of Preparation from Armenian Soured Milk 106
14.— Granule Bacillus from Yoghourt. Shredded Preparation of a Fresh Skim-Milk Culture 110
15.— Granule Bacillus from Yoghourt, Cultivated after the Usual Agar Method 110
16.— Granule Bacillus from Yoghourt. Agar Milk Sugar Culture 110
17.— Bacteria W. from Milk, Cultivated Twenty-Four Hours 110
18.— Agar Milk Sugar Culture. From the Original Bulgarian Yoghourt 112
19.— Agar Milk Sugar Culture. Surface Colony of Granule Bacillus from Calf's Stomach 112
20.— Agar Milk Sugar Culture. Deep-Lying Colony of Granule Bacillus from Calf's Stomach 112
21.— Agar Milk Sugar. Colony of Bacterium W. from Yoghourt 112
22.— Two Colonies of Bacillus Acidophilus from Calves' Manure 114
23.— Beer-Wort Gelatine 114
24.— Shredded Preparation of Bulgarian Original Yoghourt 114
25.— Granule Bacillus from Yoghourt. Cultivated in Skim Milk in Twenty-Four Hours 114
26.— Bacteria W., Agar Milk Sugar Culture 116
27.— Bacteria acidophilus from Calves' Manure 116
28.— Mucus from Calf's Stomach Inoculated into Milk after Eight Transferrings 116
29.— Diplostreptococcus from Yoghourt. Pure Culture in Skim Milk 116
30.— Photo-Micrograph of Preparation Made from Yoghourt, Showing Yeast Cells 118
31.— Photo-Micrograph of Smear from Greek Curdled Milk Called "Giaourti" 118
32.— Photo-Micrograph of Soured Milk Inoculated with a Tablet containing Viable and Pure Cultures of Bacillus bulgaricus 120
33.— Photo-Micrograph of Milk Inoculated with a Ferment Table in which Bacillus bulgaricus is no Longer Viable 120
34.— Photo-Micrograph of Smear of Culture of Bacillus bulgaricus122
35.— Bacillus bulgaricus, Showing the Cultures in English Cow's Milk 124
36.— Photo-Micrograph of Pure Culture of Bacillus bulgaricus 124
37.— Photo-Micrograph of Smear of Combined Culture of Bacillus bulgaricus and Bacteria paralacticus 124
38.— Photo-Micrograph of Smear of One-Month Culture of Bacillus bulgaricus 126
39.— Photo-Micrograph of Culture of Bacillus bulgaricus in Malt 126
40.— Photo-Micrograph of Smear from Milk that had been Allowed to Sour Spontaneously 126
41.— Photograph of Agar Culture, Inoculated with a Lactic Powder 128
42.— Photograph of Test-Tubes of Sterile Milk, Inoculated with a Tablet Preparation Said to Contain Pure Cultures 128
43.— Photograph of Test-Tubes of Sterile Milk, Each Tube having been Inoculated with a Tablet of a Preparation Said to Contain Pure Cultures 128
44.— Photograph of Test-Tubes of Sterile Milk Inoculated with a Tablet of "Lactobacilline" 130
45.— Apparatus of "Le Ferment" Co. 129
46.— Soured Milk Apparatus of the Maya Bulgare Company, Limited 130
47.— Lactic Ferments, Limited, Apparatus 131
48.— Messrs. Allen & Hanbury's Soured Milk Apparatus 132
49.— Vironelle Apparatus for Souring Milk, Made by Messrs. Clay, Paget & Company, Limited 132
50.— .—"Lactobator" Made by Messrs. Charles Hearson & Co., Limited 140
51.— Messrs. Hearson & Company's "Lactobator" 142
52.— Edgar's "Lactogenerator," Sold by the Dairy Supply Co., Limited 143
53.— Apparatus of the Willows Refrigerating Co., Limited 144
54.— "Lacto" Apparatus of the Dairy Outfit Co., Limited 145
55.— Sterilising Apparatus for Sterilising Milk On the Large Scale 146
56.— Another Method of Sterilising (Dairy Supply Co., Ltd.). An American Apparatus for Preparing Soured Milk 148
57.— An American Apparatus for Preparing Soured Milk 149