Part 3 — INDEX
Richard Davey translation
A
Advances, small, made to immigrants into Siberia, 47
Agricultural zone, 5, 7; extent, 8; population, 10
Agriculture, Siberian peasants’ ignorance of, 24, 25; products of Japan, 125, 129; novel methods of manuring, 130
Ahmar Dabam Mountains, 12
Ainos, the, 85
Albazine, heroic defence of, 3
Alexander III. decrees the creation of the Trans-Siberian Railway, 66
Alexandrofsk, prison of, 54
Altai Mountains, the, 10; valleys of the, 47
Amur province annexed by Russia, 13; population, 13; free from all special Custom duties, 33, note; number of immigrants annually, 47; Russian immigrants have to face a large Asiatic contingent, 49; Buddhists in the province, 51; only likely to attract Russians, 53
Amur River, Khabarof, establishes himself on the, 3; immigrants settle in the region, 47; damp climate, 47; Government assists colonization in the Amur basin, 48
Armstrong, Whitworth, and Co. construct the ferry-boats for Lake Baikal, 69
Army, Japanese, strengthened, 141; excellence of the troops, 166, 167
Art, Japanese, withstands Chinese influences, 87; under the Tokugawas, 100; art industries, 119; hasty production and deterioration, 137
Artillery employed at the naval battle of Shigutake, 93
Aryans, the, 172
Asiatic Ocean, tribes in the region of the, 6
Astrakhan annexed by Russia, 1
B
Baikal, Lake, beauty of, 12; used in the transport of tea, 32; ferry-boats to convey trains across, 66; its size, 69
Barabinsk Steppe, the, 11
Barley in Siberia, 7, 24
Barnaoul, 38; attractive to immigrants, 47
Beer, excellent, at Irkutsk; Japanese beer, 120
Behring Straits, native races in the district of the, 52
Berizof on the Obi, climate, 5
Berlin, distance to Vladivostok and Port Arthur, 76
Biisk attractive to immigrants, 47
Birch, predominance of the, 9
Black Current, the, 5
Blagovyeshchensk, its prosperity, 30; fruit and vegetables brought to, by Chinese, 51
Blue River, mouth of the, 188; its banks, 235
Brandt’s, Herr von, estimate of Chinese revenue, 219
Bridges, Siberian, carried away by inundations, 59; bridges of the Trans-Siberian Railway, 68
Britain, Great, trade with Siberia, 62; important commerce with Japan, 139; Japan’s friendship for her, 168; new commercial treaty with Japan, 179, 180; concessions made to, by China, 240; she turns her back on China for Japan, 244; the treaty with France concerning Yunnan, 262; she regains her position in China, 263; public wrath at the German seizure of Kiao-chau, 269; the ‘open door’ policy, 270, 271, 274; offer of a loan to China, 270; important convention with China regarding the Yang-tsze-Kiang basin, etc., 271; danger of war with Russia, 272; Wei-hai-wei and Kowloon ceded to Great Britain, 273; the English public still dissatisfied, 274; the Niu-chwang Railway affair, 275; Great Britain’s commerce with China, 272, 273; better relations with Germany, 286
British bombard Kagoshima, 106
British Columbia, temperate climate, 5
Brushes, Japanese, 120
Bubonic plague, microbe of the, discovered by a Japanese, 177
Buddhism practised by the Buriats, 12; in Trans-Baikalia and the Amur, 51; introduced into Japan, 86; purer in Japan than in China, 87; 291degenerated in China, 202
Buriats, the, 12; in Trans-Baikalia, 51; in the Amur district, 51
Butter scarce in Siberia, 19; exported to Russia, 22
C
Camels employed in the tea trade, 34
Canada compared with Siberia, 4; rivers and agricultural area, 4; position superior to that of Siberia, 4, 5; difference between Canada and Siberia, 55
Canton, the foreign mart of China, 229
Catholics not tolerated in Russia, 14, 15; their churches in all large Siberian towns, 15
Cattle, very numerous in Siberia, 22; exported thence to Europe, 22; scarcity in Japan, 128
Cedar-trees, Siberian, 11; their seeds eaten by the Siberians, 11
Cereals in Siberia, 7; a lengthy summer necessary for their cultivation, 8; in the valleys of the Upper Yenissei and Obi, 21; the harvest, 23; unfavourable climate in Siberia, 25; exported, 31
Chancellor first enters Russia viâ the White Sea, 61
Chartered Company, a, established under the Strogonofs, 2
Cheliabinsk in the Great Plain, 9; scenery, 9; refuges for immigrants at, 46
China allows Russia to build the Manchurian Railway, 67; her interest in it, 72; commercial class have always been honoured in China, 141; Japan her best friend, 167; China compared with Turkey, 183; density of the population, 184; enormous coal and copper beds untouched, 184; China more backward than India or Japan, 185; the significance of the Japanese War, 185; end of China’s isolation, 186; possible results of her dissolution, 187, 281; first impressions, 188; cultivation of the soil, 190; Peking, 190; Hien-feng’s hunting excursion, 195; ruin of the once fine highroads, 199, 201; hills never cultivated, 202; squandering of money, 203; general decay, 203; the mandarinate the curse of China, 204; the literati, 204–206; corruption, 206, 217; how the governing class is selected, 208; the causes of her isolation, 209, 210; the non-existence of any martial spirit among the people, 210; irregularities in the Government, 211; long existence of the State, 212; patriotism unknown, 213; population, 214, note; taxes light, 218, 219; total revenue, 219; natural disasters, 220; population does not increase, 220; rapacity of officials, 220, 221; the result of the opening up of the country, 227; the Treaty of Shimonosaki, 228, 236; opposition to foreigners, 229; nothing to be expected from the Government, 236; industries, 237, 238; increase of wages, 238, 239; industries still limited to the Treaty Ports, 240; China’s commerce, 241, 282–286; her collapse after the War, 242, 243; England turns her back on China, 244; North China coveted by Russia, 246; the intervention of Russia, France, and Germany, 247; Russia better liked than any other Western Power, 248; China becomes alarmed at Russia, 251; Russian interference in the War settlement, 252; a foreign debt contracted, 253; it leads to further foreign interference, 254; Russia becomes guarantor for China, 255; Russian influence predominant, 258; concessions to Germany, 259; to France, 259–261; England regains her position in China, 263, 264; railway concessions, 267, 268; Germany seizes Kiao-chau, 268; wrath in England at this act, 269; important concessions to England, 271; England declares the ‘open door’ policy, 271, 274; China leases the Liao-tung Peninsula to Russia, 271, 272; concessions to France, 272; Wei-hai-wei and Kowloon ceded to England, 273; the Niu-chwang Railway affair, 275; progress made in China, 275; germs of disaffection, 276, 277; the Palace Revolution of September, 1898, 277, 278; the government of the Empress Dowager, 278, 279; difference between China to-day and Japan in 1868, 279, 280; friendly feeling for Japan, 285; the partisans of the ‘open door,’ 285; the present government preferable to a partition, 288; railways the best missionaries, 289
Chinese at Vladivostok, 13, 50; supply Blagovyeshchensk with fruit and vegetables, 51; also Khabarofsk, 52; Chinese emigration to Eastern Siberia, 52; their distinctness as a race, 84; Chinese civilization introduced into Japan, 86; integrity of Chinese merchants, 140; patience of Chinese, 184; their insolence to foreigners, 195; their energy, 196; their habit of saving appearances, 196, 197, 203, 216; the peasantry, 199; the Chinese alphabet, 206, 207; the feng-shui geomancy, 209, 225; patriotism non-existent, 213; physical and linguistic differences among the Chinese, 214, 215; their civilization, 216; love of cunning, 217; Chinese etiquette, 217; life very easy for the people, 218; the people and the Government, 218, 219; their contented disposition, 220; resignation, 221; their indifference to death and cruelty, 221; suicides out of spite, 222; why they are bad soldiers, 222, 223; they might be better, 223, note; filial piety and infanticide, 223; ancestor worship the cause of non-progressiveness, 223, 224; unhappy lot of married women, 224; their immorality, 224; 292gambling, the national vice, 224; opium-smoking, 225; filthy habits and superstition, 225; good qualities of the Chinese, 226; their habit of looking to the past for a type of perfection, 226; their lack of discernment, 226; scandalized by Christianity, 230; Chinese and Western civilization, 230, 231; appreciation of our administration, 231, 232; their superstitions about missionaries, 232
Chino-Japanese War, significance of the, 185
Christianity introduced into Japan, 93; its great progress, 94; extirpated, 95; not accepted by modern Japan, 174; Christianity in China, 230
Chuckchis, the, 6
Churches very numerous in Siberian towns, 40
Clans, the south-eastern, a danger to the Shogunate, 99; they join the Mikado against the Shogun, 104; survival of the clannish spirit in modern Japan, 156
Coal, abundant in Siberia, 29, 30; coal in Japan, 167; enormous beds in China, 184
Commerce, Japanese, enormous increase of, 135–140; its high standard not maintained, 140; the Treaty of Shimonosaki and Chinese commerce, 236; transport of goods in China, 240; the likin system, 240, 241; total amount of Chinese commerce, 241
Confucius’ works studied by the literati, 206; his views on filial piety, 223
Copper-mines, Siberian, 29, 30; copper exported from Japan, 140
Cossacks encounter little opposition, 2; they traverse Siberia from end to end, 3; they disappear as hardy pioneers, 3; the Cossacks of the Vitim region, 12
Cotton industry introduced into Japan, 119; its wonderful progress, 122; cotton factories in Shanghai, 237; total amount of cotton imported into China, 241
Custom-house duties in Siberia, 33; in China, 240
D
Daimios forbidden to enter Kioto, 97; the five grades, 97, 98; their initiation enfeebled, 100; horror of the barbarians, 104; they recognise the uselessness of opposing the foreigners, 106
Dan-no-ura, the naval battle of, 89
Dogs, Siberian, like wolves, 18
Dutch the only Europeans allowed to traffic with Japan, 95, 96
E
Education, its backward state in Siberia, 20; making considerable progress, 40; education in Japan, 134, 176, 177; in China, 206–208
Electric light in Siberian towns, 40; in Tokio, 114
Emigration from Russia, 44; its management, 45 (see also Immigration)
Empress Dowager and the Palace Revolution, 278; a clever woman, 278, 279; her party known as the Russian, 280
England (see Britain, Great)
English attempts to enter Siberia viâ the Arctic Ocean, 61–62; an English company creates an annual service to Siberia by this route, 62
Ermak Timoféef seizes Sibir, 2
Eunuchs, the, 16
Examinations, public, in China, 205; the subjects chosen, 206, 208; the ‘new Western culture,’ 207, 208
Exiles, two classes of, sent to Siberia, 53; allowed to settle in towns, 54; occupations, 54; families allowed to accompany them, 55; their number in 1894, 55; the artillery captain at Kluchi, 57
F
Feng-shui geomancy, Chinese, 209, 225
Ferry-boats to convey trains across Lake Baikal, 66, 69
Fetish-tree, a, 12
Finance, Japanese, brilliant condition before the war, 143, 144; the programme of expansion, 145; subvention to Formosa, 146; large loan required, 146; scarcity of cash, 147; a foreign loan, 148; the revenue of 1897–1898, 149; increase of taxation, 149; new sources of revenue, 150; taxes not really heavy, 150–152; other possible sources, 151
Fir-trees, Siberian, 6, 10
Fishing industry, importance of Japanese, 128
Flowers, Siberian, 11, 23; Japanese love of flowers, 133
Foreigners, Japanese suspicion of, 178 179; the commercial treaties, 178–180; the land tenure difficulty, 180, 181; foreigners in China, 228; demand a free hand to trade, 229; opinion of Chinese about them, 230–233; before the war, 235, 236; Treaty of Shimonosaki, 236; the literati and foreigners, 277
Forest Zone, the Great, 5; its trees, 6; marshlands and severe climate, 7; may become of great value, 7; population, 7
Formosa, Japanese subvention to, 146
France, why attracted to Tongking, 185; she co-operates with Russia and against Japan, 247; her sacrifice in turning from Japan, 249; Russia endeavours to draw her into warlike demonstrations against Japan, 250; ‘advantages’ gained by her intervention, 259, 260, 262; her treaty with England concerning Tongking, 262; France the protectress of Catholicism in China, 263; she suffers a check in China, 264; more concessions obtained, 272, 273; 293the part she ought to play, 288
French settlers in Siberia, 15; the Government generally indulgent towards them, 53
Fujiwara family, the, retains the Prime Ministership, 88
Fukuzawa, Mr., editor of the Jiji Shimpo, 103
Furniture, absence of, in Japanese houses, 131
Furs, exported from Siberia, 31
G
Gambling, the national Chinese vice, 224
Germany, commerce with Japan, 139; she co-operates with Russia and France against Japan, 247; reason for so doing, 249, 250; small advantages obtained in return, 259; she seizes Kiao-chau, 268; constitutes Shan-tung a sphere of interest, 271; her commerce with China, 286; better relations with England, 286
Glass in Japan, 120
Gold-mines, Siberian, in the Forest Zone, 7; employ relatively few people, 17; their exploitation and yield, 27, 29; Government the only buyer of Siberian gold, 28; bad system of taxation and other drawbacks, 28; primitive implements used, 28; the most important veins generally difficult to get at, 28; mining centre removed to the banks of the Amur and Lena, 29; exploitation only granted to Russian subjects, 53
Great Wall of China, the, 201–203
H
Hankow, on the Yang-tsze, the great tea mart of China, 34; projection of a railway from Peking to Hankow, 268
Hara-kiri, the ferocious custom of, in Japan, 98; in China, 222
Hart, Sir Robert, 240
Heimino, or commoners of Japan, 99; heimino in the public offices, 156
Henry, Prince, and the ‘mailed fist,’ 269
Hideyoshi reduces the daimios to obedience, 91; orders all missionaries to leave Japan, 94
Hien-feng’s hunting excursion, 195
High-roads of China, dilapidated condition of the, 199, 203
Hitotsubashi, tries to retrieve the Shogunate, 106; his overthrow, 107
Hong-Kong seventeen days from London viâ Siberia, 77; commerce with Japan, 139; Chinese in Hong-Kong, 231, 232; lease of the surrounding heights to England, 273; her total commerce, 282
Horses sometimes difficult to procure on the Siberian postal-road, 21; their great number in Siberia, 22; horses in Japan, 128
Hu-nan, coal-beds in, 184
I
Iemitsu enfeebles the initiative of the daimios, 100
Ieyas, Tokugawa, rises to power, 92; he reduces the Court to poverty, 97; creates divergencies among the daimios, 99; and revives the Chinese classics, 100
Immigrants into Siberia almost exclusively peasants, 45; Tobolsk a great meeting-place for them, 45; the routes taken, 45; length of the journey, 46; refuges erected for their accommodation, 46; those coming from same districts grouped together, 46; regulations for their settlement 46, 47; small advances made to them, 47; where they settle, 47; many return again to Russia, 48
Imperial canal, Chinese, ruinous condition of the, 203
Indemnity, Chinese War, 145; paid in gold, 146, note; the Liao-tung indemnity, 251–252
India more advanced than China, 185
Industries, Japanese, 118; fancy goods, 119; glass, brushes, and foundries, 120; jute carpet and match industries, 121; enormous progress of cotton, 122; Japanese own all their own industries, 122, 123; scarcity of workmen, 123; abuses in the employment of women, 123; hours of labour, 123; holidays, 124; increase of wages, 124; diminution of capital, 124; fisheries, 128; Chinese industries, 237; women employés, 238; their wages, 238, 239; industries limited to the free ports, 240
Infanticide in China, 221
Inland Sea, the, of Japan, 112; its light-houses, 112
Inundations in Siberia, 59
Iourdis, or Kirghiz huts, 46
Irbit, the great fair at, 35
Irkutsk, difference between the Customs on tea at Odessa and Irkutsk, 36; total Customs in 1896, 37; population, 38; the theatre, 41; Irkutsk once capital of Siberia, 42; its excellent beer, 54; Government of, population in 1897, 12, 13; number of immigrants annually, 47
Iron mines, Siberian, 27, 30
Isbas, the, or Siberian peasants’ cottages, 18; interior ornamentation, 23
Islamism professed by the Kirghiz, 10
Ito, Marquis, 160,162; the Ito programme, 144, 145
Ivan the Terrible, 1; grants the Strogonofs trading privileges, 2
J
Japan, the Black Current, 5; her transformation, 81, 82; European scepticism as to military success, 82; early history, 83; its settlement, 84; introduction of Chinese civilization, 86; 294also of Buddhism, the silkworm, etc., 86; resemblance of the adoption of Chinese civilization in the seventh with that of European in the nineteenth century, 87; the system of heredity, 87, 88; real authority very rarely vested in the man supposed to exercise it, 88; feudalism established, 88; dissensions in the Government, 88; the Government overthrown by Yoritomo, 89; increasing power of the daimios, 89; the Shogunate, 89, 90; non-interference of the Mikado in the Government, 90; civil wars, 90; pitiable condition of Japan at the beginning of the sixteenth century, 90, 91; suppression of the independence of the nobles, 91; Ieyas rises to power, 92; arrival of the Portuguese in Japan, 92; St. Francis Xavier introduces Christianity, 93; great progress made by it, 93, 94; material progress, 94; Hideyoshi orders all missionaries to leave Japan, 94, 95; Christianity extirpated in Japan and exclusion of foreign influence, 95; Dutch and Chinese only allowed to trade with Japan, 95, 96; the three ancient classes of the people, 97–99; the daimios divided by Ieyas among themselves, 99; Japan under the Tokugawas, 100; again under Chinese influences, 100; the causes of the Revolution of 1868 deep-rooted, 101; decline of the Shogunate, 101; penetration of Western ideas into Japan, 102; the United States demands the opening of the ports, 103; ports opened, 104; overthrow of the Shogunate, 104–107; necessity of adopting Western civilization in all branches perceived, 107; sweeping reforms, 108; removal of the Court to Tokio, 108; the Satsuma insurrection, 108; modern Japan, 109; religious toleration, 111; Japan the Great Britain of the Far East, 118; her industries, 118–124; essentially an agricultural country, 125; agricultural products, 125, 126, 129, 130; scenery, 126; density of the rural population, 126; small area of cultivable land, 127, 128; scarcity of domestic animals, 128; education, 134; increase of the population, 134; foreign commerce, 135–140; trade despised in ancient Japan, 140; brilliant condition of her finances before the war, 143, 144; extensive programme of expansion, 144, 145; large loan required to meet same, 146; a foreign loan, 148; taxation, 150–152; instability of Parliaments, 154; the clan spirit in modern Japan, 156; the Parliamentary system, 156–163; importance of Japan’s military forces, 165; her coal, 167; Japan China’s best friend, 167; her friendship for England and distrust of Russia, 168; colonizing ambitions, 170; her thorough transformation, 174; refusal to accept Christianity, 174; the civil status, 175; railway and post 176; carelessness and unpunctuality, 177; inexperience, 178; hostility to foreigners, 178; renewal of the commercial treaties, 178–180; land tenure, 180; her foreign missions, 182; Japan more advanced than China, 185; the Treaty of Shimonosaki, 228; England suddenly favours Japan, 244; Japan leaves Liao-tung in consequence of the demand by Russia, France, and Germany, 247; her fears of Russia, 247, 251; Russia’s warlike intentions against Japan, 250; China desires an alliance, 251; compensation for leaving Liao-tung, 251, 252; Japan’s high-handed policy in Korea, 256, 257; agreement with Russia regarding Korea, 258; Japan prepares for a conflict with Russia, 267; her commerce with China, 284; good relations with China, 285
Japanese in Vladivostok, 50; origin of the Japanese, 84; quite distinct from the Chinese, 85, 171; the early Japanese, 85; the Shinto religion, 85; their power of assimilation, 93; costumes, 111, 115, 132; proud of their victory over the Chinese, 112; their houses, 114, 115; the children, 115, 116; European costume, 116; their industries in their own hands, 122, 123; their food, 130; dwellings of the peasantry, 131; disuse of furniture, 131; freedom of the women, 132; artistic instinct of the Japanese, 132; cost of living, 133; charges brought against merchants, 140; Japanese do not yet understand the value of time, 141; the three classes of society not exclusive, 155; indifference to politics, 163; their hardiness, 166; lack of inventiveness, 177; attention to detail, 177; unpunctuality, 177; indifference to death, 221
Jews in Siberia, 15
Jimmu-Tenno, first Emperor of Japan, 83, 84
Jinrikisha, the, in Japan, 116; the fares, 117; in China, 189
Junks, Japanese, rapidly disappearing, 112
Jute carpet-making at Osaka, 121
K
Kaborski tchaï, the, 9
Kagoshima bombarded by the British, 106
Kainsk, the Jerusalem of Siberia, 15
Kaiping, coal-mines at, 189
Kalmucks, the, 10
Kami, or superior beings, 85
Kamtchatka reached by the Cossacks Alexief and Dezhnief, 3
Kang-Yu-Wei, the Reformer, 278; his party known as the Anglo-Japanese, 280
Kansk, the refuges for immigrants at, 46
Kara Sea, navigation only possible during six weeks, 62
295Kazan, the Tatar kingdom, annexed by Russia, 1
Khabarof, the Ataman, establishes himself on the Amur, 3
Khabarofsk, the military element at, 39; its few women, 51, 52
Kiakhta, tea passing through, 32; the three parts of the town, 32
Kiao-chau seized by the Germans, 268; made a free port, 286
Kioto, feudal princes never allowed to enter, 97; Court removed from Kioto to Tokio, 108; population, 118; industries, 121
Kirghiz Steppes crossed by the Russians in 1847, 3
Kirghiz tribe, the, 10; number and religion, 10; they export their cattle to Europe, 22
Kiu-Siu settled by Mongolian pirates, 84
Kobylkas, the, 25
Korea, Japan has a free hand in, 246; Russian activity, 256; high-handed conduct of the Japanese, 256; murder of the Queen, 257; Russia’s offer of service, 257; the agreement between Russia and Japan, 258; Russia renounces active intervention in Korea, 272
Koreans settled in and about Vladivostok, 13, 50–53; Koreans introduce the art of writing into Japan, 86
Kowloon, the peninsula of, ceded to England, 273
Krasnoyarsk, the theatre at, 41; the English-Siberian Company establishes an agency at, 62
Kuang-Su, Emperor of China, 277; his reforming tendencies, 278
Kuznetsk attractive to Siberian immigrants, 47
L
Lamuts, the, 6
Land-owners, rich, greatly needed in Siberia, 26
Land tenure in Japan, 180
Larches, great height of the, 6
Leather, Russian, imported into Siberia, 26
Lena, River, discovered in 1637, 3
Letters, time occupied to reach the Far East shortened by one-half by the Trans-Siberian Railway, 79
Liao-ho, River, 73
Liao-tung, peninsula of, the Japanese ordered to quit, 247; Japan receives compensation for same, 251, 252; Russia obtains the peninsula, 271, 272
Li-Hsi, King of Korea, his vacillating conduct, 257
Li Hung-Chang commences the Peking Railway, 189; his immense fortune, 217; Li and the war settlement, 251; his tour to Europe a sort of punishment, 267; he returns to power, 278
Likin, or Chinese inland Customs, total amount, 219; a pernicious system, 240, 241
Literati, the, 204; the three honorary degrees, 205; the public examinations, 205; syndicate for helping them on, 206; the subjects they are examined in, 206; no progress to be expected from them, 211; their hatred of foreigners, 232, 233, 277
Littoral province annexed by Russia, 13; population, 13, 51; immigrants arriving by sea, 44; preponderance of the male over the female sex, 51; Russians only slightly in the majority, 52
London, distance to Vladivostok and Port Arthur, 76
M
Manchu Dynasty, the, dethrones the Mings, 199
Manchuria, Chinese activity in, 52; Russians exploring Manchuria, 66, 67; Chinese Manchuria, 73
Manchurian Railway, China allows Russia to build the, 67; cannot be completed in contracted time, 67; absolutely in Russia’s hands, 71; its length, 72, 73; difficulties to be overcome in construction, 73; great political importance, 74; Port Arthur the terminus, 74; its cost, 75
Manchus, the, oppose the Russians in Siberia, 3; they prosper in the Amur and Littoral provinces, 13; number, 51
Mandarinate, the, never acclimatized in Japan, 87; the curse of China, 204; not hereditary, 205; therefore the more pernicious, 209; cowardice of the military mandarins, 223; hatred of foreigners, 232, 233; looks upon China as a prey, 248
Marshlands on the banks of the Obi and the Irtysh, 7
Match industry, Japanese, 121
Merchants, Siberian, 17; charges brought against Japanese merchants, 140; merchants in ancient Japan, 141; honesty of Chinese merchants, 240
Mikado, almost a god, 85; Imperial self-effacement, 88, 90; the Court reduced to absolute poverty, 97; the Imperial family universally respected, 103; agreement with the south-western clans against the Shogun, 104; the Mikado refuses to acknowledge the Shogun, 105; he ratifies the treaties of 1865, 106
Milk, excellent, in Siberia, 22
Millet in China, 199
Mings, Tombs of the, 199, 200
Minusinsk, the centre of settlement in Siberia, 48
Mir system introduced in Siberia, 24
Missionaries, female, 230; Chinese superstitions regarding missionaries, 232
Moji, rapidly rivalling Nagasaki, 112
Mongolia, Russian, 12
Mongolian pirates settle in Kiu-Siu, 84
296Mongols, the Kalmuck, 10
Mosque, the northernmost in the world at Tomsk, 10
Mosquitoes, troublesome, in Siberia, 9
Mouravief-Amurski, Count, favours the Trans-Siberian Railway, 64
Mujiks, 10 (see also Siberians)
N
Nagasaki, Christians in, 94; Nagasaki the only port left open to European commerce, 96; penetration of Western ideas into Japan through Nagasaki, 102; its scenery, 110; the chief coaling port on the Pacific, 111
Nan-kow, 201
Natives of the Tundra Zone, 16; declining tribes, 13, 52
Navy, Japanese, strengthened, 141; its importance, 165
Nertchinsk, treaty of, 3; corn ripens there, 8; the silver mines now of little value, 29; now merely a huge village, 39
Newspapers, Japanese, 163
Nicholas II. stops transportation into Siberia, 53
Nikko, magnificent temples at, 202
Niu-chwang, railway being laid to; the Niu-chwang Railway affair, 275
Nobunaga Ota seizes the government, 91
O
Oats, 7, 24
Obi, climate in its upper valley, 21; gold-mines exhausted in its basin, 29; the Upper Obi attracts most Siberian immigrants, 47; stores landed at the mouth of the Obi, 62; canal between the Obi and the Yenissei, 65
Odessa, enormous Customs on tea at, 36
Okhotsk, the, discovered, 3; native tribes in the region of the, 52
Olekma, a tributary of the Lena, 7
Omsk, situation of, 38; the Trans-Siberian Railway, 45
Opium-smoking in China, 225, 241
Opium War, the, 228
Orthodox Church, Kirghiz converted to the, 10; it abstains from propaganda in China, 248
Osaka, the Manchester of Japan, 118; its industries, 119–121; construction of a new harbour, 120
Ostiaka, the, 6; their origin, 10
Ostrogs, or Siberian block-houses, 3
P
Paris, distance to Vladivostok and Port Arthur, 76; also to Tokio, 77
Parliaments, Japanese, instability of, 154; composition of the two Chambers, 157, 158, note; opposition to the clan Cabinets, 157–159; a dissolution, 159; the various parties, 160, 161; signs of improvement, 162, 163
Pe-chi-li, Gulf of, Russia dominates the, 74; its flatness, 188
Peking, the railway at, 77; the city and walls, 191, 192; street scenes, 192, 193; shops, 193; the main thoroughfares and side streets, 194; houses, 194; scene from the walls, 195; insolence of the people to foreigners, 195; monuments, 195, 196; its decay, 196; the environs, 199; entry of the Allies into Peking, 228; projection of a railway to Hankow, 268
Père Marquette, size of the, 69
Peter the Great’s wish to extend Russia westwards, 3
Petersburg, St., distance to Vladivostok and Port Arthur, 76
Petroleum, use of, by the Japanese, 114
Pigs non-existent in Japan, 120
Pine-trees, Siberian, 6, 11
Pinto, Fernan Mendez, the Portuguese navigator, arrives in Japan, 92
‘Pity of the Slav,’ the, 21
Podorojne, the official passport for Siberia, 58
Population, Siberian, in 1851, 3, 4; in 1897, 4, 13; superiority of the Russians in Western Siberia, 10; in the Amur and Littoral, 13, 14; Asiatics in the Amur, 49; annual increase of the population, 55; rural population of Japan, 126, 127; its annual increase, 134; population of China, 213, 214, note
Port Arthur better placed than Vladivostok, 49; to be the principal terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, 67; its distance from the European capitals, 76; Russia obtains the lease of Port Arthur, 271; it is weakened by Wei-hai-wei, 273
Ports, Chinese, 188
Portuguese, first appearance in Japan, 92; great influx of the, 93
Postal-road of Siberia, the, 11; its animation, 21; horses sometimes difficult to obtain, 21; eight large towns situated on it, 38; cost of travelling, 57, 58; fairly well kept, 58; its monotony past Lake Baikal, 58
Postal service, Japanese, cheapness of the, 176
Post-stations, Siberian, each provided with forty horses, 21; the postmaster at Kluchi, 57; their appearance, 60; uncleanliness, 61
Potatoes in Japan, 130
Powers’ change of tone towards China after the war, 185; their surprise at China’s downfall, 243
Protestants not tolerated in Russia, 14, 15; their churches in all large Siberian towns, 15
R
Railway loan, Japanese, 145; extension of lines, 150; cheapness of fares, 176; 297railway concessions granted by China, 267, 268
Raskolniks, the, 16
Reindeer, the, in Northern Siberia, 6
Religion, Japan refuses to accept our, 174; the Chinese and our religion, 230
Restaurants on the Trans-Siberian Railway, 78, 79
Rice, cultivation of, in Japan, 126; annual production, 129; its preponderance, 130; commerce in, 138
Rivers of Siberia covered for months by ice, 4; villages on the banks of the most important, 11; Chinese rivers, 188
Russia, expansion eastwards, 1; abandons the lower Amur, 3; her colonization, 4; the Empire as a gold-producing centre, 27; overland commerce with China, 32; population, 43; emigration, 44; her subjects only allowed to work the Siberian gold-mines, 53; concessions to the English-Siberian Company, 62; allowed by China to build the Manchurian Railway, 67; which is absolutely in the hands of Russia, 71; Japan’s distrust of, 168; her new policy in China, 186; Russia displeased by the war, 245; desires an outlet to the sea, 245; she covets North China, 246; Russia, France, and Germany order Japan to quit Liao-tung, 247; Japan’s fear of Russia, 247; better liked than any other European Power by China, 248; her warlike intentions against Japan, 250; China becomes alarmed of Russia, 251; her influence in the war settlement, 251, 252; Russia stands guarantee for China, 255; her activity in Korea, 256; offer of service to Korea, 257; agreement with Japan in Korea, 258; Russia’s preponderating influence, 258, 259; she obtains the lease of Port Arthur, 271, 272; danger of war with England, 272; the Niu-chwang Railway affair, 275; Russia’s interests in China political, 286
Russians, their religious toleration, 14; manner of taking tea, 31, 32; prejudice against tea conveyed by sea, 34; Russians naturally sociable, 59; their nomadic habits, 70
Russo-Chinese Bank established, 255, 256
S
Saigon, 77
Saigon, Marshal, quells the Satsuma insurrection, 108
Saké, the Japanese drink, 130, 131
Sakhalin, Island of, population, 13; inveterate criminals sent to, 54
Samoyeds, the, 6; their number, 10
Samourai, the, 6; become hereditary, 90; their position in ancient Japan, 98; opposed to the Shogunate, 101; correspondence between certain samourai and Europeans, 102; wearing of the two swords prohibited, 108; public offices in their hands, 156
Satsumata-Choshiu combination, the, 156, 157; its rule, 161, 162
Sayan Mountains, the, 12
Scenery of Central Siberia, 9
Selenga River, 12
Serfdom never existed in Siberia, 20
Shanghai two days from Port Arthur, 77; the town, 235; industrial activity at, 237; railway to Woosung, 268
Shan-tung, coal-beds in, 184; Germany constitutes Shan-tung a sphere of interest, 271
Sheep unknown in Japan, 128
Shimonosaki, Strait of, 112; treaty of, 228; Article 6, 236, 246
Shintoism, 85; its rites, 86
Shogunate, the, 89, 90; the kammong daimios allied to the Shogunate, 99; the southern clans dangerous to it, 100; its decline, 101; frightened at America’s demand for the opening of the ports, 104; its enemies, 104; powerlessness, 105; its abasement, 105; last bid for power, 106; and total overthrow, 107
Siberia, its conquest by Russia, 2; treated as a penal settlement, 3; opened to colonization, 3; population, 3, 4, 13, 55; Siberia compared with Canada, 4, 5, 55; its rivers, 4; climate, 5, 25; the three zones, 5–7; its scenery, 9, 11, 12; conditions of existence better in Siberia than in Russia, 9; the Russian population in the West, 10; religious toleration, 14–16; Siberia a prolongation of Russia, 15, 17, 49; absence of great landlords, 17, 26; land rented to farmers, 18; primitive methods of cultivation, 21, 25; domestic animals, 22; the more populous regions, 23; land tenure, 24; lack of means of communication, 25; mineral wealth, 27–29; limited industries, 30; the tea traffic, 31; other commerce, 37; towns, 38, 39; immigration, 43–48; transportation of convicts, 53–55; what is needed, 55; loneliness of the country, 58; inundations, 59; a cross-country journey, 61; Siberia entered by the Arctic Ocean, 61–63; trade between England and Siberia, 62; the Ural Railway, 65; trans-continent river and rail system fails, 65, 66; the Trans-Siberian Railway, 66–75; the transformation it will effect, 79, 80
Siberians, conditions of peasant life, 9, 10; better off in Siberia than in Russia, 18; their ignorance of hygiene, 18; apathy of the peasants, 19; their favourite texts from Scripture, 20; the ‘pity of the Slav,’ 21; the traffic on the postal-road, 21; ignorance of the peasants of agricultural science, 24, 25; rich, 41; do not like the new railway, 42; nor immigration, 46; their resignation, 59
Sibir, Tobolsk erected on its site, 2
Silk imported into Siberia, 37; Chinese silk exported, 241
298Silver mines, Siberian, 28
Stanovoi Mountains, the, 47
Stretensk on the Amur, 25
Strogonofs obtain trading concessions, 2
Suiko, Empress, 87
Sungari River, 73, 74
Summer Palace, the, 202, 203
Sze-chuan, coal-beds of, 184
T
Tarantass, the, 57
Tatar, kingdoms annexed, 1; Tatar driven southwards, 2; the Kirghiz, 10–22; Tatar women in China, 193
Taxes, Japanese, 150, 151; Chinese, 218, 219
Tea, traffic in Siberia, 31; routes taken, 32, 35; tea passing through Kiakhta, 33; duty, 33, 36, 37, note; Hankow the great tea mart in China, 34; Nijni-Novgorod, 35; difficulties of transport, 36; its value, 36; total amount exported from China, 241
Telega, the, 45
Telephone, the, in Siberia, 40; in Tokio, 114
Temples, Chinese, 202
Theatres, Siberian, 41
Tien-tsin, the railway at, 77, 189; the town, 189; inundations, 190; the Treaty of Tien-tsin, 228; industry at, 237
Tiumen, 11
Tobacco introduced by the Portuguese into Japan, 94; its cultivation, 130
Tobolsk, its erection, 2; the ancient capital of Siberia, 38; a meeting-place for immigrants, 45
Tobolsk, the Government of, 10; population, 13; education in, 20, 23; excellent soil, 24; number of immigrants, 47
Tokio, distance to Vladivostok, 77; removal of the Court to, 108; railway to Yokohama opened, 108; population, 113; its up-to-datedness, 114; fires, 114, 115; means of getting about, 116; badly lighted, 117
Tokugawa, the, 100
Tomsk, the mosque at, 10; the neighbouring country, 11; population, 38; its new university, 40; theatre, 41
Tomsk, Government of, population, 13, 23; excellent soil, 24; number of immigrants annually, 47
Tongking, its copper-mines attract the French to, 185; Customs lowered, 260; poor country in the neighbourhood, 262
Towns, absence of large, in Siberia, 38; those along the highroad, 39; their appearance, etc., 39–41
Trans-Baikalia, climate, 5; scenery, 12; population, 13; Buddhists, 51
Trans-Siberian Railway, 10; destined to revolutionize Siberia, 42, 56; why originally designed, 64, 65; the Ural Railway, 65; Alexander III. decrees its execution, 66; how it will cross Lake Baikal, 66, 69; length, 66, 73; the Manchurian section, 67; its construction easy, 67, 68; bridges, 68; workmen, 70; its cost, 70; distance viâ the Trans-Siberian Railway to the Far East, 76; the train-de-luxe, 77; journey to the Far East much shortened by it, 77; fares, 78; restaurants, 78, 79; too expensive for heavy merchandise, 79; facilities for forwarding letters to the East, 79; Russia awaiting its completion, 259
Treaties, Japanese commercial, 178–180; treaties respecting foreigners in China, 228
Treaty Ports, list of Chinese, 234, note; Shanghai, 235, 237–239; industries limited to them, 240
Trees of Siberia, 6
Troitskosavsk, 32, 33
Troops, Russian, in the East, 13, 166
Tundra Zone, the, of Siberia, 5; area and population, 6
Turki population of Siberia, 14
U
United States demand the opening of Japanese ports, 103; their commerce with China, 284
University at Tomsk, the, 40
Ural Railway opened in 1880, 60
V
Vegetables not cultivated in Siberia, 19
Verkhoyansk, its severe climate, 6
Villages of Siberia, 11; resemblance to those of Russia, 18; Japanese villages, 131
Vitim, military government of, 12
Vladivostok, the sea covered with ice in winter, 5; the military element at, 38; Vladivostok not so good as Port Arthur, 49; the town and harbour, 49; population, 50; the journey to, 56; main terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway removed to Port Arthur, 67; Vladivostok a point of vantage, 74; distance from Vladivostok to the European capitals, 76; to Tokio, 77; Chinese in, 232
Voltaire’s idea of a Siberian highroad, 64
W
Wages in China, increase of, 238, 239
Wei-hai-wei ceded to England, 273
Western civilization not a monopoly of one race, 172
Wheat in Siberia, 7, 24; in China, 199
Wiggins, Captain, enters the mouth of the Yenissei, 62
Witte, M. de, chief promoter of the Manchurian Railway, 71; his successful Chinese financial policy, 255
Women, Japanese, freedom of, 132; Chinese, 193; they never work in the field, 199; binding of their feet, 221; 299their unhappy lot when married, 224; immorality, 224
Women and children employed in Japanese match factories, 121; their unhealthy lodgings, 123; conditions of labour, 123, 124; women and children in Shanghai, 237, 238; their wages, 237
Wood, very dear in China, 34; used for architectural purposes, 202
X
Xavier, St. Francis, visits Japan, 91; introduces Christianity there, 93
Y
Yablonovoi Mountains, the, 67
Yang-tsze-Kiang, dense population of the valley of the, 184; no part of its basin ever to be ceded, 271
Yakutsk, climate, 6; population, 13; the eunuchs, 16
‘Yellow Peril,’ the, 186, 239; if Japan and China united, 246
Yellow River, coal-beds on the banks of the, 184; its mouth, 188
Yenissei, Government of the population, 12, 13; immigrants, 47, 48
Yenissei River, its mouth reached in 1636, 3; gold-mines near it, 7; its beauty, 11; Captain Wiggins enters it in 1874, 61, 62; canal between the Yenissei and the Obi, 65
Yokohama, railway opened to, 108; the third port in the Far East, 113
Yoritomo overthrows the Taira, 89; his ingratitude, 89; first Shogun, 89
Yoshitsune wins the Battle of Dan-no-ura, 89; his adventures and death, 89
Yunnan, copper-mines of, 184; a poor province, 261
Z
Zaïmka system in Siberia, the, 24
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter.
P. 125, changed “40 per cent.” to “4 per cent.”