APPENDIX
Reading edition
Calculation of arsenic concentration with no standard for comparison.
1. Determination of arsenic-76 activity produced from 1 microgram of arsenic at the time it comes out of the reactor.
We use the equation from page 12:
A₀ = Nφσ (1 - e-λt)
where N is the number of target atoms. (One microgram of arsenic contains (10-6 gram/75 grams per mole[12]) × 6.02 × 10²³ atoms per mole which is 8 × 10¹⁵ atoms of arsenic.)
φ is the neutron flux. (This would be known to the reactor operator. It is usually measured by inserting materials of known composition and measuring their activation. In this case, φ = 10¹³ neutrons per square centimeter per second.)
σ is the activation cross section. (Neutron cross sections have been measured and tabulated by scientists. For the activation of arsenic-75 to arsenic-76, the cross section is known to be 4.2 × 10-24 square centimeter.)
λ is the disintegration constant for arsenic-76. (Here, λ = (ln 2[13]/t½,(in hours); t½, the half-life for arsenic-76, is 26.6 hours so λ = (0.693/26.6) = 0.026.)
t is the time of the irradiation. (Here t is 12 hours.)
50
Therefore: A₀, the activity of arsenic-76,
= 8 × 10¹⁵ × 10¹³ × 4.2 × 10-24 × (1 - e-0.026 × 12)
(Note: e is a physical constant, 2.71+)
= 9 × 10⁴ disintegrations per second per microgram
2. Determination of activity of arsenic measured in the sample and corrected back to the time of removal from the reactor.
We use the equation:
A₁ =
R
E × F
e
λt
where R is the measured count rate. (In this case, R is the number of counts per second observed in the 0.559-MeV gamma-ray peak, which is 5300 counts in 20 minutes or 4.4 counts per second.)
E is the efficiency of the detector. (In this case, it is the number of counts observed in the 0.559 peak for each 0.559-MeV gamma ray emitted by a radioactive material at the sample distance. This is known for the detector being used by making other measurements and, for the set-up used here, is 0.010.)
F is the average number of 0.559-MeV gamma rays emitted in each disintegration of arsenic-76. (This can be deduced from the decay scheme of arsenic-76. See the decay scheme for manganese-56 on page 13. In the decay of arsenic-76 the number of 0.559-MeV gamma rays emitted per disintegration is approximately 0.41.)
λ is the disintegration constant for arsenic-76. (0.026, see page 49.)
t is the decay time. (This is the number of hours from the time the sample was removed from the reactor to the time it was counted, or 5 hours.)
51
Therefore, A₁, the activity of arsenic-76 produced in the sample at the time of removal from the reactor,
=
4.4 counts per second
0.010 × 0.41
e
0.026 × 5 hours
= 1200 disintegrations per second
3. Calculation of arsenic concentration in the sample.
We use the equation:
Concentration in parts per million =
A₁
A₀ × W
10⁶
where A₁ and A₀ were determined above and W is the weight of sample analyzed or 300 micrograms (0.0003 gram).
Therefore the concentration is
1200
9 × 10⁴ × 300
× 10⁶ = 44 parts per million.