Introductory material (continued 42)

Namibia very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification; wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

Nauru limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90 years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining land resources

Navassa Island NA

Nepal deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions

Netherlands water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Netherlands Antilles NA

New Caledonia erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

New Zealand deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna hard-hit by species introduced from outside

Nicaragua deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Niger overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Nigeria soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil; has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land; rapid urbanization

Niue increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands contamination of groundwater on Saipan may contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of endangered species conflicts with development

Norway water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions

Oman rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very limited natural fresh water resources

Pacific Ocean endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Pakistan water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Palau inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing practices, and overfishing

Palmyra Atoll NA

Panama water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

Papua New Guinea rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining projects; severe drought

Paracel Islands NA

Paraguay deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposal pose health risks for many urban residents; loss of wetlands

Peru deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Philippines uncontrolled deforestation especially in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds

Pitcairn Islands deforestation (only a small portion of the original forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)

Poland situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to European Union code, but at substantial cost to business and the government

Portugal soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Puerto Rico erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Qatar limited natural fresh water resources are increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Reunion NA

Romania soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Russia air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides

Rwanda deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Saint Helena NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA

Saint Lucia deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the northern region

Saint Pierre and Miquelon recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive

Samoa soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing

San Marino NA

Sao Tome and Principe deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Saudi Arabia desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

Senegal wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Serbia and Montenegro pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Seychelles water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Sierra Leone rapid population growth pressuring the environment; overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Singapore industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Slovakia air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Slovenia Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Solomon Islands deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying

Somalia famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

South Africa lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion; desertification

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands NA

Southern Ocean increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA of some fish; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Spain pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification

Spratly Islands NA

Sri Lanka deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Sudan inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought

Suriname deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Svalbard NA

Swaziland limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion

Sweden acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea

Switzerland air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Syria deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water

Taiwan air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

Tajikistan inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

Tanzania soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

Thailand air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting

Togo deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas

Tokelau very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand

Tonga deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations

Trinidad and Tobago water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion

Tromelin Island NA

Tunisia toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Turkey water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Turkmenistan contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

Turks and Caicos Islands limited natural fresh water resources, private cisterns collect rainwater

Tuvalu since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels should make evacuation necessary

Uganda draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; poaching is widespread

Ukraine inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

United Arab Emirates lack of natural freshwater resources compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution from oil spills

United Kingdom continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target and move towards a domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8.8% to 10.3%

United States air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; limited natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the country require careful management; desertification

Uruguay water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry; inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Uzbekistan shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural chemicals, including DDT

Vanuatu a majority of the population does not have access to a reliable supply of potable water; deforestation

Venezuela sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations

Vietnam logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands lack of natural freshwater resources

Wake Island NA

Wallis and Futuna deforestation (only small portions of the original forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion; there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of natural fresh water resources

West Bank adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Western Sahara sparse water and lack of arable land

World large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Yemen very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Zambia air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Zimbabwe deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2033 Environment - international agreements

Afghanistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Albania party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Algeria party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Andorra party to: Hazardous Wastes signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Angola party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Antigua and Barbuda party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Argentina party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Armenia party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Australia party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Austria party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Azerbaijan party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahamas, The party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahrain party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bangladesh party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Barbados party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Belarus party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Belgium party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Belize party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Benin party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bhutan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Bolivia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Bosnia and Herzegovina party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Botswana party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brazil party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brunei party to: Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bulgaria party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Burkina Faso party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burma party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burundi party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cambodia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cameroon party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Canada party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Cape Verde party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Central African Republic party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Chad party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Chile party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

China party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Colombia party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Comoros party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Congo, Democratic Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Congo, Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cook Islands party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Costa Rica party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cote d'Ivoire party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Croatia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Cuba party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Cyprus party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Czech Republic party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Denmark party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Djibouti party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominica party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominican Republic party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

East Timor NA

Ecuador party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Egypt party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

El Salvador party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Equatorial Guinea party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Eritrea party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Estonia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Ethiopia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

European Union party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 82, Tropical Timber 94 signed but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Fiji party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Finland party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

France party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gabon party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gambia, The party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Georgia party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Germany party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Ghana party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Greece party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

Grenada party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guatemala party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea-Bissau party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guyana party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Haiti party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes

Holy See (Vatican City) party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Honduras party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Hong Kong party to: Marine Dumping (associate member)

Hungary party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Iceland party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation

India party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Indonesia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Iran party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Iraq party to: Law of the Sea signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ireland party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation

Israel party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Italy party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Jamaica party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Japan party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Jordan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kazakhstan party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kenya party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kiribati party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Korea, North party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Korea, South party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kuwait party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Kyrgyzstan party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Lebanon party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation

Lesotho party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liberia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Libya party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Liechtenstein party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Lithuania party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Luxembourg party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Macedonia party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malawi party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

Maldives party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malta party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Marshall Islands party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritania party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Monaco party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

New Zealand party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Nigeria party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Oman party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Palau party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Paraguay party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Peru party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Philippines party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Poland party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Portugal party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification

Qatar party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Romania party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Russia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Rwanda party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Samoa party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

Serbia and Montenegro party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Seychelles party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Sierra Leone party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Singapore party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovenia party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Solomon Islands party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Somalia party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

South Africa party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean the Southern Ocean is subject to all international agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (regulates fishing) note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north

Spain party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Sri Lanka party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Sweden party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Switzerland party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Syria party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Taiwan party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status

Tajikistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Thailand party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Togo party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Uganda party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

United Arab Emirates party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

United States party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Uzbekistan party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed but not ratified:: none of the selected agreements

Vietnam party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Western Sahara party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Zambia party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2034 Military expenditures - percent of GDP (%)

Afghanistan 2.6% (2004)

Albania 1.49% (FY02)

Algeria 3.2% (2004)

Angola 10.6% (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda NA

Argentina 1.3% (FY00)

Armenia 6.5% (FY01)

Australia 2.7% (2004)

Austria 0.9% (2004)

Azerbaijan 2.6% (FY99)

Bahamas, The NA

Bahrain 6.3% (2004)

Bangladesh 1.8% (2004)

Barbados NA

Belarus 1.4% (FY02)

Belgium 1.3% (2003)

Belize 2% (2003)

Benin 2.4% (2004)

Bermuda 0.11% (FY00/01)

Bhutan 1.8% (2004)

Bolivia 1.6% (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.5% (FY02)

Botswana 3.9% (2004)

Brazil 1.8% (2004)

Brunei 5.1% (2004)

Bulgaria 2.6% (2003)

Burkina Faso 1.3% (2004)

Burma 2.1% (FY97)

Burundi 6% (2004)

Cambodia 3% (FY01 est.)

Cameroon 1.6% (2004)

Canada 1.1% (2003)

Cape Verde 1.5% (2004)

Central African Republic 1% (2004)

Chad 2.1% (2004)

Chile 3.8% (2004)

China 4.3% (2004)

Colombia 3.4% (FY01)

Comoros 3% (2004)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1.5% (2004)

Congo, Republic of the 2.8% (2004)

Costa Rica 0.4% (2003)

Cote d'Ivoire 1.2% (2004)

Croatia 2.39% (2002 est.)

Cuba 1.8% (2003)

Cyprus 3.8% (FY02)

Czech Republic 2.02% (2004)

Denmark 1.5% (2004)

Djibouti 4.4% (2004)

Dominica NA

Dominican Republic 1.1% (1998)

East Timor NA

Ecuador 2.2% (2004)

Egypt 3.4% (2004)

El Salvador 1.1% (2003)

Equatorial Guinea 2.5% (2004)

Eritrea 13.4% (2004)

Estonia 2% (2002 est.)

Ethiopia 4.6% (2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA

Faroe Islands NA

Fiji 2.2% (FY02)

Finland 2% (FY98/99)

France 2.6% (2003)

French Guiana NA

Gabon 2% (2004)

Gambia, The 0.3% (2004)

Gaza Strip NA

Georgia 0.59% (FY00)

Germany 1.5% (2003)

Ghana 0.6% (2004)

Greece 4.3% (2003)

Grenada NA

Guatemala 0.8% (2003)

Guinea 1.7% (2004)

Guinea-Bissau 3.1% (2004)

Guyana 0.9% (2004)

Haiti 0.9% (2003)

Honduras 1.4% (2004)

Hong Kong NA

Hungary 1.75% (2002 est.)

India 2.93% (2005/06)

Indonesia 3% (2004)

Iran 3.3% (2003 est.)

Iraq NA

Ireland 0.9% (FY00/01)

Israel 8.7% (FY02)

Italy 1.8% (2004)

Jamaica 0.4% (2003)

Japan 1% (2004)

Jordan 14.6% (2004)

Kazakhstan 0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya 1.3% (2004)

Kiribati NA

Korea, North NA

Korea, South 2.8% (2004)

Kuwait 5.3% (2004)

Kyrgyzstan 1.4% (FY01)

Laos 0.5% (2004)

Latvia 1.2% (FY01)

Lebanon 3.1% (FY99) (2004)

Lesotho 2.3% (2004)

Liberia 0.2% (2004)

Libya 3.9% (FY99)

Lithuania 1.9% (FY01)

Luxembourg 0.9% (2003)

Macedonia 6% (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar 1.2% (2004)

Malawi 0.7% (2004)

Malaysia 2.03% (FY00)

Maldives 5.5% (2004)

Mali 0.4% (2004)

Malta 0.7% (2004)

Marshall Islands NA

Mauritania 1.7% (2004)

Mauritius 0.2% (2004)

Mexico 0.9% (2004)

Moldova 0.4% (FY02)

Mongolia 2.2% (FY02)

Morocco 5% (2004)

Mozambique 2.2% (2004)

Namibia 3.1% (2004)

Nauru NA

Nepal 1.5% (2004)

Netherlands 1.6% (2004)

New Caledonia NA

New Zealand 1% (FY02)

Nicaragua 0.7% (2004)

Niger 1.1% (2004)

Nigeria 0.8% (2004)

Norway 1.9% (2003)

Oman 11.4% (2003)

Pakistan 4.9% (2004)

Palau NA

Panama 1.1% (2004)

Papua New Guinea 1.4% (FY02)

Paraguay 0.9% (2003)

Peru 1.4% (2004)

Philippines 1% (2004)

Poland 1.71% (2002)

Portugal 2.3% (2003)

Qatar 10% (FY00)

Romania 2.47% (2002)

Russia NA

Rwanda 3.2% (2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA

Saint Lucia NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines NA

Samoa NA

San Marino NA

Sao Tome and Principe 0.8% (2004)

Saudi Arabia 10% (2002)

Senegal 1.5% (2004)

Serbia and Montenegro NA

Seychelles 1.8% (2004)

Sierra Leone 1.7% (2004)

Singapore 4.9% (FY01)

Slovakia 1.89% (2002)

Slovenia 1.7% (FY00)

Solomon Islands NA

Somalia 0.9% (2003)

South Africa 1.5% (2004)

Spain 1.2% (2003)

Sri Lanka 2.6% (2004)

Sudan 3% (1999) (2004)

Suriname 0.7% (2003)

Swaziland 1.4% (2004)

Sweden 1.7% (2004)

Switzerland 1% (FY01)

Syria 5.9% (FY00)

Taiwan 2.6% (2004)

Tajikistan 3.9% (FY01)

Tanzania 0.2% (2004)

Thailand 1.8% (2003)

Togo 1.9% (2004)

Tonga NA

Trinidad and Tobago 0.6% (2003)

Tunisia 1.5% (FY99)

Turkey 5.3% (2003)

Turkmenistan 3.4% (FY99)

Tuvalu NA

Uganda 2.2% (2004)

Ukraine 1.4% (FY02)

United Arab Emirates 3.1% (FY00)

United Kingdom 2.4% (2003)

United States 3.3% (FY03 est.) (February 2004)

Uruguay 2% (2004)

Uzbekistan 2% (FY97)

Vanuatu NA

Venezuela 1.5% (2004)

Vietnam 2.5% (FY98)

West Bank NA

World roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)

Yemen 7.8% (2003)

Zambia 1.8% (2004)

Zimbabwe 4.3% (2004)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2038 Electricity - production (kWh)

Afghanistan 540 million kWh (2002)

Albania 5.68 billion kWh (2004)

Algeria 25.76 billion kWh (2002)

American Samoa 130 million kWh (2002)

Andorra NA kWh

Angola 1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Anguilla NA

Antigua and Barbuda 110.8 million kWh (2002)

Argentina 81.39 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia 6.492 billion kWh (2002)

Aruba 807.7 million kWh (2002)

Australia 210.3 billion kWh (2002)

Austria 58.49 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan 17.55 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The 1.716 billion kWh (2002)

Bahrain 6.86 billion kWh (2002)

Bangladesh 16.45 billion kWh (2002)

Barbados 800 million kWh (2002)

Belarus 30 billion kWh (2004)

Belgium 76.58 billion kWh (2002)

Belize 117 million kWh (2002)

Benin 285.2 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda 643 million kWh (2002)

Bhutan 2.001 billion kWh (2002)

Bolivia 4.132 billion kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 10.04 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana 930 million kWh (2002)

Brazil 339 billion kWh (2002)

British Indian Ocean Territory NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by the US military

British Virgin Islands 36.28 million kWh (2002)

Brunei 2.458 billion kWh (2002)

Bulgaria 43.07 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso 361 million kWh (2002)

Burma 5.068 billion kWh (2003)

Burundi 132 million kWh (2002)

Cambodia 122 million kWh (2003)

Cameroon 3.571 billion kWh (2002)

Canada 548.9 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde 43.08 million kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands 410.8 million kWh (2002)

Central African Republic 106 million kWh (2002)

Chad 96.13 million kWh (2002)

Chile 48.6 billion kWh (2004)

China 1.91 trillion kWh (2003)

Colombia 44.87 billion kWh (2002)

Comoros 23.84 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 6.086 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the 348 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands 27 million kWh (2002)

Costa Rica 6.614 billion kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire 4.759 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia 12.51 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba 14.41 billion kWh (2002)

Cyprus 4 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2003)

Czech Republic 71.75 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark 36.38 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti 180 million kWh (2002)

Dominica 68.41 million kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic 9.583 billion kWh (2002)

East Timor NA kWh (2002)

Ecuador 11.54 billion kWh (2002)

Egypt 81.27 billion kWh (2002)

El Salvador 4.158 billion kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea 26.69 million kWh (2002)

Eritrea 246.6 million kWh (2002)

Estonia 8.301 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia 2.149 billion kWh (2002)

European Union 2.888 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 19.06 million kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands 220 million kWh (2002)

Fiji 750 million kWh (2002)

Finland 71.59 billion kWh (2002)

France 528.6 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana 460.1 million kWh (2002)

French Polynesia 380 million kWh (2002)

Gabon 1.161 billion kWh (2002)

Gambia, The 90.31 million kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia 6.732 billion kWh (2002)

Germany 560 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana 6.922 billion kWh (2002)

Gibraltar 104 million kWh (2002)

Greece 47.22 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland 245 million kWh (2002)

Grenada 149 million kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe 1.16 billion kWh (2002)

Guam 835 million kWh (2002)

Guatemala 6.608 billion kWh (2002)

Guernsey NA kWh

Guinea 855 million kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau 55 million kWh (2002)

Guyana 808 million kWh (2002)

Haiti 618 million kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA kWh

Honduras 3.626 billion kWh (2002)

Hong Kong 35.51 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary 34.07 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland 8.271 billion kWh (2002)

India 547.2 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia 110.2 billion kWh (2003)

Iran 129 billion kWh (2002)

Iraq 32.6 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland 22.88 billion kWh (2002)

Israel 42.67 billion kWh (2002)

Italy 261.6 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica 6.289 billion kWh (2002)

Japan 1.044 trillion kWh (2002)

Jordan 7.307 billion kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan 66.82 billion kWh (2003)

Kenya 4.475 billion kWh (2002)

Kiribati 7 million kWh (2002)

Korea, North 33.62 billion kWh (2002)

Korea, South 322.5 billion kWh (2003)

Kuwait 32.43 billion kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan 11.72 billion kWh (2002)

Laos 3.56 billion kWh (2002)

Latvia 4.547 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon 8.066 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho 314 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Liberia 488.8 million kWh (2002)

Libya 20.89 billion kWh (2002)

Lithuania 17.93 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg 2.511 billion kWh (2002)

Macau 1.719 billion kWh (2003)

Macedonia 6.273 billion kWh (2003)

Madagascar 840.2 million kWh (2002)

Malawi 1.088 billion kWh (2002)

Malaysia 75.33 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives 124.4 million kWh (2002)

Mali 700 million kWh (2002)

Malta 2.15 billion kWh (2002)

Martinique 1.178 billion kWh (2002)

Mauritania 190.2 million kWh (2002)

Mauritius 1.836 billion kWh (2002)

Mayotte NA kWh

Mexico 203.6 billion kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of 192 million kWh (2002)

Moldova 3.876 billion kWh (2002)

Mongolia 2.692 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat 1.8 million kWh (2002)

Morocco 13.91 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique 8.859 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia 1.167 billion kWh (2002)

Nauru 30 million kWh (2002)

Nepal 2.054 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands 90.61 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles 1.005 billion kWh (2002)

New Caledonia 1.581 billion kWh (2002)

New Zealand 38.39 billion kWh (2002)

Nicaragua 2.553 billion kWh (2002)

Niger 266.2 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria 19.85 billion kWh (2002)

Niue 3 million kWh (2002)

Norfolk Island NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands NA kWh

Norway 125.9 billion kWh (2002)

Oman 9.896 billion kWh (2003)

Pakistan 75.27 billion kWh (2003)

Panama 4.873 billion kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea 1.679 billion kWh (2002)

Paraguay 48.36 billion kWh (2002)

Peru 22.88 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Philippines 52.86 billion kWh (2003)

Pitcairn Islands NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a small diesel-powered generator

Poland 133.8 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal 43.28 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico 22.09 billion kWh (2002)

Qatar 9.727 billion kWh (2002)

Reunion 1.166 billion kWh (2002)

Romania 56.53 billion kWh (2003)

Russia 915 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda 166.7 million kWh (2002)

Saint Helena 5 million kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 105.8 million kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia 270.3 million kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 43.08 million kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 91.2 million kWh (2002)

Samoa 122 million kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe 17 million kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia 138.2 billion kWh (2002)

Senegal 1.737 billion kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro 31.64 billion kWh (2002)

Seychelles 218 million kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone 255.3 million kWh (2002)

Singapore 35.33 billion kWh (2003)

Slovakia 31.15 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia 12.49 billion kWh (2003)

Solomon Islands 32 million kWh (2002)

Somalia 240.3 million kWh (2002)

South Africa 202.6 billion kWh (2002)

Spain 229 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka 6.697 billion kWh (2002)

Sudan 2.581 billion kWh (2002)

Suriname 1.984 billion kWh (2002)

Swaziland 402 million kWh (2002)

Sweden 142.8 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland 63.47 billion kWh (2002)

Syria 26.15 billion kWh (2002)

Taiwan 158.5 billion kWh (2002)

Tajikistan 15.08 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania 2.727 billion kWh (2002)

Thailand 118.9 billion kWh (2003)

Togo 108.8 million kWh (2002)

Tokelau NA kWh

Tonga 24.79 million kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago 5.743 billion kWh (2002)

Tunisia 10.72 billion kWh (2002)

Turkey 139.7 billion kWh (2003)

Turkmenistan 11.41 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands 5 million kWh (2002)

Uganda 1.775 billion kWh (2002)

Ukraine 180 billion kWh (2003)

United Arab Emirates 45.12 billion kWh (2004)

United Kingdom 395.9 billion kWh (2003)

United States 3.839 trillion kWh (2002)

Uruguay 8.536 billion kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan 47.7 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu 48.42 million kWh (2002)

Venezuela 89.7 billion kWh (2003)

Vietnam 34.48 billion kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands 1.035 billion kWh (2002)

Wake Island NA

Wallis and Futuna NA kWh

West Bank NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank; the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most Jewish residents and military facilities; some Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara 90 million kWh (2002)

World 15.29 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen 3.04 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Zambia 8.167 billion kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe 8.839 billion kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2042 Electricity - consumption (kWh)

Afghanistan 652.2 million kWh (2002)

Albania 6.76 billion kWh (2004)

Algeria 23.61 billion kWh (2002)

American Samoa 120.9 million kWh (2002)

Andorra NA kWh

Angola 1.587 billion kWh (2002)

Anguilla 42.6 million kWh

Antigua and Barbuda 103 million kWh (2002)

Argentina 81.65 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia 5.797 billion kWh (2002)

Aruba 751.2 million kWh (2002)

Australia 195.6 billion kWh (2002)

Austria 55.09 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan 17.37 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The 1.596 billion kWh (2002)

Bahrain 6.379 billion kWh (2002)

Bangladesh 15.3 billion kWh (2002)

Barbados 744 million kWh (2002)

Belarus 34.3 billion kWh (2004)

Belgium 78.82 billion kWh (2002)

Belize 108.8 million kWh (2002)

Benin 565.2 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda 598 million kWh (2002)

Bhutan 312.9 million kWh (2002)

Bolivia 3.848 billion kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.318 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana 1.89 billion kWh (2002)

Brazil 351.9 billion kWh (2002)

British Indian Ocean Territory NA kWh

British Virgin Islands 33.74 million kWh (2002)

Brunei 2.286 billion kWh (2002)

Bulgaria 32.71 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso 335.7 million kWh (2002)

Burma 3.484 billion kWh (2003)

Burundi 137.8 million kWh (2002)

Cambodia 100.6 million kWh (2002)

Cameroon 3.321 billion kWh (2002)

Canada 487.3 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde 40.06 million kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands 382.1 million kWh (2002)

Central African Republic 98.58 million kWh (2002)

Chad 89.4 million kWh (2002)

Chile 41.8 billion kWh (2002)

China 1.63 trillion kWh (2003)

Colombia 41.14 billion kWh (2002)

Comoros 22.17 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 4.168 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the 573.6 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands 25.11 million kWh (2002)

Costa Rica 5.733 billion kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire 2.976 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia 15.2 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba 13.4 billion kWh (2002)

Cyprus Republic of Cyprus: 3.663 billion kWh (2003); north Cyprus: 602 million kWh (2003)

Czech Republic 55.33 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark 31.63 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti 167.4 million kWh (2002)

Dominica 63.62 million kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic 8.912 billion kWh (2002)

East Timor NA kWh (2002)

Ecuador 10.79 billion kWh (2002)

Egypt 75.58 billion kWh (2002)

El Salvador 4.45 billion kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea 24.82 million kWh (2002)

Eritrea 229.4 million kWh (2002)

Estonia 6.358 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia 1.998 billion kWh (2002)

European Union 2.661 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 17.72 million kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands 204.6 million kWh (2002)

Fiji 697.5 million kWh (2002)

Finland 78.58 billion kWh (2002)

France 414.7 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana 427.9 million kWh (2002)

French Polynesia 353.4 million kWh (2002)

Gabon 1.08 billion kWh (2002)

Gambia, The 83.99 million kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip NA kWh

Georgia 6.811 billion kWh (2002)

Germany 519.5 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana 6.137 billion kWh (2002)

Gibraltar 96.76 million kWh (2002)

Greece 47.42 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland 227.9 million kWh (2002)

Grenada 138.6 million kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe 1.079 billion kWh (2002)

Guam 776.6 million kWh (2002)

Guatemala 5.76 billion kWh (2002)

Guernsey NA kWh

Guinea 795.2 million kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau 51.15 million kWh (2002)

Guyana 751.4 million kWh (2002)

Haiti 574.7 million kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA kWh

Honduras 3.771 billion kWh (2002)

Hong Kong 38.45 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary 35.99 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland 7.692 billion kWh (2002)

India 510.1 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia 92.35 billion kWh (2003)

Iran 119.9 billion kWh (2002)

Iraq 33.7 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland 21.78 billion kWh (2002)

Israel 38.3 billion kWh (2002)

Italy 293.9 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica 5.849 billion kWh (2002)

Japan 971 billion kWh (2002)

Jersey 630.1 million kWh (2004 est.)

Jordan 7.094 billion kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan 62.21 billion kWh (203)

Kenya 4.337 billion kWh (2002)

Kiribati 6.51 million kWh (2002)

Korea, North 31.26 billion kWh (2002)

Korea, South 293.6 billion kWh (2003)

Kuwait 30.16 billion kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan 10.21 billion kWh (2002)

Laos 3.036 billion kWh (2002)

Latvia 5.829 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon 8.591 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho 308 million kWh (2002)

Liberia 454.6 million kWh (2002)

Libya 19.43 billion kWh (2002)

Lithuania 10.17 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg 5.735 billion kWh (2002)

Macau 1.772 billion kWh (2003)

Macedonia 7.216 billion kWh (2003)

Madagascar 781.4 million kWh (2002)

Malawi 1.012 billion kWh (2002)

Malaysia 68.4 billion kWh (2002)

Maldives 115.7 million kWh (2002)

Mali 651 million kWh (2002)

Malta 2 billion kWh (2002)

Martinique 1.095 billion kWh (2002)

Mauritania 176.9 million kWh (2002)

Mauritius 1.707 billion kWh (2002)

Mayotte NA kWh

Mexico 189.7 billion kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of 178.6 million kWh (2002)

Moldova 4.605 billion kWh (2002)

Monaco NA kWh

Mongolia 2.209 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat 1.674 million kWh (2002)

Morocco 14.24 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique 5.046 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia 1.92 billion kWh (2002)

Nauru 27.9 million kWh (2002)

Nepal 2.005 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands 100.7 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles 934.3 million kWh (2002)

New Caledonia 1.471 billion kWh (2002)

New Zealand 35.71 billion kWh (2002)

Nicaragua 2.318 billion kWh (2002)

Niger 327.6 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria 18.43 billion kWh (2002)

Niue 2.79 million kWh (2002)

Norfolk Island NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands NA kWh

Norway 107.4 billion kWh (2002)

Oman 9.792 billion kWh (2003)

Pakistan 52.66 billion kWh (2003)

Panama 4.473 billion kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea 1.561 billion kWh (2002)

Paraguay 2.469 billion kWh (2002)

Peru 20.22 billion kWh (2002)

Philippines 46.05 billion kWh (2003)

Pitcairn Islands NA kWh

Poland 117.4 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal 42.15 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico 20.54 billion kWh (2002)

Qatar 9.046 billion kWh (2002)

Reunion 1.084 billion kWh (2002)

Romania 57.5 billion kWh (2003)

Russia 894.3 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda 195 million kWh (2002)

Saint Helena 4.65 million kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 98.44 million kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia 251.3 million kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 40.06 million kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 84.82 million kWh (2002)

Samoa 113.5 million kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe 15.81 million kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia 128.5 billion kWh (2002)

Senegal 1.615 billion kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro 32.33 billion kWh (2002)

Seychelles 202.8 million kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone 237.4 million kWh (2002)

Singapore 32 billion kWh (2003)

Slovakia 28.89 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia 11.8 billion kWh (2003)

Solomon Islands 29.76 million kWh (2002)

Somalia 223.5 million kWh (2002)

South Africa 189.4 billion kWh (2002)

Spain 218.4 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka 6.228 billion kWh (2002)

Sudan 2.4 billion kWh (2002)

Suriname 1.845 billion kWh (2002)

Swaziland 1.173 billion kWh (2002)

Sweden 138.1 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland 54.53 billion kWh (2002)

Syria 24.32 billion kWh (2002)

Taiwan 147.4 billion kWh (2002)

Tajikistan 14.41 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania 2.566 billion kWh (2002)

Thailand 106.1 billion kWh (2003)

Togo 451.2 million kWh (2002)

Tokelau NA kWh

Tonga 23.06 million kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago 5.341 billion kWh (2002)

Tunisia 10.05 billion kWh (2002)

Turkey 117.9 billion kWh (2002)

Turkmenistan 8.908 billion kWh (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4.65 million kWh (2002)

Uganda 1.401 billion kWh (2002)

Ukraine 132 billion kWh (2003)

United Arab Emirates 36.51 billion kWh (2002)

United Kingdom 337.4 billion kWh (2003)

United States 3.66 trillion kWh (2002)

Uruguay 5.878 billion kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan 46.66 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu 45.03 million kWh (2002)

Venezuela 89.3 billion kWh (2003)

Vietnam 32.06 billion kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands 962.6 million kWh (2002)

Wallis and Futuna NA kWh

West Bank NA kWh

Western Sahara 83.7 million kWh (2002)

World 14.28 trillion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen 2.827 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Zambia 5.345 billion kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe 11.22 billion kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2043 Electricity - imports (kWh)

Afghanistan 150 million kWh (2002)

Albania 1.08 billion kWh (2004 est.)

Algeria 150 million kWh (2002)

American Samoa 0 kWh (2002)

Andorra NA kWh; note - most electricity supplied by Spain and France; Andorra generates a small amount of hydropower

Angola 0 kWh (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda 0 kWh (2002)

Argentina 8.775 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia 463 million kWh; note - imports an unknown quantity from Iran (2002)

Aruba 0 kWh (2002)

Australia 0 kWh (2002)

Austria 15.4 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan 1.558 billion kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The 0 kWh (2002)

Bahrain 0 kWh (2002)

Bangladesh 0 kWh (2002)

Barbados 0 kWh (2002)

Belarus 3.2 billion kWh (2003)

Belgium 16.7 billion kWh (2002)

Belize 0 kWh (2002)

Benin 300 million kWh (2002)

Bermuda 0 kWh (2002)

Bhutan 12 million kWh (2002)

Bolivia 9 million kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.271 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana 1.025 billion kWh (2002)

Brazil 36.58 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2002)

British Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Brunei 0 kWh (2002)

Bulgaria 960 million kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso 0 kWh (2002)

Burma 0 kWh (2004)

Burundi 15 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2002)

Cambodia 0 kWh (2002)

Cameroon 0 kWh (2002)

Canada 13 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde 0 kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Central African Republic 0 kWh (2002)

Chad 0 kWh (2002)

Chile 1.813 billion kWh (2002)

China 2.3 billion kWh (2002)

Colombia 23 million kWh (2002)

Comoros 0 kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 8 million kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the 250 million kWh (2002)

Cook Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Costa Rica 59 million kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire 0 kWh (2002)

Croatia 3.966 billion kWh (2002)

Cuba 0 kWh (2002)

Cyprus 0 kWh (2002)

Czech Republic 9.5 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark 8.9 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti 0 kWh (2002)

Dominica 0 kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic 0 kWh (2002)

East Timor 0 kWh (2002)

Ecuador 57 million kWh (2002)

Egypt 0 kWh (2002)

El Salvador 473 million kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea 0 kWh (2002)

Eritrea 0 kWh (2002)

Estonia 200 million kWh (2002)

Ethiopia 0 kWh (2002)

European Union 268.5 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Fiji 0 kWh (2002)

Finland 13.5 billion kWh (2002)

France 3 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana 0 kWh (2002)

French Polynesia 0 kWh (2002)

Gabon 0 kWh (2002)

Gambia, The 0 kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel (2001)

Georgia 850 million kWh (2002)

Germany 45.8 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana 200 million kWh (2002)

Gibraltar 0 kWh (2002)

Greece 4.6 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland 0 kWh (2002)

Grenada 0 kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe 0 kWh (2002)

Guam 0 kWh (2002)

Guatemala 55 million kWh (2002)

Guernsey 0 kWh (2002)

Guinea 0 kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau 0 kWh (2002)

Guyana 0 kWh (2002)

Haiti 0 kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Honduras 415 million kWh (2002)

Hong Kong 10.4 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary 12.6 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland 0 kWh (2002)

India 1.54 billion kWh (2002)

Indonesia 0 kWh (2002)

Iran 0 kWh (2002)

Iraq 1.1 billion kWh (2004)

Ireland 600 million kWh (2002)

Israel 0 kWh (2002)

Italy 51.5 billion kWh (2002)

Jamaica 0 kWh (2002)

Japan 0 kWh (2002)

Jersey NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by France

Jordan 300 million kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan 2.506 billion kWh (2003)

Kenya 175 million kWh (2002)

Kiribati 0 kWh (2002)

Korea, North 0 kWh (2002)

Korea, South 0 kWh (2003)

Kuwait 0 kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan 375 million kWh (2002)

Laos 125 million kWh (2002)

Latvia 2.7 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon 1.09 billion kWh (2002)

Lesotho 16 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Liberia 0 kWh (2002)

Libya 0 kWh (2002)

Lithuania 300 million kWh (2002)

Luxembourg 6.3 billion kWh (2002)

Macau 179.7 million kWh (2003)

Macedonia 953 million kWh (2003)

Madagascar 0 kWh (2002)

Malawi 0 kWh (2002)

Malaysia 0 kWh (2002)

Maldives 0 kWh (2002)

Mali 0 kWh (2002)

Malta 0 kWh (2002)

Martinique 0 kWh (2002)

Mauritania 0 kWh (2002)

Mauritius 0 kWh (2002)

Mexico 367.7 million kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of 0 kWh (2002)

Moldova 1 billion kWh (2002)

Monaco NA kWh note: electricity supplied by France

Mongolia 130.5 million kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat 0 kWh (2002)

Morocco 1.3 billion kWh (2002)

Mozambique 3.907 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia 900 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Nauru 0 kWh (2002)

Nepal 237 million kWh (2002)

Netherlands 20.9 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles 0 kWh (2002)

New Caledonia 0 kWh (2002)

New Zealand 0 kWh (2002)

Nicaragua 15.3 million kWh (2002)

Niger 80 million kWh (2002)

Nigeria 0 kWh (2002)

Niue 0 kWh (2002)

Northern Mariana Islands 0 kWh

Norway 5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Oman 0 kWh (2002)

Pakistan 0 kWh (2003)

Panama 61 million kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea 0 kWh (2002)

Paraguay 0 kWh (2002)

Peru 0 kWh (2003)

Philippines 0 kWh (2003)

Poland 4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal 5.3 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico 0 kWh (2002)

Qatar 0 kWh (2002)

Reunion 0 kWh (2002)

Romania 962 million kWh (2003)

Russia 12.65 billion kWh (2002)

Rwanda 40 million kWh (2002)

Saint Helena 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 kWh (2002)

Samoa 0 kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe 0 kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia 0 kWh (2002)

Senegal 0 kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro 3.3 billion kWh (2002)

Seychelles 0 kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone 0 kWh (2002)

Singapore 0 kWh (2003)

Slovakia 6 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia 5.194 billion kWh (2002)

Solomon Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Somalia 0 kWh (2002)

South Africa 7.873 billion kWh (2002)

Spain 9.8 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka 0 kWh (2002)

Sudan 0 kWh (2002)

Suriname 0 kWh (2002)

Swaziland 799 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2002)

Sweden 20.1 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland 27.8 billion kWh (2002)

Syria 0 kWh (2002)

Taiwan 0 kWh (2002)

Tajikistan 4.359 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania 30 million kWh (2002)

Thailand 600 million kWh (2002)

Togo 350 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2002)

Tonga 0 kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago 0 kWh (2002)

Tunisia 90 million kWh (2002)

Turkey 3.6 billion kWh (2002)

Turkmenistan 0 kWh (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Uganda 0 kWh (2002)

Ukraine 0 kWh (2002)

United Arab Emirates 0 kWh (2004)

United Kingdom 5.119 billion kWh (2003)

United States 36.23 billion kWh (2002)

Uruguay 434.2 million kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan 6.8 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu 0 kWh (2002)

Venezuela 30 million kWh (2003)

Vietnam 0 kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Wallis and Futuna 0 kWh (2002)

West Bank NA kWh

Western Sahara 0 kWh (2002)

World 497.6 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen 0 kWh (2002)

Zambia 0 kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe 3 billion kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2044 Electricity - exports (kWh)

Afghanistan 0 kWh (2002)

Albania 100 million kWh (2002)

Algeria 500 million kWh (2002)

American Samoa 0 kWh (2002)

Andorra 0 kWh (2002)

Angola 0 kWh (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda 0 kWh (2002)

Argentina 2.818 billion kWh (2002)

Armenia 704 million kWh; note - exports an unknown quantity to Georgia; includes exports to Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan (2002)

Aruba 0 kWh (2002)

Australia 0 kWh (2002)

Austria 14.7 billion kWh (2002)

Azerbaijan 505 million kWh (2002)

Bahamas, The 0 kWh (2002)

Bahrain 0 kWh (2002)

Bangladesh 0 kWh (2002)

Barbados 0 kWh (2002)

Belarus 800 million kWh (2004)

Belgium 9.1 billion kWh (2002)

Belize 0 kWh (2002)

Benin 0 kWh (2002)

Bermuda 0 kWh (2002)

Bhutan 1.56 billion kWh (2002)

Bolivia 3 million kWh (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.288 billion kWh (2002)

Botswana 0 kWh (2002)

Brazil 7 million kWh (2002)

British Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Brunei 0 kWh (2002)

Bulgaria 8.3 billion kWh (2002)

Burkina Faso 0 kWh (2002)

Burma 0 kWh (2002)

Burundi 0 kWh (2002)

Cambodia 0 kWh (2002)

Cameroon 0 kWh (2002)

Canada 36.13 billion kWh (2002)

Cape Verde 0 kWh (2002)

Cayman Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Central African Republic 0 kWh (2002)

Chad 0 kWh (2002)

Chile 0 kWh (2002)

China 10.38 billion kWh (2002)

Colombia 618 million kWh (2002)

Comoros 0 kWh (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1.5 billion kWh (2002)

Congo, Republic of the 0 kWh (2002)

Cook Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Costa Rica 477 million kWh (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire 1.45 billion kWh (2002)

Croatia 406 million kWh (2002)

Cuba 0 kWh (2002)

Cyprus 0 kWh (2002)

Czech Republic 20.9 billion kWh (2002)

Denmark 11.1 billion kWh (2002)

Djibouti 0 kWh (2002)

Dominica 0 kWh (2002)

Dominican Republic 0 kWh (2002)

East Timor 0 kWh (2002)

Ecuador 0 kWh (2002)

Egypt 0 kWh (2002)

El Salvador 91 million kWh (2004)

Equatorial Guinea 0 kWh (2002)

Eritrea 0 kWh (2002)

Estonia 1.562 billion kWh (2002)

Ethiopia 0 kWh (2002)

European Union 270.8 billion kWh (2002)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 kWh (2002)

Faroe Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Fiji 0 kWh (2002)

Finland 1.5 billion kWh (2002)

France 79.9 billion kWh (2002)

French Guiana 0 kWh (2002)

French Polynesia 0 kWh (2002)

Gabon 0 kWh (2002)

Gambia, The 0 kWh (2002)

Gaza Strip 0 kWh (2001)

Georgia 300 million kWh (2002)

Germany 53.8 billion kWh (2003)

Ghana 500 million kWh (2002)

Gibraltar 0 kWh (2002)

Greece 1.1 billion kWh (2002)

Greenland 0 kWh (2002)

Grenada 0 kWh (2002)

Guadeloupe 0 kWh (2002)

Guam 0 kWh (2002)

Guatemala 440 million kWh (2002)

Guernsey 0 kWh (2002)

Guinea 0 kWh (2002)

Guinea-Bissau 0 kWh (2002)

Guyana 0 kWh (2002)

Haiti 0 kWh (2002)

Holy See (Vatican City) 0 kWh

Honduras 16 million kWh (2002)

Hong Kong 3 billion kWh (2003)

Hungary 8.3 billion kWh (2002)

Iceland 0 kWh (2002)

India 350 million kWh (2002)

Indonesia 0 kWh (2002)

Iran 0 kWh (2002)

Iraq 0 kWh (2004)

Ireland 100 million kWh (2002)

Israel 1.387 billion kWh (2002)

Italy 900 million kWh (2002)

Jamaica 0 kWh (2002)

Japan 0 kWh (2002)

Jordan 2 million kWh (2002)

Kazakhstan 4.975 billion kWh (2003)

Kenya 0 kWh (2002)

Kiribati 0 kWh (2002)

Korea, North 0 kWh (2002)

Korea, South 0 kWh (2003)

Kuwait 0 kWh (2002)

Kyrgyzstan 1.062 billion kWh (2002)

Laos 400 million kWh (2002)

Latvia 1.1 billion kWh (2002)

Lebanon 0 kWh (2002)

Lesotho 0 kWh (2002)

Liberia 0 kWh (2002)

Libya 0 kWh (2002)

Lithuania 6.8 billion kWh (2002)

Luxembourg 2.9 billion kWh (2002)

Macau 1 million kWh (2003)

Macedonia 0 kWh (2003)

Madagascar 0 kWh (2002)

Malawi 0 kWh (2002)

Malaysia 70 million kWh (2002)

Maldives 0 kWh (2002)

Mali 0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2002)

Malta 0 kWh (2002)

Martinique 0 kWh (2002)

Mauritania 0 kWh (2002)

Mauritius 0 kWh (2002)

Mexico 98.65 million kWh (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of 0 kWh (2002)

Moldova 0 kWh (2002)

Mongolia 8.2 million kWh (2004 est.)

Montserrat 0 kWh (2002)

Morocco 0 kWh (2002)

Mozambique 7.1 billion kWh (2002)

Namibia 65 million kWh (2002)

Nauru 0 kWh (2002)

Nepal 142 million kWh (2002)

Netherlands 4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Netherlands Antilles 0 kWh (2002)

New Caledonia 0 kWh (2002)

New Zealand 0 kWh (2002)

Nicaragua 6.8 million kWh (2002)

Niger 0 kWh (2002)

Nigeria 30 million kWh (2002)

Niue 0 kWh (2002)

Northern Mariana Islands 0 kWh

Norway 15 billion kWh (2002)

Oman 0 kWh (2002)

Pakistan 0 kWh (2003)

Panama 120 million kWh (2002)

Papua New Guinea 0 kWh (2002)

Paraguay 42.51 billion kWh (2002)

Peru 0 kWh (2003)

Philippines 0 kWh (2003)

Poland 11.5 billion kWh (2002)

Portugal 3.4 billion kWh (2002)

Puerto Rico 0 kWh (2002)

Qatar 0 kWh (2002)

Reunion 0 kWh (2002)

Romania 3.046 billion kWh (2003)

Russia 20.7 billion kWh (2003)

Rwanda 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Helena 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Lucia 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 kWh (2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 kWh (2002)

Samoa 0 kWh (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe 0 kWh (2002)

Saudi Arabia 0 kWh (2002)

Senegal 0 kWh (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro 400 million kWh (2002)

Seychelles 0 kWh (2002)

Sierra Leone 0 kWh (2002)

Singapore 0 kWh (2003)

Slovakia 8 billion kWh (2003)

Slovenia 7.448 billion kWh (2002)

Solomon Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Somalia 0 kWh (2002)

South Africa 6.95 billion kWh (2002)

Spain 4.4 billion kWh (2002)

Sri Lanka 0 kWh (2002)

Sudan 0 kWh (2002)

Suriname 0 kWh (2002)

Swaziland 0 kWh (2002)

Sweden 14.8 billion kWh (2002)

Switzerland 32.3 billion kWh (2002)

Syria 0 kWh (2002)

Taiwan 0 kWh (2002)

Tajikistan 3.974 billion kWh (2002)

Tanzania 0 kWh (2002)

Thailand 188 million kWh (2002)

Togo 0 kWh (2002)

Tonga 0 kWh (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago 0 kWh (2002)

Tunisia 10 million kWh (2002)

Turkey 433 million kWh (2002)

Turkmenistan 1.136 billion kWh (2004)

Turks and Caicos Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Uganda 250 million kWh (2002)

Ukraine 1.2 billion kWh (2002)

United Arab Emirates 0 kWh (2004)

United Kingdom 2.959 billion kWh (2003)

United States 13.36 billion kWh (2002)

Uruguay 954 million kWh (2003)

Uzbekistan 4.5 billion kWh (2002)

Vanuatu 0 kWh (2002)

Venezuela 450 million kWh (2003)

Vietnam 0 kWh (2002)

Virgin Islands 0 kWh (2002)

Wallis and Futuna 0 kWh (2002)

Western Sahara 0 kWh (2002)

World 500.8 billion kWh (2002 est.)

Yemen 0 kWh (2002)

Zambia 2.25 billion kWh (2002)

Zimbabwe 0 kWh (2002)

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2046 Population below poverty line (%)

Afghanistan 53% (2003)

Albania 25% (2004 est.)

Algeria 23% (1999 est.)

American Samoa NA

Andorra NA%

Angola 70% (2003 est.)

Anguilla 23% (2002)

Antigua and Barbuda NA

Argentina 44.3% (June 2004)

Armenia 50% (2002 est.)

Aruba NA

Australia NA

Austria 3.9% (1999)

Azerbaijan 49% (2002 est.)

Bahamas, The NA

Bahrain NA

Bangladesh 45% (2004 est.)

Barbados NA

Belarus 27.1% (2003 est.)

Belgium 4% (1989 est.)

Belize 33% (1999 est.)

Benin 33% (2001 est.)

Bermuda 19% (2000)

Bhutan NA

Bolivia 64% (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 25% (2004 est.)

Botswana 47% (2002 est.)

Brazil 22% (1998 est.)

British Virgin Islands NA

Brunei NA

Bulgaria 13.4% (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso 45% (2003 est.)

Burma 25% (2000 est.)

Burundi 68% (2002 est.)

Cambodia 40% (2004 est.)

Cameroon 48% (2000 est.)

Canada NA

Cape Verde 30% (2000)

Cayman Islands NA (2002 est.)

Central African Republic NA (1993)

Chad 80% (2001 est.)

Chile 20.6% (2000)

China 10% (2001 est.)

Colombia 55% (2001)

Comoros 60% (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the NA

Congo, Republic of the NA

Cook Islands NA

Costa Rica 18% (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 37% (1995)

Croatia 11% (2003)

Cuba NA

Cyprus NA%

Czech Republic NA

Denmark NA

Djibouti 50% (2001 est.)

Dominica 30% (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic 25%

East Timor 42% (2003 est.)

Ecuador 45% (2001 est.)

Egypt 16.7% (2000 est.)

El Salvador 36.1% (2003 est.)

Equatorial Guinea NA

Eritrea 50% (2004 est.)

Estonia NA (2000)

Ethiopia 50% (2004 est.)

European Union See individual country listings

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA

Faroe Islands NA%

Fiji 25.5% (1990-91)

Finland NA

France 6.5% (2000)

French Guiana NA%

French Polynesia NA%

Gabon NA

Gambia, The NA

Gaza Strip 81% (2004 est.)

Georgia 54% (2001 est.)

Germany NA

Ghana 31.4% (1992 est.)

Gibraltar NA%

Greece NA

Greenland NA%

Grenada 32% (2000)

Guadeloupe NA%

Guam 23% (2001 est.)

Guatemala 75% (2004 est.)

Guernsey NA%

Guinea 40% (2003 est.)

Guinea-Bissau NA

Guyana NA

Haiti 80% (2003 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA%

Honduras 53% (1993 est.)

Hong Kong NA

Hungary 8.6% (1993 est.)

Iceland NA%

India 25% (2002 est.)

Indonesia 27% (1999)

Iran 40% (2002 est.)

Iraq NA

Ireland 10% (1997 est.)

Israel 18% (2001 est.)

Italy NA

Jamaica 19.7% (2002 est.)

Japan NA

Jersey NA%

Jordan 30% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan 19% (2004 est.)

Kenya 50% (2000 est.)

Kiribati NA

Korea, North NA

Korea, South 4% (2001 est.)

Kuwait NA

Kyrgyzstan 40% (2004 est.)

Laos 40% (2002 est.)

Latvia NA

Lebanon 28% (1999 est.)

Lesotho 49% (1999)

Liberia 80%

Libya NA

Liechtenstein NA%

Lithuania NA

Luxembourg NA%

Macau NA

Macedonia 30.2% (2003 est.)

Madagascar 50% (2004 est.)

Malawi 55% (2004 est.)

Malaysia 8% (1998 est.)

Maldives NA

Mali 64% average; 30% of the total population living in urban areas; 70% of the total population living in rural areas) (2001 est.)

Malta NA%

Man, Isle of NA

Marshall Islands NA

Martinique NA%

Mauritania 40% (2004 est.)

Mauritius 10% (2001 est.)

Mayotte NA%

Mexico 40% (2003 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 26.7%

Moldova 80% (2001 est.)

Monaco NA%

Mongolia 36.1% (2004 est.)

Montserrat NA

Morocco 19% (1999 est.)

Mozambique 70% (2001 est.)

Namibia 50% (2002 est.)

Nauru NA

Nepal 42% (1995-96)

Netherlands NA

Netherlands Antilles NA

New Caledonia NA%

New Zealand NA

Nicaragua 50% (2001 est.)

Niger 63% (1993 est.)

Nigeria 60% (2000 est.)

Niue NA

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands NA

Norway NA

Oman NA

Pakistan 32% (FY00/01 est.)

Palau NA

Panama 37% (1999 est.)

Papua New Guinea 37% (2002 est.)

Paraguay 36% (2001 est.)

Peru 54% (2003 est.)

Philippines 40% (2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands NA

Poland 18.4% (2000 est.)

Portugal NA

Puerto Rico NA

Qatar NA

Reunion NA%

Romania 28.9% (2002)

Russia 25% (January 2003 est.)

Rwanda 60% (2001 est.)

Saint Helena NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis NA%

Saint Lucia NA

Saint Pierre and Miquelon NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines NA

Samoa NA

San Marino NA%

Sao Tome and Principe 54% (2004 est.)

Saudi Arabia NA

Senegal 54% (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro 30% (1999 est.)

Seychelles NA