@2001 GDP (continued 10)

@2059 Climate

Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Akrotiri temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter

Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season from November to April, dry season from May to October; little seasonal temperature variation

Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers

Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing

Antigua and Barbuda tropical; little seasonal temperature variation

Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest

Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical

Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent from August to November

Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north

Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers

Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe

Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Baker Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Bassas da India tropical

Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)

Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Bouvet Island antarctic

Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south

British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds

British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds

Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to August and December to January

Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and very erratic

Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)

Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

Chad tropical in south, desert in north

Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south

China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Christmas Island tropical with a wet and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds; wet season December to April

Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, rains May-October

Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year

Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October

Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Cook Islands tropical; moderated by trade winds

Coral Sea Islands tropical

Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands

Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)

Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast

Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)

Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Dhekelia temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Djibouti desert; torrid, dry

Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall

East Timor tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands

Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid

Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually); semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during June-September except in coastal desert

Estonia maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Europa Island tropical

European Union cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate

Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy

Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

France generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

French Guiana tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation

French Polynesia tropical, but moderate

French Southern and Antarctic Lands antarctic

Gabon tropical; always hot, humid

Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)

Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Glorioso Islands tropical

Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Guadeloupe subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity

Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation

Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands

Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast

Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)

Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic

Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Hong Kong tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall

Howland Island equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers

India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq

Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time

Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Jarvis Island tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Johnston Atoll tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation

Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Juan de Nova Island tropical

Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid

Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Kingman Reef tropical; moderated by prevailing winds

Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)

Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters

Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows

Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers

Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Macedonia warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)

Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons

Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February

Malta Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers

Man, Isle of temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time

Marshall Islands tropical; hot and humid; wet season from May to November; islands border typhoon belt

Martinique tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid

Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)

Mexico varies from tropical to desert

Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage

Midway Islands subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds

Moldova moderate winters, warm summers

Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Mozambique tropical to subtropical

Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Nauru tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)

Navassa Island marine, tropical

Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

Netherlands Antilles tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Norfolk Island subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation

Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October

Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast

Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December

Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

Palau Tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November

Palmyra Atoll equatorial, hot, and very rainy

Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation

Paracel Islands tropical

Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)

Pitcairn Islands tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)

Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation

Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Reunion tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April

Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Saint Helena Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August

Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Samoa tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)

San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind

Serbia and Montenegro in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)

Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms

Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather

Somalia principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter

Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Spratly Islands tropical

Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)

Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds

Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate

Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers

Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Tromelin Island tropical

Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south

Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Turkmenistan subtropical desert

Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry

Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

United Arab Emirates desert; cooler in eastern mountains

United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast

United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east

Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April

Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)

Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November

Wake Island tropical

Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C

West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters

Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

World two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates

Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east

Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)

Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2060 Coastline (km)

Afghanistan 0 km (landlocked)

Albania 362 km

Algeria 998 km

American Samoa 116 km

Andorra 0 km (landlocked)

Angola 1,600 km

Anguilla 61 km

Antarctica 17,968 km

Antigua and Barbuda 153 km

Arctic Ocean 45,389 km

Argentina 4,989 km

Armenia 0 km (landlocked)

Aruba 68.5 km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands 74.1 km

Atlantic Ocean 111,866 km

Australia 25,760 km

Austria 0 km (landlocked)

Azerbaijan 0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (800 km, est.)

Bahamas, The 3,542 km

Bahrain 161 km

Baker Island 4.8 km

Bangladesh 580 km

Barbados 97 km

Bassas da India 35.2 km

Belarus 0 km (landlocked)

Belgium 66.5 km

Belize 386 km

Benin 121 km

Bermuda 103 km

Bhutan 0 km (landlocked)

Bolivia 0 km (landlocked)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 km

Botswana 0 km (landlocked)

Bouvet Island 29.6 km

Brazil 7,491 km

British Indian Ocean Territory 698 km

British Virgin Islands 80 km

Brunei 161 km

Bulgaria 354 km

Burkina Faso 0 km (landlocked)

Burma 1,930 km

Burundi 0 km (landlocked)

Cambodia 443 km

Cameroon 402 km

Canada 202,080 km

Cape Verde 965 km

Cayman Islands 160 km

Central African Republic 0 km (landlocked)

Chad 0 km (landlocked)

Chile 6,435 km

China 14,500 km

Christmas Island 80 km

Clipperton Island 11.1 km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands 26 km

Colombia 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)

Comoros 340 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 37 km

Congo, Republic of the 169 km

Cook Islands 120 km

Coral Sea Islands 3,095 km

Costa Rica 1,290 km

Cote d'Ivoire 515 km

Croatia 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Cuba 3,735 km

Cyprus 648 km

Czech Republic 0 km (landlocked)

Denmark 7,314 km

Djibouti 314 km

Dominica 148 km

Dominican Republic 1,288 km

East Timor 706 km

Ecuador 2,237 km

Egypt 2,450 km

El Salvador 307 km

Equatorial Guinea 296 km

Eritrea 2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km

Estonia 3,794 km

Ethiopia 0 km (landlocked)

Europa Island 22.2 km

European Union 65,413.9 km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1,288 km

Faroe Islands 1,117 km

Fiji 1,129 km

Finland 1,250 km

France 3,427 km

French Guiana 378 km

French Polynesia 2,525 km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands 1,232 km

Gabon 885 km

Gambia, The 80 km

Gaza Strip 40 km

Georgia 310 km

Germany 2,389 km

Ghana 539 km

Gibraltar 12 km

Glorioso Islands 35.2 km

Greece 13,676 km

Greenland 44,087 km

Grenada 121 km

Guadeloupe 306 km

Guam 125.5 km

Guatemala 400 km

Guernsey 50 km

Guinea 320 km

Guinea-Bissau 350 km

Guyana 459 km

Haiti 1,771 km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands 101.9 km

Holy See (Vatican City) 0 km (landlocked)

Honduras 820 km

Hong Kong 733 km

Howland Island 6.4 km

Hungary 0 km (landlocked)

Iceland 4,988 km

India 7,000 km

Indian Ocean 66,526 km

Indonesia 54,716 km

Iran 2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Iraq 58 km

Ireland 1,448 km

Israel 273 km

Italy 7,600 km

Jamaica 1,022 km

Jan Mayen 124.1 km

Japan 29,751 km

Jarvis Island 8 km

Jersey 70 km

Johnston Atoll 34 km

Jordan 26 km

Juan de Nova Island 24.1 km

Kazakhstan 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Kenya 536 km

Kingman Reef 3 km

Kiribati 1,143 km

Korea, North 2,495 km

Korea, South 2,413 km

Kuwait 499 km

Kyrgyzstan 0 km (landlocked)

Laos 0 km (landlocked)

Latvia 531 km

Lebanon 225 km

Lesotho 0 km (landlocked)

Liberia 579 km

Libya 1,770 km

Liechtenstein 0 km (doubly landlocked)

Lithuania 99 km

Luxembourg 0 km (landlocked)

Macau 41 km

Macedonia 0 km (landlocked)

Madagascar 4,828 km

Malawi 0 km (landlocked)

Malaysia 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)

Maldives 644 km

Mali 0 km (landlocked)

Malta 196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)

Man, Isle of 160 km

Marshall Islands 370.4 km

Martinique 350 km

Mauritania 754 km

Mauritius 177 km

Mayotte 185.2 km

Mexico 9,330 km

Micronesia, Federated States of 6,112 km

Midway Islands 15 km

Moldova 0 km (landlocked)

Monaco 4.1 km

Mongolia 0 km (landlocked)

Montserrat 40 km

Morocco 1,835 km

Mozambique 2,470 km

Namibia 1,572 km

Nauru 30 km

Navassa Island 8 km

Nepal 0 km (landlocked)

Netherlands 451 km

Netherlands Antilles 364 km

New Caledonia 2,254 km

New Zealand 15,134 km

Nicaragua 910 km

Niger 0 km (landlocked)

Nigeria 853 km

Niue 64 km

Norfolk Island 32 km

Northern Mariana Islands 1,482 km

Norway 21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km)

Oman 2,092 km

Pacific Ocean 135,663 km

Pakistan 1,046 km

Palau 1,519 km

Palmyra Atoll 14.5 km

Panama 2,490 km

Papua New Guinea 5,152 km

Paracel Islands 518 km

Paraguay 0 km (landlocked)

Peru 2,414 km

Philippines 36,289 km

Pitcairn Islands 51 km

Poland 491 km

Portugal 1,793 km

Puerto Rico 501 km

Qatar 563 km

Reunion 207 km

Romania 225 km

Russia 37,653 km

Rwanda 0 km (landlocked)

Saint Helena 60 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis 135 km

Saint Lucia 158 km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 120 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 84 km

Samoa 403 km

San Marino 0 km (landlocked)

Sao Tome and Principe 209 km

Saudi Arabia 2,640 km

Senegal 531 km

Serbia and Montenegro 199 km

Seychelles 491 km

Sierra Leone 402 km

Singapore 193 km

Slovakia 0 km (landlocked)

Slovenia 46.6 km

Solomon Islands 5,313 km

Somalia 3,025 km

South Africa 2,798 km

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands NA km

Southern Ocean 17,968 km

Spain 4,964 km

Spratly Islands 926 km

Sri Lanka 1,340 km

Sudan 853 km

Suriname 386 km

Svalbard 3,587 km

Swaziland 0 km (landlocked)

Sweden 3,218 km

Switzerland 0 km (landlocked)

Syria 193 km

Taiwan 1,566.3 km

Tajikistan 0 km (landlocked)

Tanzania 1,424 km

Thailand 3,219 km

Togo 56 km

Tokelau 101 km

Tonga 419 km

Trinidad and Tobago 362 km

Tromelin Island 3.7 km

Tunisia 1,148 km

Turkey 7,200 km

Turkmenistan 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Turks and Caicos Islands 389 km

Tuvalu 24 km

Uganda 0 km (landlocked)

Ukraine 2,782 km

United Arab Emirates 1,318 km

United Kingdom 12,429 km

United States 19,924 km

Uruguay 660 km

Uzbekistan 0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Vanuatu 2,528 km

Venezuela 2,800 km

Vietnam 3,444 km (excludes islands)

Virgin Islands 188 km

Wake Island 19.3 km

Wallis and Futuna 129 km

West Bank 0 km (landlocked)

Western Sahara 1,110 km

World 356,000 km note: 98 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bassas da India, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica, Europa Island, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Juan de Nova Island, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tromelin Island, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan

Yemen 1,906 km

Zambia 0 km (landlocked)

Zimbabwe 0 km (landlocked)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

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@2061 Imports - partners (%)

Afghanistan Pakistan 30.1%, South Korea 9.2%, Japan 7.6%, Germany 6.9%, Turkmenistan 5.4%, Kenya 4.6%, US 4.5%, Russia 4% (2003)

Albania Italy 33.6%, Greece 20.2%, Turkey 6.6%, Germany 5.7% (2003)

Algeria France 30.9%, Italy 9.6%, Spain 6.1%, Germany 5.5%, China 4.6%, Turkey 4.1% (2003)

American Samoa Australia 33.3%, New Zealand 33.3%, Mauritius 9%, Japan 5.1%, South Korea 5.1%, UK 5.1% (2003)

Andorra Spain 48%, France 35%, US 2.3% (2000)

Angola Portugal 18.2%, South Africa 12.4%, US 12.2%, Netherlands 11.6%, France 6.5%, Brazil 6.1%, UK 4.2% (2003)

Anguilla US, Puerto Rico, UK (2000)

Antigua and Barbuda US 26.5%, Singapore 10%, Poland 7%, Germany 6.1%, UK 6.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.4% (2003)

Argentina Brazil 34%, US 16.4%, Germany 5.6%, China 5.2% (2003)

Armenia Belgium 11.6%, Russia 11.6%, Israel 11.3%, US 9.5%, Iran 8.8%, Germany 6.7%, UAE 5.4%, Italy 4.7%, Ukraine 4.6% (2003)

Aruba US 55.3%, Netherlands 13%, Netherlands Antilles 3.1% (2003)

Australia US 16%, Japan 12.5%, China 11%, Germany 6.1%, UK 4.2% (2003)

Austria Germany 43.2%, Italy 6.7%, Hungary 5.4%, Switzerland 5%, Netherlands 4.2% (2003)

Azerbaijan Russia 15.5%, Turkey 12%, UK 8.7%, Germany 8.1%, China 7.8%, Ukraine 5.4%, Italy 4.6%, US 4.6%, Kazakhstan 4.3% (2003)

Bahamas, The US 20.8%, South Korea 17.4%, Italy 11.4%, France 9.1%, Brazil 7.5%, Japan 5.6%, Venezuela 5.3% (2003)

Bahrain Saudi Arabia 30.7%, US 11.4%, Japan 7.8%, UK 5.7%, Germany 5.4% (2003)

Bangladesh India 15.4%, China 11.3%, Singapore 10.8%, Japan 5.9%, Hong Kong 4.5% (2003)

Barbados US 37.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 19.6%, UK 6.2%, Japan 4.4% (2003)

Belarus Russia 65.8%, Germany 7.1%, Ukraine 3.1% (2003)

Belgium Germany 17.7%, Netherlands 16.5%, France 13.2%, UK 7.5%, US 5.9%, Ireland 5.7% (2003)

Belize US 41.9%, Mexico 12.4%, UK 5.9%, Cuba 5.5% (2003)

Benin China 29.5%, France 14.9%, UK 4.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.7%, Thailand 4.6% (2003)

Bermuda Kazakhstan 46.7%, France 32.5%, US 8.5% (2003)

Bhutan Japan 36.6%, Austria 14.2%, Sweden 8.3%, China 7.5%, Thailand 6%, Bangladesh 6%, Germany 5.5%, Italy 4% (2003)

Bolivia Brazil 25.2%, Argentina 22.3%, US 12%, Chile 9.3%, Peru 5.8% (2003)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia 24.5%, Slovenia 14.7%, Germany 13.7%, Italy 12.2%, Hungary 7.8%, Austria 6.7% (2003)

Botswana Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%, Zimbabwe 4% (2000)

Brazil US 20%, Argentina 9.8%, Germany 8.7%, Japan 5.2%, China 4.4% (2003)

British Virgin Islands Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Brunei Singapore 19.9%, Malaysia 19.8%, US 11.4%, Japan 9.9%, Hong Kong 6.5%, China 4.8%, Australia 4.3%, Thailand 4% (2003)

Bulgaria Germany 14.4%, Russia 12.6%, Italy 10.3%, Greece 6.7%, Turkey 6.2%, France 5.7% (2003)

Burkina Faso France 31.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 14.6%, Togo 9%, Belgium 5% (2003)

Burma China 31.1%, Singapore 22.3%, Thailand 15.1%, South Korea 6.3%, Malaysia 4.8%, Japan 4.3% (2003)

Burundi Kenya 14.6%, Tanzania 11.5%, Uganda 5.7%, France 5.1%, Zambia 5.1%, China 4.5%, India 4.5%, Japan 4.5% (2003)

Cambodia Thailand 26.4%, Hong Kong 14.4%, Singapore 11.8%, China 11.3%, Vietnam 8.3%, Taiwan 8%, South Korea 4.1% (2003)

Cameroon France 21.9%, Nigeria 9.5%, Japan 6.8%, US 5.7%, China 4.9%, Germany 4.3% (2003)

Canada US 60.6%, China 5.6%, Japan 4.1% (2003)

Cape Verde Portugal 46.7%, Netherlands 9.1%, Belgium 3.8% (2003)

Cayman Islands US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan

Central African Republic France 27%, Cameroon 9.2%, US 5.3% (2003)

Chad France 28.6%, US 20.7%, Cameroon 14.6%, Netherlands 4.7% (2003)

Chile Argentina 19.4%, US 13%, Brazil 10.4%, China 6.6% (2003)

China Japan 18%, Taiwan 11.9%, South Korea 10.4%, US 8.2%, Germany 5.9% (2003)

Christmas Island principally Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australia

Colombia US 29.6%, Brazil 5.5%, Mexico 5.4%, Venezuela 5.2%, China 5%, Japan 4.6%, Germany 4.4% (2003)

Comoros France 31.6%, Japan 13.7%, South Africa 10.3%, Kenya 5.1%, UAE 5.1%, Thailand 4.3% (2003)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the South Africa 17%, Belgium 14.9%, France 12.6%, Germany 6.8%, Kenya 5.4%, Netherlands 4% (2003)

Congo, Republic of the France 22.2%, US 6.8%, Italy 6.2%, China 5.1%, Belgium 4.6%, India 4.4% (2003)

Cook Islands New Zealand 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6%, Japan 2% (2000)

Costa Rica US 23.2%, Mexico 4.7%, Venezuela 3.2% (2003)

Cote d'Ivoire France 32.7%, Nigeria 14.4%, UK 7% (2003)

Croatia Italy 17.9%, Germany 15.7%, Slovenia 7.4%, Austria 6.6%, France 5.3%, Russia 4.7% (2003)

Cuba Spain 16.6%, Venezuela 12.5%, Italy 8.6%, US 8.5%, China 7.7%, Canada 5.4%, Mexico 5.3%, France 4.9% (2003)

Cyprus Greece 11.9%, Italy 9.8%, UK 8.3%, Germany 7.5%, Japan 5.6%, France 5.1%, China 4.9%, US 4.2%, Spain 4% (2003)

Czech Republic Germany 32.6%, Italy 5.3%, China 5.2%, Slovakia 5.2%, France 4.9%, Russia 4.6%, Austria 4.3%, Poland 4.2% (2003)

Denmark Germany 23.1%, Sweden 13%, UK 7%, Netherlands 6.9%, France 4.9%, Norway 4.5%, Italy 4.1% (2003)

Djibouti Saudi Arabia 19.7%, Ethiopia 10.9%, China 9.2%, France 6.5%, UK 5.1%, US 4.9% (2003)

Dominica US 18.5%, China 18%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.6%, Japan 6.3%, South Korea 5.4%, UK 5.4% (2003)

Dominican Republic US 52.1%, Venezuela 11.9%, Mexico 4.7%, Colombia 4.2% (2003)

East Timor NA

Ecuador US 23.9%, Colombia 12.8%, Venezuela 7.1%, Brazil 6.1%, Chile 4.8%, Japan 4.2% (2003)

Egypt US 13.6%, Germany 7.4%, Italy 7%, France 6.6%, China 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.3% (2003)

El Salvador US 50%, Guatemala 8.1%, Mexico 5.5% (2003)

Equatorial Guinea US 30.6%, UK 16%, France 15.1%, Cote d'Ivoire 11.9%, Spain 8.1%, Norway 5.9%, Italy 5.3% (2003)

Eritrea US 39.7%, Italy 19.1%, Turkey 6.8%, Russia 5.4%, France 4.7% (2003)

Estonia Finland 15.9%, Germany 11.1%, Russia 10.2%, Sweden 7.7%, Ukraine 4.3%, China 4.2%, Japan 4.1% (2003)

Ethiopia Saudi Arabia 24.1%, US 17%, China 6.4%, Italy 4.1% (2003)

European Union NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) UK 62%, Spain 30.4%, Italy 2.5% (2003)

Faroe Islands Denmark 52.7%, Norway 22.5%, Iceland 4.7%, Germany 4.2%, UK 4% (2003)

Fiji Australia 35.1%, Singapore 19.2%, New Zealand 17.2%, Japan 4.9% (2003)

Finland Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.1%, Russia 11.7%, Netherlands 6.3%, Denmark 5.7%, UK 5.3%, France 4.3% (2003)

France Germany 19.1%, Belgium 9.4%, Italy 9%, Spain 7.4%, Netherlands 7%, UK 7%, US 5.4% (2003)

French Guiana France 63%, US, Trinidad and Tobago, Italy (2002 est.)

French Polynesia France 59.9%, Australia 11.9%, New Zealand 6%, US 6% (2003)

Gabon France 49.9%, US 5.3%, UK 4.6% (2003)

Gambia, The China 24.9%, Senegal 8.9%, Brazil 6.8%, UK 6.6%, US 5.6%, Netherlands 5%, India 4.9% (2003)

Gaza Strip Israel, Egypt, West Bank

Georgia Russia 14%, UK 12.9%, Turkey 9.9%, Azerbaijan 8.3%, US 8%, Germany 7.3%, Ukraine 7%, France 4.9% (2003)

Germany France 9.2%, Netherlands 8.4%, US 7.3%, Italy 6.3%, UK 6%, Belgium 4.9%, China 4.7%, Austria 4% (2003)

Ghana Nigeria 13.2%, China 9.3%, UK 7.2%, US 6.1%, Germany 4.8%, France 4.5%, South Africa 4% (2003)

Gibraltar Spain 26.5%, UK 14.8%, Russia 8.2%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 6.5%, France 5.3%, Germany 4.6%, Romania 4.2% (2003)

Greece Germany 12.5%, Italy 12.2%, France 6.6%, Russia 6.1%, South Korea 5.4%, US 5.2%, Netherlands 5.2%, Japan 4.3%, UK 4.2% (2003)

Greenland Denmark 82.6%, Norway 7.5%, Sweden 3.5% (2003)

Grenada US 30%, Trinidad and Tobago 26.8%, UK 5.2%, Japan 4.4% (2003)

Guadeloupe France 63%, Germany 4%, US 3%, Japan 2%, Netherlands Antilles 2% (1999)

Guam Singapore 35.8%, Japan 22.2%, South Korea 17.5%, Hong Kong 11.4% (2003)

Guatemala US 34.1%, Mexico 8.8%, South Korea 7.8%, El Salvador 6.4%, China 4.6% (2003)

Guernsey UK (regarded as internal trade)

Guinea France 16.8%, China 9.3%, Belgium 7.1%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 5.4%, UK 5.4%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.8%, US 4.5% (2003)

Guinea-Bissau Senegal 18.1%, India 14.6%, Portugal 14.6%, China 9.7%, Italy 9%, Spain 4.9% (2003)

Guyana US 22.6%, Trinidad and Tobago 19.2%, Italy 11.2%, UK 7.2%, Cuba 5.2% (2003)

Haiti US 53.5%, Dominican Republic 5.9%, Colombia 2.9% (2003)

Honduras US 53.1%, El Salvador 4.5%, Mexico 3% (2003)

Hong Kong China 43.5%, Japan 11.9%, Taiwan 6.9%, US 5.5%, Singapore 5%, South Korea 4.8% (2003)

Hungary Germany 24.5%, Italy 7.1%, China 6.9%, Austria 6.3%, Russia 6.2%, France 4.8%, Japan 4.2% (2003)

Iceland Germany 11.8%, Denmark 8%, US 7.5%, UK 7.5%, Norway 7%, Sweden 6.5%, Netherlands 6.2%, Italy 4.7% (2003)

India US 6.4%, Belgium 5.6%, UK 4.8%, China 4.3%, Singapore 4% (2003)

Indonesia Japan 13%, Singapore 12.8%, China 9.1%, US 8.3%, Thailand 5.2%, Australia 5.1%, South Korea 4.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2003)

Iran Germany 11%, France 8.6%, China 8.4%, Italy 8.1%, UAE 7.9%, South Korea 6.5%, Russia 4.8%, Japan 4.1% (2003)

Iraq Turkey 18.1%, Jordan 13.4%, Vietnam 10.7%, US 6.9%, Germany 5%, UK 4.7% (2003)

Ireland UK 34.9%, US 15.8%, Germany 7.9%, Netherlands 4.1% (2003)

Israel US 15.6%, Belgium 9.3%, Germany 8%, UK 6.7%, Switzerland 6.1%, Italy 4.1% (2003)

Italy Germany 17.9%, France 11.2%, Netherlands 5.8%, Spain 4.8%, UK 4.7%, Belgium 4.3%, US 4% (2003)

Jamaica US 39.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 9.7%, Germany 5.6%, Venezuela 4.5%, France 4.5%, Japan 4.2% (2003)

Japan China 19.7%, US 15.6%, South Korea 4.7%, Indonesia 4.3% (2003)

Jersey UK

Jordan Saudi Arabia 11.3%, China 7.9%, Germany 7.9%, US 6.8%, Iraq 6.5% (2003)

Kazakhstan Russia 39%, Germany 8.7%, China 6.2%, US 5.6% (2003)

Kenya UAE 13.2%, Saudi Arabia 9.6%, South Africa 8.6%, UK 7.4%, China 6.3%, US 5.1%, India 5.1%, Japan 4.9%, Germany 4.2% (2003)

Kiribati Australia 41.7%, Fiji 26.7%, New Zealand 8.9%, Japan 5.9%, US 4% (2003)

Korea, North China 39.7%, Thailand 14.6%, Japan 11.2%, Germany 7.6%, South Korea 6.2% (2002)

Korea, South Japan 20.3%, US 13.9%, China 12.3%, Saudi Arabia 5.2% (2003)

Kuwait US 14.7%, Japan 10.3%, Germany 9.6%, China 6.6%, UK 6.1%, Saudi Arabia 5.5%, Italy 5%, France 4.2% (2003)

Kyrgyzstan Russia 24.7%, Kazakhstan 24%, China 10.3%, US 6.7%, Uzbekistan 5.5%, Germany 5.3% (2003)

Laos Thailand 59.4%, China 12.8%, Vietnam 10.2% (2003)

Latvia Germany 16.1%, Lithuania 9.7%, Russia 8.7%, Finland 7.4%, Estonia 6.4%, Sweden 6.3%, Poland 5.1%, Italy 4.4% (2003)

Lebanon France 13.4%, Germany 11.7%, Italy 10.7%, Syria 5.3%, China 5.2%, UK 4.9%, US 4.5% (2003)

Lesotho Hong Kong 36.6%, Taiwan 36.2%, China 12%, Germany 9.9% (2003)

Liberia South Korea 39.2%, Japan 16.2%, Singapore 12.4%, Germany 9.9%, Spain 4.1% (2003)

Libya Italy 27.8%, Germany 10.5%, Tunisia 7.6%, UK 7.1%, France 6%, Turkey 4.6% (2003)

Liechtenstein EU, Switzerland

Lithuania Russia 22%, Germany 16.1%, Poland 5.2%, Italy 4.3%, France 4.2% (2003)

Luxembourg Belgium 29%, Germany 22.9%, France 11.4%, China 10.9%, Netherlands 4.8% (2003)

Macau China 43%, Hong Kong 12.7%, Japan 8.7%, Taiwan 5.6% (2003)

Macedonia Greece 17.3%, Germany 12.6%, Serbia and Montenegro 9.2%, Slovenia 7.9%, Bulgaria 7.4%, Italy 6.2%, Turkey 6% (2003)

Madagascar China 14.2%, France 13.2%, South Africa 6.4%, Iran 6.2% (2003)

Malawi South Africa 53.7%, India 4.9%, Tanzania 3.9% (2003)

Malaysia Japan 17.3%, US 15.5%, Singapore 11.9%, China 8.8%, South Korea 5.5%, Taiwan 5%, Germany 4.7%, Thailand 4.6% (2003)

Maldives Singapore 24.8%, Sri Lanka 13.8%, India 10.2%, Malaysia 7.6%, UAE 7.6%, Thailand 5.1% (2003)

Mali France 15.4%, Senegal 7.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.1% (2003)

Malta Italy 19.3%, France 13.7%, UK 8.5%, Germany 6.6%, Singapore 6.1%, Japan 5.7%, South Korea 5.5%, US 4.1% (2003)

Man, Isle of UK (2000)

Marshall Islands US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China, Philippines (2000)

Martinique France 62%, Venezuela 6%, Germany 4%, Italy 4%, US 3% (2000)

Mauritania France 16.8%, Spain 7.7%, China 6.3%, Belgium 5.1%, Germany 4.9%, Japan 4.3%, UK 4.1%, US 4% (2003)

Mauritius South Africa 12.1%, France 12%, China 8.4%, India 8.2% (2003)

Mayotte France 66%, Africa 14%, Southeast Asia 11% (2000 est.)

Mexico US 61.8%, China 5.5%, Japan 4.5% (2003)

Micronesia, Federated States of US, Australia, Japan (2000)

Moldova Ukraine 22%, Russia 13%, Germany 9.7%, Italy 8.3%, Romania 7% (2003)

Mongolia Russia 33.1%, China 21.5%, South Korea 8.5%, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.7% (2003)

Montserrat US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada

Morocco France 20.6%, Spain 12.4%, Italy 7.1%, Germany 5.2%, Saudi Arabia 5%, Russia 4.9%, US 4.1% (2003)

Mozambique South Africa 26.3%, Australia 9.2%, US 3.9% (2003)

Namibia US 50%, EU 31% (2001)

Nauru Australia 67.9%, Indonesia 10.7%, US 7.1% (2003)

Nepal India 22.9%, China 13.4%, UAE 12.5%, Singapore 7.1%, Saudi Arabia 5.5%, Kuwait 4.6% (2003)

Netherlands Germany 18.2%, Belgium 10%, US 8%, UK 7.3%, China 6.2%, France 5% (2003)

Netherlands Antilles Venezuela 64.8%, US 13.6%, Netherlands 7.8% (2003)

New Caledonia France 46.1%, Australia 9.5%, Singapore 9.3%, New Zealand 4.3% (2003)

New Zealand Australia 22.2%, US 11.8%, Japan 11.8%, China 9%, Germany 5.3% (2003)

Nicaragua US 24.9%, Venezuela 9.7%, Costa Rica 9%, Mexico 8.4%, Guatemala 7.3%, El Salvador 4.9%, Japan 4.3% (2003)

Niger France 16.4%, Cote d'Ivoire 13.8%, China 10.5%, Nigeria 7.7%, US 5.5%, Japan 4.9% (2003)

Nigeria US 15.6%, UK 9.6%, Germany 7.3%, China 7.2%, Italy 4.3% (2003)

Niue New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2000)

Norfolk Island Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia, Europe

Northern Mariana Islands US, Japan (2000)

Norway Sweden 16.1%, Germany 13.3%, Denmark 7.9%, UK 7.2%, US 5.2%, Netherlands 4.5%, China 4.4%, France 4.3%, Italy 4% (2003)

Oman UAE 21.6%, Japan 17.1%, US 6.2%, UK 5.6%, Germany 4.4%, India 4.4% (2003)

Pakistan UAE 11.2%, Saudi Arabia 10.9%, China 7.3%, Japan 6.6%, Kuwait 6.4%, US 6%, Malaysia 4.6%, Germany 4.4%, Singapore 4% (2003)

Palau US, Guam, Japan, Singapore, Korea (2000)

Panama Japan 33.2%, US 11.4%, China 9.1%, South Korea 7.7%, Singapore 7.1% (2003)

Papua New Guinea Australia 44.6%, Singapore 20.6%, New Zealand 7.7%, China 5% (2003)

Paraguay Brazil 32.5%, Argentina 21.6%, China 12.7% (2003)

Peru US 28.6%, Spain 10%, Chile 7.5%, Brazil 5.1%, Colombia 4.5% (2003)

Philippines Japan 20.4%, US 19.8%, Singapore 6.8%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 5%, China 4.8%, Hong Kong 4.3% (2003)

Pitcairn Islands NA (2000)

Poland Germany 24.4%, Italy 8.5%, Russia 7.7%, France 7.1%, China 4.3% (2003)

Portugal Spain 29.1%, Germany 14.7%, France 9.9%, Italy 6.4%, UK 4.9%, Netherlands 4.6% (2003)

Puerto Rico US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2002 est.)

Qatar US 12.2%, Japan 10.5%, Germany 9.6%, UK 8%, Italy 7.4%, UAE 6.7%, Saudi Arabia 5.9%, South Korea 5% (2003)

Reunion France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2000)

Romania Italy 19.6%, Germany 14.9%, Russia 8.3%, France 7.3% (2003)

Russia Germany 14%, Belarus 8.6%, Ukraine 7.7%, China 5.8%, US 5.2%, Kazakhstan 4.7%, Italy 4.2%, France 4.1% (2003)

Rwanda Kenya 23.3%, Germany 7.5%, Belgium 6.4%, Uganda 6.4%, France 5% (2003)

Saint Helena UK 29.1%, South Africa 24.7%, Spain 16.4%, Italy 8.8%, Tanzania 8.2%, US 5.8% (2003)

Saint Kitts and Nevis US 35.7%, Italy 16.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.5%, UK 6.4%, Denmark 5.2%, Canada 4.4% (2003)

Saint Lucia US 36.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 19.6%, UK 7.4%, Venezuela 6.8% (2003)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon France 51%, Canada 31.4%, Italy 11.8% (2003)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines France 31.4%, US 10.4%, Singapore 10.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 10%, Spain 9%, Italy 5.5% (2003)

Samoa New Zealand 19.8%, Fiji 17.8%, Australia 15.4%, Japan 11.9%, US 4.7%, Singapore 4.3% (2003)

Sao Tome and Principe Portugal 51.6%, Germany 11.3%, Italy 6.5%, Belgium 4.8%, Netherlands 4.8% (2003)

Saudi Arabia US 9.4%, Japan 7.7%, Germany 7.3%, UK 6.2%, China 4.4%, France 4.1% (2003)

Senegal France 24.9%, Nigeria 12.2%, Thailand 6.7%, Spain 4.3% (2003)

Serbia and Montenegro Germany 18.8%, Italy 16.3%, Austria 8.1%, Slovenia 6.6%, Hungary 5.8%, France 4.8%, Bulgaria 4.6%, Greece 4.4% (2003)

Seychelles Saudi Arabia 15.7%, South Africa 10.9%, Spain 10.4%, France 9.7%, Italy 9.2%, Singapore 7%, UK 6.8% (2003)

Sierra Leone Germany 23.7%, UK 9.9%, Cote d'Ivoire 7.4%, France 7.4%, US 5.3%, Netherlands 5.1%, Ukraine 4.6% (2003)

Singapore Malaysia 16.8%, US 14.1%, Japan 12%, China 8.7%, Taiwan 5.1%, Thailand 4.3% (2003)

Slovakia Germany 27.5%, Czech Republic 18.3%, Russia 10.8%, Austria 6.4%, Italy 5.6%, Poland 4.1%, Hungary 4% (2003)

Slovenia Germany 19.3%, Italy 18.3%, France 10%, Austria 8.6% (2003)

Solomon Islands Australia 29.7%, Singapore 21.9%, Fiji 4.7%, New Zealand 4.7% (2003)

Somalia Djibouti 33.9%, Kenya 15.5%, Brazil 6.6%, UAE 5.1%, Thailand 4.2% (2003)

South Africa Germany 16.6%, UK 8.5%, US 8.2%, Japan 5.9%, China 5.9%, Saudi Arabia 5.2%, France 5% (2003)

Spain France 16.8%, Germany 16.6%, Italy 8.8%, UK 6.5%, Netherlands 4.9% (2003)

Sri Lanka India 16.1%, Hong Kong 8.4%, Singapore 7.8%, Japan 6.7%, China 4.9%, South Korea 4.2%, Taiwan 4.2%, UK 4.1%, Malaysia 4% (2003)

Sudan Saudi Arabia 16.3%, China 14.2%, UK 5%, Germany 4.9%, India 4.8%, France 4.1% (2003)

Suriname US 31.5%, Netherlands 18.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 12.5%, China 6.8%, Japan 6.4% (2003)

Swaziland South Africa 88.8%, EU 5.6%, Japan 0.6%, Singapore 0.4% (1999)

Sweden Germany 18.7%, Denmark 9%, UK 8%, Norway 8%, Netherlands 6.8%, Finland 5.6%, France 5.5%, Belgium 4.2% (2003)

Switzerland Germany 32.3%, France 10.8%, Italy 10.7%, US 5.5%, Netherlands 5%, Austria 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2003)

Syria Germany 7.2%, Italy 7.1%, China 6.3%, France 5.9%, Turkey 5.4% (2003)

Taiwan Japan 24.2%, US 16.1%, China 7.1%, South Korea 6.9% (2002)

Tajikistan Russia 20.2%, Uzbekistan 15.1%, Kazakhstan 10.9%, Azerbaijan 7%, Ukraine 7%, Romania 4.4% (2003)

Tanzania South Africa 10.1%, China 9.3%, Zambia 6.4%, India 5.8%, UAE 5.4%, Kenya 5.1%, UK 4.5%, Germany 4% (2003)

Thailand Japan 24.1%, US 9.5%, China 8%, Malaysia 6%, Singapore 4.3%, Taiwan 4.2% (2003)

Togo France 21.1%, Netherlands 12.1%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.9%, Germany 4.6%, Italy 4.4%, South Africa 4.3%, China 4.1% (2003)

Tokelau New Zealand (2000)

Tonga New Zealand 43.4%, Fiji 22.2%, Australia 11.1%, US 6.1% (2003)

Trinidad and Tobago US 31.7%, Venezuela 13.6%, Brazil 7.3%, Germany 6.6%, UK 5.1%, Japan 4.3% (2003)

Tunisia France 26.1%, Italy 19.8%, Germany 8.9%, Spain 5.2% (2003)

Turkey Germany 13.6%, Italy 7.9%, Russia 7.8%, France 6%, UK 5%, US 5%, Switzerland 4.3% (2003)

Turkmenistan Russia 21.5%, Ukraine 15.3%, Turkey 9.4%, UAE 7.6%, Germany 4.2%, China 4.2% (2003)

Turks and Caicos Islands US, UK

Tuvalu Fiji 47.3%, Australia 13.9%, Poland 10.8%, Germany 10.2%, Japan 8%, New Zealand 6.2% (2003)

Uganda Kenya 26%, India 7.4%, South Africa 7.2%, Japan 6.6%, UK 6.3%, UAE 5.8%, US 5.7%, China 5.1% (2003)

Ukraine Russia 35.9%, Germany 9.4%, Turkmenistan 7.2% (2003)

United Arab Emirates China 10%, Japan 7.2%, Germany 7.2%, US 7%, France 6.9%, UK 5.9%, Italy 4.4%, South Korea 4.4%, India 4.1% (2003)

United Kingdom Germany 13.5%, US 10.2%, France 8.1%, Netherlands 6.3%, Belgium 4.9%, Italy 4.7% (2003)

United States Canada 17.4%, China 12.5%, Mexico 10.7%, Japan 9.3%, Germany 5.3% (2003)

Uruguay Argentina 26.1%, Brazil 21%, Russia 11.7%, US 7.6% (2003)

Uzbekistan Russia 22.3%, US 11.4%, South Korea 11%, Germany 9.5%, China 6.5%, Kazakhstan 6.1%, Turkey 6.1% (2003)

Vanuatu Australia 15.3%, Japan 10.6%, Singapore 7.4%, New Zealand 6%, Fiji 5.1% (2003)

Venezuela US 28.8%, Colombia 7%, Brazil 6.6%, Mexico 4.3% (2003)

Vietnam China 13.7%, Taiwan 11.4%, Japan 11.3%, South Korea 11%, Singapore 10.4%, US 5.7%, Thailand 5.4%, Hong Kong 4.2% (2003)

Virgin Islands US, Puerto Rico

Wallis and Futuna France 97%, Australia 2%, New Zealand 1%

West Bank Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2000)

Western Sahara Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2000)

World US 9.9%, Germany 9.4%, China 7.9%, Japan 6.7%, France 4.7% (2003)

Yemen UAE 12.9%, Saudi Arabia 10.2%, China 8.9%, US 4.9%, Kuwait 4.4%, France 4.1% (2003)

Zambia South Africa 48.3%, Zimbabwe 12.8%, UK 5.9%, UAE 4.3% (2003)

Zimbabwe South Africa 51.3%, Congo, Democratic Republic of the 6.1%, Germany 2.8% (2003)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2062 Economic aid - donor

Australia ODA, $894 million (FY99/00)

Austria ODA, $520 million (2002)

Belgium ODA, $1.072 billion (2002)

Canada ODA, $1.3 billion (1999)

Denmark ODA, $1.63 billion (1999)

European Union $NA

Finland ODA, $379 million (2001)

France ODA, $5.4 billion (2002)

Germany ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)

Iceland NA

Ireland ODA, $283 million (2001)

Italy ODA, $1 billion (2002 est.)

Japan ODA, $7 billion (FY03/04)

Korea, South ODA $200 million

Lesotho ODA $4.4 million

Luxembourg ODA, $147 million (2002)

Netherlands ODA, $3.3 billion (2002 est.)

New Zealand ODA, $99.7 million

Norway ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)

Portugal ODA, $271 million (1995)

Saudi Arabia pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon; since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for assistance to the Palestinians; pledged $240 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq

Spain ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)

Sweden ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)

Switzerland ODA, $1.1 billion (1995)

United Arab Emirates NA

United Kingdom ODA, $4.5 billion (2000)

United States ODA, $6.9 billion (1997)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2063 Constitution

Afghanistan new constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004

Albania a constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998

Algeria 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996

American Samoa ratified 1966, in effect 1967

Andorra Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993

Angola 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - new constitution has not yet been approved

Anguilla Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981

Argentina 1 May 1853; revised August 1994

Armenia adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995

Aruba 1 January 1986

Australia 9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

Austria 1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)

Azerbaijan adopted 12 November 1995

Bahamas, The 10 July 1973

Bahrain adopted late December 2000; Bahrani voters approved on 13-14 February 2001 a referendum on legislative changes (revised constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)

Bangladesh 4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times

Barbados 30 November 1966

Belarus 30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits

Belgium 7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament approved a constitutional package creating a federal state

Belize 21 September 1981

Benin December 1990

Bermuda 8 June 1968, amended 1989 and 2003

Bhutan no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the King commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November 2004 presented a draft to the Council of Ministers

Bolivia 2 February 1967; revised in August 1994

Bosnia and Herzegovina the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution

Botswana March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Brazil 5 October 1988

British Virgin Islands 1 June 1977

Brunei 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)

Bulgaria adopted 12 July 1991

Burkina Faso 2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991 formally adopted; ammended April 2000

Burma 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include participation of democratic opposition

Burundi 13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 20 October 2004 by a provisional constitution approved by the parliament, which extended the transition, set ethnic quotas for government positions, and tentatively scheduled elections for February-April 2005

Cambodia promulgated 21 September 1993

Cameroon 20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formally adopted; revised January 1996

Canada 17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs

Cape Verde new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the powers of the president, and a further revision in 1999, to create the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)

Cayman Islands 1959, revised 1972 and 1992

Central African Republic passed by referendum 5 December 2004

Chad passed by referendum 31 March 1996

Chile 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July 1989, 1993, and 1997

China most recent promulgation 4 December 1982

Christmas Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955

Colombia 5 July 1991

Comoros 23 December 2001 note: a Transitional National Unity Government (GUNT) was formed on 20 January 2002 following the passing of the new constitution; the GUNT governed until the presidential elections on 14 April 2002

Congo, Democratic Republic of the a new constitution was adopted 17 July 2003

Congo, Republic of the constitution approved by referendum 20 January 2002

Cook Islands 4 August 1965

Costa Rica 7 November 1949

Cote d'Ivoire a new constitution was adopted 4 August 2000

Croatia adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001

Cuba 24 February 1976, amended July 1992 and June 2002

Cyprus 16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985

Czech Republic ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993

Denmark 5 June 1849 adoption of original constitution; a major overhaul of 5 June 1953 allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state

Djibouti multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992

Dominica 3 November 1978

Dominican Republic 28 November 1966, amended 25 July 2002

East Timor 22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)

Ecuador 10 August 1998

Egypt 11 September 1971

El Salvador 23 December 1983

Equatorial Guinea approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995

Eritrea the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented

Estonia adopted 28 June 1992

Ethiopia ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995

European Union based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastrict) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gives member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it is scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998

Faroe Islands 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Fiji promulgated on 25 July 1990 and amended on 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first time at the national level

Finland 1 March 2000

France 28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam Treaty, 2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term

French Guiana 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

French Polynesia 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Gabon adopted 14 March 1991

Gambia, The 24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished January 1997

Georgia adopted 17 October 1995

Germany 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990

Ghana approved 28 April 1992

Gibraltar 30 May 1969

Greece 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001

Greenland 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Grenada 19 December 1973

Guadeloupe 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Guam Organic Act of 1 August 1950

Guatemala 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993

Guernsey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Guinea 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)

Guinea-Bissau 16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996

Guyana 6 October 1980

Haiti approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; in October 1991 government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994

Holy See (Vatican City) new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)

Honduras 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995

Hong Kong Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"

Hungary 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system

Iceland 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944

India 26 January 1950

Indonesia August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Iran 2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the presidency and eliminate the prime ministership

Iraq interim constitution signed 8 March 2004; note - the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) was enacted 8 March 2004 to govern the country until an elected Iraqi Transitional Government can draft and ratify a new constitution in 2005

Ireland 29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite

Israel no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law

Italy passed 11 December 1947; effective 1 January 1948; amended many times

Jamaica 6 August 1962

Japan 3 May 1947

Jersey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Jordan 8 January 1952

Kazakhstan adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993

Kenya 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001

Kiribati 12 July 1979

Korea, North adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992 and September 1998

Korea, South 17 July 1948

Kuwait approved and promulgated 11 November 1962

Kyrgyzstan adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February 2003 significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature

Laos promulgated 14 August 1991

Latvia 15 February 1922; an October 1998 amendment on Fundamental Human Rights replaced the 1991 Constitutional Law, which had supplemented the constitution

Lebanon 23 May 1926, amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989

Lesotho 2 April 1993

Liberia 6 January 1986

Libya 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977

Liechtenstein 5 October 1921

Lithuania adopted 25 October 1992

Luxembourg 17 October 1868, occasional revisions

Macau Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"

Macedonia adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 note: in November of 2001, the Macedonian Assembly approved a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights

Madagascar 19 August 1992 by national referendum

Malawi 18 May 1994

Malaysia 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963

Maldives adopted January 1998

Mali adopted 12 January 1992

Malta 1964 constitution substantially amended on 13 December 1974 and again in 1987

Man, Isle of unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act, 1961, does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution

Marshall Islands 1 May 1979

Martinique 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Mauritania 12 July 1991

Mauritius 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992

Mayotte 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Mexico 5 February 1917

Micronesia, Federated States of 10 May 1979

Moldova new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979

Monaco 17 December 1962

Mongolia 12 February 1992

Montserrat present constitution came into force 19 December 1989

Morocco 10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996

Mozambique 30 November 1990

Namibia ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990

Nauru 29 January 1968

Nepal 9 November 1990

Netherlands adopted 1815; amended many times, last time 2002

Netherlands Antilles 29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the Netherlands, as amended

New Caledonia 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

New Zealand consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments and The Constitution Act 1986 which is the principal formal charter

Nicaragua 9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000

Niger a new constitution was adopted 18 July 1999

Nigeria new constitution adopted May 1999

Niue 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)

Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Act of 1979

Northern Mariana Islands Covenant Agreement effective 4 November 1986 and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978

Norway 17 May 1814, modified in 1884

Oman none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens

Pakistan 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored 31 December 2002

Palau 1 January 1981

Panama 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004

Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975

Paraguay promulgated 20 June 1992

Peru 31 December 1993

Philippines 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Pitcairn Islands 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964

Poland adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997

Portugal 25 April 1976; revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5 November 1992, 3 September 1997, 12 December 2001, and 24 July 2004

Puerto Rico ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952

Qatar provisional constitution enacted 19 April 1972; in July 1999 Amir HAMAD issued a decree forming a committee to draft a permanent constitution; in the 29 April 2003 referendum, 96.6% of Qatari voters approved the new constitution; on 8 June 2004 the new constitution came into force

Reunion 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Romania 8 December 1991; revision came into force 29 October 2003

Russia adopted 12 December 1993

Rwanda a new constitution was adopted 26 May 2003

Saint Helena 1 January 1989

Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983

Saint Lucia 22 February 1979

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979

Samoa 1 January 1962

San Marino 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution

Sao Tome and Principe approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990

Saudi Arabia governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993

Senegal a new constitution was adopted 7 January 2001

Serbia and Montenegro 4 February 2003

Seychelles 18 June 1993

Sierra Leone 1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times

Singapore 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)

Slovakia ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership

Slovenia adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991

Solomon Islands 7 July 1978

Somalia 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the Transitional National Government formed in August 2000 had a three-year mandate to create a new constitution and hold elections, this goal was not achieved but the process is ongoing

South Africa 10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3 February 1997; it is being implemented in phases

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands adopted 3 October 1985

Spain 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978

Sri Lanka adopted 16 August 1978

Sudan 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR

Suriname ratified 30 September 1987

Swaziland a constitution was adopted 14 November 2003

Sweden 1 January 1975

Switzerland revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998; adopted by referendum 18 April 1999; officially entered into force 1 January 2000

Syria 13 March 1973

Taiwan 25 December 1946, amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2000

Tajikistan 6 November 1994

Tanzania 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984

Thailand new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997

Togo multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Tokelau administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970

Tonga 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967

Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1976

Tunisia 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988

Turkey 7 November 1982

Turkmenistan adopted 18 May 1992

Turks and Caicos Islands introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988

Tuvalu 1 October 1978

Uganda 8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitution that had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was dissolved upon the promulgation of the constitution in October 1995

Ukraine adopted 28 June 1996

United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)

United Kingdom unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

United States 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789

Uruguay 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997

Uzbekistan new constitution adopted 8 December 1992

Vanuatu 30 July 1980

Venezuela 30 December 1999

Vietnam 15 April 1992

Virgin Islands Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954

Wallis and Futuna 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)

Yemen 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001

Zambia 24 August 1991

Zimbabwe 21 December 1979

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2064 Economic aid - recipient

Afghanistan international pledges made by more than 60 countries and international financial institutions at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan reconstruction in January 2002 reached $4.5 billion through 2006, with $1.8 billion allocated for 2002; another $1.7 billion was pledged for 2003.

Albania ODA: $315 million (top donors were Italy, EU, Germany) (2000 est.)

Algeria $182 million (2001 est.)

American Samoa important financial support from the US, more than $40 million in 1994

Andorra none

Angola $383.5 million (1999)

Anguilla $3.5 million (1995)

Antigua and Barbuda $2.3 million (1995)

Argentina $10 billion (2001 est.)

Armenia ODA $170 million (2000)

Aruba $26 million (1995); note - the Netherlands provided a $127 million aid package to Aruba and Suriname in 1996

Azerbaijan ODA, $140 million (2000 est.)

Bahamas, The $9.8 million (1995)

Bahrain $150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from each of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait (2002)

Bangladesh $1.575 billion (2000 est.)

Barbados $9.1 million (1995)

Belarus $194.3 million (1995)

Belize NA

Benin $342.6 million (2000)

Bermuda NA

Bhutan substantial aid from India and other nations

Bolivia $588 million (1997)

Bosnia and Herzegovina $650 million (2001 est.)

Botswana $73 million (1995)

Brazil $30 billion IMF disbursement (2002)

British Virgin Islands NA

Brunei $4.3 million (1995)

Bulgaria $300 million (2000 est.)

Burkina Faso $484.1 million (1995)

Burma $127 million (2001 est.)

Burundi $92.7 million (2000)

Cambodia $548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international donors (actual disbursement in 2002 was about $500 million)

Cameroon on 23 January 2001, the Paris Club agreed to reduce Cameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million; debt relief now totals $1.26 billion

Cape Verde $136 million (1999)

Cayman Islands NA (1999)

Central African Republic ODA $73 million; note - traditional budget subsidies from France (2000 est.)

Chad $238.3 million; note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank; ODA $150 million (2001 est.)

Chile ODA, $40 million (2001 est.)

China NA

Christmas Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA

Colombia NA

Comoros $10 million (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the $195.3 million (1995)

Congo, Republic of the $159.1 million (1995)

Cook Islands $13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish the greater part (1995)

Cote d'Ivoire ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)

Croatia ODA $66 million (2000)

Cuba $68.2 million (1997 est.)

Cyprus Republic of Cyprus - $17 million (1998); north Cyprus - $700 million from Turkey in grants and loans (1990-97), which are usually forgiven (1998)

Czech Republic $108 million; EU structural adjustment funds (2002)

Djibouti $36 million (2001)

Dominica $22.8 million (2003 est.)

Dominican Republic $239.6 million (1995)

East Timor $2.2 billion (1999-2002 est.)

Ecuador $120 million (2001)

Egypt ODA, $1.2 billion (2001)

El Salvador total $252 million; $57 million from US (1995)

Equatorial Guinea $33.8 million (1995)

Eritrea $77 million (1999)

Estonia $108 million (2000)

Ethiopia $308 million (FY00/01)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) none (1997 est.)

Faroe Islands $135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1998)

Fiji $40.3 million (1995)

French Guiana NA (1995)

French Polynesia $367 million (1997)

Gabon $331 million (1995)

Gambia, The $45.4 million (1995)

Gaza Strip $800 million (includes West Bank) (2001 est.)

Georgia ODA $150 million (2000 est.)

Ghana $6.9 billion (1999)

Gibraltar NA

Greece $5.4 billion from EU (1995)

Greenland $380 million subsidy from Denmark (1997)

Grenada $8.3 million (1995)

Guadeloupe $NA; note - substantial annual French subsidies (1995)

Guam Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal Treasury ($143 million in 1997) into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam (2001 est.)

Guatemala $250 million (2000 est.)

Guernsey NA

Guinea $359.2 million (1998)

Guinea-Bissau $115.4 million (1995)

Guyana $84 million (1995), Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) $253 million (1997) (2000 est.)

Haiti $120 million (FY02)

Holy See (Vatican City) none

Honduras $557.8 million (1999)

Hungary ODA $250 million (2000)

India $2.9 billion (FY98/99)

Indonesia $43 billion Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004. (2003 est.)

Iran $408 million (2002 est.)

Iraq more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07 (2004)

Israel $662 million from US (2003 est.)

Jamaica $16 million (2003)

Jersey none

Jordan ODA, $553 million (2000 est.)

Kazakhstan $610 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (2000)

Kenya $453 million (1997)

Kiribati $15.5 million largely from UK and Japan (2001 est.)

Korea, North $NA; note - over $133 million in food aid through the World Food Program in 2003 plus additional aid from bilateral donors and non-governmental organizations

Kuwait NA (2001)

Kyrgyzstan $50 million from the US (2001)

Laos $243 million (2001 est.)

Latvia $96.2 million (1995)

Lebanon $3.5 billion (pledges 1997-2001); $4.2 billion in soft loan pledges November 2002 Paris II Aid Conference (2002)

Lesotho $41.5 million (2000)

Liberia $94 million (1999)

Libya $15 million (2000)

Liechtenstein none

Lithuania $228.5 million (1995)

Macau NA (1997)

Macedonia $250 million (2003 est.)

Madagascar $354 million (2001)

Malawi $540 million (1999)

Maldives NA (1995)

Mali $596.4 million (2001)

Malta NA

Man, Isle of NA

Marshall Islands more than $1 billion from the US, 1986-2002

Martinique $NA; note - substantial annual aid from France (1998)

Mauritania $220 million (2000)

Mauritius $42 million (1997)

Mayotte $107.7 million; note - extensive French financial assistance (1995)

Mexico $1.166 billion (1995)

Micronesia, Federated States of under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001

Moldova $100 million (2000)

Monaco NA

Mongolia $332 million (2003 est.)

Montserrat As of 31 March 2003, UK's DFID had provided about $328 million in economic relief from volcanic activity, and by 31 March 2006, DFID aid is expected to total $411 million.

Morocco $565.6 million (1995)

Mozambique $632.8 million (2001)

Namibia ODA $160 million (2000 est.)

Nauru $2.25 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.) (2000 est.)

Nepal $424 million (FY00/01)

Netherlands Antilles IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the Netherlands continued its support with $40 million (2000)

New Caledonia $880 million annual subsidy from France (1998)

Nicaragua Substantial foreign support (2001)

Niger $341 million (1997)

Nigeria IMF $250 million (1998)

Niue $2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands extensive funding from US

Oman $76.4 million (1995)

Pakistan $2.4 billion (FY01/02)

Palau $155.8 million ; note - the Compact of Free Association with the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1 October 1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over 15 years in return for furnishing military facilities

Panama $197.1 million (1995)

Papua New Guinea $400 million (1999 est.)

Paraguay NA (2001)

Peru $895.1 million (1995)

Philippines ODA commitments, $1.2 billion (2002)

Pitcairn Islands from UK'S DFID

Poland EU structural adjustment funds (2000)

Puerto Rico NA (2001)

Qatar NA

Reunion $NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001 est.)

Russia in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000 est.)

Rwanda $372.9 million (1999)

Saint Helena $12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis $8 million (2001)

Saint Lucia $51.8 million (1995)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon approximately $60 million in annual grants from France

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $47.5 million (1995); note - EU $34.5 million (1998)

Samoa $42.9 million (1995)

San Marino NA

Sao Tome and Principe $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program

Senegal $362.6 million (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)

Seychelles $16.4 million (1995)

Sierra Leone $103 million (2001 est.)

Singapore NA

Slovakia ODA $113 million (2000),; $92 million EU structural adjustment funds (2000 est.)

Slovenia ODA, $62 million (2000 est.)

Solomon Islands $28 million annually, mainly from Australia (2001 est.)

Somalia $60 million (1999 est.)

South Africa $487.5 million (2000)

Sri Lanka $577 million (1998)

Sudan $172 million (2001)

Suriname Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million (1998)

Svalbard $8.2 million from Norway (1998)

Swaziland $104 million (2001)

Syria $199 million (1997 est.)

Tajikistan $60.7 million from US (2001)

Tanzania $1.2 billion (2001)

Thailand $131.5 million (1998 est.)

Togo ODA $80 million (2000 est.)

Tokelau from New Zealand about $4 million annually

Tonga Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)

Trinidad and Tobago $24 million (1999 est.)

Tunisia $378 million (2001)

Turkey ODA, $300 million (2000)

Turkmenistan $16 million from the US (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands $4.1 million (1997)

Tuvalu $13 million ; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and the US (1999 est.)

Uganda $1.4 billion (2000)

Ukraine $637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998)

Uruguay NA

Uzbekistan $87.4 million from the US (2003)

Vanuatu $45.8 million (1995)

Venezuela $74 million (2000)

Vietnam $2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000 (2004)

Virgin Islands NA

Wallis and Futuna assistance from France

West Bank $2 billion (includes Gaza Strip) (2001-02 est.)

Western Sahara NA

World official development assistance (ODA) $50 billion

Yemen $2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)

Zambia $651 million (2000 est.)

Zimbabwe $178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2065 Currency

Afghanistan afghani (AFA)

Albania lek (ALL)

Algeria Algerian dinar (DZD)

American Samoa US dollar (USD)

Andorra euro (EUR)

Angola kwanza (AOA)

Anguilla East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Antigua and Barbuda East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Argentina Argentine peso (ARS)

Armenia dram (AMD)

Aruba Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)

Australia Australian dollar (AUD)

Austria euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions of member countries; as of 1 January 2002, the euro became the only legal tender in EMU member countries, including Austria

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani manat (AZM)

Bahamas, The Bahamian dollar (BSD)

Bahrain Bahraini dinar (BHD)

Bangladesh taka (BDT)

Barbados Barbadian dollar (BBD)

Belarus Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)

Belgium euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Belize Belizean dollar (BZD)

Benin Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Bermuda Bermudian dollar (BMD)

Bhutan ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)

Bolivia boliviano (BOB)

Bosnia and Herzegovina marka (BAM)

Botswana pula (BWP)

Brazil real (BRL)

British Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Brunei Bruneian dollar (BND)

Bulgaria lev (BGL)

Burkina Faso Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Burma kyat (MMK)

Burundi Burundi franc (BIF)

Cambodia riel (KHR)

Cameroon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Canada Canadian dollar (CAD)

Cape Verde Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)

Cayman Islands Caymanian dollar (KYD)

Central African Republic Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chad Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Chile Chilean peso (CLP)

China yuan (CNY) note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)

Christmas Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Australian dollar (AUD)

Colombia Colombian peso (COP)

Comoros Comoran franc (KMF)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congolese franc (CDF)

Congo, Republic of the Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Cook Islands New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Costa Rica Costa Rican colon (CRC)

Cote d'Ivoire Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Croatia kuna (HRK)

Cuba Cuban peso (CUP)

Cyprus Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot pound (CYP); north Cyprus: Turkish lira (TRL)

Czech Republic Czech koruna (CZK)

Denmark Danish krone (DKK)

Djibouti Djiboutian franc (DJF)

Dominica East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Dominican Republic Dominican peso (DOP)

East Timor US dollar (USD)

Ecuador US dollar (USD)

Egypt Egyptian pound (EGP)

El Salvador US dollar (USD)

Equatorial Guinea Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Eritrea nakfa (ERN)

Estonia Estonian kroon (EEK)

Ethiopia birr (ETB)

European Union euro; pound (Cyprus), koruna (Czech Republic), krone (Denmark), kroon (Estonia), forint (Hungary), lat (Latvia), litas (Lithuania), lira (Malta), zloty (Poland), koruna (Slovakia), tolar (Slovenia), krona (Sweden), pound (UK)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Falkland pound (FKP)

Faroe Islands Danish krone (DKK)

Fiji Fijian dollar (FJD)

Finland euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

France euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

French Guiana euro (EUR)

French Polynesia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

Gabon Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States

Gambia, The dalasi (GMD)

Gaza Strip new Israeli shekel (ILS)

Georgia lari (GEL)

Germany euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Ghana cedi (GHC)

Gibraltar Gibraltar pound (GIP)

Greece euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Greenland Danish krone (DKK) is the official legal tender.

Grenada East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Guadeloupe euro (EUR); French franc (FRF)

Guam US dollar (USD)

Guatemala quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed

Guernsey British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound

Guinea Guinean franc (GNF)

Guinea-Bissau Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used

Guyana Guyanese dollar (GYD)

Haiti gourde (HTG)

Holy See (Vatican City) euro (EUR)

Honduras lempira (HNL)

Hong Kong Hong Kong dollar (HKD)

Hungary forint (HUF)

Iceland Icelandic krona (ISK)

India Indian rupee (INR)

Indonesia Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Iran Iranian rial (IRR)

Iraq New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004

Ireland euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Israel new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for Standarization (ISO) code for the NIS

Italy euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Jamaica Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Japan yen (JPY)

Jersey British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound

Jordan Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Kazakhstan tenge (KZT)

Kenya Kenyan shilling (KES)

Kiribati Australian dollar (AUD)

Korea, North North Korean won (KPW)

Korea, South South Korean won (KRW)

Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar (KWD)

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstani som (KGS)

Laos kip (LAK)

Latvia Latvian lat (LVL)

Lebanon Lebanese pound (LBP)

Lesotho loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)

Liberia Liberian dollar (LRD)

Libya Libyan dinar (LYD)

Liechtenstein Swiss franc (CHF)

Lithuania litas (LTL)

Luxembourg euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Macau pataca (MOP)

Macedonia Macedonian denar (MKD)

Madagascar Malagasy franc (MGF)

Malawi Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Malaysia ringgit (MYR)

Maldives rufiyaa (MVR)

Mali Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Malta Maltese lira (MTL)

Man, Isle of British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound

Marshall Islands US dollar (USD)

Martinique euro (EUR)

Mauritania ouguiya (MRO)

Mauritius Mauritian rupee (MUR)

Mayotte euro (EUR)

Mexico Mexican peso (MXN)

Micronesia, Federated States of US dollar (USD)

Moldova Moldovan leu (MDL)

Monaco euro (EUR)

Mongolia togrog/tugrik (MNT)

Montserrat East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Morocco Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Mozambique metical (MZM)

Namibia Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)

Nauru Australian dollar (AUD)

Nepal Nepalese rupee (NPR)

Netherlands euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)

New Caledonia Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF); note - may adopt the euro in 2003

New Zealand New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Nicaragua gold cordoba (NIO)

Niger Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Nigeria naira (NGN)

Niue New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Norfolk Island Australian dollar (AUD)

Northern Mariana Islands US dollar (USD)

Norway Norwegian krone (NOK)

Oman Omani rial (OMR)

Pakistan Pakistani rupee (PKR)

Palau US dollar (USD)

Panama balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)

Papua New Guinea kina (PGK)

Paraguay guarani (PYG)

Peru nuevo sol (PEN)

Philippines Philippine peso (PHP)

Pitcairn Islands New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Poland zloty (PLN)

Portugal euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Puerto Rico US dollar (USD)

Qatar Qatari rial (QAR)

Reunion euro (EUR)

Romania leu (ROL)

Russia Russian ruble (RUR)

Rwanda Rwandan franc (RWF)

Saint Helena Saint Helenian pound (SHP)

Saint Kitts and Nevis East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Lucia East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon euro (EUR)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines East Caribbean dollar (XCD)

Samoa tala (SAT)

San Marino euro (EUR)

Sao Tome and Principe dobra (STD)

Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal (SAR)

Senegal Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Serbia and Montenegro in Serbia the Serbian dinar (CSD) is legal tender, but the euro (EUR) is the de facto currency; in Montenegro and Kosovo the euro is legal tender. (2004)

Seychelles Seychelles rupee (SCR)

Sierra Leone leone (SLL)

Singapore Singapore dollar (SGD)

Slovakia Slovak koruna (SKK)

Slovenia tolar (SIT)

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)

Somalia Somali shilling (SOS)

South Africa rand (ZAR)

Spain euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions with the member countries

Sri Lanka Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Sudan Sudanese dinar (SDD)

Suriname Surinamese guilder (SRG)

Svalbard Norwegian krone (NOK)

Swaziland lilangeni (SZL)

Sweden Swedish krona (SEK)

Switzerland Swiss franc (CHF)

Syria Syrian pound (SYP)

Taiwan new Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Tajikistan somoni

Tanzania Tanzanian shilling (TZS)

Thailand baht (THB)

Togo Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States

Tokelau New Zealand dollar (NZD)

Tonga pa'anga (TOP)

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Tunisia Tunisian dinar (TND)

Turkey Turkish lira (TRL)

Turkmenistan Turkmen manat (TMM)

Turks and Caicos Islands US dollar (USD)

Tuvalu Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar

Uganda Ugandan shilling (UGX)

Ukraine hryvnia (UAH)

United Arab Emirates Emirati dirham (AED)

United Kingdom British pound (GBP)

United States US dollar (USD)

Uruguay Uruguayan peso (UYU)

Uzbekistan Uzbekistani sum (UZS)

Vanuatu vatu (VUV)

Venezuela bolivar (VEB)

Vietnam dong (VND)

Virgin Islands US dollar (USD)

Wallis and Futuna Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)

West Bank new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)

Western Sahara Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Yemen Yemeni rial (YER)

Zambia Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Zimbabwe Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)

Afghanistan 21.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Albania 5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Algeria 4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

American Samoa 3.39 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Andorra 5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Angola 25.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Anguilla 5.46 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda 5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Argentina 7.57 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Armenia 8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Aruba 6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Australia 7.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Austria 9.56 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Azerbaijan 9.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bahamas, The 8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bahrain 4.03 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bangladesh 8.52 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Barbados 9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Belarus 14.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Belgium 10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Belize 6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Benin 13.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bermuda 7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bhutan 13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bolivia 7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Botswana 33.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Brazil 6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

British Virgin Islands 4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Brunei 3.4 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Bulgaria 14.25 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Burkina Faso 18.79 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Burma 12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Burundi 17.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cambodia 9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cameroon 15.34 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Canada 7.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cape Verde 6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cayman Islands 4.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Central African Republic 19.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Chad 16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Chile 5.71 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

China 6.92 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Christmas Island NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Colombia 5.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Comoros 8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Congo, Republic of the 14.49 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cook Islands NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Costa Rica 4.32 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 18.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Croatia 11.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cuba 7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Cyprus 7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Czech Republic 10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Denmark 10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Djibouti 19.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Dominica 6.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Dominican Republic 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

East Timor 6.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Ecuador 4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Egypt 5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

El Salvador 5.93 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Equatorial Guinea 12.27 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Eritrea 13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Estonia 13.27 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Ethiopia 20.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

European Union 10 deaths/1,000 population (July 2004 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Faroe Islands 8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Fiji 5.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Finland 9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

France 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

French Guiana 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

French Polynesia 4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Gabon 11.43 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Gambia, The 12.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Gaza Strip 3.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)