THE WORLD FACTBOOK (continued 8)

_#_Telecommunications: good network consists of coaxial cables, radio relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 632,000 telephones; stations—9 AM, 1 FM, 81 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 GORIZONT Atlantic Ocean in the Intersputnik system; coaxial cable and radio relay to Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, and Turkey

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army and Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Border Guard Force, Internal Security Forces

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 4,270,592; 2,380,439 fit for military service; 228,277 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP % @Iraq - Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone *Geography #_Total area: 3,520 km2; land area: 3,520 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island

_#_Land boundaries: 389 km total; 191 km Iraq, 198 km Saudi Arabia

_#_Coastline: none—landlocked

_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked

_#_Climate: harsh, dry desert

_#_Terrain: sandy desert

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other (sandy desert) 100%

_#_Environment: harsh, inhospitable

_#_Note: landlocked; located west of quadripoint with Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia

_*People #_Population: uninhabited

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: joint administration by Iraq and Saudi Arabia; in December 1981, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed a boundary agreement that divides the zone between them, but the agreement must be ratified before it becomes effective

_*Economy #_Overview: no economic activity

_*Communications #_Highways: none; some secondary roads

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the joint responsibility of Iraq and Saudi Arabia % @Ireland *Geography #_Total area: 70,280 km2; land area: 68,890 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia

_#_Land boundary: 360 km with UK

_#_Coastline: 1,448 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: no precise definition;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: Northern Ireland question with the UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area)

_#_Climate: temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time

_#_Terrain: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hills and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast

_#_Natural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas, crude oil, barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, peat, silver

_#_Land use: arable land 14%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 71%; forest and woodland 5%; other 10%

_#_Environment: deforestation

_*People #_Population: 3,489,165 (July 1991), growth rate - 0.3% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective—Irish

_#_Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English minority

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 93%, Anglican 3%, none 1%, unknown 2%, other 1% (1981)

_#_Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English; English is the language generally used, with Gaelic spoken in a few areas, mostly along the western seaboard

_#_Literacy: 98% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.)

_#_Labor force: 1,293,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1988)

_#_Organized labor: 36% of labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Dublin

_#_Administrative divisions: 26 counties; Carlow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dublin, Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow

_#_Independence: 6 December 1921 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 29 December 1937; adopted 1937

_#_Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Saint Patrick's Day, 17 March

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Oireachtas) consists of an upper house or Senate (Seanad Eireann) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dail Eireann)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Mary Bourke ROBINSON (since 9 November 1990);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Charles J. HAUGHEY (since 12 July 1989, the fourth time elected as Prime Minister)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles HAUGHEY; Labor Party, Richard SPRING; Fine Gael, John BRUTON; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'RIORDAN; Workers' Party, Proinsias DEROSSA; Sinn Fein, Gerry ADAMS; Progressive Democrats, Desmond O'MALLEY; note—Prime Minister HAUGHEY heads a coalition consisting of the Fianna Fail and the Progressive Democrats

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 9 November 1990 (next to be held November 1997); results—Mary Bourke ROBINSON 52.8%, Brian LENIHAN 47.2%;

Senate—last held on 17 February 1987 (next to be held February 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(60 total, 49 elected) Fianna Fail 30, Fine Gael 16, Labor 3, Independents 11;

House of Representatives—last held on 12 July 1989 (next to be held NA June 1994); results—Fianna Fail 44.0%, Fine Gael 29.4%, Labor Party 9.3%, Progressive Democrats 5.4%, Workers' Party 4.9%, Sinn Fein 1.1%, independents 5.9%; seats—(166 total) Fianna Fail 77, Fine Gael 55, Labor Party 15, Workers' Party 7, Progressive Democrats 6, independents 6

_#_Communists: under 500

_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NEA, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Padraic N. MACKERNAN; Chancery at 2234 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-3939; there are Irish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, New York, and San Francisco;

US—Ambassador Richard A. MOORE; Embassy at 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin; telephone [353] (1) 688777

_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and orange; similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast which is shorter and has the colors reversed—orange (hoist side), white, and green; also similar to the flag of Italy which is shorter and has colors of green (hoist side), white, and red

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy is small, open, and trade dependent. Agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry, which accounts for 37% of GDP and about 80% of exports and employs 26% of the labor force. The government has successfully reduced the rate of inflation from double-digit figures in the late 1970s to 3.3% in 1990. In 1987, after years of deficits, the balance of payments was brought into the black. Unemployment, however, is a serious problem. A 1990 unemployment rate of 16.6% placed Ireland along with Spain as the countries with the worst jobless records in Western Europe.

_#_GDP: $33.9 billion, per capita $9,690; real growth rate 4.1% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 16.6% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $11.3 billion; expenditures $11.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (1990)

_#_Exports: $24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—chemicals, data processing equipment, industrial machinery, live animals, animal products;

partners—EC 74% (UK 34%, FRG 11%, France 10%), US 8%

_#_Imports: $20.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—food, animal feed, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, textiles, clothing;

partners—EC 66% (UK 41%, FRG 9%, France 4%), US 16%

_#_External debt: $16.0 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1990); accounts for 37% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 4,957,000 kW capacity; 14,480 million kWh produced, 4,080 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: food products, brewing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation equipment, glass and crystal

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GNP and 15% of the labor force; principal crops—turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; livestock—meat and dairy products; 85% self-sufficient in food; food shortages include bread grain, fruits, vegetables

_#_Economic aid: donor—ODA commitments (1980-89), $90 million

_#_Currency: Irish pound (plural—pounds); 1 Irish pound (5Ir) = 100 pence

_#_Exchange rates: Irish pounds (5Ir) per US$1—0.5656 (January 1991), 0.6030 (1990), 0.7472 (1989), 0.6553 (1988), 0.6720 (1987), 0.7454 (1986), 0.9384 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: Irish National Railways (CIE) operates 1,947 km 1.602-meter gauge, government owned; 485 km double track; 38 km electrified

_#_Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone

_#_Inland waterways: limited for commercial traffic

_#_Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km

_#_Ports: Cork, Dublin, Shannon Estuary, Waterford

_#_Merchant marine: 53 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 138,967 GRT/164,628 DWT; includes 4 short-sea passenger, 31 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 3 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 bulk

_#_Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 40 total, 37 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: small, modern system using cable and radio relay circuits; 900,000 telephones; stations—45 AM, 16 (29 relays) FM, 18 (68 relays) TV; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army (including Naval Service and Air Corps), National Police (GARDA)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 871,578; 705,642 fit for military service; 33,175 reach military age (17) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $458 million, 1.6% of GDP (1990 est.) % @Israel (also see separate Gaza Strip and West Bank entries) #_Note: The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the data below. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined (see West Bank and Gaza Strip entries). On 25 April 1982 Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt. Statistics for the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights are included in the Syria entry.

_*Geography #_Total area: 20,770 km2; land area: 20,330 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than New Jersey

_#_Land boundaries: 1,006 km total; Egypt 255 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307, Gaza Strip 51 km

_#_Coastline: 273 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;

Territorial sea: 6 nm

_#_Disputes: separated from Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank by the 1949 Armistice Line; differences with Jordan over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line which separates the two countries; West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Israeli troops in southern Lebanon since June 1982; water-sharing issues with Jordan

_#_Climate: temperate; hot and dry in desert areas

_#_Terrain: Negev desert in the south; low coastal plain; central mountains; Jordan Rift Valley

_#_Natural resources: copper, phosphates, bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, asphalt, manganese, small amounts of natural gas and crude oil

_#_Land use: arable land 17%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and woodland 6%; other 32%; includes irrigated 11%

_#_Environment: sandstorms may occur during spring and summer; limited arable land and natural water resources pose serious constraints; deforestation

_#_Note: there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank, 38 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 18 in the Gaza Strip, and 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem

_*People #_Population: 4,477,105 (July 1991), growth rate 1.5% (1991); includes 90,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank, 13,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, 2,500 in the Gaza Strip, and 120,000 in East Jerusalem (1990 est.)

_#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 76 years male, 79 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Israeli(s); adjective—Israeli

_#_Ethnic divisions: Jewish 83%, non-Jewish (mostly Arab) 17%

_#_Religion: Judaism 82%, Islam (mostly Sunni Muslim) 14%, Christian 2%, Druze and other 2%

_#_Language: Hebrew (official); Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language

_#_Literacy: 92% (male 95%, female 89%) age 15 and over can read and write (1983)

_#_Labor force: 1,400,000 (1984 est.); public services 29.3%; industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%; commerce 12.8%; finance and business 9.5%; transport, storage, and communications 6.8%; construction and public works 6.5%; personal and other services 5.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%; electricity and water 1.0% (1983)

_#_Organized labor: 90% of labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: State of Israel

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem its capital in 1950, but the US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv

_#_Administrative divisions: 6 districts (mehozot, singular—mehoz); Central, Haifa, Jerusalem, Northern, Southern, Tel Aviv

_#_Independence: 14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

_#_Constitution: no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law

_#_Legal system: mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985 Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 10 May 1989; Israel declared independence on 14 May 1948, but the Jewish calendar is lunar and the holiday may occur in April or May

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, vice prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral parliament (Knesset)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Chaim HERZOG (since 5 May 1983);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR (since 20 October 1986)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Israel currently has a coalition government comprising eleven parties that hold 66 of the Knesset's 120 seats;

Members of the government—Likud bloc, Prime Minister Yitzhak SHAMIR; Sephardic Torah Guardians (SHAS), Minister of Interior Arieh DER'I; National Religious Party, Minister of Education Zevulun HAMMER; Agudat Yisrael, Moshe Zeev FELDMAN; Degel HaTorah, Avraham RAVITZ; Moriya, Minister of Immigrant Absorption, Yitzhak PERETZ; Ge'vlat Yisrael, Elizer MIZRAHI; Party for the Advancement of Zionist Ideology (PAZI), Minister of Finance Yitzhak MODAI; Tehiya Party, Minister of Science, Technology, Energy, and Infrastructure Yuval NE'EMAN; Tzomet Party, Minister of Agriculture Rafael EITAN; Unity for Peace and Aliyah, Efrayim GUR; Moledet Party, Rehavam ZE'EVI;

Opposition parties—Labor Party, Shimon PERES; Citizens' Rights Movement, Shulamit ALONI; United Workers' Party (MAPAM), Yair TZABAN; Center Movement-Shinui, Amnon RUBENSTEIN; New Israeli Communist Party (MAKI), Meir WILNER; Progressive List for Peace, Muhammad MI'ARI; Arab Democratic Party, Abd Al Wahab DARAWSHAH; Black Panthers, Charlie BITON

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 23 February 1988 (next to be held February 1994); results—Chaim HERZOG reelected by Knesset;

Knesset—last held 1 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1992); seats—(120 total) Labor Party 38, Likud bloc 37, SHAS 5, National Religious Party 5, Citizens' Rights Movement 5, Agudat Yisrael 4, PAZI 3, MAKI 3, Tehiya Party 3, MAPAM 3, Tzomet Party 2, Moledet Party 2, Degel HaTorah 2, Center Movement-Shinui 2, Progressive List for Peace 1, Arab Democratic Party 1; Black Panthers 1, Moriya 1, Ge'ulat Yisrael 1, Unity for Peace and Aliyah 1

_#_Communists: Hadash (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocating Jewish settlement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of government's West Bank/Gaza Strip and Lebanon policies

_#_Member of: AG (observer), CCC, EBRD, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Zalman SHOVAL; Chancery at 3514 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 364-5500; there are Israeli Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco;

US—Ambassador William A. BROWN; Embassy at 71 Hayarkon Street, Tel Aviv (mailing address is APO New York 09672); telephone [972] (3) 654338; there is a US Consulate General in Jerusalem

_#_Flag: white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

_*Economy #_Overview: Israel has a market economy with substantial government participation. It depends on imports for crude oil, food, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has developed its agricultural and industrial sectors on an intensive scale over the past 20 years. Industry accounts for about 23% of the labor force, agriculture for 5%, and services for most of the balance. Diamonds, high-technology machinery, and agricultural products (fruits and vegetables) are the biggest export earners. The balance of payments has traditionally been negative, but is offset by large transfer payments and foreign loans. About half of Israel's $18 billion external government debt is owed to the US, which is its major source for economic and military aid. To earn needed foreign exchange, Israel must continue to exploit high-technology niches in the international market, such as medical scanning equipment. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on 2 August dealt a blow to Israel's economy in 1990. Higher world oil prices added an estimated $300 million to Israel's 1990 oil import bill, and helped keep the inflation rate at 18% for the year. Regional tensions and continuing acts of the Palestinian uprising (intifadah)-related violence contributed to a sharp dropoff in tourism—a key source of foreign exchange—to the lowest level since the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. In 1991, the influx of up to 400,000 Soviet immigrants will increase unemployment, intensify the country's housing crisis, and contribute to a widening budget deficit.

_#_GNP: $46.5 billion, per capita $10,500; real growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 18% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 9.8% (March 1991)

_#_Budget: revenues $28.7 billion; expenditures $33.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91)

_#_Exports: $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products, military hardware, electronics;

partners—US, UK, FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy

_#_Imports: $14.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);

commodities—military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft;

partners—US, FRG, UK, Switzerland, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg

_#_External debt: $24.5 billion, of which government debt is $18 billion (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 1.5% (1989); accounts for about 40% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 4,392,000 kW capacity; 17,500 million kWh produced, 4,000 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles, clothing, chemicals, metal products, military equipment, transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, potash mining, high-technology electronics, tourism

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP; largely self-sufficient in food production, except for bread grains; principal products—citrus and other fruits, vegetables, cotton; livestock products—beef, dairy, and poultry

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $18.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.5 billion

_#_Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural—shekels); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

_#_Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1—2.35 (May 1991), 2.0162 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986), 1.1788 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March; changing to calender year basis starting January 1992

_*Communications #_Railroads: 594 km 1.435-meter gauge, single track; diesel operated

_#_Highways: 4,500 km; majority is bituminous surfaced

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km

_#_Ports: Ashdod, Haifa, Elat

_#_Merchant marine: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 516,714 GRT/611,795 DWT; includes 7 cargo, 21 container, 2 refrigerated cargo; note—Israel also maintains a significant flag of convenience fleet, which is normally at least as large as the Israeli flag fleet; the Israeli flag of convenience fleet typically includes all of its POL tankers

_#_Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 51 total, 44 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: most highly developed in the Middle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 1,800,000 telephones; stations—11 AM, 24 FM, 54 TV; 2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations—2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Israel Defense Forces includes ground, naval, and air components; historically there have been no separate Israeli military services

_#_Manpower availability: eligible 15-49, 2,213,808; of the 1,117,733 males 15-49, 920,449 are fit for military service; of the 1,096,075 females 15-49, 899,022 are fit for military service; 44,429 males and 42,249 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service; Nahal or Pioneer Fighting Youth, Frontier Guard, Chen

_#Defense expenditures: $5.3 billion, 13.9% of GNP (1991); note—includes an estimated $1.8 billion in US military aid % @Italy *Geography #_Total area: 301,230 km2; land area: 294,020 km2; includes Sardinia and Sicily

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona

_#_Land boundaries: 1,902.2 km total; Austria 430 km, France 488 km, San Marino 39 km, Switzerland 740 km, Vatican City 3.2 km, Yugoslavia 202 km

_#_Coastline: 4,996 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

_#_Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands

_#_Natural resources: mercury, potash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal

_#_Land use: arable land 32%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and woodland 22%; other 19%; includes irrigated 10%

_#_Environment: regional risks include landslides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land sinkage in Venice

_#_Note: strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe

_*People #_Population: 57,772,375 (July 1991), growth rate 0.2% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 82 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Italian(s); adjective—Italian

_#_Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south; Sicilians; Sardinians

_#_Religion: nominally Roman Catholic almost 100%

_#_Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area

_#_Literacy: 97% (male 98%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988)

_#_Organized labor: 40-45% of labor force (est.)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Italian Republic

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Rome

_#_Administrative divisions: 20 regions (regioni, singular—regione); Abruzzi, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Sicilia, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto

_#_Independence: 17 March 1861, Kingdom of Italy proclaimed

_#_Constitution: 1 January 1948

_#_Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; appeals treated as trials de novo; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June (1946)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister (president of the Council of Ministers)

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlamento) consists of an upper chamber or Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati)

_#_Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (Corte Costituzionale)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Francesco COSSIGA (since 3 July 1985);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Giulio ANDREOTTI (since 22 July 1989, heads the government for the seventh time); Deputy Prime Minister Claudio MARTELLI (since 23 July 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Arnaldo FORLANI (general secretary), Ciriaco De MITA (president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino CRAXI (party secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Antonio CARIGLIA (party secretary); Liberal Party (PLI), Renato ALTISSIMO (secretary general); Democratic Party of the Left (PDS—was Communist Party, or PCI, until January 1991), Achille OCCHETTO (secretary general); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giuseppe (Pino) RAUTI (national secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giorgio La MALFA (political secretary); Lega Nord, Umberto BOSSI, president; Italy's 50th postwar government was formed on 13 April 1991, with Prime Minister ANDREOTTI, a Christian Democrat, presiding over a four-party coalition consisting of the Christian Democrats, Socialists, Social Democrats, and Liberals

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 (except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25)

_#_Elections:

Senate—last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992); results—DC 33.9%, PCI 28.3%, PSI 10.7%, other 27.1%; seats—(320 total, 315 elected) DC 125, PCI 100, PSI 36, other 54;

Chamber of Deputies—last held 14-15 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992); results—DC 34.3%, PCI 26.6%, PSI 14.3%, MSI 5.9%, PRI 3.7%, PSDI 3.0%, Radicals 2.6%, Greens 2.5%, PLI 2.1%, Proletarian Democrats 1.7%, other 3.3%; seats—(630 total) DC 234, PCI 177, PSI 94, MSI 35, PRI 21, PSDI 17, Radicals 13, Greens 13, PLI 11, Proletarian Democrats 8, other 7

_#_Communists: 1.3 million (1990)

_#_Other political or pressure groups: the Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (CGIL—Communist dominated, CISL—Christian Democratic, and UIL—Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura)

_#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rinaldo PETRIGNANI; Chancery at 1601 Fuller Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 328-5500; there are Italian Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, New Orleans, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Consulates in Detroit and Newark (New Jersey);

US—Ambassador Peter F. SECCHIA; Embassy at Via Veneto 119/A, 00187-Rome (mailing address is APO New York 09794); telephone [39] (6) 46741; there are US Consulates General in Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, and Palermo (Sicily)

_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and red; similar to the flag of Ireland which is longer and is green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the Ivory Coast which has the colors reversed—orange (hoist side), white, and green

_*Economy #_Overview: Since World War II the economy has changed from one based on agriculture into a ranking industrial economy, with approximately the same total and per capita output as France and the UK. The country is still divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by small private companies, and an undeveloped agricultural south, dominated by large public enterprises. Services account for 48% of GDP, industry 34%, agriculture 4%, and public administration 13%. Most raw materials needed by industry and over 75% of energy requirements must be imported. The economic recovery that began in mid-1983 has continued through 1990, with the economy growing at an annual average rate of 3%. For the 1990s, Italy faces the problems of refurbishing a tottering communications system, curbing pollution in major industrial centers, and adjusting to the new competitive forces accompanying the ongoing economic integration of the European Community.

_#_GDP: $844.7 billion, per capita $14,600; real growth rate 2.0% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 11.0% (1990 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $355 billion; expenditures $448 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)

_#_Exports: $170.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—textiles, wearing apparel, metals, transportation equipment, chemicals;

partners—EC 57%, US 8%, OPEC 4%

_#_Imports: $182.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—petroleum, industrial machinery, chemicals, metals, food, agricultural products;

partners—EC 58%, OPEC 6%, US 5%

_#_External debt: NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 0.1% (1990); accounts for almost 35% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 56,800,000 kW capacity; 225,000 million kWh produced, 3,900 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 4% of GDP and 10% of the work force; self-sufficient in foods other than meat and dairy products; principal crops—fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; fish catch of 388,200 metric tons in 1988

_#_Economic aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion

_#_Currency: Italian lira (plural—lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi

_#_Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1—1,134.4 (January 1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 20,011 km total; 16,066 km 1.435-meter government-owned standard gauge (8,999 km electrified); 3,945 km privately owned—2,100 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (1,155 km electrified) and 1,845 km 0.950-meter narrow gauge (380 km electrified)

_#_Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrada 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone,7,010 km earth

_#_Inland waterways: 2,400 km for various types of commercial traffic, although of limited overall value

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural gas, 19,400 km

_#_Ports: Cagliari (Sardinia), Genoa, La Spezia, Livorno, Naples, Palermo (Sicily), Taranto, Trieste, Venice

_#_Merchant marine: 575 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,462,744 GRT/11,593,730 DWT; includes 11 passenger, 44 short-sea passenger, 103 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 23 container, 67 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 7 vehicle carrier, 1 multifunction large-load carrier, 2 livestock carrier, 151 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 37 chemical tanker, 38 liquefied gas, 10 specialized tanker, 14 combination ore/oil, 60 bulk, 2 combination bulk

_#_Civil air: 125 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 138 total, 135 usable; 90 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: well engineered, constructed, and operated; 28,000,000 telephones; stations—144 AM, 54 (over 1,800 repeaters) FM, 450 (over 1,300 repeaters) TV; 22 submarine cables; communication satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT 3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean, INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 14,747,224; 12,877,803 fit for military service; 418,043 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $19.2 billion, 2.2% of GDP (1990) % @Ivory Coast (also known as Cote d'Ivoire) *Geography #_Total area: 322,460 km2; land area: 318,000 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico

_#_Land boundaries: 3,110 km total; Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km

_#_Coastline: 515 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons—warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)

_#_Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper

_#_Land use: arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and woodland 26%; other 52%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation

_*People #_Population: 12,977,909 (July 1991), growth rate 3.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 97 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Ivorian(s); adjective—Ivorian

_#_Ethnic divisions: over 60 ethnic groups; most important are the Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, and Agni; foreign Africans, mostly Burkinabe about 2 million; non-Africans about 130,000 to 330,000 (French 30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000)

_#_Religion: indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%,

_#_Language: French (official), over 60 native dialects; Dioula most widely spoken

_#_Literacy: 54% (male 67%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 5,718,000; over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions; 54% of population of working age (1985)

_#_Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of the Ivory Coast; note—the local official name is Republique de Cote d'Ivoire

_#_Type: republic; multiparty presidential regime established 1960

_#_Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to Yamoussoukro in March 1983 but not recognized by US)

_#_Administrative divisions: 49 departments (departements, singular—(departement); Abengourou, Abidjan, Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou, Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane, Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou, Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne, Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda, Tengrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula

_#_Independence: 7 August 1960 (from France)

_#_Constitution: 3 November 1960

_#_Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: National Day, 7 December

_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960); Prime Minister Allassane OUATTARE (since 7 November 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY; Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT), Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20 smaller parties

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21

_#_Elections:

President—last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results—President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive five-year term;

National Assembly—last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1, independents 2

_#_Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Charles GOMIS; Chancery at 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-0300;

US—Ambassador Kenneth L. BROWN; Embassy at 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan (mailing address is 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan); telephone [225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72

_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland which is longer and has the colors reversed—green (hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy which is green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France

_*Economy #_Overview: Ivory Coast is among the world's largest producers and exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related industries. The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and about 80% of export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A collapse of world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a recession, from which the country had not recovered by 1990.

_#_GDP: $10 billion, per capita $800; real growth rate - 2.9% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.8% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 14% (1985)

_#_Budget: revenues $2.8 billion (1989 est.); expenditures $4.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton;

partners—France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)

_#_Imports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—manufactured goods and semifinished products 50%, consumer goods 40%, raw materials and fuels 10%;

partners—France, other EC, Nigeria, US, Japan (1985)

_#_External debt: $15.0 billion (1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 6% (1989); accounts for 17% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 1,081,000 kW capacity; 2,440 million kWh produced, 210 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles, fertilizer, beverage

_#_Agriculture: most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports; cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels, rubber; food crops—corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient in bread grain and dairy products

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis on a small scale for the international drug trade

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.9 billion

_#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25 km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)

_#_Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km bituminous and bituminous-treated surface; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved

_#_Inland waterways: 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons

_#_Ports: Abidjan, San-Pedro

_#_Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/ 90,684 DWT; includes 5 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker

_#_Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned Air Afrique fleet

_#_Airports: 48 total, 41 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: system above African average; consists of open-wire lines and radio relay links; 87,700 telephones; stations—3 AM, 17 FM, 11 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,981,269; 1,543,412 fit for military service; 145,693 males reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $199 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988) % @Jamaica *Geography #_Total area: 10,990 km2; land area: 10,830 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 1,022 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

_#_Natural resources: bauxite, gypsum, limestone

_#_Land use: arable land 19%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and woodland 28%; other 29%; includes irrigated 3%

_#_Environment: subject to hurricanes (especially July to November); deforestation; water pollution

_#_Note: strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for Panama Canal

_*People #_Population: 2,489,353 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 9 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 76 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Jamaican(s); adjective—Jamaican

_#_Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.0%, white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 1.2%

_#_Religion: predominantly Protestant 55.9% (Church of God 18.4%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7.1%, Seven-Day Adventist 6.9%, Pentecostal 5.2%, Methodist 3.1%, United Church 2.7%, other 2.5%), Roman Catholic 5%, other 39.1%, including some spiritualist cults (1982)

_#_Language: English, Creole

_#_Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 99%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 1,062,100; services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%; unemployed 17.5% (1989)

_#_Organized labor: 24% of labor force (1989)

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: parliamentary democracy

_#_Capital: Kingston

_#_Administrative divisions: 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

_#_Independence: 6 August 1962 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 6 August 1962

_#_Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day (first Monday in August), 6 August 1990

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Florizel A. GLASSPOLE (since 2 March 1973);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Michael MANLEY (since 13 February 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: People's National Party (PNP), Michael MANLEY; Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward SEAGA; Workers' Party of Jamaica (WPJ), Trevor MUNROE

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

House of Representatives—last held 9 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1994); results—PNP 57%, JLP 43%; seats—(60 total) PNP 45, JLP 15

_#_Communists: Workers' Party of Jamaica (Marxist-Leninist)

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)

_#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-19, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Richard BERNAL; Chancery at Suite 355, 1850 K Street NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 452-0660; there are Jamaican Consulates General in Miami and New York;

US—Ambassador Glen A. HOLDEN; Embassy at 3rd Floor, Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, Kingston; telephone (809) 929-4850

_#_Flag: diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles—green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and fly side)

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was largely complete and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1990, 3.5% economic growth was led by mining and tourism.

_#_GDP: $3.9 billion, per capita $1,580; real growth rate 3.5% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.0% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 18.2% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $1.0 billion; expenditures $1.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $197 million (FY90 est.)

_#_Exports: $1.02 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—bauxite, alumina, sugar, bananas;

partners—US 36%, UK, Canada, Norway, Trinidad and Tobago

_#_Imports: $1.83 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—petroleum, machinery, food, consumer goods, construction goods;

partners—US 48%, UK, Venezuela, Canada, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago

_#_External debt: $4.1 billion (1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 25% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 1,122,000 kW capacity; 2,508 million kWh produced, 1,030 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures

_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports; commercial crops—sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, and vegetables; livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; not self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for ships carrying cocaine and cannabis from central and South America to North America

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.45 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $27 million; Communist countries (1974-89), $349 million

_#_Currency: Jamaican dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1—8.106 (January 1991), 7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987), 5.4778 (1986), 5.5586 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*Communications #_Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track

_#_Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth

_#_Pipelines: refined products, 10 km

_#_Ports: Kingston, Montego Bay

_#_Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,048 GRT/21,412 DWT; includes 1 cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 bulk

_#_Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 41 total, 25 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; stations—10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes Coast Guard and Air Wing), Jamaica Constabulary Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 628,225; 446,229 fit for military service; no conscription; 26,442 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $20 million, less than 1% of GDP (FY91) % @Jan Mayen (territory of Norway) *Geography #_Total area: 373 km2; land area: 373 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 124.1 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 10 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 4 nm

_#_Disputes: Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims beween Greenland and Jan Mayen

_#_Climate: arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

_#_Terrain: volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak, with an elevation of 2,277 meters

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed in 1970

_#_Note: located north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km north-northeast of Iceland between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea

_*People #_Population: no permanent inhabitants

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: territory of Norway

_#_Note: administered by a governor (sysselmann) resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard)

_*Economy #_Overview: Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources. Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's radio and meteorological stations located on the island.

_#_Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1989)

_*Communications #_Airports: 1 with runway 1,220 to 2,439 m

_#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_#_Telecommunications: radio and meteorological station

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of Norway % @Japan *Geography #_Total area: 377,835 km2; land area: 374,744 km2; includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima, Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands (Kazan-retto)

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than California

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 29,751 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm (3 nm in international straits—La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait)

_#_Disputes: Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan

_#_Climate: varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

_#_Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous

_#_Natural resources: negligible mineral resources, fish

_#_Land use: arable land 13%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 67%; other 18%; includes irrigated 9%

_#_Environment: many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences (mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis

_#_Note: strategic location in northeast Asia

_*People #_Population: 124,017,137 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 10 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 4 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 76 years male, 82 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Japanese (sing., pl.); adjective—Japanese

_#_Ethnic divisions: Japanese 99.4%, other (mostly Korean) 0.6%

_#_Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add to more than 100%—Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12% (1985)

_#_Language: Japanese

_#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)

_#_Labor force: 63,330,000; trade and services 54%; manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%; government 3% (1988)

_#_Organized labor: about 29% of employed workers; public service 76.4%, transportation and telecommunications 57.9%, mining 48.7%, manufacturing 33.7%, services 18.2%, wholesale, retail, and restaurant 9.3%

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: constitutional monarchy

_#_Capital: Tokyo

_#_Administrative divisions: 47 prefectures (fuken, singular and plural); Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa, Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi, Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka, Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi

_#_Independence: 660 BC, traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu

_#_Constitution: 3 May 1947

_#_Legal system: civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)

_#_Executive branch: emperor, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors (Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Toshiki KAIFU, president; Keizo OBUCHI, secretary general; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), T. DOI, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keigo OUCHI, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), K. MIYAMOTO, Presidium chairman; Komeito (Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20

_#_Elections:

House of Councillors—last held on 23 July 1989 (next to be held 23 July 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(252 total, 100 elected) LDP 109, JSP 67, CGP 21, JCP 14, other 41;

House of Representatives—last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by February 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(512 total) LDP 275, JSP 136, CGP 45, JCP 16, DSP 14, other parties 5, independents 21; note—9 independents are expected to join the LDP, 5 the JSP

_#_Communists: about 490,000 registered Communist party members

_#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ryohei MURATA; Chancery at 2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6700; there are Japanese Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (Oregon), and a Consulate in Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands);

US—Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST; Embassy at 10-1, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96503); telephone [81] (3) 3224-5000; there are US Consulates General in Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, and Sapporo and a Consulate in Fukuoka

_#_Flag: white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the center

_*Economy #_Overview: Although Japan has few natural resources, since 1971 it has become the world's third-largest economy, ranking behind only the US and the USSR. Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively small defense allocation have helped Japan advance rapidly, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. Self-sufficent in rice, Japan must import 50% of its requirements for other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990 strong investment and consumption spending helped maintain growth at 5.6%. Inflation remains low at 3.1% despite higher oil prices and rising wages because of a tight labor market. Japan continues to run a huge trade surplus, $52 billion in 1990, which supports extensive investment in foreign properties.

_#_GNP: $2,115.2 billion, per capita $17,100; real growth rate 5.6% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.1% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 2.1% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $499 billion; expenditures $532 billion, including capital expenditures (public works only) of $52 billion (FY90)

_#_Exports: $286.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—manufactures 97% (including machinery 38%, motor vehicles 17%, consumer electronics 10%);

partners—US 31%, Southeast Asia 29%, Western Europe 21%, Communist countries 3%, Middle East 3%

_#_Imports: $234.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—manufactures 50%, fossil fuels 24%, foodstuffs and raw materials 26%;

partners—Southeast Asia 23%, US 23%, Western Europe 18%, Middle East 13%, Communist countries 7%

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.6% (1990 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP (mining and manufacturing)

_#_Electricity: 191,000,000 kW capacity; 790,000 million kWh produced, 6,390 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: metallurgy, engineering, electrical and electronic, textiles, chemicals, automobiles, fishing, telecommunications

_#_Agriculture: accounts for only 2% of GNP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with crop yields among highest in world; principal crops—rice, sugar beets, vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs; about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn, soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 11.9 million metric tons in 1988

_#_Economic aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $7.9 billion in 1989

_#_Currency: yen (plural—yen); 1 yen (3) = 100 sen

_#_Exchange rates: yen (3) per US$1—133.88 (January 1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987), 168.52 (1986), 238.54 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*Communications #_Railroads: 27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)

_#_Highways: 1,098,900 km total; 718,700 km paved, 380,200 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved; 3,900 km national expressways, 46,544 km national highways, 43,907 km principal local roads, 86,930 km prefectural roads, and 917,619 other (1987)

_#_Inland waterways: about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 84 km; refined products, 322 km; natural gas, 1,800 km

_#_Ports: Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo, Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji, Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu

_#_Merchant marine: 1,019 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,396,958 GRT/34,683,035 DWT; includes 9 passenger, 55 short-sea passenger, 4 passenger cargo, 95 cargo, 40 container, 33 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 125 refrigerated cargo, 99 vehicle carrier, 231 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 41 liquefied gas, 11 combination ore/oil, 3 specialized tanker, 257 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note—Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including up to 40% of the total number of ships under Panamanian flag

_#_Civil air: 360 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 165 total, 157 usable; 129 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 56 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones; stations—318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major—1 kw or greater); satellite earth stations—4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency (Coast Guard)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 32,256,893; 27,771,374 fit for military service; 992,255 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, 1.0% of GNP (1990 est.) % @Jarvis Island (territory of the US) *Geography #_Total area: 4.5 km2; land area: 4.5 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 8 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

_#_Terrain: sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef

_#_Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds, shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats

_#_Note: 2,090 km south of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, just south of the Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands

_*People #_Population: uninhabited

_#_Note: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only and generally restricted to scientists and educators

_*Government #_Long-form name: none (territory of the US)

_#_Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System

_*Economy #_Overview: no economic activity

_*Communications #_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only—one boat landing area in the middle of the west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island

_#_Note: there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast Guard % @Jersey (British crown dependency) *Geography #_Total area: 117 km2; land area: 117 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 70 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: temperate; mild winters and cool summers

_#_Terrain: gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast

_#_Natural resources: agricultural land

_#_Land use: arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA%; about 58% of land under cultivation

_#_Environment: about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier

_#_Note: largest and southernmost of Channel Islands; 27 km from France

_*People #_Population: 84,331 (July 1991), growth rate 0.8% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 6 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Channel Islander(s); adjective—Channel Islander

_#_Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French descent

_#_Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist, Presbyterian

_#_Language: English and French (official), with the Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) but compulsory education age 5 to 16

_#_Labor force: NA

_#_Organized labor: none

_*Government #_Long-form name: Bailiwick of Jersey

_#_Type: British crown dependency

_#_Capital: Saint Helier

_#_Administrative divisions: none (British crown dependency)

_#_Independence: none (British crown dependency)

_#_Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

_#_Legal system: English law and local statute

_#_National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the States

_#_Judicial branch: Royal Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government—Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON (since NA 1990); Bailiff Peter CRILL (since NA)

_#_Political parties and leaders: none; all independents

_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA

_#_Elections:

Assembly of the States—last held NA (next to be held NA); results—percent of vote NA; seats—(56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents

_#_Communists: probably none

_#_Member of: none

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (British crown dependency)

_#_Flag: white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) extending to the corners of the flag

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of Jersey's food needs.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 8% (1987 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1988 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1985)

_#_Exports: $NA;

commodities—light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles;

partners—UK

_#_Imports: $NA;

commodities—machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals;

partners—UK

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 50,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by France

_#_Industries: tourism, banking and finance, dairy

_#_Agriculture: potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming

_#_Economic aid: none

_#_Currency: Jersey pound (plural—pounds); 1 Jersey pound (5J) = 100 pence

_#_Exchange rates: Jersey pounds (5J) per US$1—0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985); the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*Communications #_Ports: Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin

_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m (Saint Peter)

_#_Telecommunications: 63,700 telephones; stations—1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK % @Johnston Atoll (territory of the US) *Geography #_Total area: 2.8 km2; land area: 2.8 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 10 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation

_#_Terrain: mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters

_#_Natural resources: guano (deposits worked until about 1890)

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: some low-growing vegetation

_#_Note: strategic location 1,328 km west-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about one-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall Islands; Johnston Island and Sand Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; former nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS)

_*People #_Population: 1,325 (December 1990); all US government personnel and contractors

_*Government #_Long-form name: none (territory of the US)

_#_Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National Wildlife Refuge system

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)

_#_Flag: the flag of the US is used

_*Economy #_Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported.

_#_Electricity: supplied by the United States Military

_*Communications #_Ports: Johnston Island

_#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,743 m

_#_Telecommunications: excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal, digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), commercial satellite television system (receive only), and UHF/VHF air-ground radio, marine VHF/FM Channel 16

_#_Note: US Coast Guard operates a LORAN transmitting station

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of the US % @Jordan (see separate West Bank entry) #_Note: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in control of the West Bank. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties. The Camp David Accords further specify that these negotiations will resolve the location of the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip has yet to be determined.

_*Geography #_Total area: 91,880 km2; land area: 91,540 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana

_#_Land boundaries: 1,586 km total; Iraq 134 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 742 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km

_#_Coastline: 26 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Disputes: differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line which separates the two countries

_#_Climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

_#_Terrain: mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River

_#_Natural resources: phosphates, potash, shale oil

_#_Land use: arable land 4%; permanent crops 0.5%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 0.5%; other 94%; includes irrigated 0.5%

_#_Environment: lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

_*People #_Population: 3,412,553 (July 1991), growth rate 4.2% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 73 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Jordanian(s); adjective—Jordanian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

_#_Religion: Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%

_#_Language: Arabic (official); English widely understood among upper and middle classes

_#_Literacy: 80% (male 89%, female 70%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 572,000 (1988); agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.)

_#_Organized labor: about 10% of labor force

_#_Note: 1.5-1.7 million Palestinians live on the East Bank (55-60% of the population), most are Jordanian citizens

_*Government #_Long-form name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

_#_Type: constitutional monarchy

_#_Capital: Amman

_#_Administrative divisions: 8 governorates (muhafazat, singular—muhafazah); Al Balqa, Al Karak, Al Mafraq, Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa, Irbid, Maan

_#_Independence: 25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration; formerly Trans-Jordan)

_#_Constitution: 8 January 1952

_#_Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May (1946)

_#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-Umma) consists of an upper house or House of Notables (Majlis al-Aayan) and a lower house or House of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note—the House of Deputies was dissolved by King Hussein on 30 July 1988 as part of Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank and in November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held, with no seats going to Palestinians on the West Bank

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Cassation

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal I (since 11 August 1952);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Tahir al-MASRI (since 17 June 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: none; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan—including the creation of political parties—has been completed but not yet approved

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20

_#_Elections:

House of Representatives—last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(80 total) Muslim Brotherhood 22, Independent Islamic bloc 10, Democratic bloc (mostly leftist) 15, Liberal bloc (traditionalist) 7, Nationalist bloc (traditionalist) 14, independent 12

_#_Communists: party actively repressed, membership less than 500 (est.)

_#_Member of: ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hussein A. HAMMAMI; Chancery at 3504 International Drive NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 966-2664;

US—Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON; Embassy on Jebel Amman, Amman (mailing address is P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO New York 09892); telephone [962] (6) 644-371

_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven fundamental laws of the Koran

_*Economy #_Overview: Jordan was a secondary beneficiary of the oil boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged 10-12%. Recent years, however, have witnessed a sharp reduction in grant aid from Arab oil-producing countries and a dropoff in worker remittances, with national growth averaging 1-2%. Imports—mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and foodstuffs—have been outstripping exports by roughly $2 billion annually, the difference being made up by aid, remittances, and borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government agreed to implement an IMF austerity program designed to tackle the country's serious economic problems. The program sought to gradually reduce the government's budget deficit over the next several years and implement badly needed structural reforms in the economy. In return for agreeing to the IMF program, Jordan was granted IMF standby loans of over $100 million. Recognizing that it would be unable to cover its debt obligations, the government also began debt rescheduling negotiations with creditors in mid-1989. The onset of the Gulf crisis in August 1990 forced the government to shelve the IMF program and suspend most debt payments and rescheduling negotiations. Economic prospects for 1991 are especially gloomy, given the unsettled conditions in the Middle East.

_#_GNP: $4.6 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate - 15% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 30% (January 1991 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $1.05 billion; expenditures $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)

_#_Exports: $0.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—fruits and vegetables, phosphates, fertilizers;

partners—Iraq, Saudi Arabia, India, Kuwait, Japan, China, Yugoslavia, Indonesia

_#_Imports: $2.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities—crude oil, textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs;

partners—EC, US, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey, Romania, China, Taiwan

_#_External debt: $8 billion (December 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 15% (1990 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 981,000 kW capacity; 3,500 million kWh produced, 1,180 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing

_#_Agriculture: accounts for only 5% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock—sheep, goats, poultry; large net importer of food

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44 million

_#_Currency: Jordanian dinar (plural—dinars); 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils

_#_Exchange rates: Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1—0.6670 (January 1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987), 0.3499 (1986), 0.3940 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 619 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track

_#_Highways: 7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km

_#_Ports: Al Aqabah

_#_Merchant marine: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 22,870 GRT/38,187 DWT; includes 1 bulk, 1 cargo

_#_Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 19 total, 16 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay, cable, and radio; 81,500 telephones; stations—4 AM, 3 FM, 24 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic TV receive-only; coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Syria; radio relay to Lebanon is inactive; a microwave network linking Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Jordan

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard, Public Security Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 778,353; 555,144 fit for military service; 39,879 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $377 million, 12.4% of GNP (1990) % @Juan de Nova Island (French possession) *Geography #_Total area: 4.4 km2; land area: 4.4 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 7.5 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 24.1 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claimed by Madagascar

_#_Climate: tropical

_#_Terrain: undetermined

_#_Natural resources: guano deposits and other fertilizers

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 90%; other 10%

_#_Environment: subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary

_#_Note: located in the central Mozambique Channel about halfway between Africa and Madagascar

_*People #_Population: uninhabited

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion

_*Economy #_Overview: no economic activity

_*Communications #_Railroads: short line going to a jetty

_#_Airports: 1 with nonpermanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of France % @Kenya *Geography #_Total area: 582,650 km2; land area: 569,250 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Nevada

_#_Land boundaries: 3,477 km total; Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km

_#_Coastline: 536 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis

_#_Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

_#_Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west

_#_Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife

_#_Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 4%; other 85%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on Mt. Kenya

_#_Note: Kenyan Highlands one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa

_*People #_Population: 25,241,978 (July 1991), growth rate 3.6% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 45 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 69 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Kenyan(s); adjective—Kenyan

_#_Ethnic divisions: Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, Asian, European, and Arab 1%

_#_Religion: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 6%

_#_Language: English and Swahili (official); numerous indigenous languages

_#_Literacy: 69% (male 80%, female 58%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1.37 million (14.8% of the labor force); services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989)

_#_Organized labor: 390,000 (est.)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Kenya

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Nairobi

_#_Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 area*; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi Area*, North-Eastern, Nyanza, Rift Valley, Western

_#_Independence: 12 December 1963 (from UK; formerly British East Africa)

_#_Constitution: 12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, and 1988

_#_Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure one-party state

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: only party—Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI, president

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held by March 1993); results—President Daniel T. arap MOI was reelected;

National Assembly—last held on 21 March 1988 (next to be held by March 1993); results—KANU is the only party; seats—(202 total, 188 elected) KANU 200

_#_Communists: may be a few Communists and sympathizers

_#_Other political or pressure groups: labor unions; exile opposition—Mwakenya and other groups

_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE; Chancery at 2249 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-6101; there are Kenyan Consulates General in Los Angeles and New York;

US—Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.; Embassy at the corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi (mailing address is P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi or APO New York 09675); telephone [254] (2) 334141; there is a US Consulate in Mombasa

_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is superimposed at the center

_*Economy #_Overview: A serious underlying economic problem is Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate—one of the highest in the world. In the meantime, GDP growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population—annually averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading economic sector.

_#_GDP: $8.5 billion, per capita $360; real growth rate 4% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.9% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%, but there is a high level of unemployment and underemployment

_#_Budget: revenues $2.0 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA billion (FY89)

_#_Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—tea 25%, coffee 21%, petroleum products 7% (1989);

partners—EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1988)

_#_Imports: $2.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities—machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products 15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989 est.);

partners—EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988)

_#_External debt: $5.8 billion (December 1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 730,000 kW capacity; 2,700 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism

_#_Agriculture: most important sector, accounting for 29% of GDP, about 80% of the work force, and over 50% of exports; cash crops—coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; food products—corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products; food output not keeping pace with population growth

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis used mostly for domestic consumption; widespread cultivation of cannabis and qat on small plots; transit country for heroin and methaqualone en route from Southwest Asia to West Africa, Western Europe, and the US

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $6.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83 million

_#_Currency: Kenyan shilling (plural—shillings); 1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1—24.427 (January 1991), 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988), 16.454 (1987), 16.226 (1986), 16.432 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*Communications #_Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge

_#_Highways: 64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth

_#_Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya; principal inland port is at Kisumu

_#_Pipelines: refined products, 483 km

_#_Ports: Mombasa, Lamu

_#_Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 249 total, 213 usable; 22 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: in top group of African systems; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; 260,000 telephones; stations—11 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV; satellite earth stations—1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTLESAT

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,444,247; 3,362,290 fit for military service; no conscription

_#Defense expenditures: $100 million, 1.0% of GDP (1989 est.) % @Kingman Reef (territory of the US) *Geography #_Total area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 3 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth);

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds

_#_Terrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time

_#_Note: located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa; maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed to the public

_*People #_Population: uninhabited

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy

_*Economy #_Overview: no economic activity

_*Communications #_Airports: lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938

_#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of the US % @Kiribati *Geography #_Total area: 717 km2; land area: 717 km2; includes three island groups—Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 1,143 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

_#_Terrain: mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs

_#_Natural resources: phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

_#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 51%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 3%; other 46%

_#_Environment: typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33 islands are inhabited

_#_Note: Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean—the others are Makatea in French Polynesia and Nauru

_*People #_Population: 71,137 (July 1991), growth rate 1.6% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 33 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 63 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 58 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 4.2 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—I-Kiribati (sing., pl.); adjective—I-Kiribati

_#_Ethnic divisions: Micronesian

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985)

_#_Language: English (official), Gilbertese

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: 7,870 economically active (1985 est.)

_#_Organized labor: Kiribati Trades Union Congress—2,500 members

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Kiribati; note—pronounced Kiribas

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Tarawa

_#_Administrative divisions: 3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note—a new administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been changed to 20 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina

_#_Independence: 12 July 1979 (from UK; formerly Gilbert Islands)

_#_Constitution: 12 July 1979

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu)

_#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Ieremia TABAI (since 12 July 1979); Vice President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 20 July 1979)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese National Party; Christian Democratic Party, Teburoro TITO, secretary; essentially not organized on the basis of political parties

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held on 12 May 1987 (next to be held May 1991); results—Ieremia TABAI 50.1%, Tebruroro TITO 42.7%, Tetao TEANNAKI 7.2%;

House of Assembly—last held on 19 March l987 (next to be held May 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party NA

_#_Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP (associate), IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant) lives in Tarawa (Kiribati);

US—none

_#_Flag: the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising sun and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean

_*Economy #_Overview: The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output in 1988, GNP increased 1% in 1989 and again in 1990.

_#_GDP: $36.8 million, per capita $525; real growth rate 1.0% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.0% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 2% (1985); considerable underemployment

_#_Budget: revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—fish 55%, copra 42%;

partners—EC 20%, Marshall Islands 12%, US 8%, American Samoa 4% (1985)

_#_Imports: $26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.);

commodities—foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment;

partners—Australia 39%, Japan 21%, NZ 6%, UK 6%, US 3% (1985)

_#_External debt: $2.0 million (December 1989 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 0.0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: fishing, handicrafts

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about 95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops—taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $258 million

_#_Currency: Australian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1—1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: NA

_*Communications #_Highways: 640 km of motorable roads

_#_Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands

_#_Ports: Banaba and Betio (Tarawa)

_#_Civil air: 2 Trislanders; no major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 22 total; 21 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 1,400 telephones; stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: no military force maintained; the Police Force carries out law enforcement functions and paramilitary duties; there are small police posts on all islands

_#_Manpower availability: NA

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP % @Korea, North *Geography #_Total area: 120,540 km2; land area: 120,410 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Mississippi

_#_Land boundaries: 1,671 km total; China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, USSR 17 km

_#_Coastline: 2,495 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm;

Military boundary line: 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea (all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned)

_#_Disputes: short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with South Korea

_#_Climate: temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

_#_Terrain: mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains wide in west, discontinuous in east

_#_Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold, pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower

_#_Land use: arable land 18%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and woodland 74%; other 7%; includes irrigated 9%

_#_Environment: mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding

_#_Note: strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and USSR

_*People #_Population: 21,814,656 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 30 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 72 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.5 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Korean(s); adjective—Korean

_#_Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous

_#_Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent

_#_Language: Korean

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: 9,615,000; agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)

_#_Organized labor: 1,600,000 members; single-trade union system coordinated by the General Federation of Trade Unions of Korea under the Central Committee

_*Government #_Long-form name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea; abbreviated DPRK

_#_Type: Communist state; dictatorship

_#_Capital: P'yongyang

_#_Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Chagang-do, Hamgyong-namdo, Hamgyong-bukto, Hwanghae-namdo, Hwanghae-bukto, Kaesong-si*, Kangwon-do, Namp'o-si*, P'yongan-bukto, P'yongan-namdo, P'yongyang-si*, Yanggang-do

_#_Independence: 9 September 1948

_#_Constitution: adopted 1948, revised 27 December 1972

_#_Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 9 September (1948)

_#_Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, premier, eleven vice premiers, State Administration Council (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui)

_#_Judicial branch: Central Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President KIM Il-song (since 28 December 1972); Designated Successor KIM Chong-il (son of President, born 16 February 1942);

Head of Government—Premier YON Hyong-muk (since NA December 1988)

_#_Political parties and leaders: major party—Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary, and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social Democratic Party, YI Kye-paek, chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG Sin-hyok, chairman

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 17

_#_Elections:

President—last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held 1994); results—President KIM Il-song was reelected without opposition;

Supreme People's Assembly—last held on 24 May 1990 (next to be held 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(687 total) the KWP approves a single list of candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few seats

_#_Communists: KWP claims membership of about 3 million

_#_Member of: FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: none

_#_Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star

_*Economy #_Overview: More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods. State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the strict one-man rule of Kim. Economic growth during the period 1984-90 averaged approximately 3%. Abundant natural resources and hydropower form the basis of industrial development. Output of the extractive industries includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead, and precious metals. Manufacturing emphasis is centered on heavy industry, with light industry lagging far behind. Despite the use of high-yielding seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food production. Four consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. North Korea remains far behind South Korea in economic development and living standards.

_#_GNP: $29.7 billion, per capita $1,390; real growth rate 2% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: officially none

_#_Budget: revenues $15.6 billion; expenditures $15.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989)

_#_Exports: $1.95 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural products, manufactures;

partners—USSR, China, Japan, Hong Kong, FRG, Singapore

_#_Imports: $2.85 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—petroleum, machinery and equipment, coking coal, grain;

partners—USSR, Japan, China, Hong Kong, FRG, Singapore

_#_External debt: $7 billion (1991)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 6,440,000 kW capacity; 40,250 million kWh produced, 1,890 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing

_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops—rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products—cattle, hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7 million metric tons in 1987

_#_Economic aid: Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s

_#_Currency: North Korean won (plural—won); 1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon

_#_Exchange rates: North Korean won (Wn) per US$1—2.2 (March 1991), 2.1 (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987), NA (1986), NA (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 4,535 km total; 3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,175 km electrified; government owned (1989)

_#_Highways: about 30,000 km (1989); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous

_#_Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 37 km

_#_Ports: Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam, Namp'o, Wonsan, Songnim, Najin, Sonbong

_#_Merchant marine: 68 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 465,801 GRT/709,442 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 58 cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 bulk, 1 combination bulk

_#_Airports: 55 total, 55 usable (est.); about 30 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: stations—18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 200,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 radio receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Korean People's Army (includes of the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security Forces

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,381,859; 3,899,606 fit for military service; 214,690 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note—the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.7 billion, 6% of GNP (1991 est.) % @Korea, South *Geography #_Total area: 98,480 km2; land area: 98,190 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Indiana

_#_Land boundary: 238 km with North Korea

_#_Coastline: 2,413 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: not specific

Territorial sea: 12 nm (3 nm in the Korea Strait)

_#_Disputes: Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan

_#_Climate: temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

_#_Terrain: mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south

_#_Natural resources: coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower

_#_Land use: arable land 21%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 67%; other 10%; includes irrigated 12%

_#_Environment: occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest; air pollution in large cities

_#_Notes: strategic location along the Korea Strait, Sea of Japan, and Yellow Sea

_*People #_Population: 43,134,386 (July 1991), growth rate 0.8% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 73 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Korean(s); adjective—Korean

_#_Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese minority (about 20,000)

_#_Religion: strong Confucian tradition; vigorous Christian minority (28% of the total population); Buddhism; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents

_#_Language: Korean; English widely taught in high school

_#_Literacy: 96% (male 99%, female 94%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 16,900,000; 52% services and other; 27% mining and manufacturing; 21% agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987)

_#_Organized labor: about 10% of nonagricultural labor force in government-sanctioned unions

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Korea; abbreviated ROK

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Seoul

_#_Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi, singular and plural); Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo, Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do, Kwangju-jikhalsi*, Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo, Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*

_#_Independence: 15 August 1948

_#_Constitution: 25 February 1988

_#_Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 15 August (1948)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, State Council (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President ROH Tae Woo (since 25 February 1988);

Head of Government—Prime Minister CHUNG Won Shik (since 24 May 1991); Deputy Prime Minister CHOI Kak Kyu (since 19 February 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders:

ruling party—Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), ROH Tae Woo, president, KIM Young Sam, chairman; note—the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party (NDRP) on 9 February 1990;

opposition—New Democratic Party (NDP, formerly Party for Peace and Democracy or PPD), KIM Dae Jung, president; Democratic Party (DP), YI Ki Taek; several smaller parties

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 20

_#_Elections:

President—last held on 16 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992); results—ROH Tae Woo (DJP) 35.9%, KIM Young Sam (RDP) 27.5%, KIM Dae Jung (PPD) 26.5%, other 10.1%;