THE WORLD FACTBOOK (continued 4)

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric tons in 1986

_#_Economic aid: donor—to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion

_#_Currency: yuan (plural—yuan); 1 yuan (3) = 10 jiao

_#_Exchange rates: yuan (3) per US$1—5.31 (April 1991), 4.7832 (1990), 3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987), 3.4528 (1986), 2.9367 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 11,200 km double track on standard-gauge lines; 6,500 km electrified; 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

_#_Highways: about 980,000 km all types roads; 162,000 km paved roads, 617,200 km gravel/improved earth roads, 200,800 km unimproved natural earth roads and tracks

_#_Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable

_#_Pipelines: crude, 6,500 km; refined products, 1,100 km; natural gas, 6,200 km

_#_Ports: Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang, Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou

_#_Merchant marine: 1,421 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 14,010,317 GRT/21,223,170 DWT; includes 24 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 19 passenger-cargo, 7 cargo/training, 776 cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 70 container, 17 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 multifunction barge carrier, 181 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 250 bulk, 2 liquefied gas, 2 vehicle carrier, 9 combination bulk; note—China beneficially owns an additional 183 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 5,921,000 DWT that operate under Maltese and Liberian registry

_#_Airports: 330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10 with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December 1989); stations—274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 relays) TV; more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth stations—4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT, and 55 domestic

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Chinese People's Liberation Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including Marines), CPLA Air Force, Chinese People's Armed Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 335,382,062; 187,046,680 fit for military service; 10,967,622 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GNP % @Christmas Island (territory of Australia) *Geography #_Total area: 135 km2; land area: 135 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 138.9 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 12 nm;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

_#_Terrain: steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau

_#_Natural resources: phosphate

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: almost completely surrounded by a reef

_#_Note: located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean

_*People #_Population: 2,278 (July 1991), growth rate NA% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Christmas Islander(s), adjective—Christmas Island

_#_Ethnic divisions: Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%; no indigenous population

_#_Religion: Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%, Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981)

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas Island, Ltd.

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*Government #_Long-form name: Territory of Christmas Island

_#_Type: territory of Australia

_#_Capital: The Settlement

_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Independence: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Constitution: Christmas Island Act of 1958

_#_Legal system: under the authority of the governor general of Australia

_#_National holiday: NA

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory Council (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: none

_#_Judicial branch: none

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government—Administrator A. D. TAYLOR (since NA)

_#_Communists: none

_#_Member of: none

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Flag: the flag of Australia is used

_*Economy #_Overview: Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date during the first half of 1992.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment rate: 0%

_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

_#_Exports: $NA;

commodities—phosphate;

partners—Australia, NZ

_#_Imports: $NA;

commodities—NA;

partners—NA

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 13,170 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: phosphate extraction (near depletion)

_#_Agriculture: NA

_#_Economic aid: none

_#_Currency: Australian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1—1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*Communications #_Ports: Flying Fish Cove

_#_Airports: 1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 4,000 radios (1982)

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia % @Clipperton Island (French possession) *Geography #_Total area: 7 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 12 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 11.1 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claimed by Mexico

_#_Climate: tropical

_#_Terrain: coral atoll

_#_Natural resources: none

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other (coral) 100%

_#_Environment: reef about 8 km in circumference

_#_Note: located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean; also called Ile de la Passion

_*People #_Population: uninhabited

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: French possession administered from French Polynesia by High Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT; note—may have become a dependency of French Polynesia

_*Economy #_Overview: only economic activity is a tuna fishing station

_*Communications #_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of France % @Cocos (Keeling) Islands (territory of Australia) *Geography #_Total area: 14 km2; land area: 14 km2; main islands are West Island and Home Island

_#_Comparative area: about 24 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 42.6 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: pleasant, modified by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year; moderate rainfall

_#_Terrain: flat, low-lying coral atolls

_#_Natural resources: fish

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%

_#_Environment: two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation

_#_Note: located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean about halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka

_*People #_Population: 684 (July 1991), growth rate NEGL% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Cocos Islander(s); adjective—Cocos Islander(s)

_#_Ethnic divisions: mostly Europeans on West Island and Cocos Malays on Home Island

_#_Religion: almost all Sunni Muslims

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: NA

_#_Organized labor: none

_*Government #_Long-form name: Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands

_#_Type: territory of Australia

_#_Capital: West Island

_#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Independence: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Constitution: Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955

_#_Legal system: based upon the laws of Australia and local laws

_#_National holiday: NA

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, chairman of the Islands Council

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Islands Council

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);

Head of Government—Administrator D. LAWRIE (since NA 1989); Chairman of the Islands Council Parson Bin YAPAT (since NA)

_#_Suffrage: NA

_#_Elections: NA

_#_Member of: none

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of Australia)

_#_Flag: the flag of Australia is used

_*Economy #_Overview: Grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. Copra and fresh coconuts are the major export earners. Small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must be imported from Australia.

_#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment: NA

_#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

_#_Exports: $NA;

commodities—copra;

partners—Australia

_#_Imports: $NA;

commodities—foodstuffs;

partners—Australia

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 1,000 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, 2,980 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: copra products

_#_Agriculture: gardens provide vegetables, bananas, pawpaws, coconuts

_#_Economic aid: none

_#_Currency: Australian dollar (plural—dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1—1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*Communications #_Ports: none; lagoon anchorage only

_#_Airports: 1 airfield with permanent-surface runway, 1,220-2,439 m; airport on West Island is a link in service between Australia and South Africa

_#_Telecommunications: 250 radios (1985); linked by telephone, telex, and facsimile communications via satellite with Australia; stations—1 AM, no FM, no TV

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia % @Colombia *Geography #_Total area: 1,138,910 km2; land area: 1,038,700 km2; includes Isla de Malpelo, Roncador Cay, Serrana Bank, and Serranilla Bank

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Montana

_#_Land boundaries: 7,408 km total; Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 2,900, Venezuela 2,050 km

_#_Coastline: 3,208 km total (1,448 km North Pacific Ocean; 1,760 Caribbean Sea)

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: not specified;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela; territorial dispute with Nicaragua over Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank

_#_Climate: tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

_#_Terrain: mixture of flat coastal lowlands, plains in east, central highlands, some high mountains

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper, emeralds

_#_Land use: arable land 4%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and woodland 49%; other 16%; includes irrigated NEGL%

_#_Environment: highlands subject to volcanic eruptions; deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; periodic droughts

_#_Note: only South American country with coastlines on both North Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea

_*People #_Population: 33,777,550 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 74 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Colombian(s); adjective—Colombian

_#_Ethnic divisions: mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Indian 3%, Indian 1%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95%

_#_Language: Spanish

_#_Literacy: 87% (male 88%, female 86%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 11,000,000 (1986); services 53%, agriculture 26%, industry 21% (1981)

_#_Organized labor: 1,400,000 members (1987), about 12% of labor force; the Communist-backed Unitary Workers Central or CUT is the largest labor organization, with about 725,000 members (including all affiliate unions)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Colombia

_#_Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure

_#_Capital: Bogota

_#_Administrative divisions: 23 departments (departamentos, singular—departamento), 5 commissariats* (comisarias, singular—comisaria), and 4 intendancies** (intendencias, singular—intendencia); Amazonas*, Antioquia, Arauca**, Atlantico, Bolivar, Boyaca, Caldas, Caqueta, Casanare**, Cauca, Cesar, Choco, Cordoba, Cundinamarca, Guainia*, Guaviare*, Huila, La Guajira, Magdalena, Meta, Narino, Norte de Santander, Putumayo**, Quindio, Risaralda, San Andres y Providencia**, Santander, Sucre, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Vaupes*, Vichada*; note—there may be a new special district (distrito especial) named Bogota; the Constitution of 5 July 1991 states that the commissariats and intendancies are to become full departments and a capital district (distrito capital) of Santa Fe de Bogota is to be established by 1997

_#_Independence: 20 July 1810 (from Spain)

_#_Constitution: 5 July 1991

_#_Legal system: based on Spanish law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 20 July (1810)

_#_Executive branch: president, presidential designate, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of a nationally elected upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a regionally elected lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives (Camara de Representantes)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (since 7 August 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party (PL), Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo, president, and Alfonso LOPEZ Michelsen, party head; Social Conservative Party (PCS), Misael PASTRANA Borrero; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado; Democratic Alliance (AD) is headed by 19th of April Movement (M-19) leader Antonio NAVARRO Wolf, coalition of small leftist parties and dissident liberals and conservatives; Patriotic Union (UP), is a legal political party formed by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and Colombian Communist Party (PCC), Carlos ROMERO

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 27 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results—Cesar GAVIRIA Trujillo (Liberal) 47%, Alvaro GOMEZ Hurtado (National Salvation Movement) 24%, Antonio NAVARRO Wolff (M-19) 13%, Rodrigo LLOREDA (Conservative) 12%;

Senate—last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held 27 October 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(114 total) Liberal 72, Conservative 40, UP 1, vacant 1;

Chamber of Representatives last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held 27 October 1991); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(199 total) Liberal 122, Conservative 68, UP 3, M-19 1, other 5; note—on 5 July 1991 the new Constitution dissolved Congress and replaced it with a multiparty 36-member legislative commission until a new congress, to be elected on 27 October 1991, takes office on 1 December 1991

_#_Communists: 18,000 members (est.), including Communist Party Youth Organization (JUCO)

_#_Other political or pressure groups: three insurgent groups are active in Colombia—Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), led by Manuel MARULANDA and Alfonso CANO; National Liberation Army (ELN), led by Manuel PEREZ; and dissidents of the recently demobilized People's Liberation Army (EPL) led by Francisco CARABALLO

_#_Member of: AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jaime GARCIA Parra; Chancery at 2118 Leroy Place NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-8338; there are Colombian Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Tampa;

US—Ambassador-designate Morris D. BUSBY; Embassy at Calle 38, No.8-61, Bogota (mailing address is P. O. Box A. A. 3831, Bogota or APO Miami 34038); telephone [57] (1) 285-1300 or 1688; there is a US Consulate in Barranquilla

_#_Flag: three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue, and red; similar to the flag of Ecuador which is longer and bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center

_*Economy #_Overview: Economic development has slowed gradually since 1986, but growth rates remain high by Latin American standards. Conservative economic policies have kept inflation and unemployment near 30% and 10%, respectively. The rapid development of oil, coal, and other nontraditional industries over the past four years has helped to offset the decline in coffee prices—Colombia's major export. The collapse of the International Coffee Agreement in the summer of 1989, a troublesome rural insurgency, and drug-related violence dampen prospects for future growth.

_#_GDP: $43.0 billion, per capita $1,300; real growth rate 3.7% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 32.4% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 10.4% (urban areas 1990) (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $4.39 billion; current expenditures $3.93 billion, capital expenditures $1.03 billion (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—coffee 24%, petroleum, coal, bananas, fresh cut flowers;

partners—US 36%, EC 21%, Japan 5%, Netherlands 4%, Sweden 3%

_#_Imports: $5.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—industrial equipment, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, paper products;

partners—US 34%, EC 16%, Brazil 4%, Venezuela 3%, Japan 3%

_#_External debt: $16.7 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.0% (1990 est.); accounts for 25% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 9,435,000 kW capacity; 36,071 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, metal products, cement; mining—gold, coal, emeralds, iron, nickel, silver, salt

_#_Agriculture: growth rate 4.9% (1990); accounts for 22% of GDP; crops make up two-thirds and livestock one-third of agricultural output; climate and soils permit a wide variety of crops, such as coffee, rice, tobacco, corn, sugarcane, cocoa beans, oilseeds, vegetables; forest products and shrimp farming are becoming more important

_#_Illicit drugs: major illicit producer of cannabis and coca; key supplier of marijuana and cocaine to the US and other international drug markets; drug production and trafficking accounts for an estimated 4% of GDP and 28% of foreign exchange earnings

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $399 million

_#_Currency: Colombian peso (plural—pesos); 1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos

_#_Exchange rates: Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1—574.09 (January 1991), 502.24 (1990), 382.57 (1989), 299.17 (1988), 242.61 (1987), 194.26 (1986), 142.31 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 3,386 km; 3,236 km 0.914-meter gauge, single track (2,611 km in use), 150 km 1.435-meter gauge

_#_Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces

_#_Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km

_#_Ports: Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Covenas, San Andres, Santa Marta, Tumaco

_#_Merchant marine: 35 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 330,316 GRT/484,351 DWT; includes 23 cargo, 1 chemical tanker, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 bulk; note—2 naval tankers are sometimes used commercially

_#_Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 1,165 total, 1,045 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 192 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: nationwide radio relay system; 1,890,000 telephones; stations—413 AM, no FM, 33 TV, 28 shortwave 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations with 2 antennas and 11 domestic satellite stations

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army (Ejercito Nacional), Navy (Armada Nacional), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia), National Police (Policia Nacional)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 8,998,759; 6,102,745 fit for military service; 353,122 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $892 million, 2.2% of GDP (1990) % @Comoros *Geography #_Total area: 2,170 km2; land area: 2,170 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 340 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: claims French-administered Mayotte

_#_Climate: tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

_#_Terrain: volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 35%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 16%; other 34%

_#_Environment: soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; cyclones possible during rainy season

_#_Note: important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel

_*People #_Population: 476,678 (July 1991), growth rate 3.5% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 59 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Comoran(s); adjective—Comoran

_#_Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

_#_Religion: Sunni Muslim 86%, Roman Catholic 14%

_#_Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect), Malagasy, French

_#_Literacy: 48% (male 56%, female 40%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

_#_Labor force: 140,000 (1982); agriculture 80%, government 3%; 51% of population of working age (1985)

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*Government #_Long-form name: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros

_#_Type: independent republic

_#_Capital: Moroni

_#_Administrative divisions: 3 islands; Anjouan, Grande Comore, Moheli; note—there may also be 4 municipalities named Domoni, Fomboni, Moroni, and Mutsamudu

_#_Independence: 6 July 1975 (from France)

_#_Constitution: 1 October 1978, amended October 1982 and January 1985

_#_Legal system: French and Muslim law in a new consolidated code

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 6 July (1975)

_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Federal Assembly (Assemblee Federale)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Said Mohamed DJOHAR (since 11 March 1990)

_#_Political parties: Comoran Union for Progress (Udzima), Said Mohamed DJOHAR, president; National Union for Democracy (UNDC), Mohamed TAKI

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 11 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results—Said Mohamed DJOHAR (Udzima) 55%; Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (UNDC) 45%;

Federal Assembly—last held 22 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(42 total) Udzima 42

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Amini Ali MOUMIN; Chancery (temporary) at the Comoran Permanent Mission to the UN, 336 East 45th Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 972-8010;

US—Ambassador Kenneth N. PELTIER; Embassy at address NA, Moroni (mailing address B. P. 1318, Moroni); telephone 73-22-03, 73-29-22

_#_Flag: green with a white crescent placed diagonally (closed side of the crescent points to the upper hoist-side corner of the flag); there are four white five-pointed stars placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the crescent, stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago—Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (which is a territorial collectivity of France, but claimed by the Comoros)

_*Economy #_Overview: One of the world's poorest countries, Comoros is made up of several islands that have poor transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. The low educational level of the labor force contributes to a low level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is the leading sector of the economy. It contributes about 40% to GDP, employs 80% of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. The country is not self-sufficient in food production, and rice, the main staple, accounts for 90% of imports. During the period 1982-86 the industrial sector grew at an annual average rate of 5.3%, but its contribution to GDP was only 5% in 1988. Despite major investment in the tourist industry, which accounts for about 25% of GDP, growth has stagnated since 1983. A sluggish growth rate of 1.5% during 1985-90 has led to large budget deficits, declining incomes, and balance-of-payments difficulties.

_#_GDP: $245 million, per capita $530; real growth rate 1.5% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: over 16% (1988 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $88 million; expenditures $92 million, including capital expenditures of $13 million (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—vanilla, cloves, perfume oil, copra;

partners—US 53%, France 41%, Africa 4%, FRG 2% (1988)

_#_Imports: $41 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—rice and other foodstuffs, cement, petroleum products, consumer goods;

partners—Europe 62% (France 22%, other 40%), Africa 5%, Pakistan, China (1988)

_#_External debt: $242 million (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 3.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 16,000 kW capacity; 24 million kWh produced, 55 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: perfume distillation, textiles, furniture, jewelry, construction materials

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 40% of GDP; most of population works in subsistence agriculture and fishing; plantations produce cash crops for export—vanilla, cloves, perfume essences, and copra; principal food crops—coconuts, bananas, cassava; world's leading producer of essence of ylang-ylang (for perfumes) and second-largest producer of vanilla; large net food importer

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $406 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $22 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18 million

_#_Currency: Comoran franc (plural—francs); 1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: Comoran francs (CF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985); note—linked to the French franc at 50 to 1 French franc

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Highways: 750 km total; about 210 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel

_#_Ports: Mutsamudu, Moroni

_#_Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: sparse system of radio relay and high-frequency radio communication stations for interisland and external communications to Madagascar and Reunion; over 1,800 telephones; stations—2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Comoran Defense Force (FCD), Federal Gendarmerie (GFC)

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 101,332; 60,592 fit for military service

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, 3% of GDP (1981) % @Congo *Geography #_Total area: 342,000 km2; land area: 341,500 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Montana

_#_Land boundaries: 5,504 km total; Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, Gabon 1,903 km, Zaire 2,410 km

_#_Coastline: 169 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Territorial sea: 200 nm

_#_Disputes: long section with Zaire along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made)

_#_Climate: tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

_#_Terrain: coastal plain, southern basin, central plateau, northern basin

_#_Natural resources: petroleum, timber, potash, lead, zinc, uranium, copper, phosphates, natural gas

_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 29%; forest and woodland 62%; other 7%

_#_Environment: deforestation; about 70% of the population lives in Brazzaville, Pointe Noire, or along the railroad between them

_*People #_Population: 2,309,444 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 108 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 5.7 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Congolese (sing., pl.); adjective—Congolese or Congo

_#_Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke (17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French

_#_Religion: Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%

_#_Language: French (official); many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used

_#_Literacy: 57% (male 70%, female 44%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 79,100 wage earners; agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25%; 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active (1985)

_#_Organized labor: 20% of labor force (1979 est.)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of the Congo

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Brazzaville

_#_Administrative divisions: 9 regions (regions, singular—region); Bouenza, Cuvette, Kouilou, Lekoumou, Likouala, Niari, Plateaux, Pool, Sangha; note—there may be a new capital district of Brazzaville

_#_Independence: 15 August 1960 (from France; formerly Congo/Brazzaville)

_#_Constitution: 8 July 1979, currently being modified

_#_Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law

_#_National holiday: National Day, 15 August (1960)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 8 February 1979);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Brig. Gen. Louis-Sylvain GOMA (since 9 January 1991)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Congolese Labor Party (PCT), President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO, leader; note—multiparty system legalized, with over 50 parties established

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 26-31 July 1989 (next to be held July 1994); results—President SASSOU-NGUESSO unanimously reelected leader of the PCT by the Party Congress, which automatically made him president;

People's National Assembly—last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results—PCT was the only party; seats—(153 total) single list of candidates nominated by the PCT

_#_Communists: unknown number of Communists and sympathizers

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women (URFC), General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roger ISSOMBO; Chancery at 4891 Colorado Avenue NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-5500;

US—Ambassador James Daniel PHILLIPS; Embassy at Avenue Amilcar Cabral, Brazzaville (mailing address is B. P. 1015, Brazzaville, or Box C, APO New York 09662-0006); telephone (242) 83-20-70 or 83-26-24

_#_Flag: red with the national emblem in the upper hoist-side corner; the emblem includes a yellow five-pointed star above a crossed hoe and hammer (like the hammer and sickle design) in yellow, flanked by two curved green palm branches; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

_*Economy #_Overview: Oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing about two-thirds of government revenues and exports. In the early 1980s rapidly rising oil revenues enabled Congo to finance large-scale development projects with growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The world decline in oil prices, however, has forced the government to launch an austerity program to cope with declining receipts and mounting foreign debts.

_#_GDP: $2.26 billion, per capita $1,050; real growth rate 0.6% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.6% (1989 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $522 million; expenditures $767 million, including capital expenditures of $141 million (1989)

_#_Exports: $751 million (f.o.b., 1988);

commodities—crude petroleum 72%, lumber, plywood, coffee, cocoa, sugar, diamonds;

partners—US, France, other EC

_#_Imports: $564 million (c.i.f., 1988);

commodities—foodstuffs, consumer goods, intermediate manufactures, capital equipment;

partners—France, Italy, other EC, US, FRG, Spain, Japan, Brazil

_#_External debt: $4.5 billion (December 1988)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1989); accounts for 33% of GDP, including petroleum

_#_Electricity: 133,000 kW capacity; 300 million kWh produced, 130 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: crude oil, cement, sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil, soap, cigarettes

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); cassava accounts for 90% of food output; other crops—rice, corn, peanuts, vegetables; cash crops include coffee and cocoa; forest products important export earner; imports over 90% of food needs

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $60 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $15 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $338 million

_#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 797 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track (includes 285 km that are privately owned)

_#_Highways: 12,000 km total; 560 km bituminous surface treated; 850 km gravel, laterite; 5,350 km improved earth; 5,240 km unimproved roads

_#_Inland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially navigable water transport; the rest are used for local traffic only

_#_Pipelines: crude oil 25 km

_#_Ports: Pointe-Noire (ocean port), Brazzaville (river port)

_#_Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 50 total, 45 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: services adequate for government use; primary network is composed of radio relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones; stations—3 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, paramilitary National People's Militia, National Police

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 509,040; 258,861 fit for military service; 24,068 reach military age (20) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $99 million, 4.6% of GDP (1987 est.) % @Cook Islands (free association with New Zealand) *Geography #_Total area: 240 km2; land area: 240 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly less than 1.3 times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 120 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or minimum of 200 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds

_#_Terrain: low coral atolls in north; volcanic, hilly islands in south

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 4%; permanent crops 22%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 74%

_#_Environment: subject to typhoons from November to March

_#_Note: located 4,500 km south of Hawaii in the South Pacific Ocean

_*People #_Population: 17,882 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Cook Islander(s); adjective—Cook Islander

_#_Ethnic divisions: Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European 7.7%, Polynesian and other 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%

_#_Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church

_#_Language: English

_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

_#_Labor force: 5,810; agriculture 29%, government 27%, services 25%, industry 15%, and other 4% (1981)

_#_Organized labor: NA

_*Government #_Long-form name: none

_#_Type: self-governing in free association with New Zealand; Cook Islands fully responsible for internal affairs; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with the Cook Islands

_#_Capital: Avarua

_#_Administrative divisions: none

_#_Independence: became self-governing in free association with New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action

_#_Constitution: 4 August 1965

_#_National holiday: NA

_#_Executive branch: British monarch, representative of the UK, representative of New Zealand, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note—the House of Arikis (chiefs) advises on traditional matters, but has no legislative powers

_#_Judicial branch: High Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Representative of the UK Sir Tangaroa TANGAROA (since NA); Representative of New Zealand Adrian SINCOCK (since NA);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Geoffrey HENRY (since NA February 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Inatio AKARURU (since NA February 1989)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey HENRY; Democratic Tumu Party, Vincent INGRAM; Democratic Party, Dr. Vincent Pupuke ROBATI; Cook Islands Labor Party, Rena JONASSEN; Cook Islands People's Party, Sadaraka SADARAKA

_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA

_#_Elections:

Parliament—last held 19 January 1989 (next to be held by January 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(24 total) Cook Islands Party 12, Democratic Tumu Party 2, opposition coalition (including Democratic Party) 9, independent 1

_#_Member of: AsDB, ESCAP (associate), FAO, ICAO, IOC, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, WHO

_#_Diplomatic representation: none (self-governing in free association with New Zealand)

_#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for every island) centered in the outer half of the flag

_*Economy #_Overview: Agriculture provides the economic base. The major export earners are fruit, copra, and clothing. Manufacturing activities are limited to a fruit-processing plant and several clothing factories. Economic development is hindered by the isolation of the islands from foreign markets and a lack of natural resources and good transportation links. A large trade deficit is annually made up for by remittances from emigrants and from foreign aid. Current economic development plans call for exploiting the tourism potential and expanding the fishing industry.

_#_GDP: $40.0 million, per capita $2,200 (1988 est.); real growth rate 5.3% (1986-88 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (1988)

_#_Unemployment rate: NA%

_#_Budget: revenues $33.8 million; expenditures $34.4 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1988);

commodities—copra, fresh and canned fruit, clothing;

partners—NZ 80%, Japan

_#_Imports: $38.7 million (c.i.f., 1988);

commodities—foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber;

partners—NZ 49%, Japan, Australia, US

_#_External debt: $NA

_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%

_#_Electricity: 14,000 kW capacity; 21 million kWh produced, 1,170 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: fruit processing, tourism

_#_Agriculture: export crops—copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, bananas; subsistence crops—yams, taro

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $128 million

_#_Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural—dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1—1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

_*Communications #_Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km unimproved earth

_#_Ports: Avatiu

_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 7 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: stations—2 AM, no FM, no TV; 10,000 radio receivers; 2,052 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand % @Coral Sea Islands (territory of Australia) *Geography #_Total area: undetermined; includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about 1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important

_#_Comparative area: undetermined

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 3,095 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Climate: tropical

_#_Terrain: sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)

_#_Natural resources: negligible

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other, mostly grass or scrub cover 100%; Lihou Reef Reserve and Coringa-Herald Reserve were declared National Nature Reserves on 3 August 1982

_#_Environment: subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important nesting area for birds and turtles

_#_Note: the islands are located just off the northeast coast of Australia in the Coral Sea

_*People #_Population: 3 meteorologists (1991)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Coral Sea Islands Territory

_#_Type: territory of Australia administered by the Minister for Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism, and Territories Roslyn KELLY

_#_Flag: the flag of Australia is used

_*Economy #_Overview: no economic activity

_*Communications #_Ports: none; offshore anchorages only

_*Defense Forces #Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors % @Costa Rica *Geography #_Total area: 51,100 km2; land area: 50,660 km2; includes Isla del Coco

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia

_#_Land boundaries: 639 km total; Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km

_#_Coastline: 1,290 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November)

_#_Terrain: coastal plains separated by rugged mountains

_#_Natural resources: hydropower potential

_#_Land use: arable land 6%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 45%; forest and woodland 34%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1%

_#_Environment: subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes; deforestation; soil erosion

_*People #_Population: 3,111,403 (July 1991), growth rate 2.5% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 79 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.2 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Costa Rican(s); adjective—Costa Rican

_#_Ethnic divisions: white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95%

_#_Language: Spanish (official), English spoken around Puerto Limon

_#_Literacy: 93% (male 93%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 868,300; industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, agriculture 27%, other 4.9% (1985 est.)

_#_Organized labor: 15.1% of labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Costa Rica

_#_Type: democratic republic

_#_Capital: San Jose

_#_Administrative divisions: 7 provinces (provincias, singular—provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose

_#_Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain)

_#_Constitution: 9 November 1949

_#_Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

_#_Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN), Rolando ARAYA Monge; Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin ChACON Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey

_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results—Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47%;

Legislative Assembly—last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional parties 2

_#_Communists: 7,500 members and sympathizers

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate), Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic Development (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants), National Association of Educators (ANDE)

_#_Member of: AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda; Chancery at Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-2945 through 2947; there are Costa Rican Consulates General at Albuquerque, Boston, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Tampa, and Consulates in Austin, Buffalo, Honolulu, and Raleigh;

US—Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Robert O. HOMME; Embassy at Pavas Road, San Jose (mailing address is APO Miami 34020); telephone [506] 20-39-39

_#_Flag: five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red band

_*Economy #_Overview: In 1990 the economy grew at an estimated 3.5% rate, a decrease from the strong 5.0% gain of the previous year. Gains in agricultural production (on the strength of good coffee and banana crops) and in construction, were partially offset by lower rates of growth for industry. In 1990 consumer prices rose by about 25% and the trade deficit widened. Unemployment is officially reported at 6%, but much underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita basis, is among the world's highest.

_#_GDP: $5.5 billion, per capita $1,810; real growth rate 3.6% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 25% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: 6% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $831 million; expenditures $1.08 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar;

partners—US 75%, FRG, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan

_#_Imports: $1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—petroleum, machinery, consumer durables, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs;

partners—US 35%, Japan, Guatemala, FRG

_#_External debt: $4.5 billion (1989)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 2.3% (1990 est.); accounts for 23% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 927,000 kW capacity; 2,987 million kWh produced, 980 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 20-25% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities—coffee, beef, bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes; normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest resources resulting in lower timber output

_#_Illicit drugs: illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment country for cocaine from South America

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $781 million; Communist countries (1971-88), $27 million

_#_Currency: Costa Rican colon (plural—colones); 1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos

_#_Exchange rates: Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1—105.82 (January 1991), 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988), 62.776 (1987), 55.986 (1986), 50.453 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified

_#_Highways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth

_#_Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally navigable

_#_Pipelines: refined products, 176 km

_#_Ports: Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas

_#_Merchant marine: 12 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,831 GRT/4,506 DWT

_#_Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 173 total, 159 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into Central American Microwave System; stations—71 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard; note—Constitution prohibits armed forces

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 807,853; 545,541 fit for military service; 32,149 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $20 million, 0.4% of GDP (1988) % @Cuba *Geography #_Total area: 110,860 km2; land area: 110,860 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

_#_Land boundary: 29.1 km with US Naval Base at Guantanamo; note—Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba

_#_Coastline: 3,735 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)

_#_Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the southeast

_#_Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica

_#_Land use: arable land 23%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 23%; forest and woodland 17%; other 31%; includes irrigated 10%

_#_Environment: averages one hurricane every other year

_#_Note: largest country in Caribbean; 145 km south of Florida

_*People #_Population: 10,732,037 (July 1991), growth rate 1.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 78 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Cuban(s); adjective—Cuban

_#_Ethnic divisions: mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

_#_Religion: 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power

_#_Language: Spanish

_#_Literacy: 94% (male 95%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 3,578,800 in state sector; services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990); economically active population 4,620,800 (1988)

_#_Organized labor: Workers Central Union of Cuba (CTC), only labor federation approved by government; 2,910,000 members; the CTC is an umbrella organization composed of 17 member unions

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Cuba

_#_Type: Communist state

_#_Capital: Havana

_#_Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (provincias, singular—provincia) and 1 special municipality* (municipio especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las Tunas, Matanzas, Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa Clara

_#_Independence: 20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898 to 1902)

_#_Constitution: 24 February 1976

_#_Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

_#_National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 January (1959)

_#_Executive branch: president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice president of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular)

_#_Judicial branch: People's Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (became Prime Minister in February 1959 and President since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976)

_#_Political parties and leaders: only party—Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 16

_#_Elections:

National Assembly of the People's Power—last held NA December 1986 (next to be held December 1991); results—PCC is the only party; seats—(510 total) PCC 510 (indirectly elected)

_#_Communists: about 600,000 full and candidate members

_#_Member of: CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IFAD, IIB, ILO, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal participation since 1962), OPANAL (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: none; protecting power in the US is Switzerland—Cuban Interests Section; Counselor Jose Antonio ARBESU Fraga; 2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610;

US—protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland—US Interests Section; Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN; Calzada entre L y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana (mailing address is USINT, c/o International Purchasing Group, 2052 NW 93rd Avenue, Miami, FL 33172); telephone 329-700

_#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white five-pointed star in the center

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy, centrally planned and largely state owned, is highly dependent on the agricultural sector and foreign trade. Sugar provides about 75% of export revenues and over half is exported to the USSR. The economy has stagnated since 1985 under policies that have deemphasized material incentives in the workplace, abolished farmers' informal produce markets, and raised prices of government-supplied goods and services. In 1990 the economy probably fell 3%, largely as a result of declining trade with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Recently the government has been trying to increase trade with Latin America and China. Cuba has had difficulty servicing its foreign debt since 1982. The government currently is encouraging foreign investment in tourist facilities. Other investment priorities include sugar, basic foods, and nickel. The annual $4 billion Soviet subsidy, a main prop to Cuba's threadbare economy, is likely to show a substantial decline over the next few years in view of the USSR's mounting economic problems. Instead of highly subsidized trade, Cuba will be shifting to trade at market prices in convertible currencies. In early 1991, the shortages of fuels, spare parts, and industrial products in general had become so severe as to amount to a deindustrialization process in the eyes of some observers.

_#_GNP: $20.9 billion, per capita $2,000; real growth rate - 3% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%

_#_Unemployment: 6% overall, 10% for women (1989)

_#_Budget: revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—sugar, nickel, shellfish, citrus, tobacco, coffee;

partners—USSR 67%, GDR 6%, China 4% (1988)

_#_Imports: $8.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989);

commodities—capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petroleum;

partners—USSR 71%, other Communist countries 15% (1988)

_#_External debt: $6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)

_#_Industrial production: 3% (1988); accounts for 45% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 3,890,000 kW capacity; 16,267 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel), cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial crops—sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products—coffee, rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar)

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $695 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion

_#_Currency: Cuban peso (plural—pesos); 1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos

_#_Exchange rates: Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1—1.0000 (linked to the US dollar)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 14,925 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,295 km of 1.435-meter gauge track; 199 km electrified; 9,630 km of sugar plantation lines of 0.914-1.435-meter gauge

_#_Highways: 26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989 est.)

_#_Inland waterways: 240 km

_#_Ports: Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35 minor

_#_Merchant marine: 87 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 638,462 GRT/925,380 DWT; includes 54 cargo, 9 refrigerated cargo, 2 cargo/training, 12 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 6 bulk; note—Cuba beneficially owns an additional 37 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 512,346 DWT under the registry of Panama, Cyprus, and Malta

_#_Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 205 total, 176 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: stations—150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios; 229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces (including Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air and Air Defense Force), Ministry of Interior Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops, Youth Labor Army, Civil Defense, National Revolutionary Police

_#_Manpower availability: eligible 15-49, 6,087,253; of the 3,054,158 males 15-49, 1,914,080 are fit for military service; of the 3,033,095 females 15-49, 1,896,449 are fit for military service; 89,194 males and 85,968 females reach military age (17) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $1.2-$1.4 billion, 6% of GNP (1989 est.) % @Cyprus *Geography #_Total area: 9,250 km2; land area: 9,240 km2

_#_Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 648 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas—a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas (about 5% of the island's land area)

_#_Climate: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters

_#_Terrain: central plain with mountains to north and south

_#_Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

_#_Land use: arable land 40%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 10%; forest and woodland 18%; other 25%; includes irrigated 10% (most irrigated lands are in the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island)

_#_Environment: moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)

_*People #_Population: 709,343 (July 1991), growth rate 1.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 78 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Cypriot(s); adjective—Cypriot

_#_Ethnic divisions: Greek 78%; Turkish 18%; other 4%

_#_Religion: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4%

_#_Language: Greek, Turkish, English

_#_Literacy: 90% (male 96%, female 85%) age 10 and over can read and write (1976)

_#_Labor force: Greek area—246,100; services 42%, industry 33%, agriculture 22%; Turkish area—NA (1989)

_#_Organized labor: 156,000 (1985 est.)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Cyprus

_#_Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot President Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government

_#_Capital: Nicosia

_#_Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos

_#_Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus, which was renamed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by referendum in May 1985

_#_Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October

_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note—there is a president, prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note—there is a unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court; note—there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President George VASSILIOU (since February 1988); note—Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975

_#_Political parties and leaders: Greek Cypriot—Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS, Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafcos CLERIDES; Democratic Party (DEKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos LYSSARIDES; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADESOK), Pavlos DINGLIS, chairman; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS;

Turkish area—National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus Party (NKP), Alpay DURDURAN; New Dawn Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party, Ismet KOTAK; note—CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993); results—George VASSILIOU 52%, Glafcos CLERIDES 48%;

House of Representatives—last held 8 December 1985 (next to be held 19 May 1991); results—DESY 33.56%, DEKO 27.65%, AKEL (Communist) 27.43%, EDEK 11.07%; seats—(56 total) DESY 19, DEKO 16, AKEL (Communist) 15, EDEK 6;

Turkish Area: President—last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results—Rauf R. DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05%;

Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic—last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results—UBP (conservative) about 55%, DMP NA%; seats—(50 total) UBP (conservative) 34, CTP (Communist) 7, TKP (center-right) 7, New Dawn Party 2

_#_Communists: about 12,000

_#_Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)

_#_Member of: C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS; Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-5772; there is a Cypriot Consulate General in New York;

US—Ambassador Robert E. LAMB; Embassy at the corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is FPO New York 09530); telephone [357] (2) 4651511

_#_Flag: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities

_*Economy #_Overview: These data are for the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus (information on the northern Turkish-Cypriot area is sparse). The economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry contributes about 25% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service sector contributes about 55% to GDP and employs 40% of the labor force. Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in tourism have played important roles in the average 6% rise in GDP in recent years.

_#_GDP: $5.4 billion, per capita $7,960; real growth rate 5.5% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: below 2% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $178 million (1989 est.)

_#_Exports: $770 million (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes;

partners—UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 9%, Saudi Arabia 4%

_#_Imports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery;

partners—France 12%, UK 11%, Japan 11%, Italy 10%

_#_External debt: $2.2 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 6.5% (1988); accounts for 27% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP and employs 22% of labor force; major crops—potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits; vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $230 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24 million

_#_Currency: Cypriot pound (plural—pounds) and in Turkish area, Turkish lira (plural—liras); 1 Cypriot pound (5C) = 100 cents and 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

_#_Exchange rates: Cypriot pounds (5C) per US$1—0.4325 (December 1990), 0.4572 (1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987), 0.5167 (1986), 0.6095 (1985); in Turkish area, Turkish liras (TL) per US$1—2,873.9 (December 1990), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Highways: 10,780 km total; 5,170 km bituminous surface treated; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

_#_Ports: Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos

_#_Merchant marine: 1,169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 19,310,063 GRT/34,338,028 DWT; 10 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 435 cargo, 76 refrigerated cargo, 20 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 48 container, 4 multifunction large load carrier, 111 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 17 chemical tanker, 30 combination ore/oil, 360 bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 44 combination bulk; note—a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at least 25 of these ships, USSR owns 52, and Yugoslavia owns 1

_#_Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 13 total, 13 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: excellent in the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek area), moderately good in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones; stations—14 AM, 7 (7 repeaters) FM, 2 (40 repeaters) TV; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations—INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, and EUTELSAT systems

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Greek area—Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; includes air and naval elements), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish area—Turkish Cypriot Security Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 182,426; 125,839 fit for military service; 5,169 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.) % @Czechoslovakia *Geography #_Total area: 127,870 km2; land area: 125,460 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than New York State

_#_Land boundaries: 3,446 km total; Austria 548 km, Germany 815 km, Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km, USSR 98 km

_#_Coastline: none—landlocked

_#_Maritime claims: none—landlocked

_#_Disputes: Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary

_#_Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

_#_Terrain: mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and basins

_#_Natural resources: coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite, iron ore, copper, zinc

_#_Land use: arable land 40%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and woodland 37%; other 9%; includes irrigated 1%

_#_Environment: infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution; air pollution

_#_Note: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe

_*People #_Population: 15,724,940 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 77 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Czechoslovak(s); adjective—Czechoslovak

_#_Ethnic divisions: Czech 62.9%, Slovak 31.8%, Hungarian 3.8%, Polish 0.5%, German 0.3%, Ukrainian 0.3%, Russian 0.1%, other 0.3%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Orthodox 2%, other 28%

_#_Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian

_#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.)

_#_Labor force: 8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%, construction, communications, and other 50.8% (1982)

_#_Organized labor: Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions (CSKOS); new independent trade unions forming

_*Government #_Long-form name: Czech and Slovak Federal Republic; note—on 23 March 1990 the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was renamed the Czechoslovak Federative Republic; Slovak concerns about their status in the federation prompted the Federal Assembly to approve the name Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990; on 23 April 1990 the name was modified to Czech and Slovak Federal Republic

_#_Type: federal republic in transition to a confederative republic

_#_Capital: Prague

_#_Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republiky, singular—republika); Czech Republic (Ceska Republika), Slovak Republic (Slovenska Republika)

_#_Independence: 28 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)

_#_Constitution: 11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new Czech, Slovak, and federal constitutions to be drafted in 1991-92

_#_Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code in process of modification to bring it in line with Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

_#_National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) and Founding of the Republic, 28 October (1918)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni Shromazdeni) consists of an upper house or Chamber of Nations (Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or Chamber of the People (Snemovna Lidu)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Vaclav HAVEL; (interim president from 29 December 1989 and president since 5 July 1990);

Head of Government—Premier Marian CALFA (since 10 December 1989); Deputy Premier Vaclav VALES (since 28 June 1990); Deputy Premier Jiri DIENSTBIER (since 28 June 1990); Deputy Premier Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June 1990); Deputy Premier Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Civic Forum, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Public Against Violence, Fedor GAL, chairman; Christian and Democratic Union, Vaclav BENDA; Christian Democratic Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Pavol KANIS, chairman; KSC toppled from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime demonstrations, minority role in coalition government since 10 December 1989

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 5 July 1990 (next to be held July 1992); results—Vaclav HAVEL elected by the Federal Assembly;

Federal Assembly—last held 8-9 June 1990 (next to be held June 1992); results—Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 46%, KSC 13.6%; seats—(300 total) Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 170, KSC 47, Christian and Democratic Union/Christian Democratic Movement 40, Czech, Slovak, Moravian, and Hungarian groups 43

_#_Communists: 760,000 party members (September 1990); about 1,000,000 members lost since November 1989

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Slovak Nationalist Party, Slovak Revival Party, Christian Democratic Party; over 80 registered political groups fielded candidates in the 8-9 June 1990 legislative election

_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA; Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 363-6315 or 6316;

US—Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1 (mailing address is AMEM, Box 5630, APO New York 09213-5630); telephone [42] (2) 536641 through 536649

_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

_*Economy #_Overview: Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized and has a well-educated and skilled labor force. Its industry, transport, energy sources, banking, and most other means of production are state owned. The country is deficient, however, in energy and in many raw materials. Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West European standards. Industry contributes almost 50% to GNP and construction contributes 10%. About 95% of agricultural land is in collectives or state farms. The centrally planned economy has been tightly linked in trade (80%) to the USSR and Eastern Europe. Growth has been sluggish, averaging less than 2% in the period 1982-89. GNP per capita is the highest in Eastern Europe. As in the rest of Eastern Europe, the sweeping political changes of 1989-90 have been disrupting normal channels of supply and compounding the government's economic problems. Having eased restrictions on private enterprise in 1990 and having adjusted some key prices, Czechoslovakia is now implementing a broad two-year program to make the difficult transition from a command to a market economy. Inflation and unemployment are beginning to rise, albeit from comparatively low levels.

_#_GNP: $120.3 billion, per capita $7,700; real growth rate - 2.9% (1990 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1990 est.)

_#_Unemployment rate: officially 0.8% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $17.1 billion; expenditures $16.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (1991)

_#_Exports: $14.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—machinery and equipment 42.7%; fuels, minerals, and metals 16.4%; agricultural and forestry products 12.5%, other 28.4%;

partners—USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania, US

_#_Imports: $14.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989);

commodities—machinery and equipment 38.6%; fuels, minerals, and metals 24.1%; agricultural and forestry products 16.4%; other 20.9%;

partners—USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania, US

_#_External debt: $7.6 billion, hard currency indebtedness (September 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 3.3% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 50% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 23,000,000 kW capacity; 90,000 million kWh produced, 5,740 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper products, footwear

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GNP (includes forestry); largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs, cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products

_#_Economic aid: donor—$4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)

_#_Currency: koruna (plural—koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru

_#_Exchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1—27.65 (January 1991), 17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987), 14.99 (1986), 17.14 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 13,103 km total; 12,855 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.520-meter broad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,861 km double track; 3,798 km electrified; government owned (1988)

_#_Highways: 73,540 km total; including 517 km superhighway (1988)

_#_Inland waterways: 475 km (1988); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 1,500 km; natural gas, 8,100 km

_#_Ports: maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Yugoslavia (Rijeka, Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe), Komarno on the Danube, Bratislava on the Danube

_#_Merchant marine: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 363,002 GRT/ 565,813 DWT; includes 15 cargo, 6 bulk

_#_Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface runways; 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 4 million telephones; 25% of households have a telephone; stations—60 AM, 16 FM, 39 TV (11 Soviet TV relays); 4.4 million TVs (1990)

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Border Guard

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 4,066,419; 3,110,958 fit for military service; 140,620 reach military age (18) annually

_#Defense expenditures: 26.9 billion koruny, NA% of GDP (1991); note—conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results % @Denmark *Geography #_Total area: 43,070 km2; land area: 42,370 km2; includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts

_#_Land boundaries: 68 km with Germany

_#_Coastline: 3,379 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 4 nm;

Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 3 nm

_#_Disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan Mayen

_#_Climate: temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

_#_Terrain: low and flat to gently rolling plains

_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone

_#_Land use: arable land 61%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 12%; other 21%; includes irrigated 9%

_#_Environment: air and water pollution

_#_Note: controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas

_*People #_Population: 5,132,626 (July 1991), growth rate NEGL% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Dane(s); adjective—Danish

_#_Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German

_#_Religion: Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7% (1988)

_#_Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking minority

_#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)

_#_Labor force: 2,581,400; private services 36.4%; government services 30.2%; manufacturing and mining 20%; construction 6.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.9%; electricity/gas/water 0.7% (1990)

_#_Organized labor: 65% of labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: Kingdom of Denmark

_#_Type: constitutional monarchy

_#_Capital: Copenhagen

_#_Administrative divisions: metropolitan Denmark—14 counties (amter, singular—amt) and 1 city* (stad); Arhus, Bornholm, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kobenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkobing, Roskilde, Sonderjylland, Staden Kobenhavn*, Storstrom, Vejle, Vestsjaelland, Viborg; note—see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland which are part of the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions

_#_Independence: became a constitutional monarchy in 1849

_#_Constitution: 5 June 1953

_#_Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

_#_National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)

_#_Executive branch: monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Folketing)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—Queen MARGRETHE II (since January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968);

Head of Government—Prime Minister Poul SCHLUTER (since 10 September 1982)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Svend AUKEN; Conservative, Poul SCHLUTER; Liberal, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's, Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic, Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal, Marianne JELVED; Christian People's, Flemming KOTOED-SVENDSEN; Left Socialist, Elizabeth BRUN-OLESEN; Justice, Poul Gerhard KRISTIANSEN; Socialist Workers Party, leader NA; Communist Workers' Party (KAP), leader NA; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Green Party, Inger BORLEHMANN

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 21

_#_Elections:

Parliament—last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results—Social Democratic 37.4%, Conservative 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%, Socialist People's 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic 5.1%, Radical Liberal 3.5%, Christian People's 2.3%, other 5.2%; seats—(175 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15, Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian People's 4

_#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG; Chancery at 3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4300; there are Danish Consulates General at Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York;

US—Ambassador Keith L. BROWN; Embassy at Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O (mailing address is APO New York 09170); telephone [45] (31) 42 31 44

_#_Flag: red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side and that design element of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

_*Economy #_Overview: This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. The Danish economy is likely to maintain its slow but steady improvement in 1991. GDP grew by 1.3% in 1990 and probably will grow by about 1.25% in 1991; unemployment is running close to 10%. In 1990 Denmark had the lowest inflation rate in the EC, a record trade surplus, and the first balance-of-payments surplus in 26 years. As the government prepares for the economic integration of Europe during 1992, growth, investment, and competitiveness are expected to improve, reducing unemployment, inflation, and debt.

_#_GDP: $78.0 billion, per capita $15,200; real growth rate 1.3% (1990)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.7% (1990)

_#_Unemployment rate: 9.5% (1990)

_#_Budget: revenues $62.5 billion; expenditures $60 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1989)

_#_Exports: $34.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment, fish, chemicals, industrial machinery;

partners—EC 52.2% (Germany 19.5%, UK 10.9%, France 6.1%), Sweden 12.5%, Norway 5.8%, US 5.0%, Japan 4.3% (1990)

_#_Imports: $31.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, textiles, paper;

partners—EC 57% (Germany 25.6%, UK 8.4%), Sweden 12.7%, US 6.7% (1990)

_#_External debt: $45 billion (1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 2.1% (1989)

_#_Electricity: 11,215,000 kW capacity; 30,910 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP and employs 6% of labor force (includes fishing and forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues; principal products—meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish; self-sufficient in food production

_#_Economic aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion

_#_Currency: Danish krone (plural—kroner); 1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 ore

_#_Exchange rates: Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1—5.817 (January (1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988), 6.840 (1987), 8.091 (1986), 10.596 (1985)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: 2,675 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,025 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operated

_#_Highways: 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth

_#_Inland waterways: 417 km

_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km; refined products, 578 km; natural gas, 700 km

_#_Ports: Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor ports

_#_Merchant marine: 281 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,888,064 GRT/7,131,949 DWT; includes 13 short-sea passenger, 85 cargo, 15 refrigerated cargo, 35 container, 40 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 railcar carrier, 37 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 22 liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 14 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note—Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish International Ship Register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged to the DIS

_#_Civil air: 69 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 129 total, 112 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000 telephones; stations—2 AM, 15 (39 repeaters) FM, 27 (25 repeaters) TV; 7 submarine coaxial cables; 1 earth station operating in INTELSAT, 4 Atlantic Ocean, EUTELSAT, and domestic systems

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,369,684; 1,179,991 fit for military service; 36,991 reach military age (20) annually

_#Defense expenditures: $2.4 billion, 2% of GDP (1990) % @Djibouti *Geography #_Total area: 22,000 km2; land area: 21,980 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Massachusetts

_#_Land boundaries: 517 km total; Ethiopia 459 km, Somalia 58 km

_#_Coastline: 314 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 24 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Disputes: possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis

_#_Climate: desert; torrid, dry

_#_Terrain: coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains

_#_Natural resources: geothermal areas

_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 9%; forest and woodland NEGL%; other 91%

_#_Environment: vast wasteland

_#_Note: strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia

_*People #_Population: 346,311 (July 1991), growth rate 2.6% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 117 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 46 years male, 50 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Djiboutian(s); adjective—Djiboutian

_#_Ethnic divisions: Somali (Issa) 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%

_#_Religion: Muslim 94%, Christian 6%

_#_Language: French and Arabic (both official); Somali and Afar widely used

_#_Literacy: 48% (male 63%, female 34%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers; 52% of population of working age (1983)

_#_Organized labor: 3,000 railway workers

_*Government #_Long-form name: Republic of Djibouti

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Djibouti

_#_Administrative divisions: 5 districts (cercles, singular—cercle); Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura

_#_Independence: 27 June 1977 (from France; formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas)

_#_Constitution: partial constitution ratified January 1981 by the National Assembly

_#_Legal system: based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers

_#_Legislative branch: National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Hassan GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977);

Head of Government—Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)

_#_Political parties and leaders: only party—People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon

_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA

_#_Elections:

President—last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results—President Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition;

National Assembly—last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1992); results—RPP is the only party; seats—(65 total) RPP 65

_#_Communists: NA

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roble OLHAYE; Chancery (temporary) at the Djiboutian Permanent Mission to the UN; 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 4011, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 753-3163;

US—Ambassador Robert S. BARRETT IV; Embassy at Villa Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti (mailing address is B. P. 185, Djibouti); telephone [253] 35-39-95

_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An unemployment rate of over 40% continues to be a major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last five years with a population growth rate of 6% (including immigrants and refugees) and a recession.

_#_GDP: $340 million, $1,030 per capita; real growth rate - 1.0% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.7% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: over 40% (1989)

_#_Budget: revenues $131 million; expenditures $154 million, including capital expenditures of $25 million (1990 est.)

_#_Exports: $190 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—hides and skins, coffee (in transit);

partners—Middle East 50%, Africa 43%, Western Europe 7%

_#_Imports: $311 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.);

commodities—foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products;

partners—EC 36%, Africa 21%, Asia 12%, US 2%

_#_External debt: $355 million (December 1990)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 0.1% (1989); manufacturing accounts for 4% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 110,000 kW capacity; 190 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1989)

_#_Industries: limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and mineral-water bottling

_#_Agriculture: accounts for only 5% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs

_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US) countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1,035 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $35 million

_#_Currency: Djiboutian franc (plural—francs); 1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes

_#_Exchange rates: Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1—177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)

_#_Fiscal year: calendar year

_*Communications #_Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti

_#_Highways: 2,900 km total; 280 km bituminous surface, 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982)

_#_Ports: Djibouti

_#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft

_#_Airports: 13 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radio relay stations at outlying places; 7,300 telephones; stations—2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 ARABSAT; 1 submarine cable to Saudi Arabia

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army (including Navy and Air Force), paramilitary National Security Force, National Police Force

_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 89,519; 52,093 fit for military service

_#Defense expenditures: $29.9 million, NA% of GDP (1986) % @Dominica *Geography #_Total area: 750 km2; land area: 750 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

_#_Land boundaries: none

_#_Coastline: 148 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 24 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 12 nm

_#_Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

_#_Terrain: rugged mountains of volcanic origin

_#_Natural resources: timber

_#_Land use: arable land 9%; permanent crops 13%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and woodland 41%; other 34%

_#_Environment: flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes

_#_Note: located 550 km southeast of Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea

_*People #_Population: 86,285 (July 1991), growth rate 1.7% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Dominican(s); adjective—Dominican

_#_Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib indians

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other 5%

_#_Language: English (official); French patois widely spoken

_#_Literacy: 94% (male 94%, female 94%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

_#_Labor force: 25,000; agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984)

_#_Organized labor: 25% of labor force

_*Government #_Long-form name: Commonwealth of Dominica

_#_Type: parliamentary democracy

_#_Capital: Roseau

_#_Administrative divisions: 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter

_#_Independence: 3 November 1978 (from UK)

_#_Constitution: 3 November 1978

_#_Legal system: based on English common law

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1978)

_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly

_#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State—President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983);

Head of Government—Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a third term 28 May 1990)

_#_Political parties and leaders: Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Michael DOUGLAS; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES

_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

_#_Elections:

President—last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); the president is elected by the House of Assembly;

House of Assembly—last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4

_#_Communists: negligible

_#_Other political or pressure groups: Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group

_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

_#_Diplomatic representation: there is no Chancery in the US;

US—no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados), but travels frequently to Dominica

_#_Flag: green with a centered cross of three equal bands—the vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white—the horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)

_*Economy #_Overview: The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs 40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes, root crops, and coconuts. In 1988 the economy achieved a 5.6% growth in real GDP on the strength of a boost in construction, higher agricultural production, and growth of the small manufacturing sector based on the soap and garment industries. In 1989, however, Hurricane Hugo wiped out 70% of the banana crop and affected other economic activity. The tourist industry remains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of an international-class airport.

_#_GDP: $153 million, per capita $1,840; real growth rate - 1.7% (1989 est.)

_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.3% (1989)

_#_Unemployment rate: 10% (1989 est.)

_#_Budget: revenues $48 million; expenditures $85 million, including capital expenditures of $41 million (FY90)

_#_Exports: $59 million (f.o.b., 1990);

commodities—bananas, coconuts, grapefruit, soap, galvanized sheets;

partners—UK 72%, Jamaica 10%, OECS 6%, US 3%, other 9%

_#_Imports: $115 million (c.i.f., 1990);

commodities—food, oils and fats, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment;

partners—US 23%, UK 18%, CARICOM 15%, OECS 15%, Japan 5%, Canada 3%, other 21%

_#_External debt: $73 million (1990 est.)

_#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP

_#_Electricity: 7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990)

_#_Industries: soap, beverages, tourism, food processing, furniture, cement blocks, shoes

_#_Agriculture: accounts for 30% of GDP; principal crops—bananas, citrus, mangoes, root crops, and coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry and fisheries potential not exploited

_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $115 million

_#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural—dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

_#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1—2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

_#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

_*Communications #_Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth

_#_Ports: Roseau, Portsmouth

_#_Civil air: NA

_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

_#_Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; stations—3 AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV

_*Defense Forces #_Branches: Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force

_#_Manpower availability: NA

_#Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP % @Dominican Republic *Geography #_Total area: 48,730 km2; land area: 48,380 km2

_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire

_#_Land boundary 275 km with Haiti

_#_Coastline: 1,288 km

_#_Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone: 24 nm;

Continental shelf: outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm;

Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;

Territorial sea: 6 nm

_#_Climate: tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

_#_Terrain: rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed

_#_Natural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

_#_Land use: arable land 23%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 43%; forest and woodland 13%; other 14%; includes irrigated 4%

_#_Environment: subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation

_#_Note: shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)

_*People #_Population: 7,384,837 (July 1991), growth rate 2.0% (1991)

_#_Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)

_#_Infant mortality rate: 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

_#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 69 years female (1991)

_#_Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1991)

_#_Nationality: noun—Dominican(s); adjective—Dominican

_#_Ethnic divisions: mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%

_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95%

_#_Language: Spanish

_#_Literacy: 83% (male 85%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

_#_Labor force: 2,300,000-2,600,000; agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986)

_#_Organized labor: 12% of labor force (1989 est.)

_*Government #_Long-form name: Dominican Republic (no short-form name)

_#_Type: republic

_#_Capital: Santo Domingo

_#_Administrative divisions: 29 provinces (provincias, singular—provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Baoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Valverde

_#_Independence: 27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

_#_Constitution: 28 November 1966

_#_Legal system: based on French civil codes

_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February (1844)

_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet

_#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)

_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

_#_Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government—President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16 August 1986)

_#_Political parties and leaders:

Major parties— Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Francisco PENA Gomez; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI), Jacobo MAJLUTA;

Minor parties— National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier; Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; Constitutional Action Party (PAC), Luis ARZENO Rodriguez; National Progressive Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan RODRIGUEZ;

note—in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party structures

_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 or if married; members of the armed forces and police cannot vote

_#_Elections:

President—last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results—Joaquin BALAGUER (PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4%;

Senate—last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2;

Chamber of Deputies—last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results—percent of vote by party NA; seats—(120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2

_#_Communists: an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; effectiveness limited by ideological differences, organizational inadequacies, and severe funding shortages